,REM>KS ON ,WITTG5/E9'S ,REM>KS ON ,FRAZ] 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,TEXT 3 

,! FOLL[+ ESSAY WAS PREP>$ = ! VOLUME 0,! ,MY?OLOGY 9 ,\R ,LANGUAGE0--AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO ,WITTG5/E9'S FAM\S CRITICAL COMM5T>IES ON ,SIR ,JAMES ,FRAZ]'S ,! ,GOLD5 ,B\<1 $IT$ BY ,GIOVANNI DA ,COL & ,/EPHAN ,PALMI]4 ,! ORIG9AL CONCEPTION ( ! BOOK WAS TO ASSIGN R\<LY #h ( ,WITTG5/E9'S COMM5TS1 :I* V>I$ FROM ONE L9E TO SEV]AL PAGES LONG1 TO EA* ( #h OR #i AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 :O W\LD !N PROVIDE !IR [N COMM5T>IES ON !M4 ,I *OSE MY EI<T & WAS ! FIR/ TO COMPLETE ! TASK1 ADD+ TO !M AN 9TRODUCTION1 ON ! RELATION ( ,FRAZ] & ,WITTG5/E9 MORE G5]ALLY4 ,APP>5TLY ! O!R AU?ORS HAD TR\BLE ) ! ORIG9AL CONCEPT1 BECAUSE EV5TUALLY1 ! =MAT SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 AB&ON$ & BOOK CAME \T AS A FAIRLY RUN-(-!-MILL S]IES ( ESSAYS4 ,BY ?IS TIME H[EV] ,I HAD BE5 PURG$ FROM ! PROJECT AFT] DISAGREEM5TS ) ONE ( ! $ITORS ON UNRELAT$ ISSUES4 

,IT OCCURR$ TO ME !SE COMM5TS MI<T BE ( SOME 9T]E/ BUT IT'S H>D TO IMAG9E H[ IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO ACTUALLY PUBLI% SOME?+ WRITT5 9 SU* AN EXP]IM5TAL =MAT4 ,SO ,I ?\<T ?IS MI<T BE SOME?+ WOR? PUTT+ ON MY WEBSITE4 

,SOME ( ! GREATE/ ( MID-TW5TIE? C5TURY PHILOSOPH]S F\ND !MSELVES CONF\ND$ BY AN?ROPOLOGICAL MAT]IAL4 ,LUDWIG ,WITTG5/E9 BECAME FASC9AT$ ) ,FRAZ]'S ,GOLD5 ,B\< 9 #a#i#c4 ,HIS 9TELLECTUAL BIOGRAPH]S CONSID] IT A KEY TURN+ PO9T 9 ! PA? ?AT LEAD HIM FROM ! POSITIVISM ( ! ,TRACTATUS TO HIS LAT] WORK ON LANGUAGE GAMES2 HE ORIG9ALLY 9T5D$ TO USE HIS COMM5TS ON ,FRAZ] AS AN 9TRODUCTION TO HIS ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,9VE/IGATIONS1 BUT LAT] *ANG$ HIS M9D4 ,9 ! 5D HE NEV] MANAG$ TO TURN !M 9TO A PUBLI%ABLE WORK1 BUT JU/ KEPT P]IODICALLY REWORK+ !M = ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE4 ,9DE$1 AFT] ! ,TRACTATUS HE NEV] PUBLI%$ ANO!R BOOK AT ALL4 

,S>TRE HAD A SIMIL> EXP]I5CE ) ! POTLAT*2 :5 HE WAS WRIT+ HIS ,NOTEBOOKS ,= AN ,E?ICS1 HE APP>5TLY F\ND IT SO DIFFICULT TO ACC\NT = ! 9/ITUTION ?AT1 AFT] A S]IES ( FALSE />TS1 HE GAVE UP1 ULTIMATELY AB&ON+ ANY ATTEMPT TO PRODUCE A SY/EMATIC E?ICS4 

,IF AN?ROPOLOGI/S F9D ,WITTG5/E9'S ,REM>KS ON ,FRAZ] CONF\ND+ TOO1 IT'S = A DIFF]5T REASON3 !Y F9D ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! TEXT AN EMB>RASSM5T4 ,MU* LIKE ,HEGEL'S NOTORI\S REFUTATION ( ,PHR5OLOGY 9 ! ,PH5OM5OLOGY ( ,SPIRIT1 IT IS CONSID]$ ABSURD1 EV5 SLI<TLY SC&AL\S1 ?AT SU* A GREAT PHILOSOPH] %\LD HAVE *OS5 TO WA/E SO MU* ( !IR TIME ON SU* OBVI\SLY WRONG IDEAS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

,9 A WAY ?IS JU/ EXEMPLIFIES EV]Y?+ ?AT MAKES ,FRAZ] SU* AN IRRITANT = ! DISCIPL9E3 = ALL ?AT HE EMBODIES EV]Y?+ ! DISCIPL9E HAS REJECT$1 HE IS /ILL1 TO ?IS DAY1 ! WORLD'S MO/ 9FLU5TIAL AN?ROPOLOGI/4 ,! ,GOLD5 ,B\< HAS REMA9$ CONT9UALLY 9 PR9T = #ab YE>S1 & CONT9UES TO SELL ?\S&S ( COPIES 9 DOZ5S ( LANGUAGES ACROSS ! WORLD EA* YE>2 IT HAS 9SPIR$ SOME ( ! GREATE/ WORKS ( #b? C5TURY LIT]ATURE1 & /ILL 9SPIRES POETS1 NOVELI/S1 >TI/S1 & FILMMAK]S4 

,! CORE ( ,FRAZ]'S APPEAL1 ,I ?9K1 IS ! FACT ?AT HE IS NOT A RELATIVI/1 BUT A UNIV]SALI/4 ,HE MAY CLAIM TO BE MAK+ AN EVOLUTIONI/ >GUM5T1 BUT :AT HE ACTUALLY DOES 9 ! BOOK IS PRES5T AN 5CYCLOP$IC LI/ ( /RIK+LY ANALOG\S CU/OMS & BELIEFS DRAWN FROM WIDELY SCATT]$ P>TS ( ! WORLD2 CU/OMS & BELIEFS :I* 9V>IABLY RESONATE ) ?OSE ( ! READ]'S [N TRADITION 7PRETTY MU* :ATEV] ?AT TRADITION MI<T BE72 & TO PRES5T IT ALL 9 A TONE ( DEEPLY S5SU\S APPRECIATION ?AT UTT]LY FLIES 9 ! FACE ( HIS P]IODIC DISMISSALS ( HIS MAT]IAL AS SILLY SUP]/ITION4 ,H5CE ! BOOK CAN BE1 & G5]ALLY HAS BE51 READ AS A K9D ( GRAMM> ( ! HUMAN S\L3 ,! ,GREAT ,MO!R4 ,! ,COSMIC ,FIRE4 ,! ,DY+ ,GOD4 ,! ,SCAPEGOAT4 

,! REASON ! BOOK REMA9S SO POPUL> IS ?AT NO SUBSEQU5T AN?ROPOLOGI/ HAS PRODUC$ ANY?+ REMOTELY LIKE IT4 

,N[ADAYS1 ,! ,GOLD5 ,B\< IS REGUL>LY DISMISS$ 9 AN?ROPOLOGY SURVEY CLASSES--IF IT APPE>S AT ALL--AS ! V]Y EPITOME ( A LAU<ABLY \TMOD$1 EVOLUTIONI/ AN?ROPOLOGY SUIT$ P]HAPS TO AN AGE ( UNAPOLOGETIC COLONIALISM1 BUT :I* ! DISCIPL9E HAS LONG S9CE OV]COME4 ,IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ! BOOK L5DS ITSELF TO SU* A READ+4 

,ITS O/5SIBLE PREMISE IS ?AT MAGIC1 RITUAL1 & H5CE BY EXT5SION RELIGION1 >E BAS$ ON A S]IES ( 9TELLECTUAL MI/AKES4 ,:AT'S MORE1 ,FRAZ] /ATES ?IS PREMISE 9 SU* A CONDESC5D+ FA%ION 7?IS IS ! JU/ ! WAY 0IGNORANT & DULL-WITT$ PEOPLE EV]Y:]E0 T5D TO ?9K7 ?AT IT IS V]Y DIFFICULT NOT TO SIMPLY REPLY1 0NO1 ,SIR ,JAMES1 IT IS NOT ! 'SAVAGES' :O >E MAK+ AN 9TELLECTUAL MI/AKE H]E3 Y\ >E0 & DISMISS ! :OLE CORPUS AS A NAIVE SPECIM5 ( ! *ILDHOOD ( ! DISCIPL9E4 ,BUT ?IS IMM$IATELY BR+S UP TWO PROBLEMS4 ,! FIR/ IS LOGICAL4 ,IF WE HAVE PROGRESS$ BEYOND PROGRESSIVI/ VIEWS1 !N PROGRESSIVE VIEWS >E ON SOME FUNDAM5TAL LEVEL CORRECT1 OR WE C\LD NOT HAVE PROGRESS$ BEYOND !M4 ,BUT IF ?AT IS TRUE1 !N WE HAVE NOT PROGRESS$ BEYOND !M4 ,:I* MEANS ,FRAZ] IS NOT WRONG4 7,OR IF HE IS WRONG1 IT'S BECAUSE HE HAS EMBRAC$ ! WRONG K9D ( EVOLUTIONISM1 & IT IS 9CUMB5T ON HIS CRITICS TO EXPLA9 :AT IS ! RI<T K9D4 ,BUT ( C\RSE NO ONE ATTEMPTS TO DO ?AT47 

,! SECOND DILEMMA IS ?AT IF WE REJECT ,FRAZ] AS A CONDESC5D+ SNOB1 WE FALL 9 DANG] ( BECOM+ ONE4 ,AFT] ALL1 :AT ( ALL ?OSE MILLIONS ( PEOPLE :O CONT9UE TO READ & APPRECIATE ,! ,GOLD5 ,B\<8 ,>E !Y JU/ TOO 0IGNORANT & DULL-WITT$0 TO KN[ BETT]8 

,BY ! LA/ DECADES ( ,FRAZ]'S LIFE1 HIS WORK1 :I* PURPORT$ TO /& = SCI5CE & TO REJECT MY? & RITUAL AS ABSURDITIES1 CAME TO BE ALMO/ UNIV]SALLY DISC\NT$ BY ?OSE :O CONSID]$ !MSELVES TO BE SOCIAL SCI5TI/S1 EV5 AS IT WAS 9CREAS+LY EMBRAC$ BY POETS & >TI/S :O FELT MY? & RITUAL DID 9DE$ HOLD VALUE 9 !MSELVES4 ,ONE MI<T IMAG9E ?IS W\LD DI/URB ,FRAZ]4 ,BY ALL ACC\NTS IT DID NOT4 ,9/EAD1 HE EMBRAC$ HIS SITUATION NOT JU/ ) EQUANIMITY BUT 5?USIASM1 ALL[+ HIMSELF TO BE TURN$ 9TO A MY?IC FIGURE 9 HIS [N RI<T1 PLAY+ HO/ TO =EIGN CELEBRITIES & LIT]>Y ICONS1 HOLD+ ELABORATE BIR?DAY RITUALS AT ,TR9ITY ,COLLEGE1 ,CAMBRIDGE1 FEATUR+ MI/LETOE & 9DOOR FIREWORKS4 ,HE EV5 TRI$ HIS H& AT POETRY HIMSELF1 CELEBRAT+ ! 0DREAML& WORLD ( FANCY0 HE F\ND 9 DU/Y TOMES TO BE HIS 0TRUE HOME0 & IMMORTALITY4.<#a.> 

