,SOME ( ! ,RES\RCES ( ,CANADA 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TAGS 3 CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY1 COOP]ATIVE *EESE FACTORIES1 RES\RCES ( CANADA1 ROCKY M\NTA9S1 FREE HOME/EADS1 F]TILE BELT1 BRITI% COLUMBIA1 BRITI% ASSOCIATION1 CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY1 NOR?-WE/ T]RITORIES4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,B]IT ,WATK91,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,LA/ SUMM] ,I RECEIV$ FROM ! ,TORONTO ORGANIZ+ COMMITTEE ! 9VITATION TO COME \T TO ,CANADA ) ! ,BRITI% ,ASSOCIATION4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N1 BUT IT GIVES ME GREAT PLEASURE TO ACKN[L$GE IT ONCE MORE ?AT ! MEMB]S ( ! ,BRITI% ,ASSOCIATION1 :E!R ,BRITI% OR =EIGN1 RECEIV$ FROM ! ,CANADIANS -- & ?OSE ( US :O W5T TO ! ,/ATES FROM ! ,AM]ICANS -- ! MO/ FRI5DLY WELCOME1 & W]E TREAT$ ) ! UTMO/ CORDIALITY & HOSPITALITY4 ,MANY A /&+ FRI5D%IP BETWE5 SCI5TIFIC M5 ( ! ,OLD & ! ,NEW ,WORLD HAS GR[N UP DUR+ ?AT VISIT4 ,AFT] ! MEET+ ( ! ,BRITI% ,ASSOCIATION WAS OV] A MO/ 9/RUCTIVE TRIP WAS ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,CANADIAN ,PACIFIC ,RAILWAY ,ASSOCIATION ACROSS ! CONT95T TO ,VANC\V]1 & ,I HAD ! PRIVILEGE ( BELONG+ TO ! P>TY ( GEOLOGI/S & GEOGRAPH]S :O W5T \T1 & /OPP$ TO VISIT ! MA9 PO9TS ( 9T]E/1 UND] ! GUIDANCE ( ! BE/ TWO AU?ORITIES 9 ! GEOLOGY & GEOGRAPHY ( ,CANADA4 ,DR4 .<,GEORGE ,M]C].> ,DAWSON1 ! ,DIRECTOR ( ! ,GEOLOGICAL ,SURVEY1 :O KN[S ?AT P>T ( ! ,ROCKY ,M\NTA9S & ! COA/ RANGES AS HIS [N G>D51 & ,PR(ESSOR .<,>?UR ,PHILEMON.> ,COLEMAN1 :O IS EQUALLY WELL ACQUA9T$ ) ! M9+ REGION ( ,C5TRAL ,CANADA1 CONDUCT$ \R P>TY1 ALL POSSIBLE >RANGEM5TS HAV+ BE5 MADE BY LOCAL COMMITTEES TO 5ABLE US TO SEE ! MO/ ( ! C\NTRY & ITS RES\RCES DUR+ \R /OPS ON ! R\TE  

 ,AT ,VICTORIA ! P>TY BROKE UP1 & ON ! BACK J\RNEY ,I DEVOT$ MY *IEF ATT5TION TO AGRICULTURE & TO SETTL]S 9 ! ,NOR?-WE/ ,PROV9CES4 ,H]E1 AGA9 ,I MET ) ! GREATE/ CORDIALITY & ! GREATE/ DESIRE ON BEHALF ( ALL ! LOCAL ADM9I/RATIONS -- &1 9 FACT1 ( EV]YONE ,I CAME 9 CONTACT ) -- TO 5ABLE ME TO JUDGE BY MYSELF ( :AT ! NEW L&S OP5$ = SETTLEM5T >E WOR?4 0,LET US GIVE !M ALL POSSIBLE FACILITIES TO KN[ EV]Y?+ BY !MSELVES1 BUT LET US BE C>EFUL NOT TO PREJUDICE !M ONE WAY OR ANO!R10 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 ! WAT*WORD ALL OV] ,CANADA4 ,IF TIME HAD P]MITT$ ME TO DO SO1 ,I HAD ONLY TO AVAIL MYSELF ( ! FACILITIES :I* W]E (F]$ TO ME = SEE+ EV]Y SETTLEM5T & T[N 9 ! ,NOR?WE/ & ,MANITOBA4 

 ,( MY VISITS TO ! EXP]IM5TAL F>MS ( ,CANADA 9 ,COMPANY ) ,DR4 .<,WILLIAM.> ,SAUND]S ,I HAVE ALREADY SPOK5 ELSE:]E2 & :5 ,I RETURN$ TO ,TORONTO ,I F\ND 9 MY FRI5D ,PR(ESSOR .<,JAMES.> ,MAVOR A LIV+ 5CYCLOP$IA ( ,CANADIAN ECONOMICS4 ,TO EV]Y QUE/ION :I* ,I W\LD ASK HIM ! REPLY APPE>$ AT ONCE 9 ! %APE ( /ATI/ICAL TABLES & ECONOMICAL WORKS TAK5 FROM ! %ELVES ( A HEAP ( HI/ORICAL DOCUM5TS1 OLD & NEW4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS NOT MY 9T5TION TO UTILIZE N[ MORE ?AN A TRIFLE ( ! VALUABLE MAT]IALS :I* W]E PUT AT MY DISPOSAL4 ,I SIMPLY 9T5D$ TO M5TION SOME ( ! PO9TS :I* *IEFLY OCCUPI$ MY ?\<TS DUR+ ?AT MO/ 9/RUCTIVE & DELI<TFUL J\RNEY4 

 ,AS ,I WAS CROSS+ ,CANADA FROM EA/ TO WE/1 TRAVEL+ 9 SUCCESSION ?R\< ! WOODY REGIONS ( ,WE/ ,QUEBEC & ,EA/ ,ONT>IO ?R\< ! ROOTS & HILLY M9+ REGION SITUAT$ 9 ! NOR? ( ! GREAT LAKES OV] ! VA/ PRAIRIES1 & F9ALLY ACROSS ! HI<L&S & ! PLATEAUS ( ! ,PACIFIC BORD]1 ,I WAS SIMPLY AMAZ$ AT F9D+ SU* A RESEMBLANCE BETWE5 ! GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES ( !SE SUCCESSIVE REGIONS & ! FEATURES1 ONCE FAMILI> TO ME1 :I* >E MET ) ! ,OLD ,WORLD 9 CROSS+ IT FROM WE/ TO EA/ 9 AB\T ! SAME LATITUDE4 ,! TRAVEL] :O %\LD L& 9 ,RUSSIA ON ! COA/ ( ! ,BALTIC ,SEA1 & PROCE$ EA/W>DS ?R\< ,NOR!RN ,MIDDLE ,RUSSIA1 ACROSS ! HILLY M9+ REGIONS ( ! MIDDLE ,URALS1 OV] ! VA/ PRAIRIES & PLA9S ( ,S\!RN ,SIB]IA1 & F9ALLY ACROSS ! HI<L&S & PLATEAU 9 ,EA/]N ,SIB]IA1 W\LD MEET ) EXACTLY ! SAME TYPES ( GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS1 9 ! V]Y SAME SUCCESSION1 AS ?OSE :I* HE MEETS ) 9 CROSS+ ,NOR? ,AM]ICA UND] ! FIFTIE? DEGREE ( LATITUDE BUT 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4  

