,PROGRESS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 

,TEXT 3 

0,PROGRESS10 9 ! /RICTE/ S5SE ( ! WORD1 IS MEAN+LESS1 = ! WORLD IS 9F9ITE1 & 9 ITS UNLIMIT$ VA/NESS1 ONE IS ALWAYS AS DI/ANT FROM ! BEG9N+ AS FROM ! 5D4 ,! MOVEM5T ( SOCIETY ULTIMATELY R$UCES TO ! MOVEM5TS ( ! 9DIVIDUALS :O >E ITS CON/ITUTIVE ELEM5TS4 ,9 VIEW ( ?IS FACT1 WE MU/ ASK :AT PROGRESS 9 ITSELF CAN BE DET]M9$ = EA* ( !SE BE+S :OSE TOTAL LIFE SPAN FROM BIR? TO DEA? IS ONLY A FEW YE>S4 ,IS IT NO MORE ?AN ?AT ( A SP>K ( LI<T GLANC+ (F A PEBBLE & VANI%+ 9/ANTLY 9TO ! COLD AIR8 

,! IDEA ( PROGRESS MU/ BE UND]/OOD 9 A MU* MORE QUALIFI$ S5SE4 ,! COMMON MEAN+ ( ?IS WORD HAS BE5 PASS$ D[N TO US BY ! HI/ORIAN ,GIBBON1 :O /ATES ?AT 0S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! WORLD1 EA* AGE HAS 9CREAS+LY IMPROV$ ! MAT]IAL WEAL?1 ! HAPP9ESS1 ! SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE1 & P]HAPS ! VIRTUE ( ! HUMAN SPECIES40.<#a.> ,?IS DEF9ITION1 :I* IS SOME:AT QUE/IONABLE FROM ! /&PO9T ( MORAL EVOLUTION1 HAS BE5 ADOPT$ BY MOD]N WRIT]S & MODIFI$1 EXP&$1 OR N>R[$ 9 V>I\S WAYS4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! COMMON VIEW ( ! WORD 
0PROGRESS0 IS ?AT IT 5COMPASSES ! G5]AL IMPROVEM5T ( HUMANITY ?R\<\T HI/ORY4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO ATTRIBUTE TO EV]Y O!R EPO* ( LIFE ON E>? AN EVOLUTION ANALOG\S TO ?AT :I* CONTEMPOR>Y HUMANK9D HAS EXP]I5C$4 ,!RE >E QUITE PLAUSIBLE HYPO!SES DEAL+ ) ! GEOLOGICAL TIME ( \R PLANET ?AT L5D A GREAT DEAL ( SUPPORT TO ! !ORY ( A FLUCTUATION ( AGES CORRESPOND+ ON A L>G] SCALE TO 
! PH5OM5ON ( \R ALT]NAT+ SUMM]S & W9T]S4 ,A BACK-&=? MOTION 5COMPASS+ ?\S&S OR MILLIONS ( YE>S OR ( C5TURIES W\LD RESULT 9 A SUCCESSION ( DI/9CT & CONTRA/+ P]IODS 9 :I* LIFE EVOLVES 9 WAYS ?AT >E V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ONE ANO!R4 ,:AT W\LD BECOME ( PRES5T-DAY HUMANITY IF !RE W]E ANO!R 0GREAT W9T]0--?AT IS1 IF A NEW ICE AGE W]E AGA9 TO COV] ! ,BRITI% ,ISLES & ,SC&9AVIA ) A CONT9U\S %EET ( ICE1 & \R MUSEUMS & LIBR>IES W]E TO BE DE/ROY$ BY ! SEV]E COLD8 ,W\LD WE SIMPLY HAVE TO HOPE ?AT ! TWO POLES W\LD NOT SIMULTANE\SLY BECOME COLD]1 & ?AT MAN W\LD BE ABLE TO SURVIVE BY GRADUALLY ADAPT+ TO ! NEW CONDITIONS & BY MOV+ ! TREASURES ( \R PRES5T CIVILIZATION TO W>M] CLIMATES8 ,BUT IF !RE W]E A WIDESPREAD COOL+1 IS IT CONCEIVABLE ?AT AN APPRECIABLE DECREASE 9 SOL> HEAT1 :I* IS ! S\RCE ( ALL LIFE1 & ! GRADUAL DEPLETION ( \R 5]GY RES\RCES1 C\LD P]MIT CONT9U$ IMPROVEM5T ( CULTURE OR REAL PROGRESS8 ,TODAY WE >E ALREADY ABLE TO CONFIRM ?AT ! NORMAL CONSEQU5CES ( ! DRY+ ( ! E>? FOLL[+ ! ICE AGE CAUS$ UNQUE/IONABLY REGRESSIVE PH5OM5A 9 REGIONS ( ,C5TRAL ,ASIA4 ,DRI$-UP RIV]S & LAKES1 & WAVES ( 9VAD+ DUNES1 BR\<T ) !M ! DEMISE ( CITIES1 CIVILIZATIONS1 & NATIONS !MSELVES4 ,S&Y DES]TS REPLAC$ C\NTRYSIDE & CITIES4 ,MAN WAS NOT ABLE TO HOLD HIS GR\ND AGA9/ A HO/ILE NATURE4 

,:ATEV] CONCEPTION WE MI<T HAVE ( PROGRESS1 ONE PO9T SEEMS COMPLETELY 9DISPUTABLE3 9 DIFF]5T EPO*S1 C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS HAVE EM]G$ :O1 ?R\< SOME *>ACT]I/IC1 HAVE ATTA9$ GREAT PROM95CE AMONG M5 ( ALL TIMES & NATIONS4 ,ONE CAN ?9K ( SCORES ( NAMES ( P]SONS :O1 BY !IR P]SPICACITY1 H>D WORK1 DEEP-SEAT$ GOODNESS1 MORAL VIRTUE1 >TI/IC S5SIBILITY1 OR SOME O!R ASPECT ( *>ACT] OR TAL5T1 CON/ITUTE IDEAL & UNSURPASSABLE TYPES 9 !IR P>TICUL> SPH]E4 ,! HI/ORY ( ,GREECE 9 P>TICUL> PRES5TS GREAT EXAMPLES1 BUT O!R HUMAN GR\PS HAVE POSSESS$ !M1 AS WE HAVE (T5 SURMIS$ FROM MY?S & LEG5DS4 ,:O C\LD CLAIM TO BE BETT] ?AN ,%AKYAMUNI1 MORE >TI/IC ?AN ,PHIDIAS1 MORE 9V5TIVE ?AN ,>*IM$ES1 OR WIS] ?AN ,M>CUS ,AURELIUS8 ,IF !RE HAS BE5 PROGRESS DUR+ ! PA/ ?REE ?\S& YE>S1 IT MU/ CONSI/ ( A GREAT] DIFFUSION ( ?IS 9ITIATIVE PREVI\SLY RES]V$ = A FEW1 & ( A BETT] UTILIZATION ( GIFT$ M9DS BY SOCIETY4 

,SOME GREAT ?9K]S >E NOT SATISFI$ ) !SE FUNDAM5TAL RE/RICTIONS 9 ! CONCEPT ( PROGRESS & FUR!RMORE D5Y ?AT !RE C\LD BE ANY REAL IMPROVEM5T 9 ! G5]AL /ATE ( HUMANITY4 ,ACCORD+ TO !M1 ! :OLE IDEA ( PROGRESS IS COMPLETELY ILLUSORY & ONLY HAS MEAN+ FROM AN 9DIVIDUAL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,9DE$1 = MO/ M51 ! FACT ( *ANGE IS SYNONYM\S ) EI!R ! IDEA ( PROGRESS OR ?AT ( REGRESSION1 DEP5D+ ON ITS RELATIVE MOTION T[>D OR AWAY FROM ! /EP OCCUPI$ BY ! OBS]V] ON ! LADD] ( BE+S4 ,! MISSION>IES :O 5C\NT] MAGNIFIC5T SAVAGES MOV+ AB\T FREELY 9 !IR NAK$NESS BELIEVE ?AT !Y WILL BR+ !M 0PROGRESS0 BY GIV+ !M DRESSES & %IRTS1 %OES & HATS1 CATE*ISMS & ,BIBLES1 & BY TEA*+ !M TO *ANT PSALMS 9 ,5GLI% OR ,LAT94 ,& :AT TRIUMPHANT SONGS 9 HONOR ( PROGRESS HAVE NOT BE5 SUNG AT ! OP5+ C]EMONIES ( ALL ! 9DU/RIAL PLANTS ) !IR ADJO9+ TAV]NS & HOSPITALS6.<#b.> ,C]TA9LY1 9DU/RY BR\<T REAL PROGRESS 9 ITS WAKE1 BUT IT IS IMPORTANT TO ANALYZE SCRUPUL\SLY ! DETAILS ( ?IS GREAT EVOLUTION6 ,! WRET*$ POPULATIONS ( ,LANCA%IRE & ,SILESIA DEMON/RATE ?AT !IR HI/ORIES W]E NOT A RECORD ( UNADULT]AT$ PROGRESS4 ,IT IS NOT 5\< TO *ANGE ONE'S CIRCUM/ANCES & 5T] A NEW CLASS 9 ORD] TO ACQUIRE A GREAT] %>E ( HAPP9ESS4 ,!RE >E N[ MILLIONS ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 SEAM/RESSES1 & S]VANTS :O TE>FULLY REMEMB] ! ?AT*$ COTTAGES ( !IR *ILDHOODS1 ! \TDOOR DANCES UND] ! ANCE/RAL TREE1 & ! EV5+ VISITS >\ND ! HE>?4 ,& :AT K9D ( 0PROGRESS0 IS IT = ! PEOPLE ( ,CAM]OON & ( ,TOGO TO HAVE H5CE=? ! HONOR ( BE+ PROTECT$ BY ! ,G]MAN FLAG1 OR = ! ,ALG]IAN ,>ABS TO DR9K AP]ITIFS & EXPRESS !MSELVES ELEGANTLY 9 ,P>ISIAN SLANG8 

,! WORD 0CIVILIZATION10 :I* IS ORD9>ILY US$ TO 9DICATE ! PROGRESSIVE /ATE ( A P>TICUL> NATION1 IS1 LIKE ! WORD 0PROGRESS10 ONE ( ?OSE VAGUE EXPRESSIONS ?AT CONF\NDS V>I\S MEAN+S4 ,= MO/ 9DIVIDUALS1 IT *>ACT]IZES ONLY ! REF9EM5T ( MORALS &1 ABOVE ALL1 ?OSE \TW>D CONV5TIONS ( C\RTESY ?AT M]ELY PREV5T M5 ( AWKW>D BE>+ & RUDE MANN]S FROM CLAIM+ MORAL SUP]IORITY OV] C\RTI]S PLAY+ !IR ELEGANT MADRIGALS4 ,O!RS SEE 9 CIVILIZATION ONLY ! SUM TOTAL ( MAT]IAL IMPROVEM5TS DUE TO SCI5CE & MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,TO !M1 RAILROADS1 TELESCOPES & MICROSCOPES1 TELEGRAPHS & TELEPHONES1 DIRIGIBLES & FLY+ MA*9ES1 & O!R 9V5TIONS SEEM SUFFICI5T EVID5CE ( ! COLLECTIVE PROGRESS ( SOCIETY4 ,!Y DO NOT WANT TO KN[ ANY?+ BEYOND ?IS OR TO PROBE 9TO ! DEP?S ( ! GREAT ORGANISM ( SOCIETY4 ,BUT ?OSE :O /UDY IT FROM ITS BEG9N+S NOTE ?AT EA* 0CIVILIZ$0 NATION IS COMPOS$ ( SUP]IMPOS$ CLASSES REPRES5T+ 9 ?IS C5TURY ALL SUCCESSIVE PREVI\S C5TURIES ) !IR CORRESPOND+ 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL CULTURES4 ,PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY CONTA9S )9 ITSELF ALL PA/ SOCIETIES 9 ! =M ( SURVIVALS1 & :5 SE5 9 CLOSE JUXTAPOSITION1 !IR VA/LY DIFF]+ CONDITIONS ( LIFE PRES5T A /RIK+ CONTRA/4 

,OBVI\SLY1 ! WORD 0PROGRESS0 CAN CAUSE ! MO/ UN=TUNATE MISUND]/&+S1 DEP5D+ ON ! MEAN+ ATTRIBUT$ TO IT BY ?OSE :O USE IT4 ,BUDDHI/S & ! EXEGETES ( !IR RELIGION C\LD NUMB] ! V>I\S DEF9ITIONS ( NIRVANA 9 ! ?\S&S4 ,LIKEWISE1 PHILOSOPH]S1 ACCORD+ TO !IR IDEALS ( LIFE1 >E CAPABLE ( VIEW+ ! MO/ V>I$ 7& EV5 ! MO/ CONTRADICTORY7 EVOLUTIONS AS EXAMPLES ( 0MOV+ =W>D40 ,!RE >E SOME = :OM REPOSE IS ! ULTIMATE GOOD1 & !Y MAKE A V[1 IF NOT = DEA?1 AT LEA/ = P]FECT PEACE ( BODY & M9D & = 0ORD]10 EV5 IF ?IS CONSI/S ( NO MORE ?AN R\T9E4 ,:AT !SE 
WE>Y BE+S CONSID] TO BE ,PROGRESS IS C]TA9LY LOOK$ UPON AS SOME?+ 5TIRELY DIFF]5T = M5 PREF]R+ A P]IL\S FRE$OM TO A PEACEFUL S]VITUDE4 ,H[EV]1 ! AV]AGE VIEW ( PROGRESS IS ID5TICAL TO ?AT ( ,GIBBON4 ,IT 5TAILS ! IMPROVEM5T ( PHYSICAL BE+ FROM ! /&PO9T ( HEAL?1 MAT]IAL 5RI*M5T1 ! GR[? ( KN[L$GE1 & F9ALLY ! P]FECTION ( *>ACT]1 :I* BECOMES DI/9CTLY LESS CRUEL1 MORE RESPECTFUL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & P]HAPS MORE NOBLE1 G5]\S1 & D$ICAT$4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ! PROGRESS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL M]GES ) ?AT ( SOCIETY1 UNIT$ BY ! =CE ( AN 9CREAS+LY 9TIMATE SOLID>ITY4 

,9 VIEW ( ! UNC]TA9TY CONC]N+ ! MEAN+ ( PROGRESS1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO /UDY EA* HI/ORICAL FACT FROM A SUFFICI5T DI/ANCE SO AS NOT TO BECOME LO/ 9 ! DETAILS1 & TO F9D ! NECESS>Y VANTAGE PO9T FROM :I* TO DET]M9E ! TRUE RELATION%IPS TO ! :OLE ( ALL ! 9T]CONNECT$ CIVILIZATIONS & PEOPLES4 ,!RE >E EXAMPLES ( M5 ( HI< 9TELLIG5CE :O ABSOLUTELY D5Y NOT ONLY PROGRESS BUT EV5 ANY CONCEPT ( A SU/A9$ EVOLUTION = ! BETT]4 ,RANKE1 ?\< O!RWISE A HI/ORIAN ( GREAT VALUE1 SEES 9 HI/ORY ONLY SUCCESSIVE P]IODS1 EA* HAV+ ITS [N PECULI> *>ACT] & MANIFE/+ ITSELF ?R\< V>I\S T5D5CIES ?AT GIVE A DI/9CT1 UNEXPECT$1 & EV5 0PIQUANT0.<#c.> LIFE TO ! DIFF]5T TABLEAUX ( EA* EPO* & EA* PEOPLE4.<#d.> ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS CONCEPTION1 ! WORLD APPE>S AS A SORT ( PICTURE GALL]Y4 ,IF !RE W]E PROGRESS1 SAYS ! PIETI/ WRIT]1 M5 W\LD BE ASSUR$ ( IMPROVEM5T FROM C5TURY TO C5TURY1 & !Y W\LD !RE=E NOT BE 0DIRECTLY DEP5D5T ON ! DIV9ITY10 :O SEES ALL SUCCESSIVE G5]ATIONS 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME ) AN IMP>TIAL EYE1 AS IF !IR RELATIVE VALUE W]E EXACTLY EQUAL4 ,RANKE'S OP9ION GOES AGA9/ ?OSE USUALLY 5C\NT]$ S9CE ! EI<TE5? C5TURY & JU/IFIES ONCE MORE ! OBS]VATION ( ,GUYAU ?AT 0! IDEA ( PROGRESS IS ANTAGONI/IC TO ?AT ( RELIGION40.<#e.> ,BECAUSE ( ! SOV]EIGN AU?ORITY ( GODS & DOGMAS ?AT LA/$ ?R\< ! ANCI5T & M$IEVAL AGES1 ?IS IDEA ( PROGRESS REMA9$ DORMANT = A LONG TIME1 H>DLY AWAK5$ BY ! MO/ OP5-M9D$ PHILOSOPH]S ( ! ANCI5T WORLD1 & CAME TO LIFE ) FULL SELF-CONSCI\SNESS ONLY ) ! ,R5AISSANCE & ! P]IOD ( MOD]N REVOLUTIONS4 ,9DE$1 ALL RELIGION PROCE$S FROM ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! UNIV]SE EM]G$ FROM ! H&S ( A CREATOR2 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT IT HAD ITS ORIG9 9 SUPREME P]FECTION4 ,AS ! ,BIBLE /ATES1 ,GOD LOOK$ AT HIS WORK & SAW ?AT IT WAS 0GOOD10 & EV5 0V]Y GOOD40.<#f.> ,FOLL[+ ?IS ORIG9AL /ATE M>K$ BY ! SEAL ( DIV9ITY1 ! MOVEM5T RESULT+ FROM ! ACTIONS ( IMP]FECT M5 C\LD ONLY CONT9UE T[>D DECL9E & FALL2 REGRESSION WAS 9EVITABLE4 ,AFT] ! ,GOLD5 ,AGE1 !SE CREATURES 5D$ UP FALL+ 9TO ! ,IRON ,AGE4 ,!Y LEFT ! P>ADISE :]E !Y HAD LIV$ HAPPILY1 TO BE 5GULF$ BY ! WAT]S ( ! ,FLOOD1 FROM :I* !Y EM]G$ ONLY TO LEAD !REAFT] AN AIMLESS LIFE4 