,WITTG5/E91 :O LIKE ,FRAZ] WAS BAS$ 9 ,TR9ITY1 MU/ HAVE KN[N ALL ?IS1 & CLE>LY1 F\ND IT DEEPLY IRRITAT+4 ,IT'S H>D TO IMAG9E TWO MORE DIFF]5T 9TELLECTUAL P]SONALITIES4 ,:]E ,FRAZ] WAS COMPLAC5T1 ,WITTG5/E9 WAS UN=GIV+2 :]E ,FRAZ] EMBRAC$ ! LU% CONTRADICTIONS ( HIS LIFE1 ,WITTG5/E9 WAS DRIV5 BY A MONA/IC CRAV+ = CONSI/5CY2 :]E ,FRAZ] WANT$ EV]YONE TO LOVE HIM1 ,WITTG5/E9 RECOIL$ 9 HORROR AT ! PROSPECT ?AT ANYONE MI<T4 

,FRAZ] WAS BY TEMP]AM5T A MAN ( LETT]S :O EMBRAC$ SCI5CE PRIM>ILY AS A MEANS TO DEMON/RATE ! ABSURDITY ( ! ,*RI/IAN FAI?2 ,WITTG5/E9 WAS A =M] SCI5TI/ & LOGICIAN :O HAD1 S9CE EXP]I5C+ ,TOL/OY 9 ! TR5*ES ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 BE5 DRIV5 BY A PASSIONATE DESIRE TO RECONCILE ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY ) A ,*RI/IAN FAI? ?AT HE FELT WAS BEYOND ! HUMAN CAPACITY = EXPLANATION4 ,HE WAS FIR/ DRAWN TO READ ,! ,GOLD5 ,B\< BY A DESIRE TO DEMON/RATE ! 9TR9SIC VALUE ( ALL =MS ( RELIGI\S EXPRESSION 70EV5 ?OSE ( ! MO/ PRIMITIVE TRIBES074 ,:AT HE F\ND1 9/EAD1 WAS A WORK AB\T MAGIC WRITT5 9 A TONE ( HI<- H&$ DISMISSAL4.<#b.> 

,HIS RESULTANT 9DIGNATION SE>S ?R\< ! ,REM>KS4 ,WITTG5/E9 CONT9UALLY ACCUSES ,FRAZ] ( 0/UPIDITY40 ,MO/ CONTEMPOR>Y AN?ROPOLOGI/S W\LD NO D\BT AGREE2 BUT UNLIKE CONTEMPOR>Y AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 ,WITTG5/E9 ALSO CLE>LY FELT ! WAY 9 :I* ,FRAZ] WAS /UPID WAS1 /ILL1 SOMEH[1 PR(\NDLY IMPORTANT--O!RWISE HE W\LD NOT HAVE CONT9U$ = ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE TO WORK & REWORK HIS RESPONSES TO ! ,GOLD5 ,B\< 7& NOT JU/ TO ,FRAZ]'S MAT]IAL1 ALSO TO HIS 9T]PRETATIONS74 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( !SE REFLECTIONS1 HE ANTICIPAT$1 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 MO/ ( ! APPROA*ES TO RITUAL ?AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 TOO1 W]E TO DEVELOP 9 MID-C5TURY4 ,BUT ?IS WAS 9CID5TAL4 ,WITTG5/E9 NEV] DEVELOP$ !SE 9SI<TS & HAD NO 9T]E/ 9 SEE+ O!RS DO+ SO4 ,HE WAS 9 NO S5SE ATTEMPT+ TO LAY ! F\NDATIONS = SOME FUTURE1 MORE ADEQUATE1 SOCIAL SCI5CE4 

,9DE$1 HE WAS UNSURE ( ! VALUE ( SCI5CE ( ANY SORT3 

,! TRULY APOCALYPTIC VIEW ( ! WORLD IS ?AT ?+S DO NOT REPEAT !MSELVES4 ,IT IS NOT E4G4 ABSURD TO BELIEVE ?AT ! SCI5TIFIC @& TE*NOLOGICAL AGE IS ! BEG9N+ ( ! 5D = HUMANITY1 ?AT ! IDEA ( ,GREAT ,PROGRESS IS A B$AZZLEM5T1 ALONG ) ! IDEA ?AT ! TRU? WILL ULTIMATELY BE KN[N2 ?AT !RE IS NO?+ GOOD OR DESIRABLE AB\T SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE @& ?AT HUMANITY1 9 SEEK+ IT1 IS FALL+ 9TO A TRAP4 ,IT IS BY NO MEANS CLE> ?AT ?IS IS NOT H[ ?+S >E4.<#c.> 

,WITTG5/E9 APPE>S TO HAVE SEIZ$ ON ,FRAZ] AS AN ICON ( ! WOR/ PRET5SIONS ( SCI5CE1 9 !IR MO/ >ROGANT & SIMPLE-M9D$ =M--& BY EXT5SION ( ALL ?OSE SCI5TI/IC 9/9CTS HE WAS TRY+ TO ID5TIFY1 & PURGE1 9 HIMSELF4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! ,REM>KS MI<T BE/ BE READ AS A K9D ( SPIRITUAL EX]CISE2 A DISCIPL9E ( PURIFICATION1 ABNEGATION1 & HUMILITY BE=E ! DEP?S ( A HUMAN S\L :OSE GRAMM> HE FELT C\LD NEV] ULTIMATELY BE WRITT54 ,9S(> AS !Y >E SU* AN EX]CISE1 ANY ATTEMPT TO EMPLOY !M AS TOOLS = ! CON/RUCTION ( SOME NEW SOCIAL !ORY C\LD ONLY BE A K9D ( BETRAYAL4 

,IF SO1 ! QUE/ION = AN?ROPOLOGI/ W\LD HAVE TO BE3 ,IS ?IS A BETRAYAL WOR? MAK+8 ,IS !RE REASON TO1 & W\LD IT BE LEGITIMATE TO1 7EFFECTIVELY7 PLUND] ! M$ITATIONS ( SU* A ?9K]1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! 5DLESS FLA%ES ( BRILLIANCE ?AT OCCUR ALONG ! WAY = PURPOSES ?AT SO CLE>LY CONTRADICT HIS [N8 ,I BELIEVE ! ANSW] IS3 YES4 ,SU* A BETRAYAL IS 9DE$ WOR?:ILE4 ,MO/ GOOD IDEAS >E POA*$ FROM SOME:]E2 & ALMO/ 9EVITABLY1 ?AT MEANS1 SEIZ$ TO SOME DEGREE AT CROSS-PURPOSES TO ! /AT$ 9T5TIONS ( ! AU?ORS FROM :OM !Y'RE TAK54 ,MANY1 LIKE ,FRAZ]1 DON'T EV5 SEEM TO M9D4 ,& EV5 9 ! CASE ( ,WITTG5/E91 :O GIVES EV]Y 9DICATION ?AT HE W\LD1 9DE$1 HAVE M9D$1 ONE CANNOT HELP BUT NOTICE A C]TA9 AMBIVAL5CE4 ,TRUE1 HE WAS H>DLY SO COMPLAC5T ?AT HE C\LD1 LIKE SO MANY AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 ALL[ HIMSELF TO REJECT ,FRAZ]'S EXPLICIT PROGRESSIVISM ON TACIT PROGRESSIVI/ GR\NDS2 HE UND]/OOD SU* ?+S CANNOT BE DONE BY HALF-MEASURES2 YET EV5 SO1 HE (T5 HESITATES--AS 9 ! PASSAGE QUOT$ ABOVE1 H$G+ EV]Y?+ 9 LITOTES1 AS IF AW>E ( ! T]RIFY+ IMPLICATIONS ( CONSI/5CY4 ,! 0APOCALYPTIC0 COMM5T 9 HIS NOTEBOOK WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY ANO!R1 SIMIL>LY TORTUR$ REFLECTION ON :E!R OR NOT HE REALLY \<T 7AS HIS POLITICAL 9/9CTS TOLD HIM HE %\LD7 EMBRACE1 RA!R ?AN FE>1 ! PROSPECT ( NUCLE> W>4 ,LET US1 !N1 TAKE ! SIDE ( ?AT WAV]+ ,WITTG5/E91 & SEE :AT MI<T BE POA*$4 

_?#g 

,ONE W\LD LIKE TO SAY3 ,?IS OR ! O!R EV5T TOOK PLACE H]E2 LAU< IF Y\ CAN4 

,! ?\<T SEEMS TO BE3 ,H[ CAN ANYONE POSSIBLY D5Y !RE IS SOME?+ DEEP & T]RIBLE HAPP5+ 9 ! DEA? ( A SACR$ K+1 :5 A MAN IS EXALT$ AS A GOD1 !N BUT*]$8 ,H[ CAN ANYONE GREET ?IS ) CONTEMPTU\S DISMISSAL8 ,BUT ( C\RSE ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT ,FRAZ] CLAIMS TO DO4 ,IF HIS EXPLANATORY FRAMEWORK IS TAK5 LIT]ALLY1 !RE IS NO?+ P>TICUL>LY DEEP H]E2 SIMPLY A S]IES ( MISUND]/&+S AB\T ! OP]ATIONS ( ! =CES ( NATURE1 :I* CAUSE SOME ( ! MORE IGNORANT ( ! WORLD'S 9HABITANTS TO FEEL ?AT !Y CAN ONLY TRANSF] ! DIV9E SPIRIT FROM AN OLD K+ TO A NEW ONE IF ! DEA? ( ! OLD K+ OCCURS UND] CONTROLL$ CONDITIONS4 

,ULTIMATELY1 IT'S ALL JU/ FOOLI%NESS & NO?+ MORE4 ,YET ,FRAZ]'S [N DECISION TO BEG9 HIS BOOK ) ?IS EXAMPLE1 TO DEPLOY IT TO S$UCE ! READ]1 REVEALS ?AT ON SOME LEVEL HE IS P]FECTLY WELL AW>E ?AT IT IS NOT JU/ FOOLI%NESS1 & ?AT HIS EXPLANATORY FRAMEWORK IS NOT TO BE TAK5 LIT]ALLY4 ,!RE IS SOME?+ DEEPLY MOV+ H]E4 ,HE ISN'T REALLY LAU<+ AT ALL4 ,HE'S JU/ PRET5D+ TO LAU<4 

,?9K ( ,WITTG5/E9'S 5C\NT] ) ,FRAZ] AS A S]IES ( FRU/RAT$ CONV]SATIONS ) A MAN :O WASN'T !RE4 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT1 = A PHILOSOPH] ( LANGUAGE1 ,WITTG5/E9 HAD A REM>KABLY AMBIVAL5T ATTITUDE T[>DS CONV]SATION4 ,9 P>T ?IS IS DUE TO ! POSITIVI/1 ANALYTICAL1 TRADITION 9 :I* HE WAS TRA9$1 & NEV] REJECT$4 

,PHILOSOPHY WAS 9 ITS ESS5CE AB\T ! CONFRONTATION ( 7AN IMAG9>Y7 AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUAL ) A WORLD ( OBJECTS4 ,DIALOGUE L>GELY CONSI/$ ( A S]IES ( DI/RACTIONS 9 ! PURSUIT ( C]TA9TY4 

,SOMETIMES HE TOOK ?IS PREJUDICE TO UNP>ALLEL$ EXTREMES3 

,READ+ ! ,SOCRATIC DIALOGUES1 ONE HAS ! FEEL+3 :AT A FRI<TFUL WA/E ( TIME6 ,:AT'S ! PO9T ( !SE >GUM5TS ?AT PROVE NO?+ @& CL>IFY NO?+8.<#d.> 

,B]TR& ,RUSSELL RECORD$ ! FOLL[+ CONV]SATION 9 A LETT] TO A FRI5D 7,LUCY ,M>Y ,DONNELLY7 9 #a#i#a#c3 

,!N MY ,AU/RIAN1 ,WITTG5/E91 BUR/ 9 LIKE A :IRLW9D1 JU/ BACK FROM ,NORWAY1 & DET]M9$ TO RETURN !RE AT ONCE & LIVE 9 COMPLETE SOLITUDE UNTIL HE HAS SOLV$ ALL ! PROBLEMS ( LOGIC4 ,I SAID IT W\LD BE D>K1 & HE SAID HE HAT$ DAYLI<T4 ,I SAID IT W\LD BE LONELY1 & HE SAID HE PRO/ITUT$ HIS M9D TALK+ TO 9TELLIG5T PEOPLE4 ,I SAID HE WAS MAD1 & HE SAID ,GOD PRES]VE HIM FROM SANITY4 7,GOD C]TA9LY WILL47.<#e.> 

