,R\SSEAU'S ,!ORY ( ! ,/ATE 

#aigb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 

,TAGS 3 UNIT$ /ATES ( NOR? AM]ICA1 GOOD & EVIL1 NEGATION ( LIB]TY1 SOCIAL CONTRACT1 HUMAN LIB]TY1 FREE CONTRACT1 UNIT$ /ATES1 PUBLIC ORD]1 HUMAN SOCIETY1 HUMAN SPECIES4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,DU%AN ,HANUSKA1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE 444,WE HAVE SAID ?AT MAN IS NOT ONLY ! MO/ 9DIVIDUALI/IC BE+ ON E>? -- HE IS ALSO ! MO/ SOCIAL4 ,IT WAS A GREAT MI/AKE ON ! P>T ( ,JEAN ,JACQUES ,R\SSEAU TO HAVE ?\<T ?AT PRIMITIVE SOCIETY WAS E/ABLI%$ ?R\< A FREE AGREEM5T AMONG SAVAGES4 ,BUT ,JEAN ,JACQUES IS NOT ! ONLY ONE TO HAVE SAID ?IS4 ,! MAJORITY ( JURI/S & MOD]N PUBLICI/S1 EI!R ( ! S*OOL ( ,KANT OR ANY O!R 9DIVIDUALI/ & LIB]AL S*OOL1 ?OSE :O DO NOT ACCEPT ! IDEA ( A SOCIETY F\ND$ UPON ! DIV9E RI<T ( ! !OLOGIANS NOR ( A SOCIETY DET]M9$ BY ! ,HEGELIAN S*OOL AS A MORE OR LESS MY/ICAL REALIZATION ( OBJECTIVE MORALITY1 NOR ( ! NATURALI/S' CONCEPT ( A PRIMITIVE ANIMAL SOCIETY1 ALL ACCEPT1 NOL5S VOL5S1 & = LACK ( ANY O!R BASIS1 ! TACIT AGREEM5T OR CONTRACT AS !IR />T+ PO9T4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! !ORY ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT PRIMITIVE M5 5JOY+ ABSOLUTE LIB]TY ONLY 9 ISOLATION >E ANTISOCIAL BY NATURE4 ,:5 =C$ TO ASSOCIATE !Y DE/ROY EA* O!R'S FRE$OM4 ,IF ?IS /RUGGLE IS UN*ECK$ IT CAN LEAD TO MUTUAL EXT]M9ATION4 ,9 ORD] NOT TO DE/ROY EA* O!R COMPLETELY1 !Y CONCLUDE A CONTRACT1 =MAL OR TACIT1 :]EBY !Y SURR5D] SOME ( !IR FRE$OM TO ASSURE ! RE/4 ,?IS CONTRACT BECOMES ! F\NDATION ( SOCIETY1 OR RA!R ( ! ,/ATE1 = WE MU/ PO9T \T ?AT 9 ?IS !ORY !RE IS NO PLACE = SOCIETY2 ONLY ! ,/ATE EXI/S1 OR RA!R SOCIETY IS COMPLETELY ABSORB$ BY ! ,/ATE4 

,SOCIETY IS ! NATURAL MODE ( EXI/5CE ( ! HUMAN COLLECTIVITY1 9DEP5D5T ( ANY CONTRACT4 ,IT GOV]NS ITSELF ?R\< ! CU/OMS OR ! TRADITIONAL HABITS1 BUT NEV] BY LAWS4 ,IT PROGRESSES SL[LY1 UND] ! IMPULSION IT RECEIVES FROM 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVES & NOT ?R\< ! ?9K+ OR ! WILL ( ! LAW-GIV]4 ,!RE >E A GOOD MANY LAWS :I* GOV]N IT )\T ITS BE+ AW>E ( !M1 BUT !SE >E NATURAL LAWS1 9H]5T 9 ! BODY SOCIAL1 JU/ AS PHYSICAL LAWS >E 9H]5T 9 MAT]IAL BODIES4 ,MO/ ( !SE LAWS REMA9 UNKN[N TO ?IS DAY2 NEV]!LESS1 !Y HAVE GOV]N$ HUMAN SOCIETY EV] S9CE ITS BIR?1 9DEP5D5T ( ! ?9K+ & ! WILL ( ! M5 COMPOS+ ! SOCIETY4 ,H5CE !Y %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) ! POLITICAL & JURIDICAL LAWS PROCLAIM$ BY SOME LEGISLATIVE P[]1 LAWS ?AT >E SUPPOS$ TO BE ! LOGICAL SEQUELAE ( ! FIR/ CONTRACT CONSCI\SLY =M$ BY M54 

,! /ATE IS 9 NO WISE AN IMM$IATE PRODUCT ( NATURE4 ,UNLIKE SOCIETY1 IT DOES NOT PREC$E ! AWAK5+ ( REASON 9 M54 ,! LIB]ALS SAY ?AT ! FIR/ /ATE WAS CREAT$ BY ! FREE & RATIONAL WILL ( M52 ! M5 ( ! RI<T CONSID] IT ! WORK ( ,GOD4 ,9 EI!R CASE IT DOM9ATES SOCIETY & T5DS TO ABSORB IT COMPLETELY4 

,ONE MI<T REJO9 ?AT ! ,/ATE1 REPRES5T+ AS IT DOES ! PUBLIC WELF>E OR ! COMMON 9T]E/ ( ALL1 CURTAILS A P>T ( ! LIB]TY ( EA* ONLY = ! SAKE ( ASSUR+ TO HIM ALL ! REMA9D]4 ,BUT ?IS REMA9D] MAY BE A =M ( SECURITY2 IT IS NEV] LIB]TY4 ,LIB]TY IS 9DIVISIBLE2 ONE CANNOT CURTAIL A P>T ( IT )\T KILL+ ALL ( IT4 ,?IS LITTLE P>T Y\ >E CURTAIL+ IS ! V]Y ESS5CE ( MY LIB]TY2 IT IS ALL ( IT4 ,?R\< A NATURAL1 NECESS>Y1 & IRRESI/IBLE MOVEM5T1 ALL ( MY LIB]TY IS CONC5TRAT$ PRECISELY 9 ! P>T1 SMALL AS IT MAY BE1 :I* Y\ CURTAIL4 ,IT IS ! /ORY ( ,BLUEBE>D'S WIFE1 :O HAD AN 5TIRE PALACE AT H] DISPOSAL1 ) FULL & COMPLETE LIB]TY TO 5T] EV]Y:]E1 TO SEE & TO T\* EV]Y?+1 EXCEPT = ONE DREADFUL LITTLE *AMB] :I* H] T]RIBLE HUSB&'S SOV]EIGN WILL HAD =BIDD5 H] TO OP5 ON PA9 ( DEA?4 ,WELL1 %E TURN$ AWAY FROM ALL ! SPL5DORS ( ! PALACE1 & H] 5TIRE BE+ CONC5TRAT$ ON ! DREADFUL LITTLE *AMB]4 ,%E OP5$ ?AT =BIDD5 DOOR1 = GOOD REASON1 S9CE H] LIB]TY DEP5D$ ON H] DO+ SO1 :ILE ! PROHIBITION TO 5T] WAS A FLAGRANT VIOLATION ( PRECISELY ?AT LIB]TY4 ,IT IS ALSO ! /ORY ( ,ADAM & ,EVE'S FALL4 ,! PROHIBITION TO TA/E ! FRUIT FROM ! TREE ( ! KN[L$GE ( GOOD & EVIL1 = NO O!R REASON ?AN ?AT SU* WAS ! WILL ( ! ,LORD1 WAS AN ACT ( ATROCI\S DESPOTISM ON ! P>T ( ! GOOD ,LORD4 ,HAD \R FIR/ P>5TS OBEY$ IT1 ! 5TIRE HUMAN RACE W\LD HAVE REMA9$ PLUNG$ 9 ! MO/ HUMILIAT+ SLAV]Y4 ,!IR DISOB$I5CE HAS EMANCIPAT$ & SAV$ US4 ,!IRS1 9 ! LANGUAGE ( MY?OLOGY1 WAS ! FIR/ ACT ( HUMAN LIB]TY4 

,BUT1 ONE MI<T SAY1 C\LD ! ,/ATE1 ! DEMOCRATIC ,/ATE1 BAS$ UPON ! FREE SUFFRAGE ( ALL ITS CITIZ5S1 BE ! NEGATION ( !IR LIB]TY8 ,& :Y NOT8 ,?AT W\LD DEP5D 5TIRELY ON ! MISSION & ! P[] ?AT ! CITIZ5S SURR5D]$ TO ! ,/ATE4 ,A REPUBLICAN ,/ATE1 BAS$ UPON UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 C\LD BE V]Y DESPOTIC1 MORE DESPOTIC EV5 ?AN ! MON>*ICAL ,/ATE1 IF1 UND] ! PRETEXT ( REPRES5T+ EV]YBODY'S WILL1 IT W]E TO BR+ D[N ! WEI<T ( ITS COLLECTIVE P[] UPON ! WILL & ! FREE MOVEM5T ( EA* ( ITS MEMB]S4 