,MOREOV]1 ! 5TR5*$ 9/ITUTIONS ( MON>*Y & >I/OCRACY1 & ALL ! (FICIAL & EXCLUSIVE CRE$S F\ND$ & MASON$1 SO TO SPEAK1 BY M5 :O CLAIM$1 & 9DE$ W]E EV5 C]TA91 ?AT !Y HAD A*IEV$ P]FECTION1 PRESUPPOS$ ?AT ALL REVOLUTION & ALL *ANGE MU/ BE A FALL1 A RETURN TO B>B>ISM4 ,!SE ANCE/ORS & =EFA!RS1 GLORIFI]S ( 0! OLD5 DAYS10 PLAY$ A L>GE ROLE ALONG ) GODS & K+S 9 ! D5IGRATION ( ! PRES5T RELATIVE TO ! PA/ & 9 ! CREATION ( A PREJUDICE ?AT REGRESSION IS 9EVITABLE4 ,*ILDR5 HAVE A NATURAL T5D5CY TO REG>D !IR P>5TS AS SUP]IOR BE+S1 & !SE P>5TS HAVE 9 TURN DONE ! SAME4 ,SU* ATTITUDES HAVE BE5 SUCCESSIVELY DEPOSIT$ 9 M9DS LIKE ALLUVIAL SOIL ON ! BANKS ( A RIV]1 & HAVE CONSEQU5TLY CREAT$ A V]ITABLE DOGMA ( MAN'S IRREM$IABLE FALL FROM GRACE4 ,EV5 9 \R TIME1 IS IT NOT A 
WIDESPREAD PRACTICE TO HOLD =? 9 PROSE OR V]SE ON 0! DEPRAVITY ( \R C5TURY08 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! SAME PEOPLE :O PRAISE ! 09EVITABLE PROGRESS ( HUMANITY0 SPEAK READILY ( ITS 0DECL9E10 ?US %[+ A COMPLETE 7?\< NE>LY UNCONSCI\S7 LACK ( LOGIC4 ,TWO CONTR>Y CURR5TS 9T]SECT 9 !IR SPEE* AS WELL AS 9 !IR VIEWS4 ,9DE$1 PREVI\SLY HELD NOTIONS COLLIDE ) NEW ONES1 EV5 AMONG REFLECTIVE P]SONS :O DO NOT SPEAK UN?9K+LY4 ,?\< ! WEAK5+ ( RELIGIONS IS 9T]RUPT$ BY SUDD5 REVIVALS1 !Y MU/ NEV]!LESS SUCCUMB TO ! =CE ( !ORIES ?AT EXPLA9 ! =MATION ( ! WORLD BY SL[ EVOLUTION1 ! GRADUAL EM]G5CE ( ?+S FROM PRIMITIVE *AOS4 ,& :AT IS ?IS PH5OM5ON IF NOT BY DEF9ITION PROGRESS ITSELF--:E!R ACKN[L$G$ IMPLICITLY1 AS BY ,>I/OTLE1 OR 9 PRECISE1 ELOQU5T WORDS1 AS BY ,LUCRETIUS8.<#g.> 

,! IDEA ?AT !RE HAS BE5 PROGRESS DUR+ ! BRIEF SPAN ( EA* HUMAN G5]ATION & 9 ! :OLE ( HUMAN EVOLUTION [ES ITS P]SUASIV5ESS L>GELY TO GEOLOGICAL RESE>*1 :I* HAS REVEAL$ 9 ! SUCCESSION ( PH5OM5A1 IF NOT A 0DIV9E PLAN10 AS IT WAS ONCE CALL$1 A NATURAL EVOLUTION ?AT GRADUALLY REF9ES LIFE BY MEANS ( 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX ORGANISMS4 ,?US ! FIR/ LIFE-=MS :OSE REMA9S OR TRACES CAN BE SE5 9 ! MO/ ANCI5T /RATA ( ! E>? PRES5T RUDIM5T>Y1 UNI=M1 & SC>CELY DIFF]5TIAT$ FEATURES1 & CON/ITUTE 9CREAS+LY SUCCESSFUL SKET*ES ( SPECIES ?AT APPE> 9 SUBSEQU5T AGES4 ,LEAFY PLANTS COME AFT] LEAFLESS ONES2 V]TEBRATES FOLL[ 9V]TEBRATES2 BRA9S DEVELOP FROM ]A TO ]A2 & MAN1 ! LA/ TO COME ) ! EXCEPTION ( HIS [N P>ASITES1.<#h.> IS ALONE AMONG ALL ! ANIMALS TO HAVE ACQUIR$ ?R\< SPEE* ! COMPLETE LIB]TY ( EXPRESS+ ?\<TS1 & ?R\< FIRE ! P[] TO TRANS=M NATURE4 

,:5 WE LOOK AT ! MORE RE/RICT$ FIELD ( ! WRITT5 HI/ORY ( NATIONS1 G5]AL PROGRESS DOES NOT SEEM SO CLE>LY EVID5T4 ,MANY DEFEATI/S F\ND EVID5CE ?AT HUMANITY DOES NOT PROGRESS AT ALL1 BUT ONLY %IFTS1 GA9+ ON ONE SIDE & LOS+ ON ! O!R1 RIS+ ?R\< C]TA9 PEOPLES & DECAY+ ?R\< O!RS4 ,DUR+ ! V]Y EPO* 9 :I* ! MO/ OPTIMI/IC SOCIOLOGI/S W]E PREP>+ ! WAY = ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 9 ! NAME ( ! CONT9U\S PROGRESS ( MAN1 O!R WRIT]S1 IMPRESS$ BY ! TALES ( EXPLOR]S :O HAD BE5 S$UC$ BY ! SIMPLE LIFE ( DI/ANT PEOPLES1 SPOKE ( RETURN+ TO ! MODE ( EXI/5CE ( !SE PRIMITIVES4 
0,RETURN TO NATURE0 WAS ! CRY ( ,JEAN-,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU4 ,IT IS /RANGE ?AT ?IS CALL1 H[EV] CONTR>Y TO ?AT ( ! 0,RI<TS ( ,MAN & ( ! ,REPUBLICAN10 F\ND ITS WAY 9TO ! LANGUAGE & IDEAS ( ! TIME4 ,! REVOLUTION>IES WANT$ SIMULTANE\SLY TO RETURN TO ! ]A ( ,ROME & ( ,SP>TA1 AS WELL AS TO ! HAPPY & PURE AGES ( PREHI/ORIC TRIBES4 

,9 \R TIME1 A TR5D ANALOG\S TO ! 0RETURN TO NATURE0 MOVEM5T HAS EM]G$1 & EV5 MORE E>NE/LY ?AN 9 ! TIME ( ,R\SSEAU4 ,! REASON IS ?AT CURR5T SOCIETY1 :I* HAS EXP&$ TO ! PO9T ( 9CLUD+ ALL ( HUMANITY1 T5DS TO ASSIMILATE MORE 9TIMATELY ! HET]OG5E\S E?NIC COMPON5TS FROM :I* PROGRESSIVE CIVILIZATIONS REMA9$ SEP>AT$ = A LONG TIME4 ,MOREOV]1 AN?ROPOLOGICAL /UDIES ( ! PSY*OLOGY ( \R PRIMITIVE BRO!RS HAVE MADE 5ORM\S /RIDES1 & ! GREATE/ EXPLOR]S HAVE ADD$ TO ! DISCUSSION ! DECISIVE WEI<T ( !IR TE/IMONY4 

,WE NO LONG] HAVE TO RELY ON SU* SIMPLE & NAIVE /ORIES AS ?OSE ( 
,JEAN DE ,L]Y1 ,CLAUDE D',ABBEVILLE1 OR ,YVES D',EVREUX AB\T ! ,TUP9AMBA & O!R ,BRAZILIAN SAVAGES1 /ORIES ?AT NEV]!LESS DES]VE TO BE GREATLY APPRECIAT$4 ,WE ALSO HAVE BETT] /ATEM5TS ?AN ! HA/Y OBS]VATIONS ( ,COOK & ,B\GA9VILLE1 = ! *RONICLES >E N[ REPLETE ) V]Y SCRUPUL\S TE/IMONIALS DRAWN FROM LONG EXP]I5CE4 ,AMONG ! TRIBES ?AT MU/ UND5IABLY BE RANK$ V]Y HI<LY AMONG M5 :O >E CLOSE/ TO ! IDEAL ( MUTUAL AID & BRO!RLY LOVE1 WE MU/ DEF9ITELY C\NT ! ,AETA1 CLASSIFI$ AMONG ! PRIMITIVES1 :O GAVE !IR NAME 0,NEGROS0 TO ONE ( ! ,PHILIPP9E ISL&S4 

,9 SPITE ( ALL ! EVILS ?AT ! :ITES HAVE DONE TO !M1 !SE 
0,NEGRITOS0 OR 0LITTLE ,NEGROES0 HAVE REMA9$ G5TLE & B5EVOL5T T[>D !IR P]SECUTORS1 & IT IS AMONG !M ?AT ! VIRTUES ( ! RACE >E MO/ EVID5T4 ,ALL MEMB]S ( ! TRIBE ?9K ( !MSELVES AS BRO!RS1 SO ?AT :5 A *ILD IS BORN1 ! 5TIRE EXT5D$ FAMILY GA!RS TO DECIDE ON AN AUSPICI\S NAME ) :I* TO GREET ! NEWBORN4 ,!IR M>RIAGES1 :I* >E 9V>IABLY MONOGAM\S1 DEP5D ON ! FREE WILL ( ! SP\SES4 ,! SICK1 ! *ILDR51 & ! ELD]LY >E C>$ = ) P]FECT DEVOTION4 ,NO ONE EX]TS P[]1 YET ALL B[ WILL+LY TO ! ELD]LY TO %[ RESPECT = !IR EXP]I5CE & ADVANC$ AGE4.<#i.> ,IS !RE ANY C\NTRY 9 ,EUROPE OR ,AM]ICA ?AT DES]VES PRAISE EQUAL TO ?IS8 ,BUT WE MU/ WOND] :E!R ?IS HUMBLE SOCIETY ( ! GOOD ,AETA /ILL EXI/S4 ,HAS IT BE5 ABLE TO PRES]VE ITS DWELL+S ( WOV5 BRAN*ES1 ITS HUTS ( RE$S OR PALMS1 AGA9/ ! GREAT ,AM]ICAN HUNT+ P>TY8.<#a.> 

,LET US TAKE ANO!R EXAMPLE FROM M5 :O HAVE A WID] HORIZON1 AMONG POPULATIONS ?AT >E CLOS] TO ! :ITE RACE & :OSE V]Y WAY ( LIFE COMPELS !M TO PASS A L>GE P>T ( !IR EXI/5CE AWAY FROM ! MAT]NAL HUT4 ,! ,UNANG91 REF]R$ TO BY ! ,RUSSIANS AS ! ,ALEUTS AFT] ! NAME ( ! ISL&S ?AT !Y 9HABIT1 LIVE 9 A REGION ( RA91 W9D1 & /ORMS4 ,9 ORD] TO ADAPT TO !IR SURR\ND+S1 !Y BUILD HUTS ?AT >E HALF UND]GR\ND1 CON/RUCT$ MO/LY ( WOV5 BRAN*ES COV]$ BY A %ELL ( H>D5$ MUD & ILLUM9AT$ AT ! TOP BY A L>GE L5S ( ICE4 ,! NECESSITY ( OBTA9+ FOOD HAS MADE !SE ,ALEUTS A FI%+ PEOPLE1 SKILL$ AT MANEUV]+ BOATS ( /RET*$ SK9S1 :I* !Y 5T] AS IF 9TO A DRUM4 ,! DANG]\S SEAS ?AT !Y TRAVEL HAVE MADE !M 9TREPID SEAM5 & GIFT$ =ESE]S ( /ORMS4 ,SOME ( !M1 ESPECIALLY ! :AL]S1 BECOME TRUE NATURALI/S & CON/ITUTE A SPECIAL GUILD :OSE MEMB]S >E REQUIR$ = 9ITIATION TO 5DURE A LONG P]IOD ( ORDEALS4.<#a#a.> ,! ,ALEUTS1 LIKE !IR NEI<BORS ON ! MA9L&1 >E EXTRAORD9>ILY SKILLFUL SCULPTORS1 & FASC9AT+ OBJECTS HAVE BE5 DISCOV]$ 9 !IR BURIAL SITES UND] VAULTS ( ROCKS4 ,! COMPLEXITY ( ,ALEUT LIFE IS ALSO EVID5T 9 !IR CODE ( SOCIAL DECORUM1 :I* IS /RICTLY REGULAT$ BY CU/OM AMONG BLOOD RELATIVES1 RELATIONS BY M>RIAGE1 & /RANG]S4 ,HAV+ ATTA9$ ?IS RELATIVELY HI< DEGREE ( CIVILIZATION1 ! ,ALEUTS REMA9$1 ?ANKS TO !IR ISOLATION1 9 A /ATE ( PEACE & P]FECT SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM UNTIL A REC5T P]IOD4 ,! FIR/ ,EUROPEAN EXPLOR]S :O MADE CONTACT ) !M UNANIM\SLY PRAIS$ !IR GOOD QUALITIES & VIRTUES4 ,>*BI%OP ,9NOK5TI 7BETT] KN[N BY ! NAME ,V5IAM9OV71 :O WITNESS$ !IR WAY ( LIFE = T5 YE>S1 DEPICT$ !M AS 0! MO/ AFFECTIONATE ( M50 & AS BE+S ( 9COMP>ABLE MODE/Y & DISCRETION :O >E NEV] GUILTY ( ! SLI<TE/ VIOL5CE 9 WORD OR DE$3 0,DUR+ \R YE>S ( LIV+ TOGE!R1 NOT ONE ILL-MANN]$ WORD PASS$ !IR LIPS40 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 !RE IS C]TA9LY NO COMP>ISON BETWE5 \R PEOPLE ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ! LITTLE TRIBE ( ! ,ALEUTIANS6 ,! SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY & ! DIGNITY ( MORAL LIFE AMONG !SE ISL&]S WAS SO GREAT ?AT SOME ,GREEK ,OR?ODOX MISSION>IES DECID$ NOT TO TRY TO 
CONV]T !M3 0,:AT GOOD W\LD IT DO TO TEA* !M \R PRAY]S8 ,!Y >E BETT] ?AN WE >E40.<#a#b.> 

,TO !SE EXAMPLES1 *OS5 FROM V>I\S /AGES ( CIVILIZATION1 CAN BE ADD$ EQUALLY SIGNIFICANT ONES FROM ! TRAVELS ( SOCIOLOGI/S & FROM SPECIALIZ$ WORKS 9 E?NOLOGY4 ,NUM]\S CASES CAN BE F\ND 9 :I* !RE IS BO? MORAL SUP]IORITY & A MORE S]5E APPRECIATION ( LIFE AMONG SO-CALL$ SAVAGE OR B>B>\S SOCIETIES1 AL?\< !SE >E GREATLY 9F]IOR TO \RS 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL UND]/&+ ( ?+S4 ,9 ! UN5D+ SPIRAL ?AT HUMANITY CEASELESSLY TRAVELS1 9 EVOLV+ UPON ITSELF 9 A CONT9U\S MOTION ?AT IS R\<LY COMP>ABLE TO ! ROTATION ( ! E>?1 IT (T5 HAPP5S ?AT C]TA9 P>TS ( ! L>G] :OLE >E MU* CLOS] ?AN O!RS TO ! IDEAL FOCUS ( ! ORBIT4 ,P]HAPS SOME DAY ! LAW GOV]N+ ?IS BACK-&-=? MOTION WILL BE UND]/OOD PRECISELY4 ,= N[1 IT IS 5\< TO NOTE ! SIMPLE FACTS )\T DRAW+ PREMATURE CONCLUSIONS &1 ABOVE ALL1 )\T ACCEPT+ ! P>ADOXICAL VIEWS ( GLOOMY SOCIOLOGI/S :O SEE 9 ! MAT]IAL PROGRESS ( HUMANITY ONLY EVID5CE ( ITS ACTUAL DECL9E4 