,IMAG9>Y CONV]SATIONS1 ON ! O!R H&1 AB\ND ESPECIALLY 9 HIS NOTES & LECTURES4 ,!RE WAS ONE /ORI$ MOM5T1 H[EV]1 :5 A REAL-LIFE CONV]SATION DID MAKE A PR(\ND--9DE$1 LIFE- TRANS=MATIVE--IMPRESSION ON ,WITTG5/E94 ,9 A CONV]SATION ON A TRA9 ) ! Y\NG ,ITALIAN LEFTI/ ECONOMI/ ,PI]O ,SRAFFA1 ,WITTG5/E9 WAS EXPLA9+ HIS >GUM5T 9 ! ,TRACTATUS ?AT ANY PROPOSITION MU/ HAVE ! SAME LOGICAL =M AS ITS REF]5T4 ,SRAFFA REPLI$ ) A CLASSIC ,NEAPOLITAN GE/URE ( CONTEMPT1 BRU%+ HIS F+]S \T FROM UND] HIS *94 0,!N :AT10 HE ASK$1 0IS ! LOGICAL =M ( ?AT80 

,WITTG5/E9 WAS CONF\ND$4 ,9 SOME V]SIONS ( ! /ORY1 HE IS EV5 SAID TO HAVE REPLI$1 0,OH MY ,GOD4 ,I WAS WRONG60 & SET \T TO RE?9K HIS 5TIRE PHILOSOPHY AT ?AT V]Y MOM5T4 ,BY ALL ACC\NTS ! EX*ANGE PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 SETT+ HIM ON A C\RSE :I* L$ ULTIMATELY BO? TO ! FASC9ATION ) =MS ( EXPRESSION BEYOND WORDS 9 ! ,REM>KS1 & TO HIS >GUM5TS ?AT LANGUAGE CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD AS A SET ( RULE- B\ND GAMES 9 ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,9VE/IGATIONS4 

,TAK5 9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ,REM>K _?#g1 ! FACT ,WITTG5/E9 *OSE TO PUT ?IS ONE 5IGMATIC S5T5CE NE> ! HEAD ( ! COLLECTION1 SUDD5LY MAKES BETT] S5SE4 ,! 5TIRE S]IES ( REFLECTIONS IS DRIV5 BY1 & CONSI/S L>GELY (1 AN 5DLESSLY LAY]$ DIALECTIC ( RESPECT & CONTEMPT4 ,WITTG5/E9 SEEKS TO DISCOV] :AT IS TO BE RESPECT$ 9 ALL RELIGI\S FEEL+4 ,HE 5C\NT]S ,FRAZ]'S CONTEMPT1 & REACTS ) SCORN & ANG]4 ,! RITUAL EPISODES HE *OOSES TO HI<LI<T1 TOO1 ALMO/ ALWAYS C5T] ON1 OR AT LEA/ ALLUDE TO1 GE/URES ( HONOR & DEGRADATION1 RESPECT & CONTEMPT4 ,?IS IS :AT MAKES A RITUAL KILL+ DIFF]5T ?AN M]E DEA?1 OR EV5 MURD]4 ,IT IS ! FUSION ( HONOR & DEGRADATION 9 A S+LE CATA/ROPHIC ACT4 ,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT1 IF = ,WITTG5/E9 HUMANS >E C]EMONIAL ANIMALS1 ?IS IS :AT C]EMONIAL IS PRIM>ILY AB\T4 

_?#i 

,BURN+ 9 EFFIGY4 ,KISS+ ! PICTURE ( A LOV$ ONE4 ,?IS IS OBVI\SLY NOT BAS$ ON A BELIEF ?AT IT WILL HAVE A DEF9ITE EFFECT ON ! OBJECT :I* ! PICTURE REPRES5TS4 ,IT AIMS AT SOME SATISFACTION1 & DOES A*IEVE IT1 TOO4 ,OR RA!R1 IT DOES NOT AIM AT ANY?+2 WE ACT 9 ?IS WAY & !N FEEL SATISFI$4 

,ONE C\LD ALSO KISS ! NAME ( ! LOV$ ONE1 & H]E ! REPRES5TATION ?R\< ! NAME .<AS A PLACE-HOLD].> W\LD BE CLE>4 

,WITTG5/E9 IS TRY+ TO REPRES5T RITUAL BEHAVIOR AS NON-UTILIT>IAN4 ,IT DOES NOT AIM TO *ANGE ! WORLD 9 A PRACTICALLY ADVANTAGE\S WAY4 ,IT DOES NOT AIM AT SOME?+ \TSIDE ITSELF AT ALL4 ,BUT \R LANGUAGE MAKES ?IS V]Y H>D TO EXPRESS4 ,TO 0EXPLA90 A CU/OM IS TO CA/ IT AS A WAY ( DO+ SOME?+ ELSE4 ,SO HE SAYS3 ,I KISS A PICTURE ( MY BELOV$ NOT BECAUSE ,I ?9K IT WILL HAVE AN EFFECT ON MY BELOV$1 BUT RA!R1 TO EXPRESS MY FEEL+S4 ,BUT !N HE ADDS3 ?AT MAKES ME FEEL SATISFI$ 9 ITSELF4 ,HE IMM$IATELY TAKES IT BACK1 REALIZ+ EV5 BY SAY+ ?IS ?AT HE IS ADOPT+ A TACITLY UTILIT>IAN LOGIC4 ,SIMIL>LY ) HIS REM>K 7_?#c#a7 AB\T /RIK+ ! GR\ND OR A TREE 9 ANG] ) A /ICK3 IT EXPRESSES SOME?+1 IT IS A GE/URE ( PUNI%M5T ?AT ONE KN[S CAN PUNI% NO?+4 ,BUT DOES ?AT MEAN ONE IS EXORCIZ+ ! ANG]1 ?R\< SOME K9D ( CA?>SIS1 SO ?AT ! ACT IS PRAGMATIC 9 A C]TA9 WAY AFT] ALL8 ,OR IS ! S5SE ( SATISFACTION NOT ! AIM BUT JU/ SOME?+ ?AT FOLL[S AFT]W>DS8 ,& IS ONE REALLY SATISFI$ AFT] KISS+ A PICTURE1 OR /RIK+ A TREE1 AT ALL8 

,?IS IS ! TRAP4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ONE CAN ADOPT A POSITION ( PURE EXPRESSIVISM1 9 :I* CASE1 NO EXPLANATION IS POSSIBLE1 ONLY DESCRIPTION4 ,ONE S*OOL ( 9T]PRETATION 9SI/S ?AT IS EXACTLY :AT ,WITTG5/E9 IS >GU+4 ,BUT 9 O!R PASSAGES HE MAKES CLE> HE IS NOT SAY+ ?IS4 7,ANYWAY IT MAKES NO S5SE1 EV]Y DESCRIPTION IS BAS$ ON SOME TACIT ASSUMPTIONS & IS !RE=E ITSELF A =M ( EXPLANATION47 ,BUT H[ TO (F] AN EXPLANATION ?AT DOES NOT IMPLY SOME SORT ( PSY*OLOGICAL HYDRAULICS1 SOME K9D ( UTILIT>IAN TRADE(F ( 5]GY = SATISFACTION8 

,! QU9TESS5TIAL =M ( ACTION ?AT IS NOT AIM$ AT SOME UTILIT>IAN 5D IS PLAY4 ,YET ,WITTG5/E9 CLE>LY DOESN'T LIKE PLAY4 ,?IS SEEMS TO BE ! REAL CORE ( ! DILEMMA4 ,FRAZ] IS PLAYFUL4 ,EV5 IF SOME:AT DESPITE HIMSELF4.<#f.> ,H5CE HIS AFF9ITY = MAGIC4 ,WITTG5/E9 PREF]S A LANGUAGE ( GAMES--0LANGUAGE GAMES0 IS HIS MO/ FAM\S CO9AGE4 

,! REASON IS AGA9 BECAUSE ! REV]5TIAL1 RELIGI\S TEMP]AM5T IS ALL AB\T RESPECT4 ,GAMES IMPLY RESPECT BECAUSE GAMES HAVE RULES & RULES >E TO BE RESPECT$4 ,BY RESPECT+ ! RULES PLAY]S CAN BE SAID RESPECT ONE ANO!R4 ,PLAY 9 ITS M9IMAL =M1 %E] ACTION = ITS [N SAKE1 IS (T5 CONCEIV$ AS A K9D ( PRIMORDIAL MAGMA FROM :I* RULE-B\ND GAMES EM]GE4 ,BUT IT IS NOT AB\T RESPECT4 ,IT IS 9 A S5SE PRIOR TO ANY?+ ?AT C\LD BE RESPECT$4 

,ONE CAN SAY3 IF !ORETICAL EXPLANATION IS ITSELF A K9D ( LANGUAGE GAME1 !N :AT MAKES ,FRAZ] NAIVE IS HIS ASSUMPTION ?AT !RE CAN ONLY BE ONE SU* GAME & ?OSE P]=M+ ! RITUALS MU/ !RE=E BE PLAY+ ! SAME GAME AS HE4 ,9 FACT ONE C\LD >GUE HE MAKES ?IS NAIVE ASSUMPTION ON TWO LEVELS4 ,ONE IS EXPLICIT3 HE IS MAK+ 9TELLECTUALI/ 9T]PRETATIONS1 & ALSO 9SI/+ ?AT ?OSE :O PRACTICE MAGIC >E PROCE$+ ALONG 9TELLECTUALI/ L9ES TOO 7JU/1 FOOLI%LY74 ,! O!R IS UNACKN[L$G$3 ?OSE CONDUCT+ ! RITUALS >E 5GAG$ 9 EXPRESS+ UNSPEAKABLE TRU?S AB\T ! HUMAN CONDITION1 AB\T \R TRAGIC DOOM$ NATURE1 AB\T HOPE & CRUELTY1 & DO+ SO 9 DEEPLY MOV+ WAYS2 & SO IS ,FRAZ] :5 HE WRITES HIS COMPELL+ DESCRIPTIONS ( ! RITUAL4 

,WITTG5/E9 IS SAY+3 ,I WI% TO CREATE A DIFF]5T !ORETICAL GAME4 ,BUT DOES HE8 ,OR DOES HE FALL 9TO ! SAME TRAP8 

,(T51 HE DOES SEEM TO BE FALL+ 9TO IT3 I4E41 HE WI%ES TO RESPECT RITUAL GE/URES BUT F9DS !M TO !MSELVES BE ALL AB\T RESPECT4 ,:5 HE FIR/ CONCEIV$ ! PROJECT1 HE ASSUM$ !RE HAD TO BE A HOMOLOGY4 0,ONLY SOME?+ SUP]NATURAL10 HE WROTE 9 HIS NOTEBOOKS 9 #a#i#b#i1 0CAN EXPRESS ! ,SUP]NATURAL40.<#g.> ,LAT] HE WAV]$4 ,A YE> LAT]1 HE WAS EXPRESS+ FRU/RATION ) RITUAL ITSELF4 0,EV]Y?+ RITUALI/IC 7EV]Y?+ ?AT1 AS IT W]E1 SMACKS ( ! HI< PRIE/7 IS /RICTLY TO BE AVOID$ BECAUSE IT /RAI<TAWAY TURNS ROTT540 ,BUT !N HE IMM$IATELY RAIS$ AN OBJECTION TO HIMSELF4 0,( C\RSE A KISS IS A RITUAL TOO @& IT ISN'T ROTT52 BUT NO MORE RITUAL IS P]MISSIBLE ?AN IS AS G5U9E AS A KISS40.<#h.> 

_?#a#c 

,:Y %\LD IT NOT BE POSSIBLE = SOMEONE'S [N NAME TO BE SACR$ TO HIMSELF8 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT SURELY IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9/RUM5T GIV5 TO HIM1 &1 ON ! O!R1 LIKE A JEWEL HUNG >\ND HIS NECK AT BIR?4 