 ,9 ! ,EA/]N ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA1 :I* W\LD CORRESPOND UND] ?IS VIEW TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE -- BO? FAC+ ! ,ATLANTIC & BO? REPRES5T+ ! MA9 SEAT ( \R PRES5T CIVILIZATION -- ! ANALOGY MAY BE LESS APP>5T4 ,BUT ! WOODY TRACTS ( ,EA/]N ,CANADA1 :I* HAVE BE5 COMP>$ MORE ?AN ONCE TO ! WOODY TRACTS ,NOR!RN ,MIDDLE ,RUSSIA1 >E REALLY ! C\NT]P>T ( ?AT PORTION ( ,EUROPE4 ,NEXT COME ! HILLY1 ROCKY1 & =E/-CLO!D M9+ REGIONS :I* RISE 9 ,CANADA 9 ,NOR? ( ,LAKE ,SUP]IOR1 & !Y REM9D ME 9 MANY RESPECTS ( ! ,URALS1 :I*1 BY ! WAY1 >E NOT ! N>R[ WORM-LIKE *A9 ( M\NTA9S ?AT IS TRAC$ ON \R SMALL-SCALE MAPS1 BUT REPRES5T A WIDE EXPANSION ( RAV9AT$ PLATEAU ( A MOD]ATE HEI<T & *A9S ( HILLS1 DOTT$ ) GOLD1 COPP]1 & IRON M9ES4 ,!Y ALSO HAVE 9 ! S\? A GREAT 9T]IOR SEA1 ! ,CASPIAN4 

 ,PROCE$+ FUR!R WE/W>D ?R\< ,CANADA1 WE 5T]$1 ALL ( A SUDD5 AT ,W9NIPEG1 ON ! B\NDLESS L[ PRAIRIES ( ,MANITOBA2 & H]E ! ILLUSION WAS COMPLETE4 ,I MI<T AS WELL BELIEVE MYSELF 5T]+ ! L[ 'BLACK-E>?' PRAIRIES ( ,S\? ,TOBOLSK AT ! FOOT ( ! ,URALS4 ,SAME G5]AL ASPECT1 SAME SOIL1 SAME DESICCAT+ LAKES1 SAME *>ACT] ( CLIMATE1 SAME POSITION ) REG>D TO ! HI<L&S1 &1 V]Y PROBABLY1 SAME LACU/R9E ORIG9 9 BO? CASES4  

 ,FUR!R ON1 AS ! TRA9 ROLL$ WE/W>DS1 & AFT] HAV+ G5TLY CLIMB$ OV] AN ESC>PM5T1 CROSS$ ! HI<] SUB->ID 0ROLL+ PRAIRIE0 -- WE %\LD CALL IT ,/EPPE 9 ,SIB]IA -- ,I C\LD EASILY IMAG9E MYSELF AMID ! HI<] LEVEL ,/EPPES :I* ! ,SIB]IAN RAILWAY 5T]S BEYOND ,TOMSK4 ,! ALTITUDE ( !SE ,/EPPES 9 ! TWO CONT95TS1 ! ESC>PM5TS :I* SEP>ATE !M FROM ! L[] T]RACE1 ! G5]AL ASPECT ( BO? ! SURFACE & VEGETATION1 ALL !SE >E WOND]FULLY SIMIL>2 :ILE ! SMALL ,EA/ ,SIB]IAN T[NS ( ,KA9SK1 ,A*9SK1 & ,KRASNOY>SK C\LD BE DESCRIB$ AS SI/]-GR[?S TO ,M$IC9E ,HAT1 ,CALG>Y1 & ,REG9A1 W]E IT NOT = ! ,AM]ICANIZ$ ASPECTS ( ! ,CANADIAN T[NS4 ,! 0B>R5 L&S0 9 ! F> NOR? ( ,CANADA1 :I* >E SIMIL> 9 ALL RESPECTS TO ! SUB-TUNDRAS & TUNDRAS ( ,SIB]IA1 & ! DES]TS ( ! ,AM]ICAN PLATEAU 9 ! S\?1 :I* CORRESPONDS TO ! DES]TS ( ,MONGOLIA1 COMPLETE ! ANALOGY4  

 ,F9ALLY COMES ! BELT ( P>ALLEL M\NTA9 RANGE -- ! ,ROCKY ,M\NTA9S1 ! ,SELKIRKS1 ,! ,GOLD5 ,RANGE1 & ! ,COA/ ,RANGE1 ) ELEVAT$ PLATEAUS LODG$ BETWE5 !M2 & H]E AGA9 ! ANALOGY ) ! ,EA/ ,ASIAN PLATEAU & ! P>ALLEL RANGES ( M\NTA9S :I* RISE ABOVE ITS SURFACE IS NE>LY COMPLETE4 ,! ,SIB]IAN HI<L&S >E WID] 9 ! SAME LATITUDE1 & ! /RET*ES ( HI< PLATEAUS >E BROAD] ?AN 9 ,CANADA2 BUT ! SIMIL>ITY ( ! G5]AL ASPECT IS SU* ?AT1 = 9/ANCE1 AT ,OKANAGAN ,I REALLY FELT AS IF ,I W]E AMID ! ,TRANSBAIKALIAN ,/EPPES1 AL?\< ! ,AM]ICAN RANGES -- NAMELY1 ! ,ROCKY ,M\NTA9S -- >E ( A MORE REC5T ORIG9 ?AN ! M\NTA9S BORD]+ ! ,EA/ ,SIB]IAN PLATEAU4 ,SAME ALTITUDE ( ! PLATEAU1 SAME DRY CLIMATE1 SAME G5]AL ASPECT1 SAME SURFACE /RUCTURE1 & SAME *>ACT] ( ]OSION 9 GEOLOGICALLY-REC5T P]IODS4  

 ,=TUIT\S CO9CID5CES W\LD NOT DO TO EXPLA9 SU* A SIMIL>ITY ( /RUCTURE4 ,IT WAS KN[N LONG S9CE ?AT !RE >E C]TA9 ANALOGIES 9 ! MA9 \TL9E ( ! TWO GREAT CONT95TAL MASSES SITUAT$ 9 ! WE/]N & EA/]N HEMISPH]E4 ,IT N[ APPE>S ?AT ! ANALOGIES 9 ! SUB-SURFACE /RUCTURE -- 9 ! OROGRAPHY -- ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA IS AN ELONGAT$ BELT ( HI<L&S -- PLATEAUS & P>ALLEL M\NTA9 RANGES -- :I* RUNS 9 A NOR?-WE/]N DIRECTION FROM ,MEXICO TO ,ALASKA GRADUALLY DECREAS+ 9 HEI<T & 9 WID? AS IT 5T]S HI<] LATITUDES4 ,! ,ROCKY ,M\NTA9S FR+E IT ALONG ITS EA/]N BORD]2 & AT ! FOOT ( !SE M\NTA9S /RET*ES AN IMM5SE CONT95TAL PLA91 DIVID$ 9TO TWO1 OR RA!R ?REE1 DI/9CT T]RACES1 :I* FILLS UP ! ANGUL> SPACE BETWE5 ! GREAT PLATEAU & ! ,APPALA*IAN SY/EM ( P>ALLEL *A9S4  