,H[EV]1 SUPPOSE ONE W]E TO SAY ?AT ! ,/ATE DOES NOT RE/RA9 ! LIB]TY ( ITS MEMB]S EXCEPT :5 IT T5DS T[>D 9JU/ICE OR EVIL4 ,IT PREV5TS ITS MEMB]S FROM KILL+ EA* O!R1 PLUND]+ EA* O!R1 9SULT+ EA* O!R1 & 9 G5]AL FROM HURT+ EA* O!R1 :ILE IT LEAVES !M FULL LIB]TY TO DO GOOD4 ,?IS BR+S US BACK TO ! /ORY ( ,BLUEBE>D'S WIFE1 OR ! /ORY ( ! =BIDD5 FRUIT3 :AT IS GOOD8 :AT IS EVIL8 

,FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! SY/EM WE HAVE UND] EXAM9ATION1 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 GOOD & EVIL DID NOT EXI/ BE=E ! CONCLUSION ( ! CONTRACT1 :5 EA* 9DIVIDUAL /AY$ DEEP 9 ! ISOLATION ( HIS LIB]TY OR ( HIS ABSOLUTE RI<TS1 HAV+ NO CONSID]ATION = HIS FELL[M5 EXCEPT ?OSE DICTAT$ BY HIS RELATIVE WEAKNESS OR /R5G?2 ?AT IS1 HIS [N PRUD5CE & SELF@5@59T]E/4 ,AT ?AT TIME1 /ILL FOLL[+ ! SAME !ORY1 EGOTISM WAS ! SUPREME LAW1 ! ONLY RI<T4 ,! GOOD WAS DET]M9$ BY SUCCESS1 FAILURE WAS ! ONLY EVIL1 & JU/ICE WAS M]ELY ! CONSECRATION ( ! FAIT ACCOMPLI1 NO MATT] H[ HORRIBLE1 H[ CRUEL OR 9FAM\S1 EXACTLY AS ?+S >E N[ 9 ! POLITICAL MORALITY :I* PREVAILS 9 ,EUROPE TODAY4 

,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 GOOD & EVIL1 ACCORD+ TO ?IS SY/EM1 COMM5CES ONLY ) ! CONCLUSION ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT4 ,!REAFT]1 :AT WAS RECOGNIZ$ AS CON/ITUT+ ! COMMON 9T]E/ WAS PROCLAIM$ AS GOOD1 & ALL ?AT WAS CONTR>Y TO IT AS EVIL4 ,! CONTRACT+ MEMB]S1 ON BECOM+ CITIZ5S1 & B\ND BY A MORE OR LESS SOLEMN UND]TAK+1 !REBY ASSUM$ AN OBLIGATION3 TO SUBORD9ATE !IR PRIVATE 9T]E/S TO ! COMMON GOOD1 TO AN 9T]E/ 9SEP>ABLE FROM ALL O!RS4 ,!IR [N RI<TS W]E SEP>AT$ FROM ! PUBLIC RI<T1 ! SOLE REPRES5TATIVE ( :I*1 ! ,/ATE1 WAS !REBY 9VE/$ ) ! P[] TO REPRESS ALL ILLEGAL REVOLTS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT ALSO ) ! OBLIGATION TO PROTECT EA* ( ITS MEMB]S 9 ! EX]CISE ( HIS RI<TS 9S(> AS !SE W]E NOT CONTR>Y TO ! COMMON RI<T4 

,WE %ALL N[ EXAM9E :AT ! ,/ATE1 ?US CON/ITUT$1 %\LD BE 9 RELATION TO O!R /ATES1 ITS PE]S1 AS WELL AS 9 RELATION TO ITS [N SUBJECT POPULATIONS4 ,?IS EXAM9ATION APPE>S TO US ALL ! MORE 9T]E/+ & USEFUL BECAUSE ! ,/ATE1 AS IT IS H]E DEF9$1 IS PRECISELY ! MOD]N ,/ATE 9S(> AS IT HAS SEP>AT$ ITSELF FROM ! RELIGI\S IDEA -- ! SECUL> OR A!I/ ,/ATE PROCLAIM$ BY MOD]N PUBLICI/S4 ,LET US SEE1 !N3 ( :AT DOES ITS MORALITY CONSI/8 ,IT IS ! MOD]N ,/ATE1 WE HAVE SAID1 AT ! MOM5T :5 IT HAS FRE$ ITSELF FROM ! YOKE ( ! ,*UR*1 & :5 IT HAS1 CONSEQU5TLY1 %AK5 (F ! YOKE ( ! UNIV]SAL OR COSMOPOLITAN MORALITY ( ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION2 AT ! MOM5T :5 IT HAS NOT YET BE5 P5ETRAT$ BY ! HUMANIT>IAN MORALITY OR IDEA1 :I*1 BY ! WAY1 IT C\LD NEV] DO )\T DE/ROY+ ITSELF2 =1 9 ITS SEP>ATE EXI/5CE & ISOLAT$ CONC5TRATION1 IT W\LD BE TOO N>R[ TO EMBRACE1 TO CONTA9 ! 9T]E/S & !RE=E ! MORALITY ( ALL MANK9D4 

,MOD]N /ATES HAVE REA*$ PRECISELY ?IS PO9T4 ,*RI/IANITY S]VES !M ONLY AS A PRETEXT OR A PHRASE OR AS A MEANS ( DECEIV+ ! IDLE MOB1 = !Y PURSUE GOALS :I* HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) RELIGI\S S5TIM5TS4 ,! GREAT /ATESM5 ( \R DAYS1 ! ,PALM]/ONS1 ! ,MURAVIEVS1 ! ,CAV\RS1 ! ,BISM>CKS1 ! ,NAPOLEONS1 HAD A GOOD LAU< :5 PEOPLE TOOK !IR RELIGI\S PRON\NCEM5TS S]I\SLY4 ,!Y LAU<$ H>D] :5 PEOPLE ATTRIBUT$ HUMANIT>IAN S5TIM5TS1 CONSID]ATIONS1 & 9T5TIONS TO !M1 BUT !Y NEV] MADE ! MI/AKE ( TREAT+ !SE IDEAS 9 PUBLIC AS SO MU* NONS5SE4 ,JU/ :AT REMA9S TO CON/ITUTE !IR MORALITY8 ,! 9T]E/ ( ! ,/ATE1 & NO?+ ELSE4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 :I*1 9CID5TALLY1 ) V]Y FEW EXCEPTIONS1 HAS BE5 ?AT ( ! /ATESM51 ! /RONG M5 ( ALL TIMES & ( ALL C\NTRIES FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ,I SAY1 :ATEV] CONDUCES TO ! PRES]VATION1 ! GR&EUR & ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE1 NO MATT] H[ SACRILEGI\S OR MORALLY REVOLT+ IT MAY SEEM1 ?AT IS ! GOOD4 ,& CONV]SELY1 :ATEV] OPPOSES ! ,/ATE'S 9T]E/S1 NO MATT] H[ HOLY OR JU/ O!RWISE1 ?AT IS EVIL4 ,SU* IS ! SECUL> MORALITY & PRACTICE ( EV]Y ,/ATE4 

,IT IS ! SAME ) ! ,/ATE F\ND$ UPON ! !ORY ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS PR9CIPLE1 ! GOOD & ! JU/ COMM5CE ONLY ) ! CONTRACT2 !Y >E1 9 FACT1 NO?+ BUT ! V]Y CONT5TS & ! PURPOSE ( ! CONTRACT2 ?AT IS1 ! COMMON 9T]E/ & ! PUBLIC RI<T ( ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE =M$ ! CONTRACT AMONG !MSELVES1 ) ! EXCLUSION ( ALL ?OSE :O REMA9 \TSIDE ! CONTRACT4 ,IT IS2 CONSEQU5TLY1 NO?+ BUT ! GREATE/ SATISFACTION GIV5 TO ! COLLECTIVE EGOTISM ( A SPECIAL & RE/RICT$ ASSOCIATION1 :I*1 BE+ F\ND$ UPON ! P>TIAL SACRIFICE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL EGOTISM ( EA* ( ITS MEMB]S1 REJECTS FROM ITS MID/1 AS /RANG]S & NATURAL 5EMIES1 ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! HUMAN SPECIES1 :E!R OR NOT IT MAY BE ORGANIZ$ 9TO ANALOG\S ORGANIZATION4 

,! EXI/5CE ( ONE SOV]EIGN1 EXCLUSION>Y ,/ATE NECESS>ILY SUPPOSES ! EXI/5CE &1 IF NE$ BE1 PROVOKES ! =MATION ( O!R SU* ,/ATES1 S9CE IT IS QUITE NATURAL ?AT 9DIVIDUALS :O F9D !MSELVES \TSIDE IT & >E ?REAT5$ BY IT 9 !IR EXI/5CE & 9 !IR LIB]TY1 %\LD1 9 !IR TURN1 ASSOCIATE !MSELVES AGA9/ IT4 ,WE ?US HAVE HUMANITY DIVID$ 9TO AN 9DEF9ITE NUMB] ( =EIGN /ATES1 ALL HO/ILE & ?REAT5$ BY EA* O!R4 ,!RE IS NO COMMON RI<T1 NO SOCIAL CONTRACT ( ANY K9D BETWE5 !M2 O!RWISE !Y W\LD CEASE TO BE 9DEP5D5T /ATES & BECOME ! F$]AT$ MEMB]S ( ONE GREAT /ATE4 ,BUT UNLESS ?IS GREAT /ATE W]E TO EMBRACE ALL ( HUMANITY1 IT W\LD BE CONFRONT$ ) O!R GREAT /ATES1 EA* F$]AT$ )91 EA* MA9TA9+ ! SAME PO/URE ( 9EVITABLE HO/ILITY4 ,W> W\LD /ILL REMA9 ! SUPREME LAW1 AN UNAVOIDABLE CONDITION ( HUMAN SURVIVAL4 