,GREAT M9DS SEEM AT TIMES TO HAVE SUCCUMB$ TO ?IS \TLOOK4 ,! FOLL[+ MEMORABLE PASSAGE FROM ,MALAY ,>*IPELAGO1 PUBLI%$ 9 #ahfi BY ,A4,R4 ,WALLACE1 MI<T ACTUALLY BE REG>D$ AS A SORT ( MANIFE/O1 A *ALL5GE TO ! +5UITY ( ?OSE :O W\LD UNCONDITIONALLY DEF5D ! !ORY ( ! CONT9U\S PROGRESS ( HUMANITY4 ,?IS *ALL5GE /ILL AWAITS A REPLY4 ,IT MAY BE USEFUL TO RECALL HIS WORDS & TO TAKE !M AS A /&>D BY :I* TO JUDGE HI/ORICAL /UDIES3 

,:AT IS ?IS IDEALLY P]FECT SOCIAL /ATE T[>DS :I* MANK9D EV] HAS BE51 & /ILL IS T5D+8 ,\R BE/ ?9K]S MA9TA91 ?AT IT IS A /ATE ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & SELF-GOV]NM5T1 R5D]$ POSSIBLE BY ! EQUAL DEVELOPM5T & JU/ BALANCE ( ! 9TELLECTUAL1 MORAL1 & PHYSICAL P>TS ( \R NATURE1--A /ATE 9 :I* WE %ALL EA* BE SO P]FECTLY FITT$ = A SOCIAL EXI/5CE1 BY KN[+ :AT IS RI<T1 & AT ! SAME TIME FEEL+ AN IRRESI/IBLE IMPULSE TO DO :AT WE KN[ TO BE RI<T41 ?AT ALL LAWS & ALL PUNI%M5TS %ALL BE UNNECESS>Y4444 ,N[ IT IS V]Y REM>KABLE1 ?AT AMONG PEOPLE 9 A V]Y L[ /AGE ( CIVILIZATION1 
WE F9D SOME APPROA* TO SU* A P]FECT SOCIAL /ATE4 ,I HAVE LIV$ ) COMMUNITIES ( SAVAGES 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA & 9 ! ,EA/1 :O HAVE NO LAWS OR LAW C\RTS BUT ! PUBLIC OP9ION ( ! VILLAGE FREELY EXPRESS$4 ,EA* MAN SCRUPUL\SLY RESPECTS ! RI<TS ( HIS FELL[1 & ANY 9FRACTION ( ?OSE RI<TS R>ELY OR NEV] TAKES PLACE4 ,9 SU* A COMMUNITY1 ALL >E NE>LY EQUAL4 ,!RE >E NONE ( ?OSE WIDE DI/9CTIONS1 ( $UCATION & IGNORANCE1 WEAL? & POV]TY1 MA/] & S]VANT1 :I* >E ! PRODUCT ( \R CIVILIZATION2 !RE IS NONE ( ?AT WIDE-SPREAD DIVISION ( LABOR1 :I*1 :ILE IT 9CREASES WEAL?1 PRODUCTS ALSO CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S2 !RE IS NOT ?AT SEV]E COMPETITION & /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE4444 .<,W.>E %ALL NEV]1 AS REG>DS ! :OLE COMMUNITY1 ATTA9 TO ANY REAL OR IMPORTANT SUP]IORITY OV] ! BETT] CLASS ( SAVAGES4.<#a#c.> 

,BUT IT W\LD BE WRONG TO G5]ALIZE ! OBS]VATIONS MADE BY ! GREAT NATURALI/ & SOCIOLOGI/ AB\T ! 9DIG5\S PEOPLES ( ! ,AMAZON & ( ! ,9SUL9DES1.<#a#d.> & TO APPLY !M TO ALL ! SAVAGE POPULATIONS ( EV]Y CONT95T & >*IPELAGO4 ,! ISL& ( ,BORNEO1 :]E ,WALLACE'S VIEW WAS %AP$ BY SO MANY EXAMPLES ( ?IS MORAL NOBILITY1 IS ! SAME GREAT L& ?AT ,BOEK HAS DESCRIB$ AS ! 0,L& ( ! ,CANNIBALS40.<#a#e.> ,ONE C\LD ALSO CALL IT ! 0,L& ( ! ,HEADHUNT]S10 REF]R+ TO ! M5 ( ,DAYAK :O1 9 ORD] TO E>N ! RI<T TO CALL !MSELVES 0M50 & TO />T A FAMILY1 MU/ *OP (F ONE OR MORE HEADS1 :E!R ?R\< TRICK]Y OR 9 FAIR COMBAT4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! WOND]FUL ISL& ( ,TAHITI1 ! ,NEW ,CY!RA ( :I* EI<TE5?-C5TURY EXPLOR]S SPOKE ) SU* NAIVE 5?USIASM1 ONLY P>TLY M]ITS ! PRAISE ( ! ,EUROPEANS :O W]E DELI<T$ BY 
BO? ! BEAUTY ( ! C\NTRYSIDE & ! FRI5DL9ESS ( ! 9HABITANTS4 ,C]TA9 AUGU/ & G5TLE DIGNIT>IES & V5]ABLE ELD]S1 :O 9 !IR NOBLE GRAVITY SEEM$ TO COMPLETE ! *>M+ PICTURE ( AN OCEANIC P>ADISE1 MAY HAVE BELONG$ TO ! =MIDABLE CA/E ( ! ,ORO 7,>IOI71 :I*1 AFT] HAV+ CON/ITUT$ A CELIBATE CL]GY1 BECAME 9 ! 5D AN ASSOCIATION ( MURD]]S 9DULG+ 9 ! 9F]NAL RITES ( KILL+ ALL !IR *ILDR54 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT AT ?IS PO9T ! ,TAHITIANS HAD ALREADY REA*$ A LEVEL ( CULTURAL EVOLUTION F> BEYOND ! PRIMITIVE /AGE4 ,BUT DOES ?IS P]IOD REPRES5T A REGRESSION1 RA!R ?AN A DEVELOPM5T 9 ! DIRECTION ( PROGRESS8 ,OR DID ! TWO MOVEM5TS CONV]GE 9 ! SOCIAL LIFE ( ?IS LITTLE NATION LOCK$ 9 ITS N>R[ OCEANIC UNIV]SE8 

,H]E9 LIES ! MA9 DIFFICULTY4 ,?\S&S ( TRIBES & O!R E?NIC GR\P+S1 LUMP$ TOGE!R UND] ! NAME 0SAVAGES0 BY HAU<TY 0CIVILIZ$0 PEOPLE1 CORRESPOND TO DI/9CT PO9TS ?AT >E V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ONE ANO!R1 SPAC$ V>I\SLY ALONG ! PA? ( TIME & )9 ! 9F9ITE NETWORK ( 5VIRONM5TS4 ,ONE TRIBE IS 9 ! MIDDLE ( A PROGRESSIVE EVOLUTION1 :ILE ! O!R IS OBVI\SLY 9 DECL9E4 ,ONE IS 9 A /ATE ( BECOM+1 ! O!R ON ! ROAD TO DECAY & DEA?4 ,EA* ( ! EXAMPLES PRES5T$ BY V>I\S AU?ORS 5GAG$ 9 ! G5]AL 9VE/IGATION ( PROGRESS %\LD ?US BE ACCOMPANI$ BY ! P>TICUL> HI/ORY ( ! HUMAN GR\P 9 QUE/ION1 = TWO SITUATIONS ?AT SEEM TO BE ALMO/ ID5TICAL CAN HAVE AN ABSOLUTELY OPPOSITE MEAN+ IF ! ONE CORRESPONDS TO ! 9FANCY ( AN ORGANISM & ! O!R TO ITS OLD AGE4 

,ONE PRIM>Y FACT CLE>LY /&S \T 9 COMP>ATIVE E?NOGRAPHIC /UDIES3 ! ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! CIVILIZATION ( A PRIMITIVE TRIBE ?AT IS YET ONLY SLI<TLY 9FLU5C$ BY ITS NEI<BORS1 & ! CIVILIZATION ( IMM5SE1 MOD]N POLITICAL SOCIETIES ) !IR UNBRIDL$ AMBITION1 CONSI/S ( ! SIMPLE *>ACT] ( ! =M] & ( ! COMPLEX *>ACT] ( ! LATT]4 ,! FIR/1 ?\< NOT HI<LY DEVELOP$1 AT LEA/ HAS ! ADVANTAGE ( BE+ COH]5T & CONSI/5T ) ITS IDEALS4 ,! SECOND IS VA/1 [+ TO ! SCOPE IT 5COMPASSES1 & IS 9F9ITELY SUP]IOR TO PRIMITIVE CULTURE 9 T]MS ( ! =CES IT SETS 9 MOTION4 ,IT IS COMPLEX & DIV]SE1 BURD5$ ) SURVIVALS FROM ! PA/1 & NECESS>ILY 9COH]5T & CONTRADICTORY4 ,IT LACKS UNITY & PURSUES OPPOS+ OBJECTIVES SIMULTANE\SLY4 ,9 PREHI/ORIC SOCIETIES & 9 ?OSE ( ! WORLD /ILL CONSID]$ SAVAGE1 A BALANCE CAN V]Y EASILY BE E/ABLI%$ BECAUSE !IR IDEAL IS SIMPLE4.<#a#f.> ,ACCORD+LY1 SU* TRIBES & PRIMITIVE RACES1 :I* HAVE DEVELOP$ V]Y LITTLE SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE1 POSSESS ONLY RUDIM5T>Y CRAFTS & LEAD A LIFE )\T MU* V>IETY2 NEV]!LESS1 !Y HAVE BE5 ABLE TO ATTA9 A LEVEL ( MUTUAL JU/ICE1 EQUITABLE WELL-BE+1 & HAPP9ESS GREATLY SURPASS+ ! CORRESPOND+ *>ACT]I/ICS ( \R MOD]N SOCIETIES4 ,! LATT] >E 9F9ITELY COMPLEX1 & >E SWEPT ALONG ?R\< DISCOV]IES & P>TIAL PROGRESSIONS 9 A CONT9UAL MOM5TUM ( R5EWAL ?AT BL5DS 9 V>I\S WAYS ) ALL ( ! FACTORS FROM ! PA/4 ,ALSO1 :5 WE COMP>E \R P[]FUL1 GLOBAL SOCIETY TO ! SMALL1 ALMO/ UNNOTICEABLE GR\PS ( PRIMITIVES :O HAVE MANAG$ TO MA9TA9 !MSELVES AP>T FROM ! 0CIVILIZ]S0--:O >E ALL TOO (T5 DE/ROY]S--WE MI<T BE L$ TO CONCLUDE ?AT !SE PRIMITIVES >E SUP]IOR TO US & ?AT WE HAVE REGRESS$ OV] ! C\RSE ( TIME4 ,BUT \R ACQUIR$ QUALITIES >E NOT ( ! SAME ORD] AS ! ANCI5T ONES1 SO IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT TO MAKE AN EQUITABLE COMP>ISON4 ,SOCIETY HAS GREATLY 9CREAS$ ITS BAGGAGE S9CE PRIMITIVE TIMES4 ,9 ANY CASE1 IT IS V]Y AGREEABLE TO FOCUS ON ! DOZ5S OR HUNDR$S ( 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE DEVELOP$ H>MONI\SLY )9 ! LIMITS ( !IR N>R[ COSMOS1 & :O W]E =TUNATE 5\< TO REALIZE ON A SMALL SCALE ?AT :I* WE >E N[ TRY+ TO ACCOMPLI% AT ! LEVEL ( ! 5TIRE HUMAN UNIV]SE4 ,9 SOCIETIES 9 :I* ALL KN[ EA* O!R AS MEMB]S ( ! SAME FAMILY1 ! DESIR$ GOAL IS NE> AT H&4 ,IT IS DIFF]5T = \R MOD]N SOCIETY1 :I* 5COMPASSES A WORLD BUT DOES NOT YET EMBRACE IT4 

,IF WE LOOK AT HUMANITY 9 ITS 5TIRETY1 & EV5 RETURN TO ! ORIG9S ( LIV+ BE+S1 WE CAN REG>D ALL SOCIAL GR\P+S AS NORMALLY =M+ SMALL1 DI/9CT COLONIES1 FROM ! FLOAT+ RIBBONS ( SALPA ON ! SEA1 TO ! SW>MS ( BEES ?AT GA!R AT ! SAME HIVE1 TO PEOPLES :O SEEK TO DEM>CATE !MSELVES PRECISELY )9 BORD]S4 ,! E>LIE/ GR\P+S >E MICROCOSMIC1 & !N !Y BECOME MORE & MORE EXT5D$ & 9CREAS+LY COMPLEX OV] TIME1 TO ! DEGREE ?AT AN IDEAL >ISES & BECOMES MORE DIFFICULT TO A*IEVE4 ,EA* ( !SE SMALL SOCIETIES CON/ITUTES BY NATURE AN 9DEP5D5T & SELF-SUFFICI5T ORGANISM4 ,H[EV]1 NONE ( !M >E COMPLETELY CLOS$1 EXCEPT = ?OSE ?AT >E ISOLAT$ ON ISL&S1 P59SULAS1 OR 9 M\NTA9 CIRQUES :OSE ACCESS HAS BE5 CUT (F4 ,AS GR\PS ( M5 5C\NT] ONE ANO!R1 DIRECT & 9DIRECT RELATIONS >ISE4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 FOLL[+ 9T]NAL *ANGES & EXT]NAL EV5TS1 EA* SW>M 5DS ITS P>TICUL>1 9DIVIDUAL EVOLUTION & JO9S WILL+LY OR =CIBLY ) ANO!R BODY POLITIC SO ?AT BO? >E 9TEGRAT$ 9TO A SUP]IOR ORGANIZATION ) A NEW C\RSE ( LIFE & ( PROGRESS BE=E IT4 ,?IS METAMORPHOSIS IS ANALOG\S TO ?AT BY :I* A SE$ *ANGES 9TO A TREE1 OR AN EGG 9TO AN ANIMAL3 !RE IS A TRANS=MATION FROM HOMOG5E\S TO HET]OG5E\S /RUCTURE4.<#a#g.> ,BUT DIV]SE \TCOMES >E POSSIBLE4 ,AMONG SMALL1 ISOLAT$ SOCIETIES1 A GREAT NUMB] P]I% FROM S5ILE EXHAU/ION ?R\< A BLOODY CONFLICT BE=E REALIZ+ ! MORE OR LESS EXALT$ 5D T[>D :I* !IR NORMAL FUNCTION+ T5DS4 ,O!R MICROCOSMS1 HAV+ AN 5VIRONM5T MORE CONDUCIVE TO !IR H>MONI\S DEVELOPM5T1 >E ABLE TO ATTA9 !IR IDEAL SUCCESSFULLY & LIVE ACCORD+ TO ! RULES ( WISDOM E/ABLI%$ BY !IR ANCE/ORS4 ,?US A NUMB] ( TRIBES ?AT HAD A SIMPLE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & A NAIVE G5]AL CONCEPTION ( ! UNIV]SE1 & ?AT W]E FREE FROM MIXTURE ) O!R E?NIC COMPON5TS1 SUCCE$$ 9 CON/ITUT+ SMALL CELLS ( P]FECT$ =M & WELL->RANG$ ORGANS4 ,EA* 9DIVIDUAL WAS CONSCI\S ( HIS SOLID>ITY ) ALL ! O!R MEMB]S ( ! TRIBE & 5JOY$ ?R\< EA* 9DIVIDUAL AN ABSOLUTELY RESPECT$ P]SONAL LIB]TY1 AN 9VIOLATE JU/ICE1 & A CALM & TRANQUIL LIFE4 ,!SE TRIBES HAVE COME CLOSE TO ! /ATE ?AT ONE C\LD CALL 0HAPP9ESS0 IF ?IS WORD W]E TO IMPLY ONLY ! SATISFACTION ( 9/9CTS1 APPETITES1 & FEEL+S ( AFFECTION4 