 ,! SAME /RUCTURE IS F\ND 9 ,ASIA4 ,ONLY ,ASIA & ,AM]ICA >E1 SO TO SAY1 ! POSITIVE & ! NEGATIVE ( EA* O!R -- ! RI<T H& & ! LEFT H&4 ,9 ,ASIA1 TOO A HUGE UPHEAVAL1 MADE UP ( PLATEAUS & HI<L&S1 DIM9I%+ 9 HEI<T & WID? AS IT 5T]S HI<] ALTITUDES1 /RET*ES FROM ! ,HIMALAYAS TO ! ,*UK*I P59SULA -- TO MEET BY ITS N>R[ 5D ! N>R[ 5D ( ! ,AM]ICAN PLATEAU4 ,! BACKBONE ( ,ASIA OCCUPIES1 H[EV]1 ! EA/]N PORTION ( ! CONT95T 9/EAD ( ! WE/]N PORTION1 & IT RUNS NOR?-EA/W>DS 9/EAD ( NOR?-WE/W>DS4 ,A GIRDLE ( HI< M\NTA9S1 9T]SECT$ BY GIGANTIC TR5*ES 7,TIAN ,%AN1 ,ALTAI ,SAYAN1 @& ETC471 FR+ES ! PLATEAU ALONG ITS CONT95TAL BORD]1 ?US CORRESPOND+ TO ! ,ROCKY ,M\NTA9S2 & AN IMM5SE CONT95TAL PLA91 ALSO DISPOS$ 9 TWO OR ?REE DI/9CT T]RACES1 OCCUPIES ! WIDE ANGUL> SPACE BETWE5 ! GREAT PLATEAU & ANO!R SUCCESSION ( HI<L&S :I* RUN ?R\< ,P]SIA1 ,CAUCASIA1 ,ASIA ,M9OR & ! ,BALKAN P59SULA4 ,! MA9 L9ES ( OROGRAPHIC /RUCTURE >E ?US REM>KABLY ANALOG\S4 ,REGIONS ( SIMIL> /RUCTURE SUCCE$ EA* O!R 9 ! SAME ORD]1 BUT 9 AN OPPOSITE S5SE4  

 ,ONE DIFF]5CE MU/1 H[EV]1 BE NOT$4 ,9 ,AM]ICA1 ! HI<L&S REA* DIRECTLY ! COA/S ( ! ,PACIFIC ,OCEAN3 !RE >E NO PLA9S BETWE5 ! PLATEAU & ! COA/2 :ILE 9 ,ASIA WE HAVE 9 ! ,AMUR REGION & ,MAN*URIA1 A WIDE EXPANSION ( PLA9S & L[L&S 79T]SECT$ BY SEV]AL P>ALLEL *A9S ( M\NTA9S7 :I* SPREADS BETWE5 ! \T] BORD] ( PLATEAU & ! COA/ ( ! ,PACIFIC4 ,IT IS ONLY 9 A HI<] LATITUDE1 ON ! COA/ ( ! ,SEA ( ,OKHOTSK1 ?AT ! PLATEAU FACES DIRECTLY ! GREAT OCEAN ( ,VANC\V]4 ,! M\NTA9-BUILD+ ACTIVITY TO :I* BO? ! R[S ( ISL&S BORD]+ ! ,PACIFIC COA/ ( ,AM]ICA & ! COA/ RANGES 9 ,ASIA >E DUE MU/ HAVE BE5 GREAT] 9 MIDDLE ,ASIA1 OR IT BEGAN AT AN E>LI] DATE1 SO AS TO ADD TO ! ,ASIATIC CONT95T ! PLA9S & ! V]Y L[L&S ( ! L[] ,SUNG>I & ! L[] ,AMUR1 A C\NT]P>T ( :I* WE DO NOT F9D 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$1 H[EV]1 ?AT P]FECT SIMIL>ITY IS NEV] F\ND 9 ,NATURE4 ,ANALOGIES >E ALL ?AT WE MAY EXPECT TO DISCOV]4  

 ,! ,PACIFIC ,OCEAN ?US APPE>S 5CIRCLES ON BO? SIDES BY TWO HUGE MASSES ( PLATEAUS1 :I* ASSUME 9 !IR \TL9ES1 & 9 ! DISPOSITION ( !IR \TW>D SLOPES1 V]Y MU* ! SAME *>ACT]4 ,! GR[? ( !SE TWO V]Y OLD CONT95TS PROCE$$ *IEFLY ON ! \TW>D SLOPES1 SO AS TO PRODUCE REPETITION1 9 ! SAME ORD]1 ( ! SAME GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES4 ,WE MU/ CONSEQU5TLY 9F] ?AT \R GLOBE IS NOT AN 9COH]5T MASS ( PLATEAUS1 M\NTA9S1 & PLA9S1 PAT*$ TOGE!R 9 A HAPHAZ>D WAY4 ,SOME =CE1 QUITE G5]AL 9 ITS *>ACT]1 & CONSEQU5TLY TELLURIC1 IF NOT COSMIC -- A =CE :I* ACT$ AT AN ANGLE TO ! PRES5T AXIS ( ROTATION ( E>? -- HAS DIRECT$ ! GR[? ( ! MA9L& MASSES 9 ! OLD & NEW WORLD4 ,= AGES IT HAS ACT$ SYMMETRICALLY ON BO? SIDES ( ! TWO *IEF PLATEAUS ( ! GLOBE2 & ?R\< ALL VICISSITUDES ( LOCAL CONTRACTIONS UPHEAVALS1 & DEPRESSIONS1 IT HAS RESULT$ 9 PRODUC+ A REM>KABLY SYMMETRIC /RUCTURE ON ! TWO SIDES ( ! ABYSSES ( ! ,PACIFIC ,OCEAN4  