,EV]Y /ATE1 F$]AT$ OR NOT1 W\LD !RE=E SEEK TO BECOME ! MO/ P[]FUL4 ,IT MU/ DEV\R LE/ IT BE DEV\R$1 CONQU] LE/ IT BE CONQU]$1 5?RALL$ LE/ IT BE 5SLAV$1 S9CE TWO P[]S1 SIMIL> & YET ALI5 TO EA* O!R1 C\LD NOT COEXI/ )\T MUTUAL DE/RUCTION4 

,! ,/ATE1 !RE=E1 IS ! MO/ FLAGRANT1 ! MO/ CYNICAL1 & ! MO/ COMPLETE NEGATION ( HUMANITY4 ,IT %ATT]S ! UNIV]SAL SOLID>ITY ( ALL M5 ON ! E>?1 & BR+S SOME ( !M 9TO ASSOCIATION ONLY = ! PURPOSE ( DE/ROY+1 CONQU]+1 & 5SLAV+ ALL ! RE/4 ,IT PROTECTS ITS [N CITIZ5S ONLY2 IT RECOGNIZES HUMAN RI<TS1 HUMANITY1 CIVILIZATION )9 ITS [N CONF9ES ALONE4 ,S9CE IT RECOGNIZES NO RI<TS \TSIDE ITSELF1 IT LOGICALLY >ROGATES TO ITSELF ! RI<T TO EX]CISE ! MO/ F]OCI\S 9HUMANITY T[>D ALL =EIGN POPULATIONS1 :I* IT CAN PLUND]1 EXT]M9ATE1 OR 5?RALL$ AT WILL4 ,IF IT DOES %[ ITSELF G5]\S & HUMANE T[>D !M1 IT IS NEV] ?R\< A S5SE ( DUTY1 = IT HAS NO DUTIES EXCEPT TO ITSELF 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 & !N TO ?OSE ( ITS MEMB]S :O HAVE FREELY =M$ IT1 :O FREELY CONT9UE TO CON/ITUTE IT OR EV51 AS ALWAYS HAPP5S 9 ! LONG RUN1 ?OSE :O HAVE BECOME ITS SUBJECTS4 ,AS !RE IS NO 9T]NATIONAL LAW 9 EXI/5CE1 & AS IT C\LD NEV] EXI/ 9 A MEAN+FUL & REALI/IC WAY )\T UND]M9+ TO ITS F\NDATIONS ! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( ! ABSOLUTE SOV]EIGNTY ( ! ,/ATE1 ! ,/ATE CAN HAVE NO DUTIES T[>D =EIGN POPULATIONS4 ,H5CE1 IF IT TREATS A CONQU]$ PEOPLE 9 A HUMANE FA%ION1 IF IT PLUND]S OR EXT]M9ATES IT HALFWAY ONLY1 IF IT DOES NOT R$UCE IT TO ! L[E/ DEGREE ( SLAV]Y1 ?IS MAY BE A POLITICAL ACT 9SPIR$ BY PRUD5CE1 OR EV5 BY PURE MAGNANIMITY1 BUT IT IS NEV] DONE FROM A S5SE ( DUTY1 = ! ,/ATE HAS AN ABSOLUTE RI<T TO DISPOSE ( A CONQU]$ PEOPLE AT WILL4 

,?IS FLAGRANT NEGATION ( HUMANITY :I* CON/ITUTES ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! ,/ATE IS1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! ,/ATE1 ITS SUPREME DUTY & ITS GREATE/ VIRTUE4 ,IT BE>S ! NAME PATRIOTISM1 & IT CON/ITUTES ! 5TIRE TRANSC5D5T MORALITY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,WE CALL IT TRANSC5D5T MORALITY BECAUSE IT USUALLY GOES BEYOND ! LEVEL ( HUMAN MORALITY & JU/ICE1 EI!R ( ! COMMUNITY OR ( ! PRIVATE 9DIVIDUAL1 & BY ?AT SAME TOK5 (T5 F9DS ITSELF 9 CONTRADICTION ) !SE4 ,?US1 TO (F5D1 TO OPPRESS1 TO DESPOIL1 TO PLUND]1 TO ASSASS9ATE OR 5?RALL$ ONE'S FELL[MAN IS ORD9>ILY REG>D$ AS A CRIME4 ,9 PUBLIC LIFE1 ON ! O!R H&1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( PATRIOTISM1 :5 !SE ?+S >E DONE = ! GREAT] GLORY ( ! ,/ATE1 = ! PRES]VATION OR ! EXT5SION ( ITS P[]1 IT IS ALL TRANS=M$ 9TO DUTY & VIRTUE4 ,& ?IS VIRTUE1 ?IS DUTY1 >E OBLIGATORY = EA* PATRIOTIC CITIZ52 EV]YONE IS SUPPOS$ TO EX]CISE !M NOT AGA9/ =EIGN]S ONLY BUT AGA9/ ONE'S [N FELL[ CITIZ5S1 MEMB]S OR SUBJECTS ( ! ,/ATE LIKE HIMSELF1 :5EV] ! WELF>E ( ! ,/ATE DEM&S IT4 

,?IS EXPLA9S :Y1 S9CE ! BIR? ( ! ,/ATE1 ! WORLD ( POLITICS HAS ALWAYS BE5 & CONT9UES TO BE ! /AGE = UNLIMIT$ RASCALITY & BRIG&AGE1 BRIG&AGE & RASCALITY :I*1 BY ! WAY1 >E HELD 9 HI< E/EEM1 S9CE !Y >E SANCTIFI$ BY PATRIOTISM1 BY ! TRANSC5D5T MORALITY & ! SUPREME 9T]E/ ( ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS EXPLA9S :Y ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( ANCI5T & MOD]N /ATES IS M]ELY A S]IES ( REVOLT+ CRIMES2 :Y K+S & M9I/]S1 PA/ & PRES5T1 ( ALL TIMES & ALL C\NTRIES -- /ATESM51 DIPLOMATS1 BUREAUCRATS1 & W>RIORS -- IF JUDG$ FROM ! /&PO9T ( SIMPLE MORALITY & HUMAN JU/ICE1 HAVE A HUNDR$1 A ?\S& TIMES OV] E>N$ !IR S5T5CE TO H>D LABOR OR TO ! GALL[S4 ,!RE IS NO HORROR1 NO CRUELTY1 SACRILEGE1 OR P]JURY1 NO IMPO/URE1 NO 9FAM\S TRANSACTION1 NO CYNICAL ROBB]Y1 NO BOLD PLUND] OR %ABBY BETRAYAL ?AT HAS NOT BE5 OR IS NOT DAILY BE+ P]PETRAT$ BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! /ATES1 UND] NO O!R PRETEXT ?AN ?OSE ELA/IC WORDS1 SO CONV5I5T & YET SO T]RIBLE3 0= REASONS ( /ATE40 

,!SE >E TRULY T]RIBLE WORDS1 = !Y HAVE CORRUPT$ & DI%ONOR$1 )9 (FICIAL RANKS & 9 SOCIETY'S RUL+ CLASSES1 MORE M5 ?AN HAS EV5 ,*RI/IANITY ITSELF4 ,NO SOON] >E !SE WORDS UTT]$ ?AN ALL GR[S SIL5T1 & EV]Y?+ CEASES2 HONE/Y1 HONOR1 JU/ICE1 RI<T1 COMPASSION ITSELF CEASES1 & ) IT LOGIC & GOOD S5SE4 ,BLACK TURNS :ITE1 & :ITE TURNS BLACK4 ,! L[E/ HUMAN ACTS1 ! BASE/ FELONIES1 ! MO/ ATROCI\S CRIMES BECOME M]ITORI\S ACTS4 