,9 ! HI/ORY ( HUMANITY1 SEV]AL SOCIAL TYPES HAVE SUCCESSIVELY REA*$ !IR FULL BLOSSOM+4 ,SIMIL>LY1 AMONG ! MORE ANCI5T WORLDS ( FLORA & FAUNA1 NUM]\S G5]A & SPECIES HAVE REA*$ SU* IDEALS ( /R5G?1 RHY?M1 OR BEAUTY ?AT NO?+ SUP]IOR TO !M CAN BE IMAG9$4 ,:ILE ! ROSE IS ! PRECURSOR ( MANY SUBSEQU5T =MS1 IT IS NO LESS P]FECT OR 9SURPASSABLE = IT4 ,& AMONG ANIMALS1 IS IT POSSIBLE TO IMAG9E ANY ORGANISMS MORE DEF9ITIVE1 EA* ( !IR K9D1 ?AN CR9OIDS1 BEETLES1 SWALL[S1 ANTELOPES1 BEES1 & ANTS8.<#a#h.> ,IS MAN1 /ILL IMP]FECT 9 HIS [N EYES1 NOT SURR\ND$ BY C\NTLESS LIV+ BE+S ?AT HE CAN ADMIRE UNRES]V$LY IF HE HAS OP5 EYES & AN OP5 M9D8 ,& EV5 IF HE *OOSES AMONG ! 9F9ITE NUMB] ( TYPES >\ND HIM1 DOES HE NOT 9 REALITY DO SO ?R\< HIS 9ABILITY TO EMBRACE EV]Y?+8 ,= EA* =M1 EPITOMIZ+ 9 ITSELF ALL ( ! LAWS ( ! UNIV]SE ?AT CONV]GE TO DET]M9E IT1 IS AN EQUALLY M>VEL\S CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS PROCESS4 

,!RE=E1 MOD]N SOCIETY CAN LAY CLAIM TO A P>TICUL> SUP]IORITY OV] ! SOCIETIES ?AT PREC$$ IT ONLY ?R\< ! GREAT] COMPLEXITY ( ! ELEM5TS ?AT 5T] 9TO ITS =MATION4 ,IT HAS A GREAT] SCOPE & CON/ITUTES A MORE HET]OG5E\S ORGANISM ?R\< ! SUCCESSIVE ASSIMILATION ( JUXTAPOS$ ORGANISMS4 ,BUT ON ! O!R H&1 ?IS VA/ SOCIETY T5DS TO BECOME MORE SIMPLIFI$4 ,IT SEEKS TO REALIZE HUMAN UNITY BY GRADUALLY BECOM+ ! REPOSITORY ( EV]Y?+ A*IEV$ FROM LABOR & ?\<T 9 ALL C\NTRIES & ALL AGES4 ,:]EAS ! V>I\S TRIBES LIV+ SEP>ATELY REPRES5T DIV]SITY1 ! NATION :OSE AIM IS PREEM95CE OV] & EV5 ! ABSORPTION ( O!R E?NIC GR\PS T5DS TO A*IEVE GREAT UNITY4 ,9 EFFECT1 IT SEEKS TO B5EFIT BY ! RESOLUTION ( ALL CONFLICTS1 & TO CREATE ONE UNIFI$ TRU? \T ( ALL ! SMALL1 SCATT]$ TRU?S4 ,BUT ! ROAD ?AT LEADS TO ?IS GOAL IS V]Y DIFFICULT1 FULL ( OB/ACLES1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 CRISS-CROSS$ ) DECEPTIVE PA?S ?AT SEEM AT FIR/ TO BE P>ALLEL TO ! MA9 R\TE ?AT WE FE>LESSLY TAKE6 ,HI/ORY HAS %[N US H[ EA* NATION1 NO MATT] H[ WELL 5D[$1 /RONG1 & HEAL?Y IT MAY BE 9 ITS PRIME1 5DS UP LAGG+ BEH9D AFT] A NUMB] ( DECADES OR C5TURIES & !N DIS9TEGRATES 9TO SMALL] B&S ?AT W&] (F1 SCATT]+ ACROSS ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRYSIDE4 ,SOMETIMES IT EV5 TRIES TO RETURN TO ITS ORIG9S1 BUT ! DIV]SITY ( LANGUAGES1 ( FACTIONS1 & ( LOCAL 9T]E/S PREVAILS OV] ! FEEL+ ( HUMAN UNITY1 :I* = A TIME SU/A9S ! NATION 9 ITS PROGRESS4 

,9 \R TIME1 ! IDEA ( HUMAN UNITY HAS SO DEEPLY P5ETRAT$ V>I\S CIVILIZ$ E?NIC GR\PS ?AT !Y >E1 SO TO SPEAK1 IMMUNIZ$ AGA9/ DECL9E & DEA?4 ,B>R+ GREAT COSMIC REVOLUTIONS :OSE %AD[S HAVE YET TO FALL OV] US1 MOD]N NATIONS WILL 9 ! FUTURE ESCAPE ! PH5OM5A ( SEEM+LY F9AL RU9 ?AT OCCURR$ TO SO MANY ANCI5T PEOPLES4 ,C]TA9LY1 POLITICAL 0TRANSGRESSIONS10 ANALOG\S TO M>9E TRANSGRESSIONS ON COA/L9ES1 WILL OCCUR ON ! BORD]S ( /ATES1 & !SE BORD]S !MSELVES WILL DISAPPE> 9 MANY PLACES1 PREFIGUR+ ! DAY :5 !Y WILL CEASE TO EXI/ EV]Y:]E4 ,V>I\S GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES WILL BE ]AS$ FROM MAPS1 BUT DESPITE SU* *ANGES1 ! PEOPLES 5COMPASS$ BY MOD]N CIVILIZATION 7:I* COV]S A V]Y CONSID]ABLE PORTION ( ! E>?'S L& SURFACE7 WILL C]TA9LY CONT9UE TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! MAT]IAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & MORAL PROGRESS ( ONE ANO!R4 ,!Y >E 9 ! ]A ( MUTUAL AID1 & EV5 :5 !Y 5GAGE 9 BLOODY CONFLICTS ) EA* O!R1 !Y DO NOT /OP WORK+ 9 P>T = ! COMMON WELF>E4 ,DUR+ ! LA/ GREAT ,EUROPEAN W> BETWE5 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( M5 P]I%$1 CROPS W]E DEVA/AT$1 & WEAL? WAS DE/ROY$4 ,EA* SIDE DESPIS$ & DAMN$ ! O!R1 BUT ?AT DID NOT 9 ! LEA/ PREV5T EI!R SIDE FROM CONT9U+ ! LABOR ( ?\<T = ! B5EFIT ( ALL M51 9CLUD+ MUTUAL 5EMIES4 ,!RE W]E PATRIOTIC DISPUTES OV] :E!R ! DIPH!RIA S]UM HAD BE5 EFFECTIVELY DISCOV]$ & APPLI$ = ! FIR/ TIME TO ! EA/ OR 
WE/ ( ! ,VOSGES1 BUT 9 ,FRANCE AS 9 ,G]MANY1 ! M$IC9E 9CREAS$ ! P[] ( A UNIFI$ HUMANITY OV] AN 9DIFF]5T NATURE4 ,9 A SIMIL> WAY1 A ?\S& O!R NEW 9V5TIONS HAVE BECOME ! COMMON H]ITAGE ( ! TWO NEI<BOR+ NATIONS--RIVALS & 5EMIES1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT /ILL FUNDAM5TALLY V]Y CLOSE FRI5DS S9CE !Y 5GAGE REL5TLESSLY 9 BROAD] 
WORK = ! B5EFIT ( ALL M54 ,& 9 ! ,F> ,EA/1 ONE F9DS ?AT ! COV]T OR OV]T W> BETWE5 ,JAPAN & ,RUSSIA CANNOT /OP ! A/ONI%+ PROGRESS ?AT IS BE+ ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ?IS P>T ( ! WORLD ?R\< ! %>+ ( HUMAN CULTURE & IDEALS4 ,A HI/ORICAL P]IOD HAS ALREADY E>N$ ! NAME ( 0HUMANISM0 BECAUSE AT ?AT TIME ! /UDY ( ,GREEK & ,LAT9 CLASSICS UNIT$ ALL REF9$ M5 9 ! COMMON APPRECIATION ( GREAT ?\<TS EXPRESS$ 9 F9E LANGUAGE4 ,\R EPO* IS EV5 MORE DES]V+ ( SU* A NAME S9CE TODAY IT IS NOT ONLY A BRO!RHOOD ( 9TELLECTUALS :O >E JO9$ TOGE!R BUT ALSO 5TIRE NATIONS DESC5D$ FROM ! MO/ DIV]SE RACES & PEOPL+ ! MO/ DI/ANT P>TS ( ! WORLD6 

,YET 9 \R TIME1 A FATU\S HUMANIT>IANISM .<HUMANITAIR]IE.> IS QUITE PREVAL5T4 ,ALL /ATESM5 & GREAT WRIT]S MAKE FUN ( ?IS POOR S5TIM5TALITY4 ,! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY WAS F]TILE 9 !ORIES AB\T ! =MS PROGRESS SOMETIMES TAKES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! REVOLUTION>IES ( #ahdh PROCLAIM$ ) EXTRAORD9>Y BRILLIANCE ! IDEA ( 0HUMANITY40 ,BUT 9 !IR PR(\ND IGNORANCE1 !SE BRAVE S\LS HAD NO IDEA ( ! DIFFICULTIES ?AT !IR PROPAG&A W\LD HAVE TO 5C\NT]1 &1 MOREOV]1 IT WAS EASY AFT] !IR DEFEAT TO RIDICULE !M4 ,!N CAME ! ,FRANCO,PRUSSIAN ,W>1 ! CR[N+ GLORY ( ,BISM>CKIAN POLITICS1 :I* CAME TO FRUITION 9 A S5TIM5TAL ,G]MANY4 ,EV]YONE VI$ ) ONE ANO!R TO IMITATE1 ) EQUAL 9EPTITUDE1 ! MA*9ATIONS ( ! ,IRON ,*ANCELLOR1 
:OSE %AD[ /ILL LOOMS OV] US4 ,! LIB]ATION ( ,GREECE & ! ,TWO ,SICILIES1.<#a#i.> & ! ACCLAIM ?AT GREET$ ,BYRON1 ,KOSSU?1 ,G>IBALDI1 & 
,H]Z5 WAS FOLL[$ BY ! MO/ RE/RA9$ CONDUCT 9 RESPONSE TO ! MASSACRES 9 ,>M5IA1 ! SLAU<T] 9 EA/]N ,AFRICA1 & ! POGROMS ( ,RUSSIA4.<#b.> ,A PASSIONATE NATIONALISM RAGES 9 ALL WE/]N C\NTRIES1 & EXI/+ BORD]S HAVE = ! MO/ P>T BE5 TI<T5$ DUR+ ! PA/ FIFTY 
YE>S4 ,WE HAVE ALSO SE5 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 ! REPUBLICAN IDEA1 :I* UNIT$ MANY SUPPORT]S BE=E #a#h#g1 GRADUALLY FADE FROM ! POLITICAL SC5E4 ,IT IS ! SAME 9 ALL CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES = ! MO/ IDEALI/IC ( 0UTOPIAS40 ,ONE CAN ?US BECOME DISC\RAG$ BY CLASSIFY+ !SE DI/9CT EVOLUTIONS AS DEF9ITE REGRESSIONS IF ONE DOES NOT ALSO 9VE/IGATE !IR CAUSES4 ,ONCE IT IS UND]/OOD H[ ?IS MOVEM5T ( REV]SAL FUNCTIONS1 !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ! CRY ( HUMANITY WILL ONCE AGA9 RES\ND :5 ! 0WEAK & ! D[NTRODD50 7:O HAVE NEV] /OPP$ PROCLAIM+ ?IS IDEAL AMONG !MSELVES7 WILL HAVE ACQUIR$ A ?OR\< SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE4 ,HAV+ ATTA9$ A MORE COMPLETE MA/]Y ( 9T]NATIONAL UND]/&+1 !Y WILL FEEL /RONG 5\< TO ABOLI% =EV] ALL ?REAT ( W>4 

,CONFLICTS BETWE5 RIVAL GOV]NM5TS CAN BE S]I\S & FULL ( REP]CUSSIONS2 H[EV]1 EV5 :5 !SE DISPUTES LEAD TO W>1 !Y CANNOT HAVE RESULTS ANALOG\S TO ?OSE ( ! /RUGGLES ?AT LONG AGO DE/ROY$ ! ,HITTITES1 ! ,ELAMITES1 ! ,SUM]IANS & ,AKKADIANS1 ! ,ASSYRIANS1 ! ,P]SIANS1 & BE=E !M SO MANY CIVILIZATIONS :OSE V]Y NAMES >E UNKN[N TO US4 ,9 REALITY1 ALL NATIONS1 9CLUD+ ?OSE ?AT CALL !MSELVES 5EMIES1 & 9 SPITE ( !IR LEAD]S & ! SURVIVAL ( HATR$S1 =M BUT ONE S+LE NATION 9 :I* ALL LOCAL PROGRESS REACTS UPON ! :OLE1 ?US CONTRIBUT+ TO G5]AL PROGRESS4 ,?OSE :OM ! 0UNKN[N PHILOSOPH]0 ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY CALL$ 0M5 ( DESIRE0--9 O!R WORDS1 M5 :O DESIRE GOOD & :O WORK T[>D ITS REALIZATION-->E ALREADY SUFFICI5TLY NUM]\S1 ACTIVE1 & H>MONI\SLY GR\P$ 9TO ONE MORAL NATION = !IR LABOR ( PROGRESS TO PREVAIL OV] ! ELEM5TS ( REGRESSION & SEP>ATION PRODUC$ BY SURVIV+ HATR$S4 

,IT IS ?IS NEW NATION1 COMPOS$ ( FREE 9DIVIDUALS1 9DEP5D5T FROM ONE ANO!R BUT NONE!LESS AMICABLE & UNIFI$1 ?AT MU/ BE ADDRESS$4 ,IT IS TO ?IS HUMANITY 9 =MATION ?AT WE MU/ DIRECT PROPAG&A ON BEHALF ( ALL ! RE=MS ?AT >E DESIR$ & ALL ! IDEAS ?AT SEEM JU/ & R5EW+4 ,?IS GREAT NATION HAS EXP&$ TO ALL CORN]S ( ! E>?1 & IT IS BECAUSE IT IS ALREADY AW>E ( ITSELF ?AT IT FEELS ! NE$ = A COMMON LANGUAGE4 ,IT IS NOT ACCEPTABLE ?AT !SE NEW FELL[ CITIZ5S %\LD M]ELY SPECULATE AB\T ONE ANO!R FROM ONE 5D ( ! E>? TO ! O!R--!Y MU/ UND]/& EA* O!R COMPLETELY4 ,WE CAN BE CONFID5T ?AT ! LANGUAGE ?AT WE HOPE = WILL COME 9TO BE+3 EV]Y /RONGLY WILL$ IDEAL CAN BE REALIZ$4 

,?IS SPONTANE\S UNION ACROSS BORD]S ( M5 ( GOOD WILL REMOVES ALL AU?ORITY FROM C]TA9 FALSELY NAM$ 0LAWS0 ?AT W]E G5]ALIZ$ FROM PREVI\S HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION & ?AT N[ DES]VE TO BE RELEGAT$ TO ! PA/ AS HAV+ HAD ONLY RELATIVE TRU?4 ,ONE EXAMPLE IS ! !ORY ACCORD+ TO :I* CIVILIZATION WAS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE MADE ITS WAY >\ND ! E>? FROM EA/ TO WE/1 LIKE ! SUN1 & DET]M9$ ITS FOCUS FROM MILL5NIUM TO MILL5NIUM ON ! CIRCUMF]5CE ( ! PLANET4 ,SOME HI/ORIANS1 /RUCK BY ! ELEGANT P>ABOLA TRAC$ BY ! SPREAD ( CIVILIZATION BETWE5 ANCI5T ,BABYLON & \R MOD]N ,BABYLONS1 =MULAT$ ?IS LAW ( ! PRECESSION ( CULTURE2 H[EV]1 BE=E ! FL[]+ ( ,HELL5IC CULTURE1 ! ,EGYPTIANS1 9 SEEK+ TO COMPREH5D ! VA/NESS ( !IR ,NILOTIC WORLD1 A TRUE UNIV]SE UNTO ITSELF BY VIRTUE ( ITS EXT5T & ITS ISOLATION1 ATTRIBUT$ A QUITE DIFF]5T DIRECTION TO ! PROPAGATION ( HUMAN ?\<T4 ,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT IT HAD COME TO !M FROM S\? TO NOR?1 C>RI$ LIKE F]TILE ALLUVIAL SOILS BY ! WAT]S ( ! ,NILE4 ,!Y W]E PROBABLY WRONG1 & 9 AT LEA/ ONE KN[N HI/ORICAL EPO*1 CIVILIZATION SPREAD 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION1 FROM ,MEMPHIS T[>D ,!BES ) ITS 0,HUNDR$ ,DOORS40.<#b#a.> ,9 O!R L&S1 ! MOVEM5T ( CULTURE PROCE$S D[N/REAM ALONG RIV]S & SUCCESSIVELY GIVES RISE TO POPUL\S CITIES ?AT >E C5T]S ( HUMAN LABOR4 ,SIMIL>LY1 9 ,9DIA ! TRAJECTORY IS FROM NOR?WE/ TO S\!A/ ALONG ! BANKS ( ! ,GANGES & ! ,JAMUNA1 & ON ! VA/ PLA9S ( ,*9A1 ! 0L9E ( LIFE0 CLE>LY TRAVELS FROM EA/ TO WE/ ?R\< ! VALLEYS ( ! ,HUANG ,HE & ! ,*ANG ,JIANG4 