 ,:AT A V>IETY ( L&SCAPES1 & :AT A NUMB] ( DI/9CT GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS >E EMBODI$ 9 ,CANADA1 IS ALREADY EVID5T FROM :AT HAS JU/ BE5 SAID4 ,! M>ITIME PROV9CES ( ! ,ATLANTIC BORD]2 ! WOODY REGIONS ( ! ,/4 ,LAWR5CE RIV]1 ) !IR EXTREMELY 9T]E/+ ,FR5* POPULATION1 :I* MA9TA9S ITS LANGUAGE & NATIONAL FEATURES AMID QUITE DIFF]5T SURR\ND+S2 ! SETTL$ & CULTIVAT$ HILLS & PLA9S ( ,ONT>IO1 ) !IR ?OR\<LY ,BRITI% POPULATION1 & ! ,ONT>IO P59SULA :I* P5ETRATES BETWE5 ! LAKES ,HURON & ,]IE AS F> S\? AS ! LATITUDE ( ,ROME1 & SUPPLIES ,CANADA ) S\!RN FRUIT2 ! M9+ REGION ( ! ,LAUR5TIAN PLATEAU 9 WE/ ,ONT>IO2 ! B\NDLESS PRAIRIES1 ) !IR ,9DIAN POPULATION1 SL[LY DY+ \T AS A MUTE REPROA* TO \R PRES5T CIVILIZATION2 ! PLATEAU & ! COA/ RANGES1 ) !IR 9F9ITE V>IETY ( VALLEYS & CANYONS1 RAGG$ PEAKS & ELEVAT$ PLATEAU -- SU* >E1 !N1 ! MA9 GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS ( ?AT IMM5SE C\NTRY :I* COV]S NE>LY ONE-HALF ( ! ,NOR?-,AM]ICAN CONT95T4 ,& !N COME3 ! GREAT P59SULA ( ,LABRADOR -- ! ,SC&9AVIA ( ,AM]ICA3 ! 0B>R5 L&S0 ( ! F> NOR?1 ! FUR EMPORIUM ( ! ,NOR?-,WE/2 & ! ,YUKON DI/RICT1 :I* N[ SPREADS ! GOLD FEV] 9 BO? HEMISPH]ES4 ,EA* ( !M IS A WORLD 9 ITSELF2 EA* HAS ITS HI/ORY1 FULL ( DRAMATIC EV5TS2 EA* (F]S C]TA9 PECULI>ITIES 9 ! *>ACT] ( ITS POPULATION1 :I* >E APP>5T EV5 ON A CURSORY 9SPECTION4 ,EA* ( !M IS FULL ( 9T]E/4 ,H[EV]1 ( ALL !SE REGIONS ONE 9T]E/$ ME MORE ?AN ! O!RS1 & TO IT ,I WILL DEVOTE ! FOLL[+ PAGES4 ,I MEAN ,MANITOBA & ! ,NOR?-,WE/ ,T]RITORIES4 ,IT IS QUITE Y\NG YET3 TW5TY SEV5 YE>S AGO IT WAS ALMO/ UNKN[N TO GEOGRAPH]S4 ,IT IS FULL ( POT5TIALITIES1 &1 = ME AT LEA/1 !RE WAS A C]TA9 *>M 9 /UDY+ A P>T ( ! WORLD :]E M5 CAN /ILL F9D A RELATIVELY FREE SOIL4 

 ,\R TRA9 HAD LEFT ,W9NIPEG1 0! CAPITAL ( ! PRAIRIES10 9 ! AFT]NOON4 ,WE HAD DA%$ = AN H\R1 FULL SPE$ 9 ELECTRICAL TRAMC>S1 ALONG ! /REETS ( ! BIG & DECID$LY NICE-LOOK+ PRAIRIE CITY1 :I* HAD GR[N ) ,AM]ICAN RAPIDITY 9 LESS ?AN TW5TY-FIVE YE>S4 ,!N WE P>T$ ) \R FRI5DS2 ! 5G9E-BELL BEGAN TO R+ AS ! TRA9 ROLL$ HEAVILY 9 ! LIMITS ( ! CITY1 & ALL ( A SUDD5 WE HAD 5T]$ ! PRAIRIES4 ,A /RAI<T L9E ON ! HORIZON1 ANO!R /RAI<T L9E BEH9D US1 M>K$ BY ! RAILWAY METALS1 :I* RUN OV] A GR\ND SO LEVEL ?AT ! LA/ ELEVATOR ( ,W9NIPEG C\LD BE SE5 MILES BEH9D4 ,A 0FAT BLACK-E>?10 AS \R PEASANTS W\LD SAY 1 & NO TREES OR %RUBS = MILES R\ND4 ,ONLY A GLORI\S SUNSET TO ADMIRE1 SU* AS ,I HAD NOT SE5 W9CE ,I WAS LA/ 9 A ,S\? ,RUSSIAN /EPPE4 ',H[ MONOTON\S6' WAS SOON REM>K$ BY MY ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN FRI5DS1 :ILE ,I ?\<T TO MYSELF3 0,:AT AN 9F9ITE V>IETY ( LIFE 9 !SE ,/EPPES60 ,! POETRY ( ! ,/EPPE IS AN UNKN[N *APT] TO ! ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN1 EV5 TO ! MIDDLE ,RUSSIAN4 ,IT W\LD BE VA9LY S\<T = 9 MO/ GEOGRAPHICAL WORKS2 ONE F9S IT ONLY 9 ! POETRY ( ,KOLTS(F1 9 ! NOVELS ( ,O]TEL1 9 ! S\L ( ! MAN :O WAS BORN 9 ! ,/EPPES4 ,ONE MU/ HAVE LIV$ 9 ! ,/EPPES1 RAMBL$ OV] !M ON HORSEBACK AB\T & AFT] SUNSET1 9HAL$ ! P]FUME ( ! M[$ GRASSES1 SP5T ! NI<T 9 ! OP5 AIR1 CROSS$ ! B\NDLESS SPACES 9 SL$GES ) GALLOP+ HORSES1 TO REALIZE & TO FEEL ! BEAUTY ( ! ,/EPPES4 ,HE :O WAS BORN 9 SU* SURR\ND+S FEELS HOMESICK ELSE:]E2 M\NTA9 VALLEYS OPPRESS HIM1 MAKE HIM FEEL AS A BIRD 9 A CAGE  

 ,WE PASS$ ,BR&ON AT NI<T1 SEE+ NO?+ ( ! BUSY VILLAGES ( ?AT POPULAT$ DI/RICT ( ,MANITOBA1 & NEXT MORN+ WE W]E ALREADY 9 ! SO-CALL$ SUB->ID REGION4 ,A FEW BIG F>MS BELONG+ TO BIG COMPANIES1 A FEW SMALL F>MS LO/ AMID ! B\NDLESS ROLL+ PRAIRIES1 & 9SIGNIFICANT M>KET-T[NS1 OR ADM9I/RATIVE C5T]S1 SU* AS ,REG9A1 WAS ALL ?AT WE SAW FROM ! TRA9 TILL WE CAME1 AFT] A RUN ( NE>LY #h MILES1 TO ,CALG>Y1 9 SI<T ( ! ,ROCKY ,M\NTA9S4 ,:]E WAS1 !N1 ! POPULATION ( ! PRAIRIES1 ( :I* WE HAD HE>D SO MU*8  