,! GREAT ,ITALIAN POLITICAL PHILOSOPH] ,MA*IAVELLI WAS ! FIR/ TO USE !SE WORDS1 OR AT LEA/ ! FIR/ TO GIVE !M !IR TRUE MEAN+ & ! IMM5SE POPUL>ITY !Y /ILL 5JOY AMONG \R RUL]S TODAY4 ,A REALI/IC & POSITIVE ?9K] IF !RE EV] WAS ONE1 HE WAS ! FIR/ TO UND]/& ?AT ! GREAT & P[]FUL /ATES C\LD BE F\ND$ & MA9TA9$ BY CRIME ALONE -- BY MANY GREAT CRIMES1 & BY A RADICAL CONTEMPT = ALL ?AT GOES UND] ! NAME ( HONE/Y4 ,HE HAS WRITT51 EXPLA9$1 & PROV5 !SE FACTS ) T]RIFY+ FRANKNESS4 ,&1 S9CE ! IDEA ( HUMANITY WAS 5TIRELY UNKN[N 9 HIS TIME2 S9CE ! IDEA ( FRAT]NITY -- NOT HUMAN BUT RELIGI\S -- AS PREA*$ BY ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*1 WAS AT ?AT TIME1 AS IT ALWAYS HAS BE51 NO?+ BUT A %OCK+ IRONY1 BELI$ AT EV]Y /EP BY ! ,*UR*'S [N ACTIONS2 S9CE 9 HIS TIME NO ONE EV5 SUSPECT$ ?AT !RE WAS SU* A ?+ AS POPUL> RI<T1 S9CE ! PEOPLE HAD ALWAYS BE5 CONSID]$ AN 9]T & 9EPT MASS1 ! FLE% ( ! ,/ATE TO BE MOLD$ & EXPLOIT$ AT WILL1 PL$G$ TO ET]NAL OB$I5CE2 S9CE !RE WAS ABSOLUTELY NO?+ 9 HIS TIME1 9 ,ITALY OR ELSE:]E1 EXCEPT = ! ,/ATE -- ,MA*IAVELLI CONCLUD$ FROM !SE FACTS1 ) A GOOD DEAL ( LOGIC1 ?AT ! ,/ATE WAS ! SUPREME GOAL ( ALL HUMAN EXI/5CE1 ?AT IT MU/ BE S]V$ AT ANY CO/ & ?AT1 S9CE ! 9T]E/ ( ! ,/ATE PREVAIL$ OV] EV]Y?+ ELSE1 A GOOD PATRIOT %\LD NOT RECOIL FROM ANY CRIME 9 ORD] TO S]VE IT4 ,HE ADVOCATES CRIME1 HE EXHORTS TO CRIME1 & MAKES IT ! S9E QUA NON ( POLITICAL 9TELLIG5CE AS WELL AS ( TRUE PATRIOTISM4 ,:E!R ! ,/ATE BE> ! NAME ( A MON>*Y OR ( A REPUBLIC1 CRIME WILL ALWAYS BE NECESS>Y = ITS PRES]VATION & ITS TRIUMPH4 ,! ,/ATE WILL D\BTLESS *ANGE ITS DIRECTION & ITS OBJECT1 BUT ITS NATURE WILL REMA9 ! SAME3 ALWAYS ! 5]GETIC1 P]MAN5T VIOLATION ( JU/ICE1 COMPASSION1 & HONE/Y1 = ! WELF>E ( ! ,/ATE4 

,YES1 ,MA*IAVELLI IS RI<T4 ,WE CAN NO LONG] D\BT IT AFT] AN EXP]I5CE ( ?REE & A HALF C5TURIES ADD$ TO HIS [N EXP]I5CE4 ,YES1 SO ALL HI/ORY TELLS US3 :ILE ! SMALL /ATES >E VIRTU\S ONLY BECAUSE ( !IR WEAKNESS1 ! P[]FUL /ATES SU/A9 !MSELVES BY CRIME ALONE4 ,BUT \R CONCLUSION WILL BE 5TIRELY DIFF]5T FROM HIS1 = A V]Y SIMPLE REASON4 ,WE >E ! *ILDR5 ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 & FROM IT WE HAVE 9H]IT$ ! RELIGION ( HUMANITY1 :I* WE MU/ F\ND UPON ! RU9S ( ! RELIGION ( DIV9ITY4 ,WE BELIEVE 9 ! RI<TS ( MAN1 9 ! DIGNITY & ! NECESS>Y EMANCIPATION ( ! HUMAN SPECIES4 ,WE BELIEVE 9 HUMAN LIB]TY & HUMAN FRAT]NITY F\ND$ UPON JU/ICE4 ,9 A WORD1 WE BELIEVE 9 ! TRIUMPH ( HUMANITY UPON ! E>?4 ,BUT ?IS TRIUMPH1 :I* WE SUMMON ) ALL \R LONG+1 :I* WE WANT TO HA/5 ) ALL \R UNIT$ EF=TS -- S9CE IT IS BY ITS V]Y NATURE ! NEGATION ( ! CRIME :I* IS 9TR9SICALLY ! NEGATION ( HUMANITY -- ?IS TRIUMPH CANNOT BE A*IEV$ UNTIL CRIME CEASES TO BE :AT IT N[ IS MORE OR LESS EV]Y:]E TODAY1 ! REAL BASIS ( ! POLITICAL EXI/5CE ( ! NATIONS ABSORB$ & DOM9AT$ BY ! IDEAS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,& S9CE IT IS N[ PROV5 ?AT NO /ATE C\LD EXI/ )\T COMMITT+ CRIMES1 OR AT LEA/ )\T CONTEMPLAT+ & PLANN+ !M1 EV5 :5 ITS IMPOT5CE %\LD PREV5T IT FROM P]PETRAT+ CRIMES1 WE TODAY CONCLUDE 9 FAVOR ( ! ABSOLUTE NE$ ( DE/ROY+ ! /ATES4 ,OR1 IF IT IS SO DECID$1 !IR RADICAL & COMPLETE TRANS=MATION SO ?AT1 CEAS+ TO BE P[]S C5TRALIZ$ & ORGANIZ$ FROM ! TOP D[N1 BY VIOL5CE OR BY AU?ORITY ( SOME PR9CIPLE1 !Y MAY RECOGNIZE -- ) ABSOLUTE LIB]TY = ALL ! P>TIES TO UNITE OR NOT TO UNITE1 & ) LIB]TY = EA* ( !SE ALWAYS TO LEAVE A UNION EV5 :5 FREELY 5T]$ 9TO -- FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 ACCORD+ TO ! REAL NE$S & ! NATURAL T5D5CIES ( ! P>TIES1 ?R\< ! FREE F$]ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS1 ASSOCIATIONS1 COMMUNES1 DI/RICTS1 PROV9CES1 & NATIONS )9 HUMANITY4 

,SU* >E ! CONCLUSIONS TO :I* WE >E 9EVITABLY L$ BY AN EXAM9ATION ( ! EXT]NAL RELATIONS :I* ! SO-CALL$ FREE /ATES MA9TA9 ) O!R /ATES4 ,LET US N[ EXAM9E ! RELATIONS MA9TA9$ BY ! ,/ATE F\ND$ UPON ! FREE CONTRACT >RIV$ AT AMONG ITS [N CITIZ5S OR SUBJECTS4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY OBS]V$ ?AT BY EXCLUD+ ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! HUMAN SPECIES FROM ITS MID/1 BY KEEP+ ?IS MAJORITY \TSIDE ! RECIPROCAL 5GAGEM5TS & DUTIES ( MORALITY1 ( JU/ICE1 & ( RI<T1 ! ,/ATE D5IES HUMANITY &1 US+ ?AT SONOR\S WORD PATRIOTISM1 IMPOSES 9JU/ICE & CRUELTY AS A SUPREME DUTY UPON ALL ITS SUBJECTS4 ,IT RE/RICTS1 IT MUTILATES1 IT KILLS HUMANITY 9 !M1 SO ?AT BY CEAS+ TO BE M51 !Y MAY BE SOLELY CITIZ5S -- OR RA!R1 & MORE SPECIFICALLY1 ?AT ?R\< ! HI/ORIC CONNECTION & SUCCESSION ( FACTS1 !Y MAY NEV] RISE ABOVE ! CITIZ5 TO ! HEI<T ( BE+ MAN4 

,WE HAVE ALSO SE5 ?AT EV]Y /ATE1 UND] PA9 ( DE/RUCTION & FE>+ TO BE DEV\R$ BY ITS NEI<BOR /ATES1 MU/ REA* \T T[>D OMNIPOT5CE1 &1 HAV+ BECOME P[]FUL1 MU/ CONQU]4 ,:O SPEAKS ( CONQUE/ SPEAKS ( PEOPLES CONQU]$1 SUBJUGAT$1 R$UC$ TO SLAV]Y 9 :ATEV] =M OR D5OM9ATION4 ,SLAV]Y1 !RE=E1 IS ! NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ,/ATE4 

,SLAV]Y MAY *ANGE ITS =M OR ITS NAME -- ITS ESS5CE REMA9S ! SAME4 ,ITS ESS5CE MAY BE EXPRESS$ 9 !SE WORDS3 TO BE A SLAVE IS TO BE =C$ TO WORK = SOMEONE ELSE1 JU/ AS TO BE A MA/] IS TO LIVE ON SOMEONE ELSE'S WORK4 ,9 ANTIQUITY1 JU/ AS 9 ,ASIA & 9 ,AFRICA TODAY1 AS WELL AS EV5 9 A P>T ( ,AM]ICA1 SLAVES W]E1 9 ALL HONE/Y1 CALL$ SLAVES4 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 !Y TOOK ! NAME ( S]FS3 N[ADAYS !Y >E CALL$ WAGE E>N]S4 ,! POSITION ( ?IS LATT] GR\P HAS A GREAT DEAL MORE DIGNITY ATTA*$ TO IT1 & IT IS LESS H>D ?AN ?AT ( SLAVES1 BUT !Y >E NONE!LESS =C$1 BY HUNG] AS WELL AS BY POLITICAL & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS1 TO MA9TA9 O!R PEOPLE 9 COMPLETE OR RELATIVE IDL5ESS1 ?R\< !IR [N EXCE$+LY H>D LABOR4 ,CONSEQU5TLY !Y >E SLAVES4 ,& 9 G5]AL1 NO /ATE1 ANCI5T OR MOD]N1 HAS EV] MANAG$ OR WILL EV] MANAGE TO GET ALONG )\T ! =C$ LABOR ( ! MASSES1 EI!R WAGE E>N]S OR SLAVES1 AS A PR9CIPAL & ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y F\NDATION = ! LEISURE1 ! LIB]TY1 & ! CIVILIZATION ( ! POLITICAL CLASS3 ! CITIZ5S4 ,ON ?IS PO9T1 NOT EV5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA CAN AS YET BE AN EXCEPTION4 