,!SE EXAMPLES SUFFICE TO %[ ?AT ! SO-CALL$ LAW ( PROGRESS DET]M9+ ! SUCCESSIVE TRANSF] ( ! PR$OM9ANT GLOBAL FOCUS ( PROGRESS FROM EA/ TO WE/ HAS ONLY A PROVISIONAL & LOCALIZ$ VALIDITY1 & ?AT O!R S]IAL MOVEM5TS HAVE PREVAIL$ 9 V>I\S REGIONS1 DEP5D+ ON ! SLOPE ( ! T]RA9 & ! =CES ( ATTRACTION PRODUC$ BY 5VIRONM5TAL CONDITIONS4.<#b#b.> ,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS GOOD TO RECALL ! CLASSIC !SIS1 NOT ONLY 9 ORD] TO UND]/& ! CAUSES ?AT GAVE RISE TO IT1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE IT IS /ILL 9VOK$ BY AN AMBITI\S NATION ( ! 0,GREAT ,WE/10 
:I* L\DLY PROCLAIMS ITS RI<T TO PREEM95CE4.<#b#c.> ,BUT HAS IT NOT BECOME OBVI\S TO ! MEMB]S ( ! GREAT HUMAN FAMILY ?AT ! C5T] ( CIVILIZATION IS ALREADY EV]Y:]E1 BY VIRTUE ( A ?\S& DISCOV]IES & !IR APPLICATIONS ?AT OCCUR EV]Y DAY 9 ONE PLACE OR ANO!R & !N SPREAD IMM$IATELY FROM CITY TO CITY ACROSS ! SURFACE ( ! E>?8 ,! IMAG9>Y L9ES ?AT HI/ORY ONCE TRAC$ OV] ! GLOBE HAVE BE5 SUBM]G$1 SO TO SPEAK1 BY ! WAVES ( ! DELUGE ?AT N[ COV]S ALL C\NTRIES4 ,?IS DELUGE IS REALLY ! FLOOD ( KN[L$GE ?AT ! GOSPEL SAYS 7ALBEIT FROM A DIFF]5T PO9T ( VIEW7 \<T TO SPREAD EQUALLY OV] ALL P>TS ( ! E>?4 ,! ELEM5T ( DI/ANCE HAS LO/ ITS IMPORTANCE1 = MAN CAN & 9DE$ DOES $UCATE HIMSELF AB\T ALL ! PH5OM5A RELAT+ TO SOIL1 CLIMATE1 HI/ORY1 & SOCIETY ?AT DI/+UI% DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 ,N[ TO UND]/& ONE ANO!R IS TO BE ALREADY ASSOCIAT$1 TO BE 9T]M+L$ TO A C]TA9 EXT5T4 ,C]TA9LY1 !RE >E /ILL CONTRA/S BETWE5 DIFF]5T L&S & DIFF]5T NATIONS1 BUT !SE CONTRA/S >E DIM9I%+ & T5D GRADUALLY TO BE NEUTRALIZ$ 9 ! M9DS ( ! WELL-9=M$4 ,! FOCUS ( CIVILIZATION IS :]EV] ONE ?9KS OR ACTS4 ,IT IS 9 ! LABORATORY 9 ,JAPAN1 ,G]MANY1 OR ,AM]ICA :]E ! PROP]TIES ( A P>TICUL> METAL OR *EMICAL SUB/ANCE >E DISCOV]$1 9 ! PLANT :]E PROPELL]S = %IPS OR AIRCRAFT >E BUILT1 OR 9 ! OBS]VATORY :]E PREVI\SLY UNKN[N DATA CONC]N+ ! MOVEM5T ( ! />S >E RECORD$4 

,! ONCE-FAM\S !ORY ( ,VICO ON ! CORSI & RICORSI 7EBB & FL[7 ( HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION IS N[ AS MU* \T ( FAVOR AS ! !ORY ( ! SUCCESSIVE DISPLACEM5T ( C5T]S ( CULTURE4 ,A CLOS$ SOCIETY BEHAV+ LIKE A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL W\LD NO D\BT HAVE A NATURAL T5D5CY TO DEVELOP ACCORD+ TO RHY?MIC OSCILLATIONS1 ) P]IODS ( ACTIVITY FOLL[+ P]IODS ( RE/1 &1 :5EV] ! PROCESS W\LD RESUME1 ! ACTION ( ! SAME ELEM5TS UND] SIMIL> CONDITIONS W\LD BR+ AB\T AN ALMO/ ID5TICAL OP]ATION4 ,! ALT]NATION FROM DEMOCRACY TO A TYRANNICAL REGIME & FROM TYRANNY BACK TO POPUL> GOV]NM5T W\LD ?US OCCUR ) A SW++ MOTION SIMIL> TO ?AT ( A CLOCK'S P5DULUM4 ,BUT AS \R KN[L$GE ( HI/ORY GR[S1 & AS E?NIC FACTORS BECOME MORE 9FLU5TIAL 9 
V>I\S WAYS1 WE SEE ?AT SU* RHY?MIC ALT]NATION ( EV5TS IS 9EVITABLY DI/URB$3 ! EBB & FL[ TAKE ON SU* AMPLITUDE & M]GE 9 SU* A V>Y+ MANN] ?AT !Y CANNOT CLE>LY BE DI/+UI%$4 ,IT WAS L>GELY TO E/ABLI% ! PROP] RELATION%IP BETWE5 !M ?AT ! TWO-DIM5SIONAL MODEL ( ,VICO'S SW++ P5DULUM WAS REPLAC$ BY AN 9F9ITE CURVE ASC5D+ 9 SPIRALS4 ,H]E IS JU/ ! SORT ( POETIC IMAGE ?AT ,GOE! WAS FOND ( SKET*+2 H[EV]1 IT CORRESPONDS ONLY VAGUELY TO REALITY4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT :5 ! 9F9ITE 5TANGLEM5T ( HI/ORICAL FACTS IS /UDI$ FROM A DI/ANCE1 !Y SEEM TO =M !MSELVES 9TO L>GE MASSES4 ,BUT B5EA? ! SURFACE !RE IS A CON/ANT MOVEM5T ( ACTION & REACTION1 & ! SUM ( ! V>I\S CONFLICT+ =CES CAN NEV] C>RY HUMANITY ALONG A /RAI<T L9E4 ,! :OLE ( ?IS VA/ PR(USION C]TA9LY DOES NOT LACK H>MONI\S DEVELOPM5T1 & !RE >E REM>KABLE REGUL>ITIES 9 ! ?\S& *ANG+ DETAILS ( ITS SC5ES4 ,BUT H[EV] ELEGANT GEOMETRICAL =MS MAY SEEM1 !Y CANNOT GIVE AN ADEQUATE IDEA ( ITS 5DLESS UNDULATIONS4 

,! EXT5SION ( ! SCOPE ( RESE>*1 :I* 9CREASES ?R\< REVOLUTIONS & ! PASSAGE ( TIME1 CON/ITUTES ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL ELEM5TS ( PROGRESS4 ,SELF-CONSCI\S HUMANITY HAS GR[N CONT9U\SLY 9 PROPORTION TO ! GEOGRAPHICAL ASSIMILATION ( DI/ANT L&S 9TO ! REALM ( ?OSE ALREADY SCI5TIFICALLY EXAM9$4 ,:]EAS ! EXPLOR] CONQU]S SPACE1 ?US ALL[+ M5 ( GOOD WILL TO UNITE !IR EF=TS ?R\<\T ! 
WORLD1 ! HI/ORIAN1 TURN+ T[>D ! PA/1 CONQU]S TIME4 ,HUMANK9D1 :I* MAKES ITSELF ,ONE AT EV]Y LATITUDE & LONGITUDE1 SIMIL>LY TRIES TO REALIZE ITSELF ?R\< ONE =M ?AT 5COMPASSES ALL AGES4 ,?IS IS A CONQUE/ NO LESS IMPORTANT ?AN ! FIR/4 ,ALL PA/ CIVILIZATIONS1 EV5 ?OSE ( PREHI/ORY1 (F] US A GLIMPSE ( ! TREASURE ( !IR SECRETS &1 9 A C]TA9 S5SE1 >E GRADUALLY M]G+ 9TO ! LIFE ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETIES4 ,WE CAN N[ LOOK BACK ON ! SUCCESSION ( EPO*S AS ONE SYNOPTIC SC5E ?AT PLAYS \T ACCORD+ TO AN ORD] 9 :I* WE CAN SEEK TO DISCOV] ! LOGIC ( EV5TS4 ,9 DO+ SO1 WE CEASE TO LIVE SOLELY 9 ! FLEET+ MOM5T1 & 9/EAD EMBRACE ! :OLE S]IES ( PA/ AGES RECORD$ 9 ! ANNALS ( HI/ORY & DISCOV]$ BY >*AEOLOGI/S4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 WE MANAGE TO FREE \RSELVES FROM ! /RICT L9E ( DEVELOPM5T DET]M9$ BY ! 5VIRONM5T ?AT WE 9HABIT & BY ! SPECIFIC L9EAGE ( \R RACE4 ,BE=E US LIES ! 9F9ITE NETWORK ( P>ALLEL1 DIV]G+1 & 9T]SECT+ ROADS ?AT O!R SEGM5TS ( HUMANITY HAVE FOLL[$4 ,& ?R\<\T ?IS S]IES ( EPO*S /RET*+ \T T[>D AN 9DEF9ITE HORIZON1 WE F9D EXAMPLES ?AT APPEAL TO \R SPIRIT ( IMITATION4 ,EV]Y:]E WE SEE BRO!RS T[>D :OM WE FEEL A GR[+ SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY4 ,AS \R OV]VIEW ( HI/ORY EXT5DS EV] FUR!R 9TO ! PA/1 WE F9D AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( MODELS DEM&+ UND]/&+1 9CLUD+ MANY ?AT AWAK5 9 US ! AMBITION TO IMITATE SOME ASPECT ( !IR IDEAL4 ,AS HUMANITY BECAME MORE MOBILE & MODIFI$ ITSELF 9 ! MO/ DIV]SE WAYS1 IT LO/ A SIGNIFICANT P>T ( ITS A*IEVEM5TS ATTA9$ 9 ! PA/4 ,TODAY1 WE MAY ASK :E!R IT IS POSSIBLE TO RECOV] ALL ( ! BAGGAGE WE HAVE LEFT AT ! V>I\S /ATIONS ( \R LONG VOYAGE ?R\< ! C5TURIES4 

,S9CE M5 >E H5CE=? MA/]S ( TIME & SPACE1 !Y SEE AN 9F9ITE FIELD ( A*IEVEM5T & PROGRESS OP5+ BE=E !M4 ,H[EV]1 BURD5$ BY ! ILLOGICAL & CONTRADICTORY CONDITIONS ( !IR SURR\ND+S1 !Y >E H>DLY 9 A POSITION TO PROCE$ KN[L$GEABLY ) ! H>MONI\S WORK ( IMPROVEM5T = ALL4 ,?IS IS UND]/&ABLE4 ,ALL 9ITIATIVE COMES FROM 9DIVIDUALS & 9SIGNIFICANT M9ORITIES1 & !SE ISOLAT$ P]SONS OR SMALL GR\PS ATT5D TO ! MO/ URG5T NE$S FIR/1 DIRECTLY ATTACK+ :ATEV] EVIL !Y F9D BE=E !M4 ,SO IF !IR EF=TS HAVE ! ADVANTAGE ( EM]G+ SIMULTANE\SLY ON ALMO/ ALL FRONTS1 BY ! SAME TOK51 !Y LACK COH]5T /RATEGY4 ,BUT !ORETICALLY1 :5 ONE DETA*ES ONESELF 9TELLECTUALLY FROM ! *AOS ( CONFLICT+ 9T]E/S1 IT IS EASY TO SEE IMM$IATELY ?AT ! TRUE & FUNDAM5TAL CONQUE/1 FROM :I* ALL O!RS CAN LOGICALLY BE D]IV$1 IS ?AT ( PROCUR+ BREAD = ALL M5--= ALL :O CALL !MSELVES 0BRO!RS10 EV5 ?\< !Y >E V]Y F> FROM BE+ SO4 ,:5 ALL HAVE 5\< TO EAT1 ALL WILL FEEL ?AT !Y >E EQUAL4 ,N[ ?IS IS PRECISELY ! IDEAL ?AT MANY A SMALL TRIBE F> FROM \R GREAT PA?WAYS ( CIVILIZATION ALREADY KNEW H[ TO REALIZE1 & WE MU/ COME TO T]MS ) ?IS IDEAL ( SOLID>ITY AS SOON AS POSSIBLE IF ALL ( \R HOPES = PROGRESS >E NOT TO BECOME ! MO/ CRUEL ( IRONIES4 ,MONTAIGNE HAS DESCRIB$ ! OP9ION ON ?IS SUBJECT HELD BY ! ,BRAZILIAN NATIVES :O W]E BR\<T TO 
,R\5 9 #aeeg 0AT ! TIME ?AT ! LATE ,K+ ,*>LES ! ,N9? WAS !RE40.<#b#d.> ,!Y W]E /RUCK BY MANY /RANGE ?+S & ABOVE ALL BY ! FACT 0?AT !RE W]E AMONG US M5 FULL & CRAMM$ ) ALL SORTS ( GOOD ?+S1 .<=.> :I* !IR HALVES .<FELL[ C\NTRYM5.> W]E BEGG+ AT !IR DOORS1 EMACIAT$ ) HUNG] & POV]TY2 & !Y ?\<T IT /RANGE ?AT !SE NECESSIT\S HALVES W]E ABLE TO SUFF] SU* AN 9JU/ICE1 & ?AT !Y DID NOT TAKE ! O!R BY ! ?ROAT OR SET FIRE TO !IR H\SES40.<#b#e.> ,= HIS P>T1 ,MONTAIGNE GREATLY PITI$ !SE SAVAGES FROM ,BRAZIL = 0ALL[+ !MSELVES .<TO.> BE DELUD$ ) DESIRE ( NOVELTY & TO LEAVE ! S]5ITY ( !IR SKY TO COME & GAZE AT \RS60.<#b#f.> ,!Y W]E 0UNAW>E 444 ?AT FROM ?IS 9T]C\RSE WILL BE BORN !IR RU940.<#b#g.> ,9DE$1 !SE ,TUP9AMBA FROM ! ,AM]ICAN COA/ HAVE LEFT NOT A S+LE DESC5DANT4 ,ALL ( ! TRIBES W]E EXT]M9AT$1 & IF !RE /ILL REMA9S A LITTLE BLOOD ( !SE 9DIG5\S PEOPLE1 IT IS MIX$ ) ?AT ( SOME DESPIS$ PROLET>IANS4 

,! CONQUE/ ( BREAD1 :I* TRUE PROGRESS REQUIRES1 MU/ BE AN ACTUAL CONQUE/4.<#b#h.> ,IT IS NOT SIMPLY A QUE/ION ( EAT+1 BUT ( EAT+ ! BREAD ?AT IS DUE BY HUMAN RI<T RA!R ?AN [+ TO ! *>ITY ( A GREAT LORD OR WEAL?Y MONA/]Y4 ,! UN=TUNATE PEOPLE :O BEG AT ! DOORS ( ! B>RACKS & *UR*ES NUMB] 9 ! HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S1 P]HAPS 9 ! MILLIONS4 ,?ANKS TO ! V\*]S = BREAD & S\P DI/RIBUT$ BY *>ITY1 !Y B>ELY MANAGE TO GET BY2 H[EV]1 IT IS V]Y UNLIKELY ?AT ! AID PROVID$ = ALL !SE NE$Y PEOPLE HAS HAD ! SLI<TE/ SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! HI/ORY ( CIVILIZATION4 ,! V]Y FACT ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 F$ )\T HAV+ ASS]T$ !IR RI<T TO FOOD1 & P]HAPS EV5 REQUIR$ TO EXPRESS !IR GRATITUDE1 PROVES ?AT !Y CONSID] !MSELVES TO BE SIMPLY ! DREGS ( SOCIETY4 ,FREE M5 LOOK EA* O!R 9 ! EYE1 & ! FIR/ CONDITION ( !IR =?RI<T EQUALITY IS ?AT 9DIVIDUALS BE ABSOLUTELY 9DEP5D5T ( ONE ANO!R1 & ?AT !Y E>N !IR BREAD ?R\< A MUTUALITY ( S]VICES4 ,5TIRE POPULATIONS HAVE BE5 R$UC$ TO MORAL RU9 ?R\< A GRATUIT\S MAT]IAL EXI/5CE4 ,:5 ,ROMAN CITIZ5S LIV$ 9 A /ATE ( ABUNDANCE & DID NOT HAVE TO WORK = ! FOOD & 5T]TA9M5T PROVID$ BY ! MA/]S ( ! /ATE1 DID !Y NOT /OP DEF5D+ ! EMPIRE8 ,A NUMB] ( CLASSES1 AMONG !M ?AT ( ! 0DES]V+ POOR10 PROVE COMPLETELY USELESS 9 RELATION TO PROGRESS AS A RESULT ( ! SY/EM ( ALMS1 & SOME CITIES HAVE FALL5 9TO IRREV]SIBLE DECAY BECAUSE !Y CONTA9 AN IDLE MULTITUDE ?AT1 HAV+ NO NE$ TO WORK = ITSELF1 ALSO REFUSES TO WORK = O!RS4 
,?IS IS ! REAL REASON ?AT SO MANY CITIES & EV5 NATIONS >E 0DEAD40 ,*>ITY BR+S ) IT A CURSE ON ?OSE IT N\RI%ES4 ,?IS CAN BE WITNESS$ 9 ! ,*RI/MAS CELEBRATIONS ( ! >I/OCRACY1 9 :I* Y\NG HEIRS TO VA/ =TUNES1 DRAP$ 9 LUXURI\S CLO!S1 PRACTICE !IR NOBLE GE/URES & GRACI\S SMILES4 ,& !N1 UND] ! LOV+ EYES ( !IR MO!RS & GOV]NESSES1 !Y NOBLY DI/RIBUTE PRES5TS TO ! POOR ( ! /REETS1 :O >E DUTIFULLY WA%$ & DRESS$ 9 !IR ,SUNDAY BE/ = ! OCCASION4 ,IS !RE A SPECTACLE SADD] ?AN ?AT ( !SE Y\NG UN=TUNATES1 /UPEFI$ BY ! GLORY ( GOLD 9 ALL ITS MUNIFIC5CE8 