 ,! FACT IS ?AT AL?\< ,MANITOBA & ,NOR?-WE/ ,T]RITORIES >E (T5 AS A :OLE1 CONTA9+ SO MANY HUNDR$ MILLIONS ( ACRES FIT = AGRICULTURE1 ! GREAT CONT95TAL PLA9 COV]$ BY !SE PROV9CES IS NOT UNI=M AT ALL4 ,IT CONSI/S ( AT LEA/ ?REE DI/9CT REGIONS1 :I* MU/ BE /RICTLY SEP>AT$ 9 ! V]Y 9T]E/S ( COLONIZATION4 ,DR4 ,G4 ,DAWSON 9DICATES !IR LIMITS ) HIS HABITUAL LUCIDITY4 ,! MO/ F]TILE & EASIE/ CULTIVABLE P>T ( ! GREAT PLA9 IS ITS L[E/1 S\?-EA/]N PORTION1 I4E4  ! VALLEY ( ! ,R$ ,RIV]4 ,IT RUNS FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BORD] 7,NOR? ,DAKOTA7 TO ! LAKES ,MANITOBA & ,W9NIPEG1 & REPRES5TS ! BOTTOM ( A GLACIAL OR PO/-GLACIAL LAKE1 N[ DESICCAT$1 TO :I* ,AM]ICAN GEOLOGI/S GAVE ! NAME ( ',LAKE ,AGASSIZ4' ,IT IS ONLY EI<T HUNDR$ 'FEET ABOVE ! SEA4 ,M>%ES & SWAMPS FR+E ! %ORES ( ! TWO JU/-NAM$ LAKES1 BUT 9 ITS S\!RN P>TS ! ,R$ ,RIV] VALLEY CONTA9S NE>LY #g1 SQU>E MILES ( MO/ F]TILE :EAT L&S1 :]E ! MA9 BULK ( ! POPULATION ( ,MANITOBA IS N[ SETTL$4 ,! MA9 L9E ONLY T\*ES ?IS POPULAT$ BELT AT ,BR&ON4  

 ,AN ESC>PM5T :I* IS KN[N AS ! ,PEMB9A1 ,RID+1 ,DUCK & ,PASQUA ,HILLS1 BORD]S ! L[ PLA9S ON ! WE/ & SEP>ATES !M FROM ! SECOND1 HI<] T]RACE1 :I* HAS ON ! AV]AGE AN ALTITUDE ( #a1#f FEET4 ,BETWE5 ! FRONTI] ( ,CANADA1 :I* IS H]E ! =TY-N9? DEGREE ( LATITUDE1 & ! FIFTY-F\R? DEGREE1 :I* MAY BE TAK5 AS ! NOR!RN LIMIT ( PR(ITABLE AGRICULTURE1 ?IS SECOND T]RACE COV]S NE>LY #a#e1 SQU>E MILES - ALMO/ ! SIZE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM4 ,OV] CONSID]ABLE >EAS IT IS C]TA9LY EXCELL5T = AGRICULTURE1 ESPECIALLY T[>DS ! EA/2 BUT ITS SURFACE1 ITS SOIL1 & ITS UND]GR\ND WAT] (F] A GREAT DIV]SITY1 & ! F>M] :O SETTLES H]E MAY AS WELL BE ON ! ROAD TO PROSP]ITY AS ON ! ROAD TO TOTAL RU9 - ALL DEP5DS UPON ! PRECISE SPOT HE HAS *OS54 ,WANT ( RA9 IS ! *IEF DRAWBACK4 ,AT ,REG9A1 = 9/ANCE1 ! AV]AGE ANNUAL RA9FALL7RA9 & SN[ TOGE!R7 DUR+ ! LA/ ELEV5 YE>S WAS ONLY #h #a_/#b 9*ES2 & !RE W]E YE>S 7#a#h#h#e1#a#h#h#f1 & #a#h#h#g7 :5 ! PRECIPITATION WAS ONLY #d #i_/#a1 #a #i_/#a1 & #b #d_/#a 9*ES DUR+ EA* TWELVE MON?S4 ,9 !SE CONDITIONS GRA9 GR[+ IS QUITE IMPOSSIBLE )\T IRRIGATION1 &1 [+ TO ! *>ACT] ( ! RIV]S1 NO IRRIGATION CAN BE MADE UNLESS SU* A BIG WORK AS ! PROJECT$ DIV]SION ( WAT]S ( ! ,SASKAT*EWAN T[>DS ! S\? IS ACCOMPLI%$4 ,CATTLE-BRE$+ IS ! ONLY RES\RCE 9 ! MEANTIME1 & EV5 ?IS IS NOT POSSIBLE EV]Y:]E4  

 ,ANO!R ESC>PM5T1 ! ,MISS\RI ,COTEAU1 SEP>ATES ! SECOND T]RACE ( ! GREAT PLA9 FROM ! ?IRD T]RACE1 :I* SPREADS WE/W>DS AS F> AS ! FOO?ILLS ( ! ,ROCKY ,M\NTA9S1 & ATTA9S AN AV]AGE ALTITUDE ( AB\T #c1 FEET4 ,!SE PLA9S1 :I* >E NE>LY AS WIDE AS ! TWO O!RS TAK5 TOGE!R1 & COV] NE>LY #a#c#d1 SQU>E MILES BETWE5 ! =TY-N9? & ! FIFTY-F\R? DEGREES ( LATITUDE1 MO/LY BELONG AGA9 !IR [N *>ACT]4 ,9 ,S\? ,ALB]TA !Y >E TOO MU* UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,AM]ICAN DES]T TO ALL[ AGRICULTURE )\T IRRIGATION4 ,BUT ! SOIL IS A F]TILE LOAM1 COV]$ ) MO/ N\RI%+ GRASSES1 :I* 7AS 9 ,TRANSBAIKALIA7 >E NOT SCOR*$ BY ! SUMM] HEAT1 BUT MA9TA9 !IR N\RI%+ PROP]TIES1 :ILE ! SN[FALL IS SO SMALL ?AT CATTLE & HORSES CAN BE LEFT GRAZ+ 9 A SEMI-WILD /ATE ALL ! W9T] ?R\<1 SMALL PROVISIONS ( HAY BE+ ONLY MADE TO BE US$ 9 CASE ( EM]G5CY4 ,GREAT FACILITIES >E (F]$ H]E TO ! RAN*M5 = R5T+ L>GE >EAS ( ,DOM9ION L&S1 & BIG RAN*ES SPREAD 9 ?IS P>T ( ! T]RITORY1 ! LIVE-/OCK BE+ EI!R EXPORT$ AS CATTLE1 OR KILL$ ON ! SPOT & EXPORT$ AS MEAT1 :I* REA*ES !SE ISLES 9 A GOOD /ATE1 [+ TO A P]FECT SY/EM ( COLD /ORAGE ?AT HAS BE5 WORK$ \T 9 ,AM]ICA  

 ,MOREOV]1 9 ! WE/]N P>TS ( ?AT T]RACE !RE >E PL5TY ( /REAMS1 RUNN+ FROM ! M\NTA9S :I* CAN BE EASILY UTILIZ$ = IRRIGATION4 ,MANY F>M]S CON/RUCT DIT*ES = !IR [N USE & IRRIGATE !IR [N FIELDS -- ! ,MORMONS1 :OSE COLONY IS SETTL$ NE> ,MACLEOD1 TAK+ ! LEAD 9 ?AT DIRECTION4 ,NE>LY #a#b1 ACRES W]E IRRIGAT$ 9 ?IS WAY 9 #ahig ) FULL SUCCESS1 & EXCELL5T CROPS W]E GR[N4 ,TWO COMPANIES >E ALSO 5GAG$ 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( WAT]WORKS = ! SAME PURPOSE1 BUT ON A L>G] SCALE1 AT ,CALG>Y4  