,SU* >E ! 9T]NAL CONDITIONS ?AT NECESS>ILY RESULT = ! ,/ATE FROM ITS OBJECTIVE /ANCE1 ?AT IS1 ITS NATURAL1 P]MAN5T1 & 9EVITABLE HO/ILITY T[>D ALL ! O!R /ATES4 ,LET US N[ SEE ! CONDITIONS RESULT+ DIRECTLY = ! ,/ATE'S CITIZ5S FROM ?AT FREE CONTRACT BY :I* !Y SUPPOS$LY CON/ITUT$ !MSELVES 9TO A ,/ATE4 

,! ,/ATE NOT ONLY HAS ! MISSION ( GU>ANTEE+ ! SAFETY ( ITS MEMB]S AGA9/ ANY ATTACK COM+ FROM )\T2 IT MU/ ALSO DEF5D !M )9 ITS [N BORD]S1 SOME ( !M AGA9/ ! O!RS1 & EA* ( !M AGA9/ HIMSELF4 ,= ! ,/ATE -- & ?IS IS MO/ DEEPLY *>ACT]I/IC ( IT1 ( EV]Y /ATE1 AS ( EV]Y !OLOGY -- PRESUPPOSES MAN TO BE ESS5TIALLY EVIL & WICK$4 ,9 ! ,/ATE WE >E N[ EXAM9+1 ! GOOD1 AS WE HAVE SE51 COMM5CES ONLY ) ! CONCLUSION ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 IS M]ELY ! PRODUCT & V]Y CONT5T ( ?IS CONTRACT4 ,! GOOD IS NOT ! PRODUCT ( LIB]TY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 SO LONG AS M5 REMA9 ISOLAT$ 9 !IR ABSOLUTE 9DIVIDUALITY1 5JOY+ !IR FULL NATURAL LIB]TY TO :I* !Y RECOGNIZE NO LIMITS BUT ?OSE ( FACT1 NOT ( LAW1 !Y FOLL[ ONE LAW ONLY1 ?AT ( !IR NATURAL EGOTISM4 ,!Y (F5D1 MALTREAT1 & ROB EA* O!R2 !Y OB/RUCT & DEV\R EA* O!R1 EA* TO ! EXT5T ( HIS 9TELLIG5CE1 HIS CUNN+1 & HIS MAT]IAL RES\RCES1 DO+ JU/ AS ! /ATES DO TO ONE ANO!R4 ,BY ?IS REASON+1 HUMAN LIB]TY PRODUCES NOT GOOD BUT EVIL2 MAN IS BY NATURE EVIL4 ,H[ DID HE BECOME EVIL8 ,?AT IS = !OLOGY TO EXPLA94 ,! FACT IS ?AT ! ,*UR*1 AT ITS BIR?1 F9DS MAN ALREADY EVIL1 & UND]TAKES TO MAKE HIM GOOD1 ?AT IS1 TO TRANS=M ! NATURAL MAN 9TO ! CITIZ54 

,TO ?IS ONE MAY REJO9 ?AT1 S9CE ! ,/ATE IS ! PRODUCT ( A CONTRACT FREELY CONCLUD$ BY M51 & S9CE ! GOOD IS ! PRODUCT ( ! ,/ATE1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! GOOD IS ! PRODUCT ( LIB]TY6 ,SU* A CONCLUSION W\LD NOT BE RI<T AT ALL4 ,! ,/ATE ITSELF1 BY ?IS REASON+1 IS NOT ! PRODUCT ( LIB]TY2 IT IS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! PRODUCT ( ! VOLUNT>Y SACRIFICE & NEGATION ( LIB]TY4 ,NATURAL M51 COMPLETELY FREE FROM ! S5SE ( RI<T BUT EXPOS$1 9 FACT1 TO ALL ! DANG]S :I* ?REAT5 !IR SECURITY AT EV]Y MOM5T1 9 ORD] TO ASSURE & SAFEGU>D ?IS SECURITY1 SACRIFICE1 OR R5\NCE MORE OR LESS ( !IR [N LIB]TY1 &1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y HAVE SACRIFIC$ LIB]TY = SECURITY & HAVE ?US BECOME CITIZ5S1 !Y BECOME ! SLAVES ( ! ,/ATE4 ,WE >E !RE=E RI<T 9 AFFIRM+ ?AT1 FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! ,/ATE1 ! GOOD IS BORN NOT ( LIB]TY BUT RA!R ( ! NEGATION ( LIB]TY4 

,IS IT NOT REM>KABLE TO F9D SO CLOSE A CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 !OLOGY1 ?AT SCI5CE ( ! ,*UR*1 & POLITICS1 ?AT SCI5CE ( ! ,/ATE2 TO F9D ?IS CONCURR5CE ( TWO ORD]S ( IDEAS & ( REALITIES1 \TW>DLY SO OPPOS$1 NEV]!LESS HOLD+ ! SAME CONVICTION3 ?AT HUMAN LIB]TY MU/ BE DE/ROY$ IF M5 >E TO BE MORAL1 IF !Y >E TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO SA9TS 7= ! ,*UR*7 OR 9TO VIRTU\S CITIZ5S 7= ! ,/ATE78 ,YET WE >E NOT AT ALL SURPRIS$ BY ?IS PECULI> H>MONY1 S9CE WE >E CONV9C$1 & %ALL TRY TO PROVE1 ?AT POLITICS & !OLOGY >E TWO SI/]S ISSU+ FROM ! SAME S\RCE & PURSU+ ! SAME 5DS UND] DIFF]5T NAMES2 & ?AT EV]Y /ATE IS A T]RE/RIAL *UR*1 JU/ AS EV]Y *UR*1 ) ITS [N HEAV51 ! DWELL+ PLACE ( ! BLESS$ & ( ! IMMORTAL ,GOD1 IS BUT A CELE/IAL /ATE4 

,?US ! ,/ATE1 LIKE ! ,*UR*1 />TS \T ) ?IS FUNDAM5TAL SUPPOSITION1 ?AT M5 >E BASICALLY EVIL1 & ?AT1 IF DELIV]$ UP TO !IR NATURAL LIB]TY1 !Y W\LD TE> EA* O!R AP>T & (F] ! SPECTACLE ( ! MO/ T]RIFY+ AN>*Y1 :]E ! /RONG] W\LD EXPLOIT & SLAU<T] ! WEAK] -- QUITE ! CONTR>Y ( :AT GOES ON 9 \R MODEL /ATES TODAY1 NE$LESS TO SAY6 ,! ,/ATE SETS UP ! PR9CIPLE ?AT 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% PUBLIC ORD]1 !RE IS NE$ ( A SUP]IOR AU?ORITY2 9 ORD] TO GUIDE M5 & REPRESS !IR EVIL PASSIONS1 !RE IS NE$ ( A GUIDE & A CURB4 

4 4 4 ,9 ORD] TO ASSURE ! OBS]VANCE ( ! PR9CIPLES & ! ADM9I/RATION ( LAWS 9 ANY HUMAN SOCIETY :ATSOEV]1 !RE HAS TO BE A VIGILANT1 REGULAT+1 &1 IF NE$ BE1 REPRESSIVE P[] AT ! HEAD ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IT REMA9S = US TO F9D \T :O %\LD & :O C\LD EX]CISE SU* P[]4 

,= ! ,/ATE F\ND$ UPON DIV9E RI<T & ?R\< ! 9T]V5TION ( ANY ,GOD :ATEV]1 ! ANSW] IS SIMPLE 5\<2 ! M5 TO EX]CISE SU* P[] W\LD BE ! PRIE/S PRIM>ILY1 & SECOND>ILY ! TEMPORAL AU?ORITIES CONSECRAT$ BY ! PRIE/S4 ,= ! ,/ATE F\ND$ ON ! FREE SOCIAL CONTRACT1 ! ANSW] W\LD BE F> MORE DIFFICULT4 ,9 A PURE DEMOCRACY ( EQUALS -- ALL ( :OM >E1 H[EV]1 CONSID]$ 9CAPABLE ( SELF-RE/RA9T ON BEHALF ( ! COMMON WELF>E1 !IR LIB]TY T5D+ NATURALLY T[>D EVIL -- :O W\LD BE ! TRUE GU>DIAN & ADM9I/RATOR ( ! LAWS1 ! DEF5D] ( JU/ICE & ( PUBLIC ORD] AGA9/ EV]YONE'S EVIL PASSIONS8 ,9 A WORD1 :O W\LD FULFILL ! FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE8 

,! BE/ CITIZ5S1 W\LD BE ! ANSW]1 ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T & ! MO/ VIRTU\S1 ?OSE :O UND]/& BETT] ?AN ! O!RS ! COMMON 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY & ! NE$1 ! DUTY1 ( EV]YONE TO SUBORD9ATE HIS [N 9T]E/S TO ! COMMON GOOD4 ,IT IS1 9 FACT2 NECESS>Y = !SE M5 TO BE AS 9TELLIG5T AS !Y >E VIRTU\S2 IF !Y W]E 9TELLIG5T BUT LACK$ VIRTUE1 !Y MI<T V]Y WELL USE ! PUBLIC WELF>E TO S]VE !IR PRIVATE 9T]E/S1 & IF !Y W]E VIRTU\S BUT LACK$ 9TELLIG5CE1 !IR GOOD FAI? W\LD NOT BE 5\< TO SAVE ! PUBLIC 9T]E/ FROM !IR ]RORS4 ,IT IS !RE=E NECESS>Y1 9 ORD] ?AT A REPUBLIC MAY NOT P]I%1 ?AT IT HAVE AVAILABLE ?R\<\T ITS DURATION A CONT9U\S SUCCESSION ( MANY CITIZ5S POSSESS+ BO? VIRTUE & 9TELLIG5CE4 