,D[N ) ?IS UGLY ,*RI/IAN *>ITY6 ,! CAUSE ( PROGRESS IS 5TRU/$ TO ! CONQU]ORS ( BREAD--9 O!R WORDS1 TO ! WORK+ PEOPLE :O >E UNIT$1 FREE1 EQUAL1 & RELEAS$ FROM ! BONDS ( PATRONAGE4 ,IT WILL BE UP TO !M TO F9ALLY USE SCI5TIFIC ME?OD 9 APPLY+ EA* DISCOV]Y TO ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY1 & TO REALIZE ,CONDORCET'S ASS]TION ?AT 0,NATURE HAS PLAC$ NO LIMIT ON \R HOPES40 ,=1 AS ANO!R HI/ORIAN & SOCIOLOGI/ SAID1 0,! MORE ONE ASKS ( HUMAN NATURE1 ! MORE IT GIVES4 ,ITS FACULTIES >E /IMULAT$ BY EF=T1 & ITS P[] SEEMS UNLIMIT$40.<#b#i.> ,AS SOON AS MAN IS FIRMLY CONFID5T ( ! PR9CIPLES ACCORD+ TO :I* HE DIRECTS HIS ACTIONS1 LIFE BECOMES EASY4 ,FULLY AW>E ( HIS DUE1 HE ACCORD+LY RECOGNIZES ?AT ( HIS NEI<BOR4 ,9 DO+ SO1 HE BRU%ES ASIDE ! FUNCTIONS USURP$ BY ! LEGISLATURE1 ! POLICE1 & ! EXECUTION]2 ?ANKS TO HIS [N E?IC1 HE ABOLI%ES LAW 7,EMILE ,ACOLLAS74 ,SELF-CONSCI\S PROGRESS IS NOT A NORMAL FUNCTION ( SOCIETY1 A PROCESS ( GR[? ANALOG\S TO ?AT ( A PLANT OR ANIMAL4 ,IT DOES NOT OP5 LIKE A FL[]2.<#c.> 9/EAD1 IT MU/ BE UND]/OOD AS A COLLECTIVE ACT ( SOCIAL WILL ?AT ATTA9S CONSCI\SNESS ( ! UNIFI$ 9T]E/S ( HUMANITY & SATISFIES !M SUCCESSIVELY & ME?ODICALLY4 ,& ?IS WILL BECOMES EV] /RONG] AS IT SURR\NDS ITSELF ) NEW A*IEVEM5TS4 ,ONCE ACCEPT$ BY ALL1 C]TA9 IDEAS BECOME 9DISPUTABLE4 

,! ESS5CE ( HUMAN PROGRESS CONSI/S ( ! DISCOV]Y ( ! TOTALITY ( 9T]E/S & WILLS COMMON TO ALL PEOPLES2 IT IS ID5TICAL TO SOLID>ITY4 
,FIR/ ( ALL1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO ADDRESS ! ECONOMY1 :I* IS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( PRIMITIVE NATURE1 9 :I* ! SE$S ( LIFE P\R \T ) A/ONI%+ ABUNDANCE4 ,AT PRES5T1 SOCIETY IS /ILL V]Y F> FROM A*IEV+ ! WISE USE ( =CES1 ESPECIALLY HUMAN =CES4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT VIOL5T DEA? IS NO LONG] ! RULE AS 9 =M] TIMES4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( PEOPLE DIE BE=E !IR TIME4 ,DISEASE1 ACCID5TS1 9JURIES1 & DEFECTS ( ALL K9DS1 MO/ (T5 COMPLICAT$ BY M$ICAL TREATM5TS APPLI$ WRONGLY OR R&OMLY & EXAC]BAT$ ABOVE ALL BY POV]TY1 ! LACK ( ESS5TIAL C>E1 & ! ABS5CE ( HOPE & *E]1 CAUSE DECREPITUDE LONG BE=E ! NORMAL ONSET ( OLD AGE4 ,9DE$1 AN EM95T PHYSIOLOGI/.<#c#a.> HAS WRITT5 A WOND]FUL BOOK :OSE PR9CIPAL !SIS IS ?AT ALMO/ ALL OLD PEOPLE DIE BE=E !IR TIME & ) AN ABSOLUTE DREAD ( DEA?1 :I* W\LD 9/EAD >RIVE LIKE SLEEP IF IT W]E TO COME AT A TIME :5 A MAN1 HAPPY TO HAVE L$ A GOOD LIFE FULL ( ACTIVITY & LOVE1 FELT ! NE$ = RE/4 

,?IS UNECONOMICAL USE ( =CES IS DEMON/RAT$ ABOVE ALL 9 GREAT *ANGES1 SU* AS VIOL5T REVOLUTIONS & ! 9TRODUCTION ( NEW PROCESSES4 ,OLD EQUIPM5T1 AS WELL AS M5 :O >E ACCU/OM$ TO A PREVI\S =M ( LABOR1 >E DISC>D$ AS USELESS2 H[EV]1 ! IDEAL IS TO KN[ H[ TO UTILIZE EV]Y?+1 TO EMPLOY REFUSE1 WA/E1 & SLAG1 = EV]Y?+ IS USEFUL 9 ! H&S ( ONE :O KN[S H[ TO WORK ) ! MAT]IALS4 ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ALL MODIFICATION1 NO MATT] H[ IMPORTANT1 IS ACCOMPLI%$ ?R\< A COMB9ATION ( PROGRESS & A CORRESPOND+ REGRESSION4 ,A NEW ORGANISM IS E/ABLI%$ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! OLD4 ,EV5 :5 ! VICISSITUDES ( CONFLICT >E NOT FOLL[$ BY DE/RUCTION & RU9 9 ! /RICTE/ S5SE1 !Y >E NEV]!LESS A CAUSE ( LOCAL DECL9E4 ,! PROSP]ITY ( SOME BR+S ! D[NFALL ( O!RS1 ?US CONFIRM+ ! ANCI5T ALLEGORY ?AT DEPICTS ,=TUNE AS A :EEL1 LIFT+ UP SOME :ILE CRU%+ O!RS4 ,! SAME FACT CAN BE EVALUAT$ 9 MANY WAYS3 ON ! ONE H& AS A GREAT MORAL ADVANCE1 & ON ! O!R AS EVID5CE ( DECAY4 ,FROM A GREAT1 FUNDAM5TAL EV5T SU* AS ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y1 DISA/R\S CONSEQU5CES CAN 5SUE DUE TO ! ?\S& BL[S & C\NT]BL[S ( LIFE1 CONTRA/+ ) ! TOTALITY ( =TUNATE RESULTS4 ,! SLAVE1 & G5]ALLY SPEAK+ EV5 ! MAN :OSE LIFE HAS BE5 REGULAT$ FROM 9FANCY & :O HAS NEV] LE>N$ TO DI/+UI% CLE>LY BETWE5 TWO SUCCESSIVE & V]Y DI/9CT /ATES ( HIS MILIEU1 EASILY BECOMES ACCU/OM$ TO ! UN*ANG+ R\T9E ( EXI/5CE1 AS MUNDANE AS IT MAY BE4 ,HE CAN LIVE )\T COMPLA9+1 LIKE A /ONE1 OR LIKE A PLANT HIB]NAT+ UND] ! SN[4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS HABITUATION1 DUR+ :I* ?\<T SLUMB]S1 IT (T5 HAPP5S ?AT ! MAN :O IS SUDD5LY LIB]AT$ FROM SOME =M ( S]VITUDE DOES NOT KN[ H[ TO ACCOMMODATE HIMSELF TO HIS NEW SITUATION4 ,NOT HAV+ LE>N$ H[ TO EX]CISE HIS WILL1 HE />ES LIKE AN OX AT ! /ICK ?AT ONCE GOAD$ HIM TO 
WORK4 ,HE AWAITS ! BREAD ?AT HAD ALWAYS BE5 ?R[N TO HIM & ?AT HE WAS ACCU/OM$ TO PICK+ UP FROM ! MUD4 ,! QUALITIES ( SLAV]Y1 OB$I5CE & RESIGNATION--AS F> AS ONE CAN CALL !M 0QUALITIES0-->E NOT ! SAME AS ?OSE ( ! FREE MAN3 9ITIATIVE1 C\RAGE1 & 9DOMITABLE P]SEV]ANCE4 ,! P]SON :O RETA9S EV5 VAGUELY ! FIR/ QUALITIES1 :O ALL[S HIMSELF TO MISS HIS =M] LIFE RUL$ BY ! C>ROT & ! /ICK1 WILL NEV] BE ! PR\D H]O ( HIS DE/9Y4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! MAN :O HAS *E]FULLY ACCOMMODAT$ HIMSELF TO ! CONDITIONS ( A NEW LIFE ( P]FECT 9DEP5D5CE1 A LIFE ?AT GIVES TO ! AG5T FULL RESPONSIBILITY = HIS CONDUCT1 IS 9 DANG] ( UNIMAG9ABLE SUFF]+ :5 HE F9DS HIMSELF CAU<T AGA9 9 A VE/IGE ( ANCI5T SLAV]Y--! MILIT>Y1 = EXAMPLE4 ,HIS LIFE !N BECOMES UNBE>ABLE1 & SUICIDE SEEMS LIKE A REFUGE4 ,?US 9 \R 9COH]5T SOCIETY1 9 :I* TWO OPPOS+ PR9CIPLES /RUGGLE AGA9/ ONE ANO!R1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO DESIRE DEA? EI!R BECAUSE IT IS TOO DIFFICULT TO CONQU] LIFE OR BECAUSE LIB]TY HAS SO MANY JOYS ?AT ONE CANNOT GIVE !M UP4 ,IS IT NOT CONTRADICTORY ?AT ! REACTION TO A GREAT] 9T5SITY 9 LIFE CAN BE AN EXTRAORD9>Y 9CREASE 9 B\TS ( DESPAIR & AN OBSESSIVE FE> ( DEA?8 ,! NUMB] ( SUICIDES HAS CONT9UALLY 9CREAS$ = SEV]AL DECADES 9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY & 9 ALL SO-CALL$ CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES4 ,NOT LONG AGO1 ?IS TYPE ( DEA? WAS R>E 9 ALL L&S & COMPLETELY UNKN[N AMONG C]TA9 PEOPLES SU* AS ! ,GREEKS1 = :OM1 MOREOV]1 POV]TY1 TEMP]ANCE1 & H>% WORK W]E ! RULE4 ,BUT ! GREAT :IRLW9D G5]AT$ BY ! CITIES HAS PRODUC$ A CORRESPOND+ TORR5T ( PASSIONS1 EMOTIONS1 *ANG+ IMPRESSIONS1 AMBITIONS1 & 9SANITY 9 \R MOD]N 0,BABYLONS40 ,S9CE LIFE IS MORE ACTIVE & PASSIONATE1 IT IS FREQU5TLY COMPLICAT$ ) CRISES & (T5 5DS ABRUPTLY ?R\< VOLUNT>Y DEA?4 

,?IS IS ! V]Y SORR[FUL ASPECT ( \R MU*-ACCLAIM$ HALF-CIVILIZATION 7IT IS ONLY HALF-CIVILIZ$ BECAUSE IT IS F> FROM B5EFIT+ EV]YONE74 ,! AV]AGE MAN ( \R TIME IS NOT ONLY MORE ACTIVE & LIVELY BUT ALSO HAPPI] ?AN 9 PREVI\S TIMES :5 HUMANITY1 DIVID$ 9TO 9NUM]ABLE TRIBES1 HAD NOT YET BECOME CONSCI\S ( ITSELF AS A :OLE2 H[EV]1 IT IS NO LESS TRUE ?AT ! MORAL DISCREPANCY BETWE5 ! WAY ( LIFE ( ! PRIVILEG$ & ?AT ( ! \TCA/S HAS 9CREAS$4 ,! UN=TUNATE HAVE BECOME MORE UN=TUNATE1 & 5VY & HATR$ >E ADD$ TO !IR POV]TY1 9CREAS+ !IR PHYSICAL SUFF]+ & =C$ DEPRIVATION4 ,9 PRIMITIVE CLANS1 ! 
VICTIMS ( />VATION & SICKNESS >E SUBJECT ONLY TO PHYSICAL PA94 ,BUT AMONG \R CIVILIZ$ PEOPLE1 !Y MU/ ALSO BE> ! BURD5 ( HUMILIATION & EV5 PUBLIC LOA?+4 ,!IR LIV+ CONDITIONS & CLO?+ MAKE !M SEEM SORDID & REPUGNANT TO ! OBS]V]4 ,>E !RE NOT NEI<BORHOODS 9 EV]Y L>GE CITY ?AT >E C>EFULLY AVOID$ BY TRAVEL]S BECAUSE ( AN AV]SION TO ! NAUSEAT+ ODORS ?AT EMANATE FROM !M8 ,EXCEPT = ! ,ESKIMOS 9 !IR W9T] IGLOO1 NO SAVAGE TRIBE 9HABITS SU* HOVELS AS EXI/ 9 ,GLASG[1 ,DUNDEE1 ,R\51 ,LILLE1 & SO MANY O!R 9DU/RIAL CITIES1 :]E 9 CELL>S ) SLIMY WALLS1 BE+S ?AT RESEMBLE HUMANS DRAG !MSELVES AB\T PA9FULLY = A TIME 9 A SEMBLANCE ( LIFE4 ,! B>B>IC ,H9DUS :O LIVE 9 ! =E/S AT ! C5T] ( ! SUBCONT95T1 CLO!D 9 A FEW COLORFUL RAGS1 (F] A RELATIVELY *E]FUL SI<T COMP>$ TO !SE EMACIAT$ PROLET>IANS ( LUXURI\S ,EUROPE1 SOMB]1 SAD1 & GLOOMY 9 !IR TATT]$1 FIL?Y CLO!S4 ,= ! OBS]V] :O IS NOT AFRAID TO GO NE> ! FACTORIES :5 !Y LET \T1 ! MO/ /RIK+ ?+1 ASIDE FROM ! CLO?+ ( POV]TY1 IS ! ABSOLUTE ABS5CE ( P]SONALITY4 ,ALL !SE BE+S RU%+ T[>D AN 9ADEQUATE MEAL HAVE HAD S9CE Y\? ! SAME WI!R$ FACE & ! SAME VACANT1 DEAD5$ />E4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DI/+UI% AMONG !M ANY MORE CLE>LY ?AN AMONG %EEP 9 A FLOCK4 ,!Y >E NOT HUMANS1 BUT RA!R >MS1 OR 0H&S10 AS !Y >E SO APPROPRIATELY CALL$ 9 ! ,5GLI% LANGUAGE4 