 ,AS TO ,NOR!RN ,ALB]TA1 ! P>K-LIKE & SMALL-WOODS REGIONS ON ! ,SASKAT*EWAN (F] SO MANY ADVANTAGES = MIX$ F>M+ ?AT ! MA9 /REAM ( SETTL]S IS N[ DIRECT$ ?AT WAY2 BUT ( !SE SETTL]S MORE WILL BE SAID PRES5TLY4 

 ,AT ! PRES5T TIME ! DIFF]5CES ( *>ACT] ( ! ?REE T]RACES ( ! GREAT PLA9 >E WELL KN[N1 & !Y >E V]Y FAIRLY /AT$ 9 ! REC5T (FICIAL PUBLICATIONS4 ,BUT 9 #a#h#h#c1 :5 ?IS PORTION ( ! ,NOR?-WE/ T]RITORIES WAS FIR/ OP5$ TO SETTL]S BY ! CON/RUCTION ( ! ,CANADIAN ,PACIFIC ,RAILWAY1 A NUMB] ( IMMIGRANTS W]E MISL$ BY ! AM\NT ( WAT] :I* !Y F\ND 9 ! SMALL LAKES & SWAMPS AFT] ! EXCEPTIONALLY HI< RA9FALL ( ! PREC$+ YE>4 ,!Y SETTL$ >\ND ,REG9A & ,MOOSE ,JAW & 9 ! VALLEY ( ! ,QU',APPELLE RIV]4 ,! SUMM] ( #ahhd WAS EXCEPTIONALLY WET2 ! CROPS W]E V]Y GOOD1 & MORE SETTL]S W]E ATTRACT$1 :ILE FIR/ COM]S BEGAN TO GR[ GRA9 ON A L>GE SCALE4 ,BUT !N CAME ! DRY SEASONS1 :5 RA9 & SN[ SUPPLI$ ONLY FROM TWO TO FIVE 9*ES ( WAT] 9 TWELVE MON?S1 & ! CROPS W]E LO/ = ?REE YE>S 9 SUCCESSION4 ,MO/ ( ! SETTL]S CONSEQU5TLY REMOV$ NOR?W>DS TO BETT] GR\NDS1 :ILE FRE% L9ES LEAD+ TO ,$MONTON1 ,PR9CE ,ALB]T1 ,YORKTON1 & ,LAKE ,DAUPH94 ,AS TO ! L&S ALONG ! MA9 L9E BETWE5 ,9DA9 ,HEADS & ,CALG>Y1 !Y REMA9 NE>LY WA/E UP TO ! PRES5T DATE4  

 ,?AT ,S\?-EA/]N ,MANITOBA IS ADMIRABLY WELL SUIT$ = :EAT-GR[+1 & ?AT ,MANITOBA :EAT IS ONE ( ! BE/ 9 ! WORLD1 HAS BE5 FULLY PROV$ BY EXP]I5CE4 ,EV]Y YE> NO LESS ?AN ONE MILLION ACRES >E S[N ) :EAT1 & HALF AS MU* ) OATS & B>LEY4 ,FROM FIFTE5 TO SEV5TE5 MILLION BU%ELS ( :EAT -- ! ANNUAL BREAD-FOOD ( TWO MILLION PEOPLE -- >E ?US GR[N 9 ,MANITOBA4 ,F\R L9ES ( RAILWAYS RUN P>ALLEL1 AT %ORT DI/ANCES FROM EA* O!R1 ?R\< ,S\? ,MANITOBA1 & EA* ( !SE L9ES1 DOTT$ ) ELEVATORS1 IS BUSY 9 EXPORT+ ! :EAT CROP DUR+ ! AUTUMN & W9T]2 :ILE FROM ?REE TO F\R ?\S& M5 HAVE TO BE BR\<T EV]Y SUMM] TO ,MANITOBA TO AID ! F>M]S ) !IR CROP4 ,IT IS ALSO WOR?Y ( REM>K ?AT ?IS QUALITY ( C]EALS IS NOT GR[N ON MAMMO? F>MS1 BUT BY NO LESS ?AN #b#g1 F>M]S1 :OSE F>MS COV] ON AV]AGE NO MORE ?AN TWO QU>T] SECTIONS1 ?AT IS #cb ACRES4  

 ,! 'FABUL\S F]TILITY' ( ! PRAIRIES1 :I* IS SO (T5 M5TION$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY 9 CONNECTION ) ,AM]ICAN COMPETITION1 IS ALSO NO MORE ?AN A MY?4 ,! PRAIRIES ( ,MANITOBA1 LIKE ?OSE ( ! ,/ATES1 GIVE BUT MODE/ CROP ( FROM #ad TO #ag BU%ELS TO ! ACRE2 ONLY OCCASIONALLY ! YIELD MAY BE NE>LY D\BL$1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 #a#h#i#e1 :5 ! AV]AGE WAS #b#g-#b#i BU%ELS P] ACRE1 & ! :EAT CROP ALONE ATTA9$ #c#b11 BU%ELS4 ,! LI<T CONSI/5CE ( ! PRAIRIE LOAM P]MITS ! F>M] TO PL[ & TO S[ WIDE >EAS1 & ! CROP IS CUT & ?RE%$ ) ! AID ( SPECIAL MA*9]Y1 R5T$ OR B\<T COOP]ATIVELY BY ! F>M]S1 :ILE ! ?9NESS ( POPULATION GIVES ! POSSIBILITY ( LEAV+ A CONSID]ABLE PORTION ( ! FIELDS UND] SUMM] FALL[ -- ! FIR/ CONDITION ( A GOOD CROP 9 ,MANITOBA4 ,IT IS ALSO WOR?Y ( NOTE ?AT1 AL?\< ! HUNDR$S ( SQU>E MILES ( :EAT-FIELDS :I* ONE SEES 9 ,MANITOBA1 & NE>LY ?REE TIMES AS MU* ( ALL C]EALS TAK5 TOGE!R1 TO SAY NO?+ ( ! L>GE ROOT CROPS :I* MAKE ( ,ONT>IO ! *IEF DAIRY PROV9CE ( ,CANADA4  

 ,( C\RSE ! :EAT-GR[+ CAPACITY ( ,MANITOBA IS F> V]Y F> YET FROM BE+ EXHAU/$4 ,IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT LESS ?AN ONE-F\R? P>T ONLY ( CULTIVABLE >EA 9 ! ,R$ ,RIV] VALLEY HAS BE5 BR\<T UND] CULTURE 7#e#e1 ACRES \T ( #b1#h174 ,BUT NO FREE HOME/EADS CAN BE HAD 9 ?IS REGION EXCEPT ON ITS EA/]N & NOR!RN \TSKIRTS1 & NEW SETTL]S HAVE TO BUY ! L& AT FROM #a#fS4 TO #b#dS4 ! ACRE4 ,L&-GRABB+1 ?AT CURSE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 HAS NOT BE5 AVOID$ 9 ,CANADA EI!R4  