,BUT ?IS CONDITION CANNOT BE EASILY OR ALWAYS FULFILL$4 ,9 ! HI/ORY ( EV]Y C\NTRY1 ! EPO*S ?AT BOA/ A SIZABLE GR\P ( EM95T M5 >E EXCEPTIONAL1 & R5[N$ ?R\< ! C5TURIES4 ,ORD9>ILY1 )9 ! PREC9CTS ( P[]1 IT IS ! 9SIGNIFICANT1 ! M$IOCRE1 :O PR$OM9ATE1 & (T51 AS WE HAVE OBS]V$ 9 HI/ORY1 IT IS VISE & BLOODY VIOL5CE ?AT TRIUMPH4 ,WE MAY !RE=E CONCLUDE ?AT IF IT W]E TRUE1 AS ! !ORY ( ! SO-CALL$ RATIONAL OR LIB]AL ,/ATE CLE>LY PO/ULATES1 ?AT ! PRES]VATION & DURABILITY ( EV]Y POLITICAL SOCIETY DEP5D UPON A SUCCESSION ( M5 AS REM>KABLE = !IR 9TELLIG5CE AS = !IR VIRTUE1 !RE IS NOT ONE AMONG ! SOCIETIES N[ EXI/+ ?AT W\LD NOT HAVE CEAS$ TO EXI/ LONG AGO4 ,IF WE W]E TO ADD TO ?IS DIFFICULTY1 NOT TO SAY IMPOSSIBILITY1 ?OSE :I* >ISE FROM ! PECULI> DEMORALIZATION ATT5DANT UPON P[]1 ! EXTRAORD9>Y TEMPTATIONS TO :I* ALL M5 :O HOLD P[] 9 !IR H&S >E EXPOS$1 ! AMBITIONS1 RIVALRIES1 JEAL\SIES1 ! GIGANTIC CUPIDITIES BY :I* P>TICUL>LY ?OSE 9 ! HI<E/ POSITIONS >E ASSAIL$ BY DAY & NI<T1 & AGA9/ :I* NEI!R 9TELLIG5CE NOR EV5 VIRTUE CAN PREVAIL1 ESPECIALLY ! HI<LY VULN]ABLE VIRTUE ( ! ISOLAT$ MAN1 IT IS A WOND] ?AT SO MANY SOCIETIES EXI/ AT ALL4 ,BUT LET US PASS ON4 

,LET US ASSUME ?AT1 9 AN IDEAL SOCIETY1 9 EA* P]IOD1 !RE W]E A SUFFICI5T NUMB] ( M5 BO? 9TELLIG5T & VIRTU\S TO DIS*>GE ! PR9CIPAL FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE WOR?ILY4 ,:O W\LD SEEK !M \T1 SELECT !M1 & PLACE ! RE9S ( P[] 9 !IR H&S8 ,W\LD !Y !MSELVES1 AW>E ( !IR 9TELLIG5CE & !IR VIRTUE1 TAKE POSSESSION ( ! P[]8 ,?IS WAS DONE BY TWO SAGES ( ANCI5T ,GREECE1 ,CLEOBULUS & ,P]I&]2 NOT)/&+ !IR SUPPOS$ GREAT WISDOM1 ! ,GREEKS APPLI$ TO !M ! ODI\S NAME ( TYRANTS4 ,BUT 9 :AT MANN] W\LD SU* M5 SEIZE P[]8 ,BY P]SUASION1 OR P]HAPS BY =CE8 ,IF !Y US$ P]SUASION1 WE MI<T REM>K ?AT HE CAN BE/ P]SUADE :O IS HIMSELF P]SUAD$1 & ! BE/ M5 >E PRECISELY ?OSE :O >E LEA/ P]SUAD$ ( !IR [N WOR?4 ,EV5 :5 !Y >E AW>E ( IT1 !Y USUALLY F9D IT REPUGNANT TO PRESS !IR CLAIM UPON O!RS1 :ILE WICK$ & M$IOCRE M51 ALWAYS SATISFI$ ) !MSELVES1 FEEL NO REPUGNANCE 9 GLORIFY+ !MSELVES4 ,BUT LET US EV5 SUPPOSE ?AT ! DESIRE TO S]VE !IR C\NTRY HAD OV]COME ! NATURAL MODE/Y ( TRULY WOR?Y M5 & 9DUC$ !M TO (F] !MSELVES AS C&IDATES = ! SUFFRAGE ( !IR FELL[ CITIZ5S4 ,W\LD ! PEOPLE NECESS>ILY ACCEPT !SE 9 PREF]5CE TO AMBITI\S1 SMOO?-TONGU$1 CLEV] S*EM]S8 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 !Y WANT$ TO USE =CE1 !Y W\LD1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 HAVE TO HAVE AVAILABLE A =CE CAPABLE ( OV]COM+ ! RESI/ANCE ( AN 5TIRE P>TY4 ,!Y W\LD ATTA9 !IR P[] ?R\< CIVIL W> :I* W\LD 5D UP ) A DISGRUNTL$ OPPOSITION P>TY1 BEAT5 BUT /ILL HO/ILE4 ,TO PREVAIL1 ! VICTORS W\LD HAVE TO P]SI/ 9 US+ =CE4 ,ACCORD+LY ! FREE SOCIETY W\LD HAVE BECOME A DESPOTIC /ATE1 F\ND$ UPON & MA9TA9$ BY VIOL5CE1 9 :I* Y\ MI<T POSSIBLY F9D MANY ?+S WOR?Y ( APPROVAL -- BUT NEV] LIB]TY4 

,IF WE >E TO MA9TA9 ! FICTION ( ! FREE /ATE ISSU+ FROM A SOCIAL CONTRACT1 WE MU/ ASSUME ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ITS CITIZ5S MU/ HAVE HAD ! PRUD5CE1 ! DISC]NM5T1 & ! S5SE ( JU/ICE NECESS>Y TO ELECT ! WOR?IE/ & ! MO/ CAPABLE M5 & TO PLACE !M AT ! HEAD ( !IR GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT IF A PEOPLE HAD EXHIBIT$ !SE QUALITIES1 NOT JU/ ONCE & BY M]E *ANCE BUT AT ALL TIMES ?R\<\T ITS EXI/5CE1 9 ALL ! ELECTIONS IT HAD TO MAKE1 W\LD IT NOT MEAN ?AT ! PEOPLE ITSELF1 AS A MASS1 HAD REA*$ SO HI< A DEGREE ( MORALITY & ( CULTURE ?AT IT NO LONG] HAD NE$ ( EI!R GOV]NM5T OR /ATE8 ,SU* A PEOPLE W\LD NOT DRAG \T A MEAN+LESS EXI/5CE1 GIV+ FREE RE9 = ALL ITS 9/9CTS2 \T ( ITS LIFE1 JU/ICE & PUBLIC ORD] W\LD RISE SPONTANE\SLY & NATURALLY4 ,! ,/ATE1 9 IT1 W\LD CEASE TO BE ! PROVID5CE1 ! GU>DIAN1 ! $UCATOR1 ! REGULATOR ( SOCIETY4 ,AS IT R5\NC$ ALL ITS REPRESSIVE P[] & SANK TO ! SUBORD9ATE POSITION ASSIGN$ TO IT BY ,PR\DHON1 IT W\LD TURN 9TO A M]E BUS9ESS (FICE1 A SORT ( C5TRAL ACC\NT+ BUREAU AT ! S]VICE ( SOCIETY4 

,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT SU* A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 OR RA!R SU* A R$UCTION ( POLITICAL ACTION 9 FAVOR ( ! LIB]TY ( SOCIAL LIFE1 W\LD BE A GREAT B5EFIT TO SOCIETY1 BUT IT W\LD 9 NO WAY SATISFY ! P]SI/5T *AMPIONS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,TO !M1 ! ,/ATE1 AS PROVID5CE1 AS DIRECTOR ( ! SOCIAL LIFE1 DISP5S] ( JU/ICE1 & REGULATOR ( PUBLIC ORD]1 IS A NECESSITY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 :E!R !Y ADMIT IT OR NOT1 :E!R !Y CALL !MSELVES REPUBLICANS1 DEMOCRATS1 OR EV5 SOCIALI/S1 !Y ALWAYS MU/ HAVE AVAILABLE A MORE OR LESS IGNORANT1 IMMATURE1 9COMPET5T PEOPLE1 OR1 BLUNTLY SPEAK+1 A K9D ( CANAILLE TO GOV]N4 ,?IS W\LD MAKE !M1 )\T DO+ VIOL5CE TO !IR L(TY ALTRUISM & MODE/Y1 KEEP ! HI<E/ PLACES = !MSELVES1 SO AS ALWAYS TO DEVOTE !MSELVES TO ! COMMON GOOD1 ( C\RSE4 ,AS ! PRIVILEG$ GU>DIANS ( ! HUMAN FLOCK1 /RONG 9 !IR VIRTU\S DEVOTION & !IR SUP]IOR 9TELLIG5CE1 :ILE PRODD+ ! PEOPLE ALONG & URG+ IT ON = ITS [N GOOD & WELL-BE+1 !Y W\LD BE 9 A POSITION TO DO A LITTLE DISCREET FLEEC+ ( ?AT FLOCK = !IR [N B5EFIT4 