,H[ MISLEAD+ ,FRAZ]'S EXPLANATIONS >E BECOMES CLE>1 ,I ?9K1 FROM ! FACT ?AT ONE C\LD V]Y WELL 9V5T PRIMITIVE PRACTICES ONESELF1 & IT W\LD ONLY BE BY *ANCE IF !Y W]E NOT ACTUALLY F\ND SOME:]E4 ,?AT IS1 ! PR9CIPLE ACCORD+ TO :I* !SE PRACTICES >E ORD]$ IS A MU* MORE G5]AL ONE ?AN .<IT APPE>S.> 9 ,FRAZ]'S EXPLANATION1 & IT EXI/S 9 \R [N S\L1 SO ?AT WE C\LD ?9K UP ALL ! POSSIBILITIES \RSELVES4 - ,WE CAN ?US READILY IMAG9E 

?AT1 = 9/ANCE1 ! K+ ( A TRIBE BECOMES VISIBLE = NO ONE1 BUT ALSO ?AT EV]Y MEMB] ( ! TRIBE IS OBLIG$ TO SEE HIM4 ,! LATT] WILL !N C]TA9LY NOT OCCUR 9 A MANN] MORE OR LESS LEFT TO *ANCE1 9/EAD HE WILL BE %[N TO ! PEOPLE4 ,P]HAPS NO ONE WILL BE ALL[$ TO T\* HIM1 OR P]HAPS !Y WILL BE COMPELL$ TO T\* HIM4 ,?9K H[ AFT] ,S*UB]T'S DEA? HIS BRO!R CUT ,S*UB]T'S SCORES 9TO SMALL PIECES & GAVE TO HIS FAVORITE PUPILS !SE PIECES ( A FEW B>S4 ,AS A GE/URE ( PIETY1 ?IS ACTION IS JU/ AS COMPREH5SIBLE ?AT ?AT ( PRES]V+ ! SCORES UNT\*$ & ACCESSIBLE TO NO ONE4 ,& IF ,S*UB]T'S BRO!R HAD BURNT ! SCORES1 ?IS C\LD /ILL BE UND]/OOD AS A GE/URE ( PIETY4 

,! C]EMONIAL 7HOT OR COLD7 AS OPPOS$ TO ! HAPHAZ>D 7LUKEW>M7 IS :AT *>ACT]IZES PIETY4 

,YES1 ,FRAZ]'S EXPLANATIONS W\LD NOT BE EXPLANATIONS AT ALL IF !Y DID NOT1 9 ! 5D1 APPEAL TO AN 9CL9ATION 9 \RSELVES4 

,EAT+ & DR9K+ HAVE !IR DANG]S1 NOT ONLY = ! SAVAGE1 BUT ALSO = US2 NO?+ MORE NATURAL ?AN WANT+ TO PROTECT ONESELF AGA9/ !M2 & WE C\LD ?9K UP SU* PROTECTIVE MEASURES \RSELVES4 - ,BUT :AT PR9CIPLE DO WE FOLL[ 9 CONFABULAT+ !M8 ,CLE>LY ?AT ( =MALLY R$UC+ ALL DANG]S TO A FEW V]Y SIMPLE ONES ?AT >E READY TO SEE = EV]YONE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ACCORD+ TO ! SAME PR9CIPLE ?AT LEADS UN$UCAT$ PEOPLE 9 \R SOCIETY TO SAY ?AT ! ILLNESS IS MOV+ FROM ! HEAD TO ! *E/1 ETC41 ETC4 

,9 !SE SIMPLE IMAGES P]SONIFICATION WILL1 ( C\RSE1 PLAY A GREAT ROLE1 = EV]YONE KN[S ?AT PEOPLE 7H5CE .<ALSO.> SPIRITS7 CAN BECOME DANG]\S TO O!RS4 

,?AT A HUMAN %AD[1 :I* LOOKS LIKE A HUMAN BE+1 OR ONE'S MIRROR IMAGE1 ?AT RA91 ?UND]/ORMS1 ! PHASES ( ! MOON1 ! *ANGE ( SEASONS1 ! LIK5ESS OR DIFF]5CE ( ANIMALS TO ONE ANO!R & TO HUMAN BE+S1 ! PH5OM5ON ( DEA?1 ( BIR? & ( SEXUAL LIFE1 9 %ORT1 EV]Y?+ :AT A HUMAN BE+ S5SES >\ND HIMSELF1 YE> 91 YE> \T1 9 MANIFOLD MUTUAL CONNECTION - ?AT ALL ?IS %\LD PLAY A ROLE 9 ! ?\<T ( HUMAN BE+S 7!IR PHILOSOPHY7 & 9 !IR PRACTICES IS SELF-EVID5T1 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS :AT WE REALLY KN[ & F9D 9T]E/+4 

,H[ C\LD ! FIRE OR ! FIRE'S RESEMBLANCE TO ! SUN HAVE FAIL$ TO MAKE AN IMPRESSION ON ! AWAK5+ M9D ( MAN8 ,BUT NOT P]HAPS 0BECAUSE HE CAN'T EXPLA9 IT TO HIMSELF0 7! /UPID SUP]/ITION ( \R TIME7 - = DOES AN 'EXPLANATION' MAKE IT LESS IMPRESSIVE8 - 

,! MAGIC 9 0,ALICE 9 ,WOND]L&01 TRY+ TO DRY \T BY READ+ ! DRIE/ ?+ !RE IS4 

,= ,WITTG5/E9 RITUAL IS ALWAYS AB\T PIETY1 ! SACR$1 RESPECT4 7,OR IT'S 9V]SION1 DISRESPECT47 ,:ILE ?AT :I* WE RESPECT IS 9EXPRESSIBLE 9 LANGUAGE1 ! =MS ?AT RESPECT TAKES CON/ITUTE A LIMIT$ & COMPREH5SIBLE REP]TOIRE ?AT1 HE NOTES1 IS ESS5TIALLY :AT M>K US AS HUMAN4 ,A GRAMM> ( SU* GE/URES C\LD BE WRITT54 ,9 ?IS GRAMM>1 OPPOSITES >E ID5TICAL3 IT IS QUITE ! SAME ?+ TO HIDE SOME?+1 OR TO 9SI/ EV]YONE LOOK AT IT2 TO PRES]VE AN OBJECT =EV]1 OR TO RIP IT 9TO %R$S4 

,H]E AGA9 ONE CAN UND]/& ,WITTG5/E9'S SIMULTANE\S RAGE AGA9/1 & FASC9ATION )1 ,FRAZ]4 ,FRAZ] %[S NO RESPECT4 

,WITTG5/E9 RETURNS SEV]AL TIMES TO ! PO9T ?AT ANYONE C\LD HAVE 9V5T$ MANY ( ! PRACTICES ,FRAZ] DESCRIBES !MSELVES1 REG>DLESS ( HI/ORICAL CONTEXT1 & PEOPLE (T5 DO4 ,?IS1 HE OBS]VES1 MU/ R5D] ,FRAZ]'S >GUM5T ?AT !Y CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD AS HI/ORICAL SURVIVALS FALSE4 ,TRUE 5\<4 ,BUT H]E IS ! PROBLEM3 MANY 5GAG$ 9 ! BUS9ESS ( CREAT+ RITUALS & SYMBOLS CLE>LY FELT ?AT1 EV5 ?\< !SE ?+S DID 0EXI/ 9 \R [N S\L10 SU* IMPROVIZATION WAS NOT 5\<4 ,?IS IS PRECISELY :Y ,FRAZ]'S BOOK WAS SO SUCCESSFUL3 BECAUSE SO MANY 5GAG$ 9 SU* IMPROVIZATION DID 9 FACT TURN TO ,! ,GOLD5 ,B\< = 9SPIRATION1 & FELT ?AT ! IDEA ?AT !RE WAS AN ANCI5T HI/ORY BEH9D ?OSE GE/URES DID1 9 FACT1 ADD SOME?+1 GAVE !M GREAT] DEP? & P[]4 ,?IS IS ALSO ! SECRET1 ,I SUSPECT1 TO ! BOOK'S 5DUR+ APPEAL4 ,IT'S NOT JU/ ?AT1 AS ,$MUND ,LEA* ONCE REM>K$1 ORD9>Y PEOPLE LIKE TO READ DESCRIPTIONS ( HUMAN SACRIFICE 70IGNORANT & DULL-WITT$ FOLK0 AGA971 BUT BECAUSE NO WORK ( CONTEMPOR>Y AN?ROPOLOGY REALLY (F]S SU* A DETAIL$ ( GRAMM> ( POSSIBLE RITUAL GE/URES 7ASP]G+ 9 WAT]1 PASS+ OV] FIRE1 9VOK+1 EVOK+1 EXORCIZ+1 SETT+ AP>T1 MIMICK+1 DE/ROY+4447 

,WILLIAM ,BUTL] ,YEATS SAW NO CONTRADICTION 9 DRAW+ IMAGES & 9T]PRETATIONS FROM ,FRAZ] 9 HIS POETRY1 & AT ! SAME TIME P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ,H]METIC ,ORD] ( ! ,GOLD5 ,DAWN1 AN ORGANIZATION AIM$ AT REVIV+ ! PRACTICE ( C]EMONIAL MAGIC ,FRAZ] CLAIM$ TO REVILE2 9DE$1 EV5 MAGICIANS LIKE ,ALEI/] ,CR[LEY1 ,YEATS' GREAT RIVAL 9 ?AT ,ORD]1 W]E AVID READ]S ( ,FRAZ]1 ,CR[LEY 9CORPORAT+ HIS ANALYSIS ( SYMPA!TIC MAGIC 9 HIS [N PRACTICAL GUIDES1 APP>5TLY1 NOT ! LEA/ BIT PHAS$ BY ,FRAZ]'S 9SI/5CE ?AT !SE M>K$ FALSE UND]/&+S ( PHYSICS 7HE SIMPLY 9SI/$ ?AT MOD]N PHYSICS WAS ONLY JU/ COM+ >\ND TO ! PO9T ( UND]/&+ SU* PR9CIPLES W]E1 ON A C]TA9 LEVEL1 TRUE47 

,P]HAPS ?IS IS NOT ALL ?AT SURPRIS+4 ,FRAZ]1 = ALL HIS SC(F+1 WAS ULTIMATELY SYMPA!TIC ) MAGICIANS--RELIGION WAS HIS REAL 5EMY4 ,AS HE DULY NOT$1 IT WAS ! MAGICIANS & AL*EMI/S :O W5T UND]GR\ND DUR+ ! ,AGE ( ,RELIGION :O ULTIMATELY PAV$ ! WAY = ! CREATION ( MOD]N SCI5CE4 ,WITTG5/E9 9 CONTRA/ WAS ONLY REALLY 9T]E/$ 9 MAGIC 9S(> AS IT C\LD BE R$UC$ TO A RELIGI\S IMPULSE4 ,& HE SAW SCI5CE1 OR AT LEA/1 ! POPUL> FAI? 9 SCI5CE AS RELIGION1 AS ! REAL SUP]/ITI\S FOOLI%NESS3 ! IDEA ONE CAN ONLY S5SE AN AFF9ITY BETWE5 FIRE1 & ! SUN1 LET ALONE BECAUSE !Y LACK KN[L$GE ( PHYSICS & *EMICAL REACTIONS1 IS1 HE OBS]VES1 ABSURD4 

,HIS OBJECTIONS >E SURELY ON ! M>K1 & = AT LEA/ ?REE REASONS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 SU* AN IDEA IS ABSURD BECAUSE MO/ PEOPLE ANY:]E-- 9CLUD+ MO/ CONTEMPOR>Y PHILOSOPH]S & AN?ROPOLOGI/S-->E NOT SCI5TI/S & CANNOT EXPLA9 COMBU/ION AT ALL1 BUT M]ELY HAVE FAI? ?AT O!RS CAN2 SECOND1 IT IS ABSURD BECAUSE EV5 SCI5TI/S CAN (F] AT BE/ P>TIAL EXPLANATIONS2 & ?IRD1 IT IS ABSURD BECAUSE EV5 IF EV]YONE DID HAVE COMPREH5SIVE KN[L$GE ( ! SCI5CE ( COMBU/ION1 IT W\LD /ILL TELL US ALMO/ NO?+ AB\T :AT WE ULTIMATELY F9D IMPRESSIVE1 MAGICAL--:AT WE RESPECT--9 FIRE 7OR *ILDBIR?1 OR ]OTIC ATTRACTION7 TO BEG9 )4 