 ,:5 ,I TRAVEL$ OV] ?IS /RET* ( ! PRAIRIES LA/ AUTUMN1 ! CROP WAS ALREADY 91 & ! ?RE%+ BEGAN4 ,ALL ! DAY LONG /REAKS ( SMOKE FROM ! ?RE%+ 5G9E C\LD BE SE5 9 ALL DIRECTIONS2 & :5 NI<T CAME IMM5SE FIRES BEGAN TO RISE ON ALL PO9TS (  ! COMPASS4 ,IT WAS /RAW ?AT WAS BURNT ON ! SPOT AFT] ?RE%+ WAS DONE4 ,EV]Y:]E F>M]S W]E C>RY+ !IR HEAVY C>TLOADS ( :EAT TO ! ELEVATORS1 & ! PRICES BE+ HI< 7UP TO #h C5TS1 I4E4 #cS4 #dD41 P] BU%EL71 ! POPULATION WAS 9 HI< SPIRITS3 ! DEBTS C\LD BE PAID1 & P]HAPS SOME MORE L& C\LD BE B\<T = ! RAPIDLY GR[+ Y\NG G5]ATION4 

 ,A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES HAVE SETTL$ SIDE BY SIDE 9 ,MANITOBA4 ,!RE IS A L>GE ,SCOT* COLONY AT ,DELORA9E2 !RE >E ,G]MANS1 ,GALICIANS1 ,ICEL&]S1 & ,RUSSIANS2 & !RE IS A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( ,M5NONITES1 ORIG9ALLY ,DUT*1 :O CAME TO ,CANADA FROM ,S\?-EA/ ,RUSSIA 9 #a#h#g#d-#g#h1 :5 OBLIGATORY MILIT>Y S]VICE WAS 5=C$ UPON !M4 ,!IR MA9 VILLAGES >E 9 ! S\?-EA/]N CORN] ( ,MANITOBA1 AB\T ,GRETNA1 BUT ISOLAT$ GR\PS >E F\ND ALL OV] ! :EAT BELT1 AS F> AS ,NAP9KA4  

 ,M5NONITES PROSP] EV]Y:]E4 ,!Y W]E PROSP]\S 9 ,RUSSIA1 & !Y PROSP] 9 ,CANADA4 ,IF !Y >E COMPELL$ TO EMIGRATE1 !Y S5D FIR/ !IR DELEGATES1 :O SELECT ! BE/ SPOTS --  SO !Y DID 9 ,MANITOBA2 & !Y EMIGRATE 9 :OLE VILLAGES4 ,!Y SETTL$ 9 ,CANADA ON ! DI/9CT UND]/&+ ?AT !Y %\LD RECEIVE ! L& 9 A BLOCK1 & BE LEFT 5TIRELY TO !MSELVES2 O!RWISE1 !Y W\LD HAVE GONE TO ! ,/ATES1 TO ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 OR EV5 TO ,GRE5L&1 TO JO9 ! ,MORAVIAN ,BRO!RS4 ,!Y SETTL$ 9 VILLAGES1 & 9 !SE VILLAGES !Y MA9TA9 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( MUTUAL SUPPORT & PEACE1 :I* !Y CONSID] TO BE ! ESS5CE ( ,*RI/IAN RELIGION -- A PRACTICE = :I* !Y HAVE BE5 P]SECUT$ = ?REE C5TURIES 9 SUCCESSION BY ,*RI/IAN ,*UR*ES & ,/ATES4  

 ,ON APPROA*+ A ,M5NONITE VILLAGE1 ONE IS AT ONCE TRANSPORT$ TO ,RUSSIA4 ,AFT] SOME /AY 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ,M5NONITES ADOPT$ ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 SLI<TLY MODIFI$1 & !Y HAVE TRANSPORT$ !M TO ,CANADA4 ,!IR VILLAGES CONSI/ ( BROAD /REETS1 BORD]$ BY H\SES1 EA* ( :I* IS SURR\ND$ BY Y\NG TREES4 ,BEH9D EA* H\SE IS A PLOT ( MANUR$ L& GIV5 TO A SUNFL[] PLANTATION 7IT IS USUALLY GIV5 TO HEMP 9 ,C5TRAL ,RUSSIA74 ,!N ! VILLAGE HAS A L>GE COMMON1 WELL F5C$1 TO KEEP ! CATTLE2 & BEYOND ! F5CE LIE ! FIELDS1 DIVID$ 9TO /RIPS ALLOTT$ TO EA* FAMILY 9 PROPORTION TO ITS WORK+ CAPACITIES4 ,! COMMUNITY'S CATTLE IS KEPT ON ! COMMON1 OR ON ! COMMON MEAD[ OR ON FALL[ L&1 UND] ! WAT* ( ! COMMUNAL %EPH]D4 ,IT WAS ! SAME -- ONE KN[S -- 9 MANY P>TS ( ,5GL&1 ,SCOTL&1 & ,IREL&1 AT ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURY & P>TLY AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! PRES5T C5TURY3 ! BALKS :I* US$ TO M>K ! /RIPS >E /ILL VISIBLE 9 SEV]AL P>TS ( ?IS C\NTRY4  

 ,! UNANIM\S TE/IMONY ( ALL ,CANADIANS IS ?AT ! ,M5NONITES >E ! WEAL?IE/ SETTL]S 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD4 ,!IR H\SES >E SPACI\S1 & HAVE AN AIR ( HOMEL9ESS :I* IS (T5 MISS+ 9 O!R HAMLETS2 !RE >E MORE TREES 9 !IR VILLAGES ?AN 9 ALL ! SURR\ND+ PRAIRIE1 & !SE PLANTATIONS PROTECT ! H\SES & ! Y>DS FROM ! SN[DRIFTS2 & !RE >E NO SIGNS ( POV]TY1 AL?\< ! ,M5NONITE POPULATION HAS MULTIPLI$ 9 TW5TY YE>S \T ( EV]Y REASONABLE PROPORTION4 ,!Y PROCE$ AS !Y PROCE$$ 9 ,RUSSIA -- NAMELY1 A SPECIAL COMMUNAL FUND IS RES]V$ = BUY+ MORE L&1 :5 NE$ IS FELT4  

 ,! ,M5NONITES1 AS IS KN[N1 REFUSE TO TAKE P>T 9 ANY FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE1 & ESPECIALLY 9 MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,TOL/OI'S NAME IS1 CONSEQU5TLY1 A SUBJECT ( DEEP REV]5CE AMONG !M4 ,!Y ALSO NEV] HAVE ANY?+ TO DO ) JU/ICE OR LAW4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE1 !Y RECEIVE NO SUBSIDY FROM ! ,/ATE1 & !MSELVES KEEP !IR S*OOLS4 ,!Y NEV] PAY !IR PREA*]S1 & LIVE UND] :AT WILL BE DESCRIB$ AS AN ILLUSION -- ?AT IF A F>M] HAS ! GIFT TO MOVE ! HE>TS ( HIS HE>]S HE MAY DO IT1 & P]=M ! PREA*]'S DUTIES )\T BE+ PAID = IT4 ,) ALL ?AT1 !Y >E NOT ,COMMUNI/S2 !Y RECOGNIZE PRIVATE [N]%IP1 & ?OSE ( !M :O TAKE TO TRADE MAKE =TUNES4 ,!Y HAVE COMMUNAL MILLS1 BUT HAVE NOT YET COME TO ! IDEA ?AT !Y MI<T KEEP COMMUNAL /ORES AS WELL4  