,ANY LOGICAL & /RAI<T=W>D !ORY ( ! ,/ATE IS ESS5TIALLY F\ND$ UPON ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 ?AT IS1 ! EM95TLY !OLOGICAL1 METAPHYSICAL1 & POLITICAL IDEA ?AT ! MASSES1 ALWAYS 9CAPABLE ( GOV]N+ !MSELVES1 MU/ AT ALL TIMES SUBMIT TO ! B5EFIC5T YOKE ( A WISDOM & A JU/ICE IMPOS$ UPON !M1 9 SOME WAY OR O!R1 FROM ABOVE4 ,IMPOS$ 9 ! NAME ( :AT1 & BY :OM8 ,AU?ORITY :I* IS RECOGNIZ$ & RESPECT$ AS SU* BY ! MASSES CAN COME FROM ?REE S\RCES ONLY3 =CE1 RELIGION1 OR ! ACTION ( A SUP]IOR 9TELLIG5CE4 ,AS WE >E DISCUSS+ ! !ORY ( ! ,/ATE F\ND$ UPON ! FREE CONTRACT1 WE MU/ PO/PONE DISCUSSION ( ?OSE /ATES F\ND$ ON ! DUAL AU?ORITY ( RELIGION & =CE &1 = ! MOM5T1 CONF9E \R ATT5TION TO AU?ORITY BAS$ UPON A SUP]IOR 9TELLIG5CE1 :I* IS1 AS WE KN[1 ALWAYS REPRES5T$ BY M9ORITIES4 

,:AT DO WE REALLY SEE 9 ALL /ATES PA/ & PRES5T1 EV5 ?OSE 5D[$ ) ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS1 SU* AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,SWITZ]L&8 ,ACTUAL SELF-GOV]NM5T ( ! MASSES1 DESPITE ! PRET5SE ?AT ! PEOPLE HOLD ALL ! P[]1 REMA9S A FICTION MO/ ( ! TIME4 ,IT IS ALWAYS1 9 FACT1 M9ORITIES ?AT DO ! GOV]N+4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 UP TO ! REC5T ,CIVIL ,W> & P>TLY EV5 N[1 & EV5 )9 ! P>TY ( ! PRES5T 9CUMB5T1 ,PRESID5T ,&REW ,JOHNSON1 ?OSE RUL+ M9ORITIES W]E ! SO-CALL$ ,DEMOCRATS1 :O CONT9U$ TO FAVOR SLAV]Y & ! F]OCI\S OLIG>*Y ( ! ,S\!RN PLANT]S1 DEMAGOGUES )\T FAI? OR CONSCI5CE1 CAPABLE ( SACRIFIC+ EV]Y?+ TO !IR GRE$1 TO !IR MALIGNANT AMBITION4 ,!Y W]E ?OSE :O1 ?R\< !IR DETE/ABLE ACTIONS1 & 9FLU5CE1 EX]CIS$ PRACTICALLY )\T OPPOSITION = ALMO/ FIFTY SUCCESSIVE YE>S1 HAVE GREATLY CONTRIBUT$ TO ! CORRUPTION ( POLITICAL MORALITY 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 

,RI<T N[1 A REALLY 9TELLIG5T1 G5]\S M9ORITY -- BUT ALWAYS A M9ORITY -- ! ,REPUBLICAN P>TY1 IS SUCCESSFULLY *ALL5G+ !IR P]NICI\S POLICY4 ,LET US HOPE ITS TRIUMPH MAY BE COMPLETE2 LET US HOPE SO = ALL HUMANITY'S SAKE4 ,BUT NO MATT] H[ S9C]E ?IS P>TY ( LIB]TY MAY BE1 NO MATT] H[ GREAT & G5]\S ITS PR9CIPLES1 WE CANNOT HOPE ?AT UPON ATTA9+ P[] IT WILL R5\NCE ITS EXCLUSIVE POSITION ( RUL+ M9ORITY & M+LE ) ! MASSES1 SO ?AT POPUL> SELF-GOV]NM5T MAY AT LA/ BECOME A FACT4 ,?IS W\LD REQUIRE A REVOLUTION1 ONE ?AT W\LD BE PR(\ND 9 FAT O!R WAYS ?AN ALL ! REVOLUTIONS ?AT HAVE ?US F> OV]:ELM$ ! ANCI5T WORLD & ! MOD]N4 

,9 ,SWITZ]L&1 DESPITE ALL ! DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTIONS ?AT HAVE TAK5 PLACE !RE1 GOV]NM5T IS /ILL 9 ! H&S ( ! WELL-(F1 ! MIDDLE CLASS1 ?OSE PRIVILEG$ FEW :O >E RI*1 LEISUR$1 $UCAT$4 ,! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! PEOPLE -- A T]M1 9CID5TALLY1 :I* WE DETE/1 S9CE ALL SOV]EIGNTY IS TO US DETE/ABLE--! GOV]NM5T ( ! MASSES BY !MSELVES1 IS H]E LIKEWISE A FICTION4 ,! PEOPLE >E SOV]EIGN 9 LAW1 BUT NOT 9 FACT2 S9CE !Y >E NECESS>ILY OCCUPI$ ) !IR DAILY LABOR :I* LEAVES !M NO LEISURE1 & S9CE !Y >E1 IF NOT TOTALLY IGNORANT1 AT LEA/ QUITE 9F]IOR 9 $UCATION TO ! PROP]TI$ MIDDLE CLASS1 !Y >E CON/RA9$ TO LEAVE !IR ALLEG$ SOV]EIGNTY 9 ! H&S ( ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,! ONLY ADVANTAGE !Y D]IVE FROM ?IS SITUATION1 9 ,SWITZ]L& AS WELL AS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 IS ?AT ! AMBITI\S M9ORITIES1 ! SEEK]S ( POLITICAL P[]1 CANNOT ATTA9 P[] EXCEPT BY WOO+ ! PEOPLE1 BY P&]+ TO !IR FLEET+ PASSIONS1 :I* AT TIMES CAN BE QUITE EVIL1 &1 9 MO/ CASES1 BY DECEIV+ !M4 

,LET NO ONE ?9K ?AT 9 CRITICIZ+ ! DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T WE !REBY %[ \R PREF]5CE = ! MON>*Y4 ,WE >E FIRMLY CONV9C$ ?AT ! MO/ IMP]FECT REPUBLIC IS A ?\S& TIMES BETT] ?AN ! MO/ 5LI<T5$ MON>*Y4 ,9 A REPUBLIC1 !RE >E AT LEA/ BRIEF P]IODS :5 ! PEOPLE1 :ILE CONT9UALLY EXPLOIT$1 IS NOT OPPRESS$2 9 ! MON>*IES1 OPPRESSION IS CON/ANT4 ,! DEMOCRATIC REGIME ALSO LIFTS ! MASSES UP GRADUALLY TO P>TICIPATION 9 PUBLIC LIFE--SOME?+ ! MON>*Y NEV] DOES4 ,NEV]!LESS1 :ILE WE PREF] ! REPUBLIC1 WE MU/ RECOGNIZE & PROCLAIM ?AT :ATEV] ! =M ( GOV]NM5T MAY BE1 SO LONG AS HUMAN SOCIETY CONT9UES TO BE DIVID$ 9TO DIFF]5T CLASSES AS A RESULT ( ! H]$IT>Y 9EQUALITY ( OCCUPATIONS1 ( WEAL?1 ( $UCATION1 & ( RI<TS1 !RE WILL ALWAYS BE A CLASS-RE/RICT$ GOV]NM5T & ! 9EVITABLE EXPLOITATION ( ! MAJORITIES BY ! M9ORITIES4 

,! ,/ATE IS NO?+ BUT ?IS DOM9ATION & ?IS EXPLOITATION1 WELL REGULAT$ & SY/EMIZ$4 ,WE %ALL TRY TO PROVE ?IS BY EXAM9+ ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! MASSES BY A M9ORITY1 9TELLIG5T & D$ICAT$ AS Y\ PLEASE1 9 AN IDEAL /ATE F\ND$ UPON ! FREE CONTRACT4 