,WITTG5/E9 WAS CONC]N$ ) RITUAL AS E?ICS1 AS AN EXPRESSION ( AWE & WOND] BE=E ?AT :I* CANNOT BE CAPTUR$ 9 LANGUAGE4 ,PROBABLY = ?AT REASON1 ACTUALLY WRIT+ UP A GRAMM> ( =MS ( RITUAL RESPECT--TO FOLL[ ! 9SI<T AB\T ,S*UB]T'S BRO!R BY1 SAY1 DECL>+ ! EXI/5CE ( A 0PR9CIPLE ( ! ID5TITY ( 9V]SE GE/URES10 PROCE$+ TO COMPILE A LI/ SIMIL> PR9CIPLES 7R$UCTION1 P]SONIFICATION4447 & ANALYZE H[ !SE PR9CIPLES T5D TO 9T]ACT 9 RITUAL CONTEXTS--ALL ?IS MU/ HAVE ITSELF SEEM$ DISRESPECTFUL4 ,HE LAYS ! GR\NDWORK4 ,BUT !N PULLS BACK4 

7,W\LD IT REALLY BE DISRESPECTFUL TO WRITE A UNIV]SAL GRAMM> ( =MS ( RESPECT8 ,AS AN AN?ROPOLOGI/ :O HAS HIMSELF ONCE ATTEMPT$ SU* A PROJECT1 ,I F9D ?IS QUE/ION *ALL5G+4.<#i.> ,MY FIR/ REACTION IS NO3 AN EF=T TO EXPLA9 ! EXI/5CE ( RESPECT MI<T WELL BE DISRESPECTFUL1 BUT TO SIMPLY DESCRIBE ! COMMON 9T]NAL LOGIC ( =MS ( RESPECT IS NOT47 

_?#c#a 

,I READ1 AMONG MANY SIMIL> EXAMPLES1 ( A RA9-K+ 9 ,AFRICA TO :OM ! PEOPLE APPEAL = RA9 :5 ! RA9Y SEASON COMES4 ,BUT SURELY ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT !Y ACTUALLY ?9K HE CAN MAKE RA91 = O!RWISE !Y W\LD DO IT 9 ! DRY P]IODS ( ! YE> :5 ! L& IS 0A P>*$ & >ID DES]T0 .<,5GLI% 9 ! ORIG9AL.>4 ,= IF ONE ASSUMES ?AT ! PEOPLE ONCE 9/ITUT$ ! (FICE ( ! RA9-K+ \T ( /UPIDITY1 IT C]TA9LY /ILL IS CLE> ?AT !Y W\LD HAVE PREVI\SLY MADE ! EXP]I5CE ?AT ! RA9S COMM5CE 9 ,M>*1 & !Y C\LD HAVE LET ! RA9 K+ P]=M HIS WORK DUR+ ! O!R P>TS ( ! YE>4 ,OR AGA93 T[>DS MORN+1 :5 ! SUN IS AB\T TO RISE1 PEOPLE CELEBRATE RITES ( DAY-BREAK1 BUT NOT AT NI<T1 = !N !Y SIMPLY BURN LAMPS4 

,:5 ,I AM ANGRY AB\T SOME?+1 ,I SOMETIMES HIT ! GR\ND OR A TREE ) MY CANE4 ,BUT SURELY ,I DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT ! GR\ND IS AT FAULT OR ?AT ! HITT+ W\LD HELP MATT]S4 0,I V5T MY ANG]40 ,& ALL RITES >E ( ?IS K9D4 ,ONE CAN CALL SU* PRACTICES 9/9CTUAL BEHAVIOR4 - ,& A HI/ORICAL EXPLANATION1 = 9/ANCE ?AT ,I OR MY ANCE/ORS E>LI] BELIEV$ ?AT HITT+ ! GR\ND W\LD HELP IS M]E %AD[-BOX+1 = !SE .<SIC.> >E SUP]FLU\S ASSUMPTIONS ?AT EXPLA9 NO?+4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT IS ! SEMBLANCE ( ! PRACTICE TO AN ACT ( PUNI%M5T1 BUT MORE ?AN ?IS SEMBLANCE CANNOT BE /AT$4 

,ONCE SU* A PH5OM5ON IS BR\<T 9TO RELATION ) AN 9/9CT ?AT ,I POSSESS MYSELF1 IT ?US CON/ITUTES ! DESIR$ EXPLANATION2 ?AT IS1 ONE ?AT RESOLVES ?IS P>TICUL> DIFFICULTY4 ,& FUR!R 9VE/IGATION ( ! HI/ORY ( MY 9/9CT N[ PROCE$S ALONG DIFF]5T TRACKS4 

,! FACT ?AT RA9MAK+ C]EMONIES >E CONDUCT$ ONLY BE=E ! RA9Y SEASON SUGGE/S IT IS NOT A MI/AK5 ATTEMPT TO BR+ ! RA9S4 ,BUT ?IS LEADS TO A FUR!R QUE/ION3 IF IT IS NOT AN ATTEMPT TO 9FLU5CE ! WEA!R1 :Y IS IT ?AT ?OSE CONDUCT+ ! C]EMONY 9SI/ ?AT IT IS8 

,?IS QUE/ION HOLDS = ! :OLE ( ! APPROA* ?AT WAS DIRECTLY 9SPIR$ BY ,WITTG5/E91 MO/ FAM\SLY ,PET] ,W9*'S CRITIQUE ( ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D'S ,Z&E MAT]IAL4 ,IF MAGIC IS NOT A MI/AK5 WAY ( AFFECT+ NATURE BUT1 RA!R1 AN EXPRESSIVE WAY ( CONFRONT+ ! FACT ?AT ONE CANNOT AFFECT C]TA9 ASPECTS ( NATURE1 :Y DOES IT TAKE ! =M ( A CLAIM ?AT ?IS 9T]PRETATION IS NOT TRUE8 ,DOES ?IS HAVE SOME?+ TO DO ) ! SOCIAL NATURE ( ! EXPRESSION3 ! FACT ?AT EV]YONE IS ACT+ AS IF IT IS TRUE BECAUSE !Y ALL FEEL !Y HAVE P]SUAD$ O!RS TO BELIEVE IT8 ,IF SO1 ! ,MAUSS-,DURKHEIM >GUM5T ?AT MAGIC IS 9DIVIDUAL & ASOCIAL 70!RE IS NO *UR* ( MAGIC07 IS ONLY P>TIALLY TRUE4 ,S9CE IF ONE P]=MS MAGIC 5TIRELY 9 SECRET1 ONE HAS NOT REALLY P]=M$ IT AT ALL4 ,O!RS MU/ KN[ !RE IS A SECRET4 

,MAGIC W\LD !N BE ?AT SOCIAL =M 9 :I* SOCIALITY IS D5I$4 

,IF SO ! QUE/ION BECOMES3 IS ?IS MAGIC'S ESS5CE1 OR M]ELY AN 9CID5TAL FEATURE8 ,MI<T ANY SOCIAL =M 9 :I* SOCIALITY IS D5I$ BE REF]R$ TO AS 0MAGICAL08 

,WITTG5/E9 CAME CLOSE TO ! CONCLUSION ?IS WAS 9DE$ ! ESS5CE ( MAGIC 9 HIS 9ITIAL SUGGE/ION ?AT 9S(> AS METAPHYSICS 7! ,IDEALISM ?AT HIS TUTOR ,RUSSELL HAD TAU<T HIM TO DEF9E HIMSELF AGA9/71 WAS A SET ( ILLUSIONS BORN ( A LACK ( CLE> UND]/&+ ( ! WORK+S ( LANGUAGE1 IT C\LD BE CONSID]$ A =M ( MAGIC4 ,! PROBLEM ( C\RSE WAS ?AT ?IS MEANT EI!R ?AT MAGIC REALLY WAS JU/ A SET ( MI/AKES1 OR ?AT METAPHYSICS WAS NOT4 ,AT FIR/ HE ?\<T HE C\LD AVOID ?IS DILEMMA BY SAY+ IT WAS POSSIBLE TO KEEP ?AT :I* WAS 0DEEP0 9 MAGIC1 BUT REJECT ! SUP]FICIAL ASPECTS4 ,BUT ULTIMATELY ! CONUNDRUM APPE>S TO HAVE BECOME UNSUPPORTABLE & HE AB&ON$ ! IDEA4 

,/ILL1 ANYONE :O HAS OBS]V$ MAGICAL PRACTICE 5 SITU IS AW>E ?AT IT PLAYS1 = ITS P[]1 ON JU/ SU* CONUNDRUMS4 ,MAGIC OP]ATES ALONG ! BORD]S BETWE5 ! TRU?S ( SOCIAL P[]--?AT DOMA9 :]E /ATEM5TS 70,I AM ! GOV]NOR ( ?IS PROV9CE07 >E TRUE PRECISELY TO ! DEGREE ONE CAN P]SUADE O!RS TO BELIEVE !M--& ?OSE TRU?S 7WE USUALLY CALL !M 0NATURAL0 ONES7 :OSE REALITY RE/S 9 !IR ABILITY TO RESI/ ANY SU* ACT ( P]SUASION 7EV5 W]E ! GOV]NOR TO P]SUADE EV]YONE 9 ! PROV9CE HE C\LD FLY1 W]E HE TO LEAP FROM A CLIFF1 HE W\LD /ILL PLUMMET TO HIS DEA?47 ,NOT ONLY IS ! BORD] BETWE5 !SE ZONES NEV] CLE>1 BUT MU* ( ! P]SUASIV5ESS ( BO? MAGIC1 & POLITICS1 RE/S ON PLAY+ GAMES ) ?AT V]Y LACK ( CL>ITY3 !RE IS ALWAYS WOND]1 TRICK]Y1 ! POSSIBILITY ( FRAUD1 COMPLICITY1 5DLESS GRADI5TS ( D\BT4 ,FRAZ] D5I$ ALL ?IS 9 HIS !ORY1 S9CE HE WASN'T 9T]E/$ 9 SOCIAL CONTEXT1 BUT HE 5D$ UP PLAY+ SIMIL> GAMES 9 HIS [N LIT]>Y PRACTICE2 ,WITTG5/E91 :O SAW ! AIM ( PHILOSOPHY AS ABOVE ALL E/ABLI%+ A =M ( CL>ITY1 ( CLE>+ AWAY CONCEPTUAL RUBBI%1 WAS REPELL$ BY SU* MA*9ATIONS4 ,HE ?US SET \T ON ! IMPOSSIBLE MISSION1 AS H]E1 ( F9D+ A DIM5SION 9 :I* MAGIC C\LD BE SAID TO BE SOME?+ PURE4 

_?#c#h 

#a#g#i4 7,! ,MALAYS CONCEIVE ! HUMAN S\L AS A LITTLE MAN444:O CORRESPONDS EXACTLY 9 %APE1 PROPORTION1 & EV5 9 COMPLEXION TO ! MAN 9 :OSE BODY HE RESIDES4447 

,H[ MU* MORE TRU? 9 GRANT+ ! S\L ! SAME MULTIPLICITY AS ! BODY1 ?AN 9 A WAT]$ D[N MOD]N !ORY4 

,FRAZ] DOES NOT REALIZE ?AT :AT WE >E FAC+ H]E >E ! TEA*+S ( ,PLATO & ,S*OP5HAU]4 

,WE RE-5C\NT] ALL *ILDI% 79FANTILE7 !ORIES 9 CONTEMPOR>Y PHILOSOPHY2 ONLY )\T ! *>M ( *ILDI%NESS4 

,!RE HAVE BE5 MANY COMM5T>IES ON !SE ,REM>KS1 BUT NONE1 AS F> AS ,I KN[1 MAKE ANY M5TION ( _?#c#h4 ,IT SEEMS ON ! FACE ( IT TO MOVE 9 AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T1 EV5 CONTRADICTORY1 DIRECTION FROM ! O!RS1 :I* 9SI/ ?AT ,FRAZ] IS WRONG TO TREAT 0PRIMITIVE0 RITUAL & BELIEF AS BAS$ ON !ORIES ( ANY K9D1 LET ALONE 0*ILDI%0 ONES4 