,?IS HORRIBLE DISCREPANCY1 ?IS MO/ DREADFUL SC\RGE ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY1 C\LD BE CORRECT$ RAPIDLY BY SCI5TIFIC ME?OD ?R\< ! R$I/RIBUTION ( ! GOODS ( ! E>?1 S9CE ! RES\RCES NECESS>Y = ALL HUMANS >E 9 SUP]ABUNDANCE4 ,?IS GOES )\T SAY+4 ,HUMANITY IS ADMIRABLY EQUIPP$ ?R\< ITS PROGRESS 9 ! KN[L$GE ( TIME & SPACE1 ( ! 9N]MO/ NATURE ( ?+S1 & ( MAN HIMSELF4 ,BUT IS IT CURR5TLY ADVANC$ 5\< TO TACKLE ! FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM ( ITS EXI/5CE1 
:I* IS ! PROBLEM ( ! REALIZATION ( ITS COLLECTIVE IDEAL1 NOT ONLY = ! 0RUL+ CLASSES10 ONE CA/E1 OR A GR\P ( CA/ES1 BUT = ALL :OM A RELIGION ONCE DESCRIB$ AS 0BRO!RS CREAT$ 9 ! IMAGE ( ,GOD08 ,( C\RSE1 HUMANITY CAN REA* ?IS GOAL4 ,!RE WILL NO LONG] BE A QUE/ION ( HUNG] ! DAY ?AT PEOPLE :O >E />V+ JO9 TOGE!R TO CLAIM !IR DUE4 

,SIMIL>LY1 ! QUE/ION ( $UCATION WILL BE RESOLV$1 S9CE ! PROBLEM IS ACKN[L$G$ 9 PR9CIPLE & BECAUSE ! DESIRE = KN[L$GE IS 
WIDESPREAD1 EV5 IF IT IS ONLY 9 ! =M ( CURIOSITY4 ,N[ ONE ADVANCEM5T NEV] COMES ALONE2 IT HAS A COMPLEM5T>Y & RECIPROCAL RELATION%IP ) O!R ADVANCEM5TS 9 ! 5TIRETY ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION4 ,AS SOON AS ! S5SE ( JU/ICE IS SATISFI$ ?R\< ! P>TICIPATION ( ALL 9 ! MAT]IAL & 9TELLECTUAL RES\RCES ( HUMANITY1 EA* MAN WILL AS A RESULT EXP]I5CE A GREAT UNBURD5+ ( HIS CONSCI5CE4 ,= ! PRES5T CRUEL /ATE ( 9EQUALITY1 9 :I* SOME >E OV]LOAD$ ) SUP]FLU\S WEAL? :ILE O!RS >E DEPRIV$ EV5 ( HOPE1 WEI<S LIKE A BAD CONSCI5CE ON ! HUMAN S\L1 :E!R ONE IS AW>E ( IT OR NOT4 ,IT WEI<S MO/ ON ! S\LS ( ! =TUNATE1 :OSE JOYS >E ALWAYS POISON$ BY IT4 ,! GREATE/ /EP T[>D PEACE W\LD BE = NO ONE TO DO WRONG TO HIS NEI<BOR1 = IT IS 9 \R NATURE TO HATE ?OSE :OM WE HAVE WRONG$ & TO LOVE ?OSE :OSE PRES5CE RECALLS \R [N WOR?4 ,! MORAL CONSEQU5CES ( ! V]Y SIMPLE ACT ( JU/ICE 9 :I* BREAD & $UCATION >E GU>ANTE$ TO ALL W\LD BE 9CALCULABLE4 

,IF1 CONT9U+ ! PRES5T DIRECTION ( HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION1 HUMANITY SOON REA*ES ! GOALS ( ABOLI%+ DEA? FROM HUNG] & /AGNATION FROM IGNORANCE1 !N ANO!R IDEAL WILL APPE> LIKE A %9+ BEACON--AN IDEAL ?AT MOREOV] IS ALREADY BE+ PURSU$ BY AN EV]-GR[+ NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?IS IS ! L(TY AMBITION TO REGA9 ALL LO/ 5]GIES1 TO PREV5T ! LOSS ( PRES5T =CES & MAT]IALS1 & ALSO TO RECOV] FROM ! PA/ EV]Y?+ ?AT \R ANCE/ORS ALL[$ TO SLIP AWAY4 ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ?IS W\LD MEAN ?AT CIVILIZATIONS W\LD IMITATE ! 5G9E]S ( \R DAY :O >E DISCOV]+ TREASURES 9 ! DEBRIS ?AT WAS CONSID]$ WOR?LESS BY ! ,A!NIAN M9]S ( ! PA/4 ,IF IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 C]TA9 RESPECTS SOME PRIMITIVES & ANCI5TS SURPASS$ ! AV]AGE MOD]NDAY MAN 9 /R5G?1 AGILITY1 HEAL?1 & BEAUTY1 !N WE MU/ BECOME !IR EQUALS6 ,GRANT$1 ?IS RECONQUE/ WILL NOT GO SO F> AS ! RECOV]Y ( ! USE ( ATROPHI$ ORGANS :OSE =M] PURPOSES HAVE BE5 DISCOV]$ BY BIOLOGI/S 7SU* AS ,ELIE ,MET*NIK(F72 H[EV]1 IT IS IMPORTANT TO KN[ H[ TO MA9TA9 FULLY ?OSE 5]GIES ?AT >E /ILL ACCORD$ TO US & TO RETA9 ! USE ( MUSCLES ?AT1 :ILE CONT9U+ TO FUNCTION1 HAVE BECOME LESS FLEXIBLE & >E 9 DANG] ( SOON BECOM+ WOR?LESS TO \R BODIES4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO PREV5T ?IS PHYSICAL DIM9I%M5T ( MAN1 :O IS ?R[N \T ( BALANCE BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( HIS M5TAL CAPACITIES8 ,IT IS PR$ICT$ ?AT MAN WILL GRADUALLY TURN 9TO AN 5ORM\S BRA91 WRAPP$ 9 B&AGES TO PROTECT HIM FROM COLDS1 & ?AT ! RE/ ( HIS BODY WILL ATROPHY4 ,IS !RE ANY?+ WE CAN DO TO RESI/ ?IS T5D5CY8 ,ZOOLOGI/S TELL US ?AT MAN US$ TO BE A CLIMB+ ANIMAL1 LIKE ! MONKEY4 ,:Y1 !N1 DOES MOD]N MAN LET HIMSELF =FEIT ?IS SKILL ( CLIMB+1 :I* C]TA9 PRIMITIVES /ILL POSSESS TO A REM>KABLE DEGREE1 NOTABLY ?OSE :O CLIMB TO ! TOPS ( PALM TREES TO GA!R BUN*ES ( FRUIT8 ,AS MO!RS NEV] FAIL TO OBS]VE ADMIR+LY1 9FANTS HAVE A/ONI%+ GRASP+ P[]1 ) 
:I* !Y CAN SUSP5D !IR BODIES1 EV5 = M9UTES AT A TIME1.<#c#b.> YET !Y GRADUALLY LOSE ?IS 9ITIAL /R5G? BECAUSE GREAT C>E IS TAK5 TO D5Y !M ! OPPORTUNITY TO EX]CISE IT4 ,! ?REAT ( CLO?+ BE+ RIPP$ & TORN ?R\< ! *ILD'S EF=TS TO CLIMB >E 5\< = ! P>5TS ( \R ECONOMICALLY-M9D$ SOCIETY TO =BID !IR (FSPR+ TO CLIMB TREES4 ,! FE> ( DANG] IS ONLY A SECOND>Y CONSID]ATION 9 ?IS PROHIBITION4 

,AS A RESULT ( SU* FE>S1 MO/ 0CIVILIZ$0 *ILDR5 REMA9 GREATLY 9F]IOR TO ! SONS ( SAVAGES 9 GAMES ( /R5G? & AGILITY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 S9CE !Y HAVE HAD LITTLE OPPORTUNITY TO EX]CISE !IR S5SES \TDOORS1 !Y DO NOT HAVE ! SAME CL>ITY ( VISION OR KE5NESS ( HE>+4 ,COMP>$ TO ! ANIMALS ( BEAUTIFUL =M & %>P5$ S5SES ?AT ,H]B]T ,SP5C] ?\<T !Y %\LD BE1 !Y SEEM = ! MO/ P>T TO HAVE CLE>LY DEG5]AT$4 ,9 NO WAY DO !Y M]IT ! WORDS ( ADMIRATION EVOK$ 9 ,EUROPEAN TRAVEL]S BY ! SI<T ( ! Y\NG M5 ( ,T5IMB]1 PRACTIC+ /R++ !IR B[S OR ?R[+ ! JAVEL94.<#c#c.> ,! PLAY]S ( PELOTE1 GOLF1 & LACROSSE CON/ITUTE ! ELITE ( CIVILIZ$ PEOPLE = PHYSICAL BEAUTY4 ,BUT ! SPECTATORS W\LD HAVE DIFFICULTY F9D+ P]FECTLY BALANC$ =MS TO RHAPSODIZE OV]1 EV5 AMONG ! *AMPIONS4 ,! EVID5CE IS CLE>4 ,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT 9 PURITY ( L9E1 DIGNITY ( BE>+1 & GRACEFULNESS ( MOVEM5T1 A NUMB] ( ,NEGRO1 ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN1 ,MALAYAN1 & ,POLYNESIAN TRIBES SURPASS R&OMLY SELECT$ GR\PS REPRES5T+ ! AV]AGE TYPE ( ! NATIONS ( ,EUROPE1 ?\< P]HAPS NOT C]TA9 EXCEPTIONAL CASES AMONG ,EUROPEANS4 ,?US1 FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE !RE HAS BE5 A G5]AL REGRESSION BECAUSE ( \R CONF9EM5T TO \R HOMES & \R ABSURD CLO?+1 :I* 9T]F]ES ) P]SPIRATION1 ! EFFECT ( AIR & LI<T ON ! SK91 & ! FREE DEVELOPM5T ( MUSCLES1 :I* >E (T5 CON/RICT$1 TORTUR$1 OR EV5 CRIPPL$ BY LAC$ BOOTS & CORSETS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 NUM]\S EXAMPLES PROVE ?AT ?IS REGRESSION IS NOT F9AL & IRREVOCABLE1 S9CE \R Y\NG PEOPLE :O HAVE BE5 RAIS$ 9 GOOD HYGI5IC CONDITIONS & :O 5GAGE 9 PHYSICAL EX]CISE DEVELOP 9 %APE & /R5G? LIKE ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL ( SAVAGES4 ,BESIDES1 !Y HAVE BE5 GRANT$ ! SUP]IORITY ( SELF-AW>5ESS & ! DI/9CTION ( 9TELLECT4 ,?ANKS TO ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! PA/1 :I* MOD]NS ACQUIRE RAPIDLY & ME?ODICALLY ?R\< $UCATION1 !Y SUCCE$ 9 LIV+ LONG] ?AN ! SAVAGE S9CE !Y KN[ H[ TO COMPRESS 9TO !IR LIVES A ?\S& PRIOR EXI/5CES & TO RECALL SURVIVALS FROM ! PA/ 9 ORD] TO MAKE A LOGICAL & BEAUTIFUL :OLE \T ( CURR5T PRACTICES & ! 9NOVATIONS ( PREVI\S TIMES4 ,IF ONLY WE C\LD GAUGE ! DEGREE ( /R5G? ?AT ! MOD]N CAN ATTA9 BY US+ AS AN EXAMPLE TODAY'S SKILL$ M\NTA9 CLIMB]S ( ! ,ALPS1 ! ,CAUCASUS1 ! ,ROCKY ,M\NTA9S1 ! ,&ES1 ! ,TI5 ,%AN1 & ! ,HIMALAYAS6 ,C]TA9LY1 A ,JACQUES ,BALMAT W\LD NOT HAVE CLIMB$ ,MONT ,BLANC IF A DE ,SAUSSURE HAD NOT EXI/$ TO TRA9 HIM 9 ?IS UND]TAK+4 ,TODAY1 SU* EXP]TS AS ,:YMP]1 ,FRE%FIELD1 & ,CONWAY >E 9 /R5G?1 5DURANCE1 KN[L$GE1 & ! PRACTICE ( M\NTA9 CLIMB+ ! EQUALS & EV5 ! SUP]IORS ( ! MO/ DEP5DABLE M\NTA9 GUIDES1 :O W]E TRA9$ FROM Y\? 9 ALL ! PHYSICAL & MORAL QUALITIES NECESS>Y = DANG]\S ASC5TS4 ,IT IS ! MAN ( SCI5CE :O IS N[ FOLL[$ BY ! NATIVE TO ! SUMMIT ( ,KILIMANJ>O OR ( ! ,ACONCAGUA1 & IT IS HE :O LEADS ! ,ESKIMOS TO ! CONQUE/ ( ! ,NOR? ,POLE4 ,?US IT IS POSSIBLE = MOD]N MAN TO REALIZE P]FECTLY HIS IMAG9$ IDEAL1 ?AT ( BE+ ABLE TO ACQUIRE NEW QUALITIES )\T LOS+1 OR EV5 :ILE REGA9+1 ?OSE POSSESS$ BY HIS ANCE/ORS4 ,?IS IS NOT AT ALL A *IM]A4 

,?IS /R5G? ( UND]/&+1 ?IS 9CREAS$ CAPACITY ( MOD]N MAN1 P]MITS HIM TO RECONQU] ! PA/ FROM ! SAVAGE 9 HIS NATURAL1 ANCI5T 5VIRONM5T1 & !N TO UNITE IT & BL5D IT H>MONI\SLY ) HIS [N MORE REF9$ IDEAS4 ,BUT ALL ( ?IS 9CREASE 9 /R5G? WILL RESULT 9 A P]MAN5T1 WELL-E/ABLI%$ RECONQUE/ ONLY ON ! CONDITION ?AT ! NEW MAN 9CLUDE ALL O!R M51 HIS BRO!RS1 9 ! SAME FEEL+ ( UNITY ) ALL ?+S4 

,H]E1 !N1 IS ! SOCIAL QUE/ION ?AT IS POS$ ANEW 9 ITS FULL SCOPE4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO LOVE :OLEHE>T$LY ! PRIMITIVE SAVAGE 9 HIS NATURAL 5VIRONM5T ( =E/S & /REAMS IF AT ! SAME TIME ONE DOES NOT LOVE ! M5 LIV+ 9 ! MORE OR LESS >TIFICIAL SOCIETY ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD4 ,H[ CAN WE ADMIRE & LOVE ! SMALL1 *>M+ 9DIVIDUALITY ( ! FL[]1 OR FEEL BRO!R TO ! ANIMALS & APPROA* !M AS ,/4 ,FRANCIS ( ,ASSISI DID IF WE DO NOT ALSO SEE \R FELL[ M5 AS BELOV$ COMPANIONS8 ,! ALT]NATIVE IS TO AVOID !M 9 ! NAME ( LOVE SO AS TO ESCAPE ! MORAL W\NDS 9FLICT$ BY ! HATEFUL1 ! HYPOCRITES1 OR ! 9DIFF]5T4 ,! COMPLETE UNION ( ! CIVILIZ$ ) ! SAVAGE & ) NATURE CAN TAKE PLACE ONLY ?R\< ! DE/RUCTION ( ! B\ND>IES BETWE5 CA/ES1 AS WELL AS BETWE5 PEOPLES4 ,EA* 9DIVIDUAL MU/ BE ABLE TO ADDRESS ANY ( HIS PE]S 9 COMPLETE BRO!RHOOD1 & TO SPEAK FREELY ) !M 0AB\T ALL ?AT IS HUMAN10 AS ,T]5CE SAID1 )\T SUCCUMB+ TO ! CU/OMS & CONV5TIONS ( ! PA/4 ,LIFE1 RE/OR$ TO ITS ORIG9AL SIMPLICITY1 ?US 5TAILS A COMPLETE & AMICABLE FRE$OM ( HUMAN SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE4 

,HAS HUMANITY MADE ANY REAL PROGRESS ALONG ?IS ROAD8 ,IT W\LD BE ABSURD TO D5Y IT4 ,:AT IS CALL$ ! 0TIDE ( DEMOCRACY0 IS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! GR[+ FEEL+ ( EQUALITY AMONG ! MEMB]S ( DIFF]5T CA/ES ?AT W]E REC5TLY 5EMIES4 ,UND] A ?\S& *ANG+ SURFACE APPE>ANCES1 ! WORK IS C>RI$ \T 9 ! DEP?S1 9 ALL NATIONS1 ?ANKS TO MAN'S GR[+ KN[L$GE ( HIMSELF & ( O!RS4 ,9CREAS+LY HE SUCCE$S 9 F9D+ ! COMMON BASIS = \R LIK5ESS TO ONE ANO!R & MANAGES TO EXTRICATE HIMSELF FROM ! 5TANGLEM5T ( SUP]FICIAL OP9IONS ?AT HAVE KEPT US SEP>AT$4 ,WE M>*1 !N1 T[>D FUTURE CONCILIATION1 T[>D A =M ( HAPP9ESS F> MORE AMPLE ?AN ?AT :I* SATISFI$ \R ANCE/ORS1 ! ANIMALS & ! PRIMITIVES4 ,\R PHYSICAL & MORAL WORLD HAS GR[N L>G] AT ! SAME TIME ?AT \R CONCEPTION ( HAPP9ESS HAS BECOME BROAD]4 ,9DE$1 9 ! FUTURE1 HAPP9ESS WILL BE CONSID]$ AS SU* ONLY IF IT IS %>$ BY ALL1 IF IT IS MADE CONSCI\S & IS WELL ?\<T \T1 & IF IT 9CLUDES )9 ITSELF ! FASC9AT+ PURSUITS ( SCI5CE & ! JOYS ( ANTIQUE BEAUTY4 