,ONCE ! CONDITIONS ( ! CONTRACT HAVE BE5 ACCEPT$1 IT REMA9S ONLY TO PUT !M 9TO EFFECT4 ,SUPPOSE ?AT A PEOPLE RECOGNIZ$ !IR 9CAPACITY TO GOV]N1 BUT /ILL HAD SUFFICI5T JUDGM5T TO CONFIDE ! ADM9I/RATION ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS TO !IR BE/ CITIZ5S4 ,AT FIR/ !SE 9DIVIDUALS >E E/EEM$ NOT = !IR (FICIAL POSITION BUT = !IR GOOD QUALITIES4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 ELECT$ BY ! PEOPLE BECAUSE !Y >E ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T1 CAPABLE1 WISE1 C\RAGE\S1 & D$ICAT$ AMONG !M4 ,COM+ FROM ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE1 :]E ALL >E SUPPOS$LY EQUAL1 !Y DO NOT YET CON/ITUTE A SEP>ATE CLASS1 BUT A GR\P ( M5 PRIVILEG$ ONLY BY NATURE & = ?AT V]Y REASON S+L$ \T = ELECTION BY ! PEOPLE4 ,!IR NUMB] IS NECESS>ILY V]Y LIMIT$1 = 9 ALL TIMES & 9 ALL NATIONS ! NUMB] ( M5 5D[$ ) QUALITIES SO REM>KABLE ?AT !Y AUTOMATICALLY COMM& ! UNANIM\S RESPECT ( A NATION IS1 AS EXP]I5CE TEA*ES US1 V]Y SMALL4 ,!RE=E1 ON PA9 ( MAK+ A BAD *OICE ! PEOPLE WILL BE =C$ TO *OOSE ITS RUL]S FROM AMONG !M4 

,H]E !N IS A SOCIETY ALREADY DIVID$ 9TO TWO CATEGORIES1 IF NOT YET TWO CLASSES4 ,ONE IS COMPOS$ ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ITS CITIZ5S :O FREELY SUBMIT !MSELVES TO A GOV]NM5T BY ?OSE !Y HAVE ELECT$2 ! O!R IS COMPOS$ ( A SMALL NUMB] ( M5 5D[$ ) EXCEPTIONAL ATTRIBUTES1 RECOGNIZ$ & ACCEPT$ AS EXCEPTIONAL BY ! PEOPLE & 5TRU/$ BY !M ) ! TASK ( GOV]N+4 ,AS !SE M5 DEP5D ON POPUL> ELECTION1 !Y CANNOT AT FIR/ BE DI/+UI%$ FROM ! MASS ( CITIZ5S EXCEPT BY ! V]Y QUALITIES :I* HAVE RECOMM5D$ !M = ELECTION1 & !Y >E NATURALLY ! MO/ USEFUL & ! MO/ D$ICAT$ CITIZ5S ( ALL4 ,!Y DO NOT AS YET CLAIM ANY PRIVILEGE OR ANY SPECIAL RI<T EXCEPT ?AT ( C>RY+ \T1 AT ! PEOPLE'S WILL1 ! SPECIAL FUNCTIONS ) :I* !Y HAVE BE5 5TRU/$4 ,BESIDES1 !Y >E NOT 9 ANY WAY DIFF]5T FROM O!R PEOPLE 9 !IR WAY ( LIV+ OR E>N+ !IR MEANS ( LIV+1 SO ?AT A P]FECT EQUALITY /ILL SUBSI/S AMONG ALL4 ,CAN ?IS EQUALITY BE MA9TA9$ = ANY L5G? ( TIME8 ,WE CLAIM IT CANNOT1 A CLAIM ?AT IS EASY 5\< TO PROVE4 

,NO?+ IS AS DANG]\S = MAN'S P]SONAL MORALITY AS ! HABIT ( COMM&+4 ,! BE/ ( M51 ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T1 UNSELFI%1 G5]\S1 & PURE1 WILL ALWAYS & 9EVITABLY BE CORRUPT$ 9 ?IS PURSUIT4 ,TWO FEEL+S 9H]5T 9 ! EX]CISE ( P[] NEV] FAIL TO PRODUCE ?IS DEMORALIZATION3 CONTEMPT = ! MASSES1 &1 = ! MAN 9 P[]1 AN EXAGG]AT$ S5SE ( HIS [N WOR?4 

0,! MASSES1 ON ADMITT+ !IR [N 9CAPACITY TO GOV]N !MSELVES1 HAVE ELECT$ ME AS !IR HEAD4 ,BY DO+ SO1 !Y HAVE CLE>LY PROCLAIM$ !IR [N 9F]IORITY & MY SUP]IORITY4 ,9 ?IS GREAT CR[D ( M51 AMONG :OM ,I H>DLY F9D ANY :O >E MY EQUALS1 ,I ALONE AM CAPABLE ( ADM9I/]+ PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,! PEOPLE NE$ ME2 !Y CANNOT GET ALONG )\T MY S]VICES1 :ILE ,I AM SUFFICI5T UNTO MYSELF4 ,!Y MU/ !RE=E OBEY ME = !IR [N GOOD1 & ,I1 BY DEIGN+ TO COMM& !M1 CREATE !IR HAPP9ESS & WELL-BE+40 ,!RE IS 5\< H]E TO TURN ANYONE'S HEAD & CORRUPT ! HE>T & MAKE ONE SWELL ) PRIDE1 ISN'T !RE8 ,?AT IS H[ P[] & ! HABIT ( COMM&+ BECOME A S\RCE ( AB]RATION1 BO? 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL1 EV5 = ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T & MO/ VIRTU\S ( M54 

,ALL HUMAN MORALITY--& WE %ALL TRY1 FUR!R ON1 TO PROVE ! ABSOLUTE TRU? ( ?IS PR9CIPLE1 ! DEVELOPM5T1 EXPLANATION1 & WIDE/ APPLICATION ( :I* CON/ITUTE ! REAL SUBJECT ( ?IS ESSAY--ALL COLLECTIVE & 9DIVIDUAL MORALITY RE/S ESS5TIALLY UPON RESPECT = HUMANITY4 ,:AT DO WE MEAN BY RESPECT = HUMANITY8 ,WE MEAN ! RECOGNITION ( HUMAN RI<T & HUMAN DIGNITY 9 EV]Y MAN1 ( :ATEV] RACE1 COLOR1 DEGREE ( 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T1 OR EV5 MORALITY4 ,BUT IF ?IS MAN IS /UPID1 WICK$1 OR CONTEMPTIBLE1 CAN ,I RESPECT HIM8 ,( C\RSE1 IF HE IS ALL ?AT1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = ME TO RESPECT HIS VILLA9Y1 HIS /UPIDITY1 & HIS BRUTALITY2 !Y >E REPUGNANT TO ME & >\SE MY 9DIGNATION4 ,I %ALL1 IF NECESS>Y1 TAKE ! /RONGE/ MEASURES AGA9/ !M1 EV5 GO+ SO F> AS TO KILL HIM IF ,I HAVE NO O!R WAY ( DEF5D+ AGA9/ HIM MY LIFE1 MY RI<T1 & :ATEV] ,I HOLD PRECI\S & WOR?Y4 ,BUT EV5 9 ! MID/ ( ! MO/ VIOL5T & BITT]1 EV5 MORTAL1 COMBAT BETWE5 US1 ,I MU/ RESPECT HIS HUMAN *>ACT]4 ,MY [N DIGNITY AS A MAN DEP5DS ON IT4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IF HE HIMSELF FAILS TO RECOGNIZE ?IS DIGNITY 9 O!RS1 MU/ WE RECOGNIZE IT 9 HIM8 ,IF HE IS A SORT ( F]OCI\S BEA/ OR1 AS SOMETIMES HAPP5S1 WORSE ?AN A BEA/1 W\LD WE NOT1 9 RECOGNIZ+ HIS HUMANITY1 BE SUPPORT+ A M]E FICTION8 ,NO1 = :ATEV] HIS PRES5T 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL DEGRADATION MAY BE1 IF1 ORGANICALLY1 HE IS NEI!R AN IDIOT NOR A MADMAN--9 :I* CASE HE %\LD BE TREAT$ AS A SICK MAN RA!R ?AN AS A CRIM9AL--IF HE IS 9 FULL POSSESSION ( HIS S5SES & ( SU* 9TELLIG5CE AS NATURE HAS GRANT$ HIM1 HIS HUMANITY1 NO MATT] H[ MON/R\S HIS DEVIATIONS MI<T BE1 NONE!LESS REALLY EXI/S4 ,IT EXI/S AS A LIFELONG POT5TIAL CAPACITY TO RISE TO ! AW>5ESS ( HIS HUMANITY1 EV5 IF !RE %\LD BE LITTLE POSSIBILITY = A RADICAL *ANGE 9 ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS :I* HAVE MADE HIM :AT HE IS4 

,TAKE ! MO/ 9TELLIG5T APE1 ) ! F9E/ DISPOSITION2 ?\< Y\ PLACE HIM 9 ! BE/1 MO/ HUMANE 5VIRONM5T1 Y\ WILL NEV] MAKE A MAN ( HIM4 ,TAKE ! MO/ H>D5$ CRIM9AL OR ! MAN ) ! POORE/ M9D1 PROVID$ ?AT NEI!R HAS ANY ORGANIC LESION CAUS+ IDIOCY OR 9SANITY2 ! CRIM9ALITY ( ! ONE1 & ! FAILURE ( ! O!R TO DEVELOP AN AW>5ESS ( HIS HUMANITY & HIS HUMAN DUTIES1 IS NOT !IR FAULT1 NOR IS IT DUE TO !IR NATURE2 IT IS SOLELY ! RESULT ( ! SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* !Y W]E BORN & BR\<T UP4 

7,S\RCE3 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*ISM1 $4 ,SAM ,DOLG(F4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,A4 ,A4 ,KNOPF1 #a#i#g#b4 ,TEXT FROM ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM #a#a47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

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,JANU>Y #b#e1 #bag 3 ,R\SSEAU'S ,!ORY ( ! ,/ATE -- ,ADD$4 
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