,IT W\LD SEEM ,WITTG5/E9 IS H]E SAY+ ?AT SOME *ILDI% !ORIES >E 9 FACT CORRECT4 ,IT IS NOT 5TIRELY CLE> :E!R HE IS REF]R+ H]E PRIM>ILY TO ,PLATO'S NOTION ( ! MULTIPLE S\L1 :I* C\LD P]HAPS BE SAID TO BE E*O$ 9 ,S*OP5HAU] 7VIA ,SP9OZA71 OR TO ,S*OP5HAU]'S S\L AS MICROCOSM1 :I* C\LD BE SAID TO BE ANTICIPAT$ 9 ,PLATO 7AT LEA/ 9 ! ,TIMAEUS74 ,BUT ?IS IS LESS IMPORTANT ?AN ! KEY PO9T1 :I*1 ,I ?9K1 IS ?AT ! M]E EXI/5CE ( !ORIES1 EV5 09FANTILE0 ONES1 DOES NOT ITSELF MEAN !SE !ORIES >E ! BASIS ( ACTION4 

,TRUE1 SOME M9IMAL !ORIES REG>D+ ! NATURE ( ! WORLD C\LD BE SAID TO BE NECESS>ILY IMPLICIT 9 ANY =M ( ACTION1 & COGNITIVE PSY*OLOGI/S HAVE 9DE$ ID5TIFI$ A 0NAIVE PHYSICS10 0NAIVE PSY*OLOGY10 & SO =? ALREADY PRES5T 9 NEWBORN 9FANTS1 BUT H[ !SE COME TO BE ELABORAT$1 & MADE EXPLICIT1 ?R\< ACTION 9 A DIFF]5T CULTURAL CONTEXTS IS ONLY BEG9N+ TO BE 9VE/IGAT$--LET ALONE UND]/OOD4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S MEAN:ILE /ILL HAVE AN UN=TUNATE T5D5CY TO SEEK \T ! MO/ EXPLICIT1 ELABORATE1 & AU?ORITATIVE /ATEM5TS AB\T ! NATURE ( ! S\L1 ! COSMOS1 TIME1 OR SOCIAL RELATIONS !Y CAN F9D 9 ANY CULTURAL 5VIRONM5T1 & TO TREAT !SE /ATEM5TS AS IF !Y W]E EXPLICIT =MULATIONS ( TACIT !ORIES %>$ BY EV]YONE1 :I*1 9 TURN1 !Y ASSUME TO BE ! REAL BASIS = ALL =MS ( 9T]ACTION 9 ?AT 5VIRONM5T4 ,BUT AS PHILOSOPH]S (T5 NOTE1 ONE CAN NEV] PRESUME A ONE-TO-ONE EQUIVAL5CE H]E4 ,PEOPLE CAN & REGUL>LY DO MAKE >GUM5TS ?AT CONTRADICT ! 0H>D COMMON S5SE0 UND]LY+ !IR [N PRACTICE ( >GUM5T 7I4E41 :5 !Y TRY TO P]SUADE O!RS ?AT COMMUNICATION IS IMPOSSIBLE1 OR ?AT !IR 9T]LOCUTOR DOES NOT EXI/47 ,TAK5 AS A :OLE1 !SE ,REM>KS CAN BE READ AS MAK+ A HELPFUL 9T]V5TION H]E1 BY SUGGE/+ ?AT SU* !ORETICAL /ATEM5TS MI<T !MSELVES BE BE/ READ AS =MS ( RITUAL4 

,TRUE1 SU* A =MULATION W\LD /ILL OP5 UP AS MANY QUE/IONS AS IT W\LD ANSW]4.<#a.> ,BUT ,WITTG5/E9 EMPHASIZ$ HIS MA9 TASK WAS TO CLE> AWAY DEBRIS4 

_?#d#d 

,H]E ONE SEES SOME?+ LIKE ! REMNANTS ( A CA/+ ( LOTS4 ,& ?R\< ?IS ASPECT IT SUDD5LY GA9S DEP?4 

,%\LD WE LE>N ?AT ! CAKE ) ! BUTTONS WAS ORIG9ALLY BAK$ 9 A DET]M9ATE CASE1 SAY1 9 HONOR ( A BUTTON- MAK] ON ! OCCASION ( HIS BIR?DAY1 & ?AT ! PRACTICE HAD !N M]ELY P]SI/$ ON A LOCAL LEVEL1 IT W\LD 9 FACT LOSE ALL ITS 'DEP?'1 UNLESS ?IS W]E TO LIE 9 ITS PRES5T =M AS SU*4 ,BUT 9 ?IS CASE IT IS (T5 SAID3 0?IS CU/OM IS OBVI\SLY ANCI5T40 ,H[ DOES ONE KN[ ?AT8 ,IS IT M]ELY BECAUSE HI/ORICAL EVID5CE = ANCI5T PRACTICES ( ?IS SORT IS AT H&8 ,OR IS !RE ANO!R REASON1 ONE ?AT WE CAN ATTA9 ?R\< 9T]PRETATION8 ,BUT EV5 IF ITS PREHI/ORIC ORIG9 & ITS DESC5T FROM AN E>LI] PRACTICE IS HI/ORICALLY E/ABLI%$1 !N IT IS /ILL POSSIBLE ?AT TODAY !RE IS NO?+ AT ALL S9I/] AB\T ! PRACTICE ANYMORE1 ?AT NO?+ ( ! ANCI5T HORROR /ILL ADH]ES TO IT4 ,P]HAPS IT IS ONLY P]=M$ BY *ILDR5 TODAY :O HAVE CONTE/S 9 BAK+ CAKES & DECORAT+ !M ) BUTTONS4 ,IF SO1 !N ! DEP? W\LD ?US ONLY LIE 9 ! ?\<T ( SU* ANCE/RY4 ,YET ?IS CAN V]Y WELL BE UNC]TA9 & ONE FEELS LIKE SAY+3 0,:Y WORRY AB\T SOME?+ SO UNC]TA90 7LIKE A BACKW>DS-LOOK+ ,KLUGE ,ELISE74 ,BUT WORRIES ( ?AT K9D >E NOT 9VOLV$ H]E4 - ,ABOVE ALL3 :5CE ! C]TA9TY ?AT SU* A PRACTICE MU/ BE ANCI5T 7:AT >E ! DATA1 :AT ! V]IFICATION78 ,BUT HAVE WE ANY C]TA9TY1 C\LD WE NOT BE MI/AK5 & PROV5 TO BE 9 ]ROR BY HI/ORICAL MEANS8 

,C]TA9LY1 BUT !RE /ILL REMA9S SOME?+ ( :I* WE >E SURE4 ,WE W\LD !N SAY3 0,V]Y WELL1 9 ?IS CASE ! ORIG9 MAY BE DIFF]5T1 BUT 9 G5]AL IT IS SURELY ANCI5T40 ,:AT CON/ITUTES EVID5CE = US ( ?IS MU/ 5TAIL ! DEP? ( ?IS ASSUMPTION4 ,& ?IS EVID5CE1 AGA91 IS NON- HYPO!TICAL1 PSY*OLOGICAL4 ,= :5 ,I SAY3 :AT IS DEEP AB\T ?IS LIES 9 ITS ORIG9 IF IT DID COME AB\T 9 ?IS WAY1 !N SU* DEEPNESS LIES EI!R 9 ! ?\<T ( .<ITS D]IVATION FROM.> SU* ORIG9S1 OR ELSE ! DEEPNESS IS 9 ITSELF HYPO!TICAL - 9 :I* CASE ONE CAN ONLY SAY3 IF ?AT IS H[ IT W5T1 !N ?IS WAS A DEEP & S9I/] BUS9ESS4 ,:AT ,I WANT TO SAY IS ?IS3 :AT IS S9I/]1 DEEP .<AB\T ALL ?IS.> DOES NOT LIE 9 H[ ! HI/ORY ( ?IS PRACTICE ACTUALLY W5T1 = P]HAPS IT DID NOT GO ?AT WAY AT ALL2 NOR ?AT IT MAYBE OR .<EV5.> PROBABLY W5T ?AT WAY1 BUT 9 :AT GIVES ME REASON TO ASSUME SO4 ,:AT MAKES HUMAN SACRIFICE SO DEEP & S9I/] 9 ! FIR/ PLACE8 ,= IS IT ONLY ! SUFF]+ ( ! VICTIM ?AT IMPRESS US ?US8 ,ALL MANN]S ( ILLNESSES BR+ AB\T JU/ AS MU* SUFF]+1 & YET DO NOT EVOKE ?IS IMPRESSION4 ,NO1 ?IS DEEP & S9I/] ASPECT DOES NOT BECOME SELF-EVID5T JU/ FROM \R KN[L$GE ( ! HI/ORY ( ! EXT]NAL ACTIONS2 RA!R WE IMPUTE IT TO !M .<RE9TRODUCE IT 9TO !M.> ON ! BASIS ( AN 9N] EXP]I5CE ( \R [N4 

,! FACT ?AT A CAKE IS UTILIZ$ 9 DRAW+ ! LOTS DOES HAVE SOME?+ ESPECIALLY HORRIBLE 7ALMO/ LIKE BETRAYAL ?R\< A KISS71 & ?AT ?IS W\LD IMPRESS US AS SO HORRIBLE IS1 AGA91 ( ESS5TIAL IMPORTANCE OR ! 9VE/IGATION ( SU* PRACTICES4 

,:5 ,I SEE SU* A PRACTICE1 OR HE> ( IT1 IT IS LIKE SEE+ A MAN :O SPEAKS /]NLY TO ANO!R = TRIVIAL REASONS1 & NOTIC+ FROM ! TONE ( HIS VOICE & HIS DEMEANOR ?AT ON A GIV5 OCCASION ?IS MAN CAN BE SC>Y4 ,! IMPRESSION ,I GET FROM ?IS CAN BE A V]Y DEEP & EXTRAORD9>ILY S9I/] ONE4 

,FRANK ,CI(FI WOND]S3 :Y DOES ,WITTG5/E9 TAKE ,FRAZ] TO TASK = FAIL+ TO ANSW] A QUE/ION ?AT ,FRAZ] NEV] ASK$8.<#a#a.> ,IF HIS AIM WAS TO EXPLA9 ! HI/ORICAL ORIG9S ( A FIRE FE/IVAL1 IT SEEMS ODD TO ACCUSE HIM ( FAIL+ TO EXPLA9 :Y ?IS FIRE FE/IVAL /ILL CONT9UES TO EVOKE A FEEL+ ( S9I/] T]ROR 9 ?OSE READ+ ,FRAZ]'S BOOK4 ,!RE IS A SIMPLE ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION4 ,ALMO/ NO ONE READS ,! ,GOLD5 ,B\< BECAUSE !Y >E 9T]E/$ 9 RECON/RUCT+ ! HI/ORICAL ORIG9S ( FIRE FE/IVALS4 ,IF ?AT W]E ITS ONLY 9T]E/1 ,! ,GOLD5 ,B\< W\LD HAVE NEV] HAD MORE ?AN A SPECIALIZ$ AUDI5CE ( ANTIQU>IANS & FOLKLORI/S1 & EV5 ?AT AUDI5CE W\LD HAVE DIM9I%$ OV] TIME AS MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ !ORIES DEVELOP$2 ,WITTG5/E9 HIMSELF W\LD NEV] HAVE READ ! BOOK1 & NEI!R W\LD ,I HAVE BE5 ASK$ TO EXPRESS MY P]SPECTIVE ON HIS COMM5TS 9 ?IS BOOK4 ,WE'RE ALL H]E BECAUSE WE KN[ !RE'S MORE GO+ ON H]E4 ,FRAZ] SEEMS TO ACKN[L$GE ?IS TOO4 ,9 A WAY1 ,! ,GOLD5 ,B\< ITSELF C\LD BE READ AS AN EXTREMELY ELABORATE JOKE4 ,AFT] ALL1 ,FRAZ] CLAIMS ! 5TIRE .<#a#b.>- VOLUME MAGNUM OPUS IS SIMPLY AN ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE AN EXPLANATION = C]TA9 OBSCURE L9ES 9 ,V]GIL'S ,5EID4 ,OBVI\SLY HE KNEW ?AT IS NOT ! CASE--ANY MORE ?AN ,H]ODOTUS WAS REALLY REC\NT+ ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( ! WORLD SIMPLY 9 ORD] TO EXPLA9 ! ORIG9 ( ! QU>REL BETWE5 ! ,GREEKS & ! ,P]SIANS4 ,& ,FRAZ] KNEW HIS AUDI5CE WAS 9 ON ! JOKE AS WELL4 