,ALL ( ?IS REMOVES US NOTICEABLY FROM ! !ORY ( ! 0,SUP]MAN0 AS UND]/OOD BY ! >I/OCRATS ( ?\<T4 ,! K+S & ! P[]FUL READILY IMAG9E ?AT !RE >E TWO SY/EMS ( MORALS--!IRS1 :I* CONSI/S ( CAPRICI\SNESS2 & OB$I5CE1 :I* IS SUITABLE = ! MASSES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 >ROGANT Y\NG PEOPLE :O WOR%IP ! 9TELLECTUAL P[]S !Y ?9K !Y POSSESS1 9DULG5TLY PLACE !MSELVES ON A HI< T]RACE ( ! IVORY T[]1 BEYOND ! REA* ( HUMBLE MORTALS4 ,!Y CONDESC5D TO *AT ONLY ) A SELECT FEW4 ,P]HAPS !Y EV5 BELIEVE !MSELVES TO BE ALONE4 ,G5IUS WEI<S HEAVILY UPON !M4 ,UND]NEA? !IR 9EVITABLY FURR[$ BR[S1 A TURBUL5T WORLD RAGES4 ,!Y >E OBLIVI\S TO ! TEEM+1 =MLESS MASS ( ! UNKN[N MULTITUDE F> B5EA? ! FLI<T ( !IR ?\<T4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT MAN CAN DISCOV] NO LIMITS ?AT HE CANNOT SURPASS ?R\< HIS /RIV+ TO /UDY & LE>N4 ,YES1 HE MU/ TRY TO REALIZE HIS [N IDEAL1 TO SEEK TO SURPASS IT1 & TO CLIMB EV] HI<]4 ,EV5 AS A DY+ MAN1 ,I BELIEVE 9 MY P]SONAL PROGRESS2 ?OSE :O FEEL AS IF !Y >E MORIBUND MI<T AS WELL DIE4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO SURPASS HIS LIMITS1 MAN DOES NOT NE$ TO BREAK ! BONDS ?AT CONNECT HIM ) ! BE+S >\ND HIM1 = HE CANNOT ESCAPE ! CLOSE SOLID>ITY ?AT SUPPORTS HIS LIFE ?R\< ! LIVES ( HIS FELL[ CREATURES4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 EA* ( HIS P]SONAL ADVANCEM5TS MEANS PROGRESS = ?OSE >\ND HIM3 HE %>ES HIS KN[L$GE AS HE %>ES HIS BREAD1 & HE DOES NOT LEAVE BEH9D ! POOR & ! CRIPPL$4 ,HE HAS HAD TEA*]S--S9CE HE WAS H>DLY BORN )\T A FA!R LIKE SOME GOD 9 A FABLE--& HE WILL 9 TURN TEA* ?OSE :O COME AFT] HIM4 

,! B>B>\S ME?ODS ( ! ,SP>TANS >E /ILL FAVOR$ BY ?OSE 9EFFECTUAL P]SONS :O KN[ NEI!R H[ TO HEAL NOR H[ TO TEA*4 ,!Y SMO!R ?OSE :O SEEM WEAK & ?R[ ! MAL=M$ 9TO A HOLE1 BREAK+ !IR BONES4 ,SU* >E ! SUMM>Y PRACTICES ( ! 9EFFECTUAL & ! IGNORANT4 ,& :AT DOCTOR1 MIDWIFE1 OR 9FALLIBLE >BITRATOR WILL TELL US :I* NEWBORN CAN BE SP>$ & :I* IS BEYOND HOPE8 ,(T51 ! SCI5CE PRACTIC$ BY !SE JUDGES HAS BE5 FAULTY4 ,A P>TICUL> BODY ?AT !Y HAD DEEM$ ILL-SUIT$ = LIFE ACTUALLY TURN$ \T TO BE ADMIRABLY ADAPT$ TO IT4 ,A P>TICUL> 9TELLIG5CE ?AT FROM ! HEI<TS ( !IR JUDICIAL B5* !Y HAD CLASSIFI$ AS MORONIC DEVELOP$ BRILLIANT & CREATIVE P[]S4 ,BE+ OLD1 SLAVES TO R\T9E1 & MISONEI/ES1.<#c#d.> !Y W]E COMPLETELY WRONG1 & IT IS ?R\< REVOLUTION AGA9/ !M ?AT ! WORLD WAS 5NOBL$ & R5EW$4 ,! BE/ APPROA* IS TO ACCEPT ALL M5 AS EQUALS 9 POT5TIAL & 9 DIGNITY1 TO HELP ! WEAK BY SUPPORT+ !M ) ONE'S [N /R5G?1 TO HELP RE/ORE HEAL? TO ! SICK1 & TO OP5 ! M9DS ( ! UN9TELLIG5T TO ELEVAT$ ?\<TS1 ALL ) CON/ANT CONC]N = ! BETT]M5T ( O!RS & ( ONESELF4 ,= WE >E P>T ( A :OLE1 & EVOLUTION TAKES PLACE ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 :E!R IT MOVES FROM PROGRESS TO PROGRESS OR FROM REGRESSION TO REGRESSION4 

,?US HAPP9ESS1 AS WE UND]/& IT1 DOES NOT CONSI/ SIMPLY ( P]SONAL 5JOYM5T4 ,( C\RSE IT IS 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! S5SE ?AT 0EA* IS ! >TISAN ( HIS [N HAPP9ESS10 BUT IT IS TRUE1 DEEP1 & COMPLETE ONLY :5 IT EXT5DS TO ! :OLE ( HUMANITY4 ,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO AVOID SORR[1 ACCID5TS1 SICKNESS1 OR EV5 DEA?2 H[EV]1 BY JO9+ TOGE!R ) O!RS 9 AN UND]TAK+ :OSE SIGNIFICANCE HE GRASPS1 & BY FOLL[+ A ME?OD ?AT HE KN[S TO BE EFFECTIVE1 MAN CAN BE C]TA9 ( DIRECT+ ! :OLE GREAT HUMAN BODY T[>D ! GREATE/ GOOD4 ,9 COMP>ISON TO ?IS BODY1 EA* 9DIVIDUAL CELL IS 9F9ITELY SMALL1 A MILLION? ( A MILLION?1 C\NT+ ! PRES5T POPULATION ( ! E>? & ALL PREVI\S G5]ATIONS4 ,HAPP9ESS DOES NOT MEAN ! ATTA9M5T ( A C]TA9 LEVEL ( P]SONAL OR COLLECTIVE EXI/5CE4 ,IT IS RA!R ! CONSCI\SNESS ( M>*+ T[>D A WELL-DEF9$ GOAL TO :I* ONE ASPIRES & ?AT ONE CREATES 9 P>T ?R\< ONE'S [N WILL4 ,TO DEVELOP ! CONT95TS1 ! SEAS1 & ! ATMOSPH]E ?AT SURR\NDS US2 TO 0CULTIVATE \R G>D50 ON E>?2 TO RE >RANGE & REGULATE ! 5VIRONM5T 9 ORD] TO PROMOTE EA* 9DIVIDUAL PLANT1 ANIMAL1 & HUMAN LIFE2 TO BECOME FULLY CONSCI\S ( \R HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 =M+ ONE BODY ) ! PLANET ITSELF2 & TO TAKE A SWEEP+ VIEW ( \R ORIG9S1 \R PRES5T1 \R IMM$IATE GOAL1 & \R DI/ANT IDEAL--?IS IS :AT PROGRESS MEANS4 

,?US WE CAN ) COMPLETE CONFID5CE RESPOND TO ! QUE/ION ?AT >ISES 9 ! DEP?S ( EA* MAN'S BE+3 YES1 WE HAVE PROGRESS$ S9CE ! TIME :5 \R ANCE/ORS LEFT !IR MAT]NAL CAVES1 DUR+ ! SEV]AL ?\S& YE>S ?AT MAKE UP ! BRIEF SELF-CONSCI\S P]IOD ( HUMAN LIFE4 

#ag ,PROGRESS 

.<#a.> ,GIBBON1 9 ! ORIG9AL1 /ATES3 0,WE MAY !RE=E ACQUIESCE 9 ! PLEAS+ CONCLUSION ?AT EV]Y AGE ( ! WORLD HAS 9CREAS$ & /ILL 9CREASES ! REAL WEAL?1 ! HAPP9ESS1 ! KN[L$GE1 & P]HAPS ! VIRTUE ( ! HUMAN RACE40 ,$W>D ,GIBBON1 ,! ,DECL9E & ,FALL ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE 7,LONDON & ,NEW ,YORK3 ,EV]YMAN'S ,LIBR>Y1 #a#i#a71 #c3#e#a#i4 

.<#b.> ,HAVELOCK ,ELLIS1 ,! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#c.> 0,DIE ,HI/ORIE BEKOMMT E95 EIG5?UMLI*5 ,REIZ10 ,WELTGES*I*TE1 ,NEUNT] ,!IL1 ,I,I1 #d1 #e1 #f1 ETC4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#d.> ,LEOPOLD VON ,RANKE 7#a#g#i#e-#a#h#h#f71 P]HAPS ! MO/ FAM\S ,G]MAN HI/ORIAN1 IS KN[N AS A F\ND] ( ! MOD]N OBJECTIVE S*OOL ( HI/ORICAL /UDY1 :I* FOCUS$ ON ! RIGOR\S EXAM9ATION ( PRIM>Y S\RCES4 ,HIS SOCIAL VIEWS W]E CONS]VATIVE & NATIONALI/IC4 

.<#e.> ,M4 ,GUYAU1 ,MORALE D',EPICURE1 #aec ET SEQ4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> ,JEAN-,M>IE ,GUYAU 7#a#h#e#d-#h#h7 WAS ,FR5* PHILOSOPH]1 POET1 TRANSLATOR1 & $UCATOR1 KN[N = HIS WRIT+S ON E?ICS1 ES!TICS1 RELIGION1 & V>I\S PHILOSOPHICAL TOPICS4 ,HE GA9$ MANY ADMIR]S1 9CLUD+ ,NIETZS*E1 BE=E HIS E>LY DEA?4 

.<#f.> ,G5ESIS ,I3#a1 #a#b1 #a#h1 #b#a1 #b#e1 #c#a4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#g.> ,GUYAU1 ,MORALE D',EPICURE1 #a#e#g4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#h.> ,ELIE ,MET*NIK(F4 ,ETUDES SUR LA NATURE HUMA9E4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#i.> ,SEMP]1 ,DIE ,PHILIPP95 UND IHRE ,BEWOHN]2 ,F4 ,BLUM5TRITT1 ,V]SU* E9] ,E?NOGRAPHIE D] 
,PHILIPP952 ,]GANZUNG%EFT ZU D5 ,PET4 ,MIT41 ,NO4 #f#g4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#a.> ,RECLUS REF]S TO ! ,PHILIPP9E W> = 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,! REVOLT BEGAN 9 ,FEBRU>Y #ahii & LA/$ = ALMO/ ?REE YE>S4 ,DUR+ ! W>1 L>GE SEGM5TS ( ! POPULATION W]E SLAU<T]$ 9 SOME PROV9CES1 & 5TIRE POPULATIONS ( SOME T[NS W]E WIP$ \T BY BATTLE & DISEASE4 ,?IS W> HAS BE5 SY/EMATICALLY IGNOR$ BY MA9/REAM HI/ORIANS4 ,SEE ,H[>D ,Z9N1 ,A ,PEOPLE'S ,HI/ORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] & ,R[1 #a#i#h71 #c#e-#a#e4 

.<#a#a.> ,ALPHONSE ,P9>D1 ,BULLET9 DE LA ,SOCIETE DE ,GEOGRAPHIE1 ,DEC4 #a#h#g#c4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#a#b.> ,A4 ,BA/IAN1 ,RE*TSZU/&E4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#a#c.> ,ALFR$ ,RUSSEL ,WALLACE1 ,! ,MALAY ,>*IPELAGO3 ,! L& ( ! ORANGUTAN1 & ! BIRD ( P>ADISE4 ,A N>RATIVE ( TRAVEL1 ) /UDIES ( MAN & NATURE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] & ,BRO!R1 #a#h#h#e71 #e#i#h4 

.<#a#d.> ,ISL&S ( ,ASIA WE/ ( ,NEW ,GU9EA1 NOR? ( ,AU/RALIA1 S\? ( ! ,S\? ,*9A ,SEA2 !SE 9CLUDE ,9DONESIA1 ,MELANESIA1 & (T5 ! ,PHILIPP9ES4 

.<#a#e.> ,UNT] D5 ,KANNIBAL5 AUF ,BORNEO4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#a#f.> ,GUILLAUME DE ,GREEF1 ,SOCIOLOGIE G5]ALE ELEM5TAIRE1 LECON ,X,I1 #c#i4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#a#g.> ,DE ,BA]1 ,H]B]T ,SP5C]1 ETC4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#a#h.> ,H4 ,DRUMMOND1 ,ASC5T ( ,MAN4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#a#i.> ,A =M] K+DOM 9CLUD+ ,NAPLES 7) L[] ,ITALY7 & ,SICILY2 IT UNIT$ ) ! K+DOM ( ,ITALY 9 #a#h#f#a4 

.<#b.> ,RECLUS REF]S TO SEV]AL FIGURES ( HIS TIME :O W]E ASSOCIAT$ ) REVOLUTION4 ,! FIR/ IS ! WELL-KN[N ,5GLI% ,ROMANTIC POET ,GEORGE ,GORDON1 ,LORD ,BYRON 7#a#g#h#h-#a#h#b#d74 ,9 #a#h#b#c1 ,BYRON SAIL$ TO ,GREECE TO DEVOTE HIS 5]GIES & RES\RCES TO ! CAUSE ( ,GREEK 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,TURKEY4 ,LAJOS ,KOSSU? 7#a#h#b-#i#d7 WAS ! LEAD] ( ! ,HUNG>IAN MOVEM5T = 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,AU/RIA & ! 5D ( S]FDOM4 ,HE WAS PRESID5T ( ! %ORT-LIV$ ,HUNG>IAN ,REPUBLIC 9 #a#h#e#i4 ,GIUSEPPE ,G>IBALDI 7#a#h#g-#h#b7 WAS AN ,ITALIAN REVOLUTION>Y & NATIONALI/ LEAD]4 ,HE WAS MAJOR FIGURE 9 ,ITALIAN UNIFICATION & A POPUL> H]O4 ,ALEX&] ,H]Z5 7#a#h#a#b-#g7 WAS A ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y1 J\RNALI/1 & WRIT]4 ,HE SAW ! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT COMMUNES AS ! PRECURSOR ( FUTURE SOCIALISM4 

.<#b#a.> ,! 0,HUNDR$ ,DOORS0 REF]S TO ! 0DOORS0 ( ! NUM]\S TOMBS 9 ! ,!BAN ,VALLEY ( ! ,K+S 9 ,EGYPT4 

.<#b#b.> ,SEE ,*APT] ,V,I1 ,BOOK #a4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> ,RECLUS REF]S TO ,L',HOMME ET LA ,T]RE 7,P>IS3 ,LIBRAIRIE ,UNIV]SELLE1 #a#i#e-#h71 #a3#c#b#a-#e#d4 

.<#b#c.> ,RECLUS HAS 9 M9D ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ITS FAM\S DOCTR9E ( 0,MANIFE/ ,DE/9Y40 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS !ORY1 ! ,AM]ICAN /ATE WAS PREORDA9$ BY ,GOD & HI/ORY TO EXT5D ITS DOM9ION WE/W>D FROM ! ,ATLANTIC TO ! ,PACIFIC4 

.<#b#d.> ,MI*EL DE ,MONTAIGNE1 ,! ,ESSAYS ( ,MI*EL DE ,MONTAIGNE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF1 #a#i#c#d71 #a3#a#h#i4 

.<#b#e.> ,IBID41 #a3#a#i4 

.<#b#f.> ,IBID41 #a3#a#h#i4 

.<#b#g.> ,IBID4 

.<#b#h.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#b#i.> ,H4 ,TA9E1 ,PHILOSOPHIE DE L'>T DANS LES ,PAYS-,BAS4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#c.> ,H]B]T ,SP5C]1 ,SOCIAL ,/ATICS1 #h4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#c#a.> ,ELIE ,MET*NIK(F4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#c#b.> ,DRUMMOND1 ,ASC5T ( ,MAN1 #a#a1 #a#c4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#c#c.> ,ANNA ,=BES1 ,9SUL9DE3 ,EXP]I5CES ( A ,NATURALI/'S ,WIFE 9 ! ,EA/]N ,>*IPELAGO4 .<,RECLUS' NOTE.> 

.<#c#d.> 0,MISONEI/ES0 >E DEF9$ AS 0HAT]S ( 9NOVATION & *ANGE40 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,PROGRESS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,PROGRESS -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/