,! PROBLEM !N BECOMES3 N[ ?AT WE HAVE E/ABLI%$ ?AT ,! ,GOLD5 ,B\< IS NOT AB\T :AT IT CLAIMS TO BE1 :]E DO WE /OP8 ,IS ! BOOK REALLY A !ORY ( ! EVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN ?\<T AT ALL8 ,OR IS ?AT TOO JU/ A PRETEXT8 ,IS IT ALL A VEIL$ ATTACK ON ,*RI/IANITY8 ,WELL1 YES1 WE ALL KN[ IT IS ?AT1 BUT ?AT ONLY8 ,OR IS IT SOME?+ EV5 MORE AMBITI\S8 ,:AT'S MORE1 CAN ONE EV5 ASCRIBE A S+LE PURPOSE TO A WORK ?AT WAS SO 5DLESSLY WRITT51 REWRITT5 EXP&$1 REVIS$1 & RE=MULAT$ OV] FIFTY YE>S ( ITS AU?OR'S LIFE8 

,S9CE ,WITTG5/E9 ULTIMATELY CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! MEAN+ ( LANGUAGE IS :AT IT DOES1 IT SEEMS REASONABLE TO ASK3 :AT IS ! PRAGMATIC CONTEXT & EFFECTS ( ,FRAZ]'S LANGUAGE8 ,CLE>LY1 IT IS TO CA/ A SPELL4 ,FRAZ]'S WORDS CREATES A CIRCLE ( COMPLICITY ) ITS READ]S1 DRAW+ !M 9TO A WORLD ( FASC9ATION & HORROR1 :]E IT SEEMS SOME K9D ( PR(\ND TRU?S MU/ BE PRES5T1 EV5 IF NO ONE IS QUITE SURE :AT !Y >E4 ,WITTG5/E9'S ANG] APPE>S TO FL[ FROM ! FACT ?AT ,FRAZ] PLAYS ?IS TRICK 9 ORD]1 ULTIMATELY1 TO %OO ! DEMONIC =CES AWAY4 

,?IS IS :Y ,! ,GOLD5 ,B\< IS A BOOK AB\T MAGIC RA!R ?AN RELIGION4 ,BECAUSE MAGIC IS ALL AB\T SU* TRICKS4 ,IT IS POLITICAL >T ?AT CLAIMS TO BE AB\T NATURE4 ,IT IS A SOCIAL PH5OM5ON ?AT CLAIMS TO BE AN 9DIVIDUAL1 EV5 (T5 COV]T & ANTI-SOCIAL PRACTICE4 ,?IS IS :Y !RE IS & MU/ ALWAYS BE SOME?+ ( ! AIR ( PLAYFULNESS1 BUT ALSO TAWDR9ESS & FRAUD AB\T MAGIC4 ,FRAZ]'S GAMES >E 9 FACT TYPICAL ( ! MAGICIAN4 ,HE NOT ONLY DESCRIBES MAGIC1 BUT DOES SO 9 A WAY ?AT EMBODIES & P]=MS IT4 ,ALL ?IS IS PRECISELY :AT ,WITTG5/E91 ) HIS PI\S TEMP]AM5T1 F9DS 9FURIAT+4 

,WITTG5/E9 !N IS 9T]E/$ 9 MAGIC MA9LY AS A =M ( RELIGION1 EV5 AS ,FRAZ] IS 9T]E/$ 9 RELIGION MA9LY AS A =M ( MAGIC4 ,H5CE ! ANSW] TO HIS QUE/ION ON HUMAN SACRIFICE4 ,SACRIFICE IS T]RIBLE BECAUSE IT IS NOT MAGIC4 ,BECAUSE IT DOES NOT SIMPLY R$UCE ONE'S DEA? TO SOME PRAGMATIC PURPOSE1 BUT RA!R BECAUSE IT SACRALIZES1 !N DE/ROYS4 

_?#d#e 

,! 5VIRONM5T ( A WAY ( ACT+4 

,IT IS TELL+ ?AT ?IS1 ! MO/ FRAGM5T>Y ( ALL ! FRAGM5TS1 IS ALSO ! MO/ EXPLICITLY AB\T CONTEXT4 

,FRAZ] WAS A MA/] ( DECONTEXTUALIZATION4 ,HE TOOK BITS ( RITUALS1 CU/OMS1 SYMBOLIC GE/URES FROM DIFF]5T CULTURAL 5VIRONM5TS-- ,9DONESIAN FI%]FOLK1 ,SUDANESE PA/ORALI/S1 ,SILESIAN PEASANTS-- SNIPP$ !M FROM !IR CONTEXTS1 & !N RE>RANG$ !M BY :AT HE TOOK TO BE !IR CONCEPTUAL SIMIL>ITIES1 SO AS TO MAKE G5]AL PO9TS AB\T HUMAN RITUAL LIFE4 ,?IS K9D ( SNIPP+ & RE>RANGEM5T ( SNIPPETS WAS1 ( C\RSE1 A CLASSIC MOD]NI/ TE*NIQUE4 ,! ,DADAI/S & ,SURREALI/S >E MO/ FAM\S = IT --?\< !Y W]E US+ ! TE*NIQUE1 O/5SIBLY1 TO QUITE OPPOSITE EFFECT4 ,= !M1 RADICAL DECONTEXTUALIZATION WAS SE5 AS A WAY ( MIRROR+ ! ALI5ATION ( M>KET SOCIETY1 YET AT ! SAME TIME1 DRIV+ ITS FRAGM5TATION & JUXTAPOSITION ( EXP]I5CE1 IT'S CONCEPTUAL BL5D] EFFECT ?AT DE/ROY$ EV]Y?+ NUM9\S & SACR$ TO SU* AN EXTREME ?AT IT BECAME A REVOLUTION>Y =CE 9 ITS [N RI<T2 ONE ?AT ULTIMATELY EXPOS$ & UND]M9$ CAPITALISM4 ,FRAZ] IS DO+ ! OPPOSITE4 ,HE IS SNIPP+ & COMB9+ SIMIL> CU/OMS FROM WILDLY SCATT]$ SOCIETIES SO AS TO PROVIDE 7:ATEV] HE CLAIMS TO BE DO+7 A VISION ( A UNIV]SAL HUMAN SYMBOLIC LANGUAGE4 ,AT LEA/1 ?IS IS H[ ! ,MOD]NI/S SO DRAWN TO HIS WORK T5D$ TO 9T]PRET IT4 ,IF !RE WAS A WAY ( F9D+ SOME COMMON UNIV]SAL LANGUAGE B5EA? ! R&OM BABBLE ( M>KET JUXTAPOSITION1 !Y FELT IT W\LD HAVE TO BE H]E4 

,:AT'S MORE1 !SE TWO IMP]ATIVES W]E NOT SE5 TO CONTRADICT1 BUT TO BE1 9 SOME WAY1 CONGRU5T4 ,TRI/AN ,TZ>A1 ! ,FR5* ,DADAI/ MO/ FAM\S = COMPOS+ POEMS BY CUTT+ UP NEWSPAP] /ORIES & PULL+ ! WORDS \T ( A HAT1 ALSO PRODUC$ POEMS HE CLAIM$ W]E TRANSLATIONS FROM ! ,MAORI1 OR UNSPECIFI$ ,AFRICAN LANGUAGES4 ,9 HIS LIFETIME1 HE WAS FAM\S = HIS COLLECTION ( 0PRIMITIVE >T40 

,WITTG5/E9 RE/RICT$ ! SCISSORS-&-PA/E APPROA* TO HIS [N ?\<TS1 SU* AS !SE ,REM>KS1 :I* HE W\LD (T5 %UFFLE & >RANGE4 ,! PRACTICE MI<T SEEM ODD1 S9CE HIS !ORY ( LANGUAGE WAS ITSELF ALL AB\T ! IMPORTANCE ( CONTEXT4 ,= ,WITTG5/E91 ! 0DEEP GRAMM>0 ( WORDS IS :AT ! SPEAK] IS TRY+ TO DO ) !M2 !SE >E REGUL>IZ$ ONLY )9 SPECIFIC LANGUAGE GAMES1 :I* 9 TURN HAVE TO EXI/ )9 A C]TA9 5VIRONM5T ( 7AT LEA/ POT5TIAL7 PRAGMATIC AGREEM5T1 :I* 9 ! ,PHILOSOPHICAL ,9VE/IGATIONS HE OCCASIONALLY REF]R$ TO AS A 0=M ( LIFE40 ,?IS FRAGM5T IS ONE ( ! ONLY PLACES :]E ,WITTG5/E9 SEEMS TO PU% FUR!R1 TO TALK AB\T ACTIONS !MSELVES AS BAS$ ON SU* AGREEM5TS1 BUT IT IS JU/ A K9D ( MOLECULE ( ?\<T1 UNMOOR$ TO ANY?+4#a#b 

_?#e 

#f#h#a4 77#f#h 9FRA1 #f#h#a7 444 IT US$ TO BE ?\<T ?AT ! MALEFIC5T P[]S ( WIT*ES & WIZ>DS RESID$ 9 !IR HAIR1 & ?AT NO?+ C\LD MAKE ANY IMPRESSION ON !SE MISCREANTS SO LONG AS !Y KEPT !IR HAIR ON4 ,H5CE 9 ,FRANCE IT WAS CU/OM>Y TO %AVE ! :OLE BODIES ( P]SONS *>G$ ) SORC]Y BE=E H&+ !M OV] TO ! TORTUR]47 

,?IS W\LD 9DICATE ?AT ?IS IS GR\ND$ 9 A TRU? RA!R ?AN 9 SUP]/ITION4 7,( C\RSE IT IS EASY TO FALL 9TO A SPIRIT ( CONTE/ATION .<CONTRADICTION.> :5 FAC+ ! /UPID S*OL>74 ,BUT IT CAN V]Y WELL BE ?AT ! BODY 5TIRELY %ORN ( HAIR LEADS US 9 SOME S5SE TO LOSE SELF- RESPECT4 7,BRO!RS ,K>AMAZ(F47 ,!RE IS NO D\BT :ATSOEV] ?AT A MUTILATION :I* MAKES US LOOK UNDIGNIFI$1 LUDICR\S 9 \R [N EYES CAN ROB US ( ALL WILL TO DEF5D \RSELVES4 ,H[ EMB>RASS$ WE >E SOMETIMES - OR AT LEA/ MANY PEOPLE 7,I7 - BY \R PHYSICAL OR ES!TIC 9F]IORITY4 

,! ,DO/OYEVSKY REF]5CE APPE>S NOT TO BE TO ,! ,BRO!RS ,K>AMAZ(F BUT TO ,H\SE ( ! ,DEAD1 ,DO/OYEVSKY'S ACC\NT ( HIS EXP]I5CE AS A POLITICAL PRISON] 9 ,SIB]IA1 :I* CONTA9S NUM]\S REF]5CES TO ! D5UD+ ( HALF ( CONVICTS' SKULLS1 & H[ ! COMB9ATION ( PRISON UNI=M1 BIZ>RELY %AV$ PATT]NS ( HAIR1 & BR&$ =EHEADS HAD ! EFFECT ( TURN+ CONVICTS FIGURES ( FE> AMONG ! CIVIL POPULATION4 ,?IS IS1 ONE MI<T NOTE1 QUITE A COMMON FEATURE ( MON/]S MORE G5]ALLY --! MO/ FRI<T5+ 7ZOMBIES1 VAMPIRES1 W]EWOLVES7 ?REAT5 NOT JU/ TO KILL Y\ BUT TO TURN Y\ 9TO A MON/]4 ,PRISON]S W]E 9DE$ TURN$ 9TO MON/]S4 ,& P]HAPS !RE IS NO?+ MORE T]RIFY+ ?AN BE+ R5D]$ A P]MAN5T OBJECT ( T]ROR 9 O!R PEOPLES' EYES4 

,IT IS TELL+ ?AT ,WITTG5/E9 IGNORES ?IS SOCIAL ASPECT & RECALLS ! MATT] AS1 ONCE AGA91 AN ISSUE ( RESPECT--9 ?IS CASE1 SELF-RESPECT4 

,DO/OYEVSKY HIMSELF NEV] SPEAKS EXPLICITLY ( SELF-RESPECT 9 ?IS CONNECTION2.<#a#c.> ! ONLY TIME HE COMES CLOSE IS 9 SPEAK+1 NOT ( HAIR1 BUT ( WORK3 

,! IDEA OCCURR$ TO ME ?AT IF ONE WANT$ TO CRU%1 TO ANNIHILATE A MAN UTT]LY444 ONE NE$ ONLY GIVE HIM WORK ( AN ABSOLUTELY1 COMPLETELY USELESS & IRRATIONAL *>ACT]4444 ,IF HE HAD TO P\R WAT] 9TO ONE VESSEL & BACK1 OV] & OV] AGA91 TO P\ND S&1 TO MOVE A HEAP ( E>? FROM ONE PLACE TO ANO!R & BACK AGA9--,I BELIEVE ! CONVICT W\LD HANG HIMSELF 9 A FEW DAYS OR W\LD COMMIT A ?\S& CRIMES1 PREF]R+ TO DIE RA!R ?AN TO 5DURE SU* %AME1 HUMILIATION1 & TORTURE4.<#a#d.> 

,! WORLD ( WORK1 LET ALONE ITS MEAN+1 PLAY LITTLE P>T 9 EI!R ,FRAZ] OR ,WITTG5/E9'S REFLECTIONS4 ,I DON'T ?9K ?IS IS SIMPLY AN EFFECT ( !IR B\RGEOIS BACKGR\NDS4 ,WITTG5/E9 GAVE AWAY HIS =TUNE & SP5T MANY YE>S AS A S*OOLTEA*] & LAT]1 HOSPITAL ORD]LY2 HE WAS H>DLY UNFAMILI> ) ! WORLD ( WORK4 ,BUT HE ALMO/ NEV] REF]5CES IT1 EV5 9 AB/RACT EXAMPLES4 ,NEI!R DOES HE SPEAK DIRECTLY ( W>1 POLITICAL PRISONS1 REVOLUTIONS1 TORTURE1 =C$ LABOR1 OR 9DU/RIALIZ$ SLAU<T]2 AS ) MO/ GREAT ?9K]S ( ! FIR/ HALF ( ! #b? C5TURY1 ! EXTRAORD9>Y VIOL5CE ( ! TIMES LURKS ALWAYS JU/ A LITTLE BIT (F/AGE2 R>ELY IF EV] EXPLICITLY REF]R$ TO 9 !IR PRIM>Y WORKS1 YET /ILL 9=M+ EV]Y?+4 

,FRAZ] REMA9$ 9DIFF]5T TO POLITICS1 LIMIT+ HIS POLITICAL REFLECTIONS TO SOME WI/FUL REM>KS ON ! CONT9U$ SAVAG]Y ( ! MASSES4 

,WITTG5/E9 9 CONTRA/ FELT IT WAS HIS DUTY TO RESPECT ?AT SAVAG]Y AS AN EXPRESSION ( ! SAME DEEP & T]RIBLE ESS5CE ( HUMAN LIFE HE FELT HE HAD DISCOV]$ 9 SACRIFICIAL RITUAL4 ,HE DETE/$ PACIFI/S4 ,WITTG5/E9 BROKE ) ,RUSSELL 9 #aibb OV] ! LATT]'S 5DORSEM5T ( ! ,WOM5'S ,9T]NATIONAL ,LEAGUE = ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM1 DECL>+ HE'D PREF] TO JO9 A ,LEAGUE = ,W> & ,SLAV]Y4.<#a#e.> ,NEI!R DID HE HAVE ANY?+ P>TICUL>LY AGA9/ PRISON CAMPS3 

,IF Y\ SPOKE ( REGIM5TATION ( ,RUSSIAN WORK]S1 ( WORK]S NOT BE+ FREE TO LEAVE OR *ANGE !IR JOBS1 OR P]HAPS ( LABOR CAMPS1 ,WITTG5/E9 WAS NOT IMPRESS$4 ,IT W\LD BE T]RIBLE IF ! MASSES ( PEOPLE !RE--OR 9 ANY SOCIETY--HAD NO REGUL> WORK4 ,HE ALSO ?\<T IT W\LD T]RIBLE IF ! SOCIETY W]E RIDDL$ ) 'CLASS DI/9CTIONS1' ?\< HE SAID LESS AB\T ?IS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 TYRANNY4448--) A QUE/ION+ GE/URE1 %RUGG+ HIS %\LD]S--0DOESN'T MAKE ME FEEL 9DIGNANT40 .<#a#f.> 

.<#a.> 0,JUNE 9 ,CAMBRIDGE10 9 ,! ,GORGON'S ,HEAD & ,O!R ,LIT]>Y ,PIECES 7,LONDON1 ,MAC,MILLAN1 #a#i#b#g1 PAGES #d#c#i-#d74 

.<#b.> 0',ALL RELIGIONS >E WOND]FUL1' HE TOLD ,DRURY1 'EV5 ?OSE ( ! MO/ PRIMITIVE TRIBES4 ,! WAYS 9 :I* PEOPLE EXPRESS !IR RELIGI\S FEEL+S DIFF] 5ORM\SLY4'0 ,9 ,MONK1 ,RAY1 ,LUDWIG ,WITTG5/E93 ,! ,DUTY ( ,G5IUS 7,NEW ,YORK1 ,V9TAGE1 #a#i#i#a71 PAGE #c#a4 

.<#c.> ,M,S #acc #i #g4#a4#a#i#d#g4 

.<#d.> ,M,S #aaa #e#e3 #c4#g4#a#i#c#a4 

.<#e.> ,9 ,BRIAN ,MC,GU9NESS1 ,WITTG5/E93 ,A ,LIFE3 ,Y\NG ,LUDWIG1 #a#h#h#i-#a#i#b#a 7,B]KELEY1 ,U ,CALI=NIA ,PRESS1 #a#h#h71 VOLUME ,I1 PAGE #a#h#d4 

.<#f.> ,HE REALLY C\LDN'T HELP HIMSELF4 ,AS F> AS ,I'M AW>E1 ! ONLY O!R AN?ROPOLOGI/ :O'S FULLY APPRECIAT$ ?IS ASPECT ( ,FRAZ] IS ,M>Y ,D\GLAS1 :O NOTES1 = 9/ANCE1 HIS 9ABILITY NOT TO 9S]T ! MO/ :IMSICAL OR AMUS+ ELEM5TS 9 A /ORY EV5 IF !Y 5TIRELY CONTRADICT ! ?RU/ ( HIS N>RATIVE3 0,JUDGM5TS ON ,JAMES ,FRAZ]10 9 ,9 ! ,ACTIVE ,VOICE1 ,LONDON1 ,R\TL$GE1 #a#i#h#b1 P4#b#h74 

.<#g.> ,M,S #ag #aib C3 #a4#a#a4#a#i#b#i4 

.<#h.> ,M,S #ai #b#d3 #f-#g4#a#a4#a#i#c 

.<#i.> 0,MANN]S1 ,DEF]5CE & ,PRIVATE ,PROP]TY40 ,COMP>ATIVE ,/UDIES 9 ,SOCIETY & ,HI/ORY 7,SPR+ #a#i#i#g7 VOLUME #ci NUMB] #d1 PAGES #f#i#d-#g#b#h4 7,! ESSAY ALSO APPE>S1 9 SLI<TLY IMPROV$ =M1 AS ! FIR/ *APT] ( ,POSSIBILITIES3 ,ESSAYS ON ,HI]>*Y1 ,REBELLION1 & ,DESIRE 7,OAKL&1 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#g74 ,IT MI<T BE CONSID]$ A M>K ( ! ,WITTG5/E9IAN TEMP]AM5T ( CONTEMPOR>Y AN?ROPOLOGY ?AT ?IS ESSAY HAS BE5 ALMO/ 5TIRELY IGNOR$4 

.<#a.> ,>E ALL !ORETICAL /ATEM5TS RITUAL8 ,OR CAN !Y M]ELY BE SAID TO HAVE A GREAT] OR LESS RITUAL ASPECT8 ,:AT DOES IT MEAN ?AT SOME RITUAL /ATEM5TS PRET5D TO BE O!R ?AN !Y >E 7! RA9-MAK+ QUE/ION AGA978 ,AT :AT PO9T DOES A M]E OBS]VATION AB\T ! NATURE ( ! WORLD BECOME A 0!ORY0 & H5CE RITUAL1 & :AT DOES ?IS IMPLY = !ORETICAL /ATEM5TS AB\T RITUAL8 

.<#a#a.> ,FRANK ,CI(FI1 ,WITTG5/E9 ON ,FREUD & ,FRAZ] 7,CAMBRIDGE ,C,U,P1 #a#i#i#h71 P4#i#d4 

.<#a#b.> ,IT IS P]HAPS 9EVITABLE ?AT HE DID SO4 ,WITTG5/E9 CONSID]$ SOCIOLOGICAL LAWS UNKN[ABLE1 & BALK$ AT ADDRESS+ ! QUE/ION ( H[ LANGUAGE GAMES RELAT$ TO ONE ANO!R 9 PRACTICE4 ,H]E ,I SUSPECT HE WI%$ TO AVOID COM+ TO ,KRIPKE'S CONCLUSION ?AT !SE CAN ONLY BE >BITR>Y1 :I* W\LD MEAN HAV+ TO ULTIMATE FALL BACK EI!R ON SOME SORT ,NIETZS*EAN *>ISMA1 OR >BITR>Y AU?ORITY1 BUT HAD NO REAL ALT]NATIVE TO (F]4 ,= MY [N P>T1 ,I F9D MYSELF L>GELY 9 AGREEM5T ) ,ROY ,BHASK>'S CRITIQUE ( ,W9*'S ATTEMPT TO CON/RUCT A ,WITTG5/E9IAN SOCIAL !ORY 7,! ,POSSIBILITY ( ,NATURALISM1 ,LONDON1 ,R\TL$GE1 #a#i#g#i1 PP4 #a#d#f-#a#f#h71 :I* ,I ?9K REMA9S VALID DESPITE A REC5T ,WITTG5/E9IAN C\NT]- (F5SIVE 7,NIGEL ,PLEASANTS1 ,WITTG5/E9 & ! ,IDEA ( A ,CRITICAL ,SOCIAL ,!ORY3 ,A ,CRITIQUE ( ,GIDD5S1 ,HAB]MAS & ,BHASK>1 ,LONDON1 ,R\TL$GE1 #a#i#i#i74 

.<#a#c.> ,ANNA ,SUMM]S SUGGE/S TO ME ?AT ,PETR ,YAKUBOVI*1 A REVOLUTION>Y POET :O LEFT US A DI>Y AB\T HIS EXP]I5CES 9 SAME PRISON1 MI<T POSSIBLY HAVE BE5 ! TACIT REF]5CE1 S9CE HE DID WRITE 0,MANACLES & %ORN HEADS HAVE1 )\T A D\BT1 BUT ONE GOAL-DEBASEM5T ( ! DIGNITY ( M5 :O >E ALREADY /RIPP$ ( !IR RI<TS40 

.<#a#d.> ,H\SE ( ! ,DEAD1 #d4#b 

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