 ,IT IS EXTREMELY 9T]E/+ TO SEE !SE COMMUNITIES HOLD+ !IR [N1 SURR\ND$ AS !Y >E BY A V]Y DIFF]5T CIVILIZATION4 ,IT MU/ BE [N$ ?AT ONE-?IRD ( ! ,M5NONITES HAVE LEFT ! COMMUNITIES1 & C>RY ON F>M+ 5TIRELY = !MSELVES4 ,BUT IT MU/ ALSO BE SAID ?AT ?IS DES]TION IS DUE *IEFLY TO MORAL CAUSES RA!R ?AN TO ECONOMICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,TRUE ?AT ! TEMPTATION ( BUY+ A 0QU>T] SECTION0 ( L& & BECOM+ A L& [N]1 BY MEANS ( T5 YE>LY PAYM5TS ( #a#e#a4 OR #b#a4 EA*1 IS = SOME?+ 9 IT2 BUT ! *IEF MOTIVE1 ,I WAS TOLD ON ALL SIDES1 IS TO GET FREE FROM ! CONTROL ( ! 'ELD]S1' :I* GR[S ONLY ! MORE OPPRESSIVE :5 ! COMMUNITY HAS TO LIVE AMID UNCONG5IAL SURR\ND+S4 ,TO TAKE ONE 9/ANCE ONLY -- $UCATION4 ,ALL TEA*+S ( MOD]N CIVILIZATION BE+ A GLORIFICATION ( UNBRIDL$ EGOTISM1 ! 'ELD]S' CL+ ONLY ! MORE TO ! ,BIBLE AS ! SOLE F\NDATION ( ALL $UCATION1 ON ACC\NT ( ! DESCRIPTIONS ( COMMUNI/ LIFE :I* !Y F9D 9 IT4 ,!Y LOOK ) SUSPICION UPON ALL SCI5TIFIC $UCATION4 ,?US1 ,I VISIT$ AT ,GRETNA A S*OOL = TEA*]S :I* IS CONDUCT$ BY ,MR4 ,EW>T4 ,ITS TEA*+S >E NOT OPPOS$ TO ! RELIGI\S FEEL+S ( ! ,M5NONITES -- F> FROM ?AT4 ,& YET ! S*OOL IS BITT]LY OPPOS$ BY ! 'ELD]S1' & IS1 SUPPORT$ BY A M9ORITY ONLY ( ! Y\NG ONES4 ,ALTOGE!R1 ! AU?ORITY ( ! 'ELD]S' IS NE>LY ABSOLUTE1 &1 AS ALWAYS HAPP5S 9 RELIGI\S COMMUNITIES1 IT IS LESS DIRECT$ T[>DS ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! ECONOMICAL & SOCIAL BASES ( LIFE :I* HAVE PROV$ TO BE SUCCESSFUL1 OR TO A REASON$ ANALYSIS ( !SE FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES1 ?AN TO ! MA9T5ANCE ( ?OSE TRADITIONAL BELIEFS :I* >E SUPPOS$ TO BE ! ONLY POSSIBLE SANCTION ( ! SEMI-COMMUNI/IC =MS ( LIFE4 ,/ILL1 IT IS A REM>KABLE FACT ?AT AMID ?AT CAPITALI/ CIVILIZATION SOME TW5TY ?\S& M5 %\LD CONT9UE TO LIVE1 & TO ?RIVE1 UND] A SY/EM ( P>TIAL COMMUNISM & PASSIVE RESI/ANCE TO ! ,/ATE :I* !Y HAVE MA9TA9$ = MORE ?AN ?REE HUNDR$ YE>S AGA9/ ALL P]SECUTIONS4  

 ,A MU*-DISCUSS$ QUE/ION ( GREAT IMPORTANCE = ! FUTURE DEVELOPM5T ( ,CANADA MAY BE M5TION$ 9 ?IS PLACE4 ,I MEAN ! VILLAGE OR HAMLET SY/EMS ( SETTLEM5T V]SUS ! ,AM]ICAN HOME/EAD SY/EM4 ,?IS LA/ WAS ADOPT$ 9 ,WE/]N ,CANADA4 ,! L&S :I* >E (F]$1 EI!R AS FREE HOME/EADS OR = SALE1 >E SURVEY$ 9 T[N%IPS1 EA* ( :I* IS A SQU>E1 SIX MILES 9 L5G? & WID?1 ITS SIDES RUNN+ NOR? TO S\? & WE/ TO EA/4 ,! T[N%IP IS DIVID$ 9 ITS TURN1 LIKE A *ESS-BO>D1 9TO ?IRTY-SIX SQU>ES OR 0SECTIONS10 ONE SQU>E MILE EA*2 & EA* ' SECTION' IS DIVID$ 9TO F\R SQU>ES1 EA* ( :I* CONTA9S #af ACRES4 ,?IS IS :AT IS KN[N AS A 0QU>T]-SECTION10 & :AT ! BONA FIDE SETTL] IS 5TITL$ TO OBTA9 FREE 7ON PAYM5T ( A REGI/RATION FEE ( #b#a47 9 ?OSE P>TS ( ! T]RITORY :]E FREE HOME/EADS >E /ILL (F]$ TO IMMIGRANTS4  

 ,SU* A SY/EM W\LD NOT PREV5T1 AFT] ALL1 A NUMB] ( SETTL]S FROM TAK+ A :OLE T[N%IP1 OR HALF ( IT1 & FROM SETTL+ 9 A VILLAGE1 BUT ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! L&S CONC$$ TO ! ,CANADIAN ,PACIFIC ,RAILWAY & TO ! ,HUDSON ,BAY ,COMPANY 9 EA* T[N%IP DE/ROYS ?AT POSSIBILITY4 ,L>GE GRANTS ( L& W]E GIV51 AS IS KN[N1 BY ! ,/ATE TO ! ,CANADIAN ,PACIFIC ,RAILWAY -- NAMELY1 T5 SQU>E MILES ( L& = EA* MILE ( RAILWAY ?AT WAS BUILT2 BUT AS ! MA9 L9E PASS$ ?R\< A L>GE BELT ( SUB->ID PRAIRIE & M\NTA9 TRACTS1 ! RAILWAY COMPANY -- OR '! ,C4,P4,R41' AS IS USUALLY SAID 9 ,CANADA -- GOT ! REQUIR$ AM\NT ( L& 9 ! F]TILE BELT1 :]E IT SELLS IT ALREADY AT FROM #a#bS4 TO #a#fS4 ! ACRE1 UP TO #b#dS4 9 ,MANITOBA4 ,H[EV]1 !SE L&S W]E NOT GIV5 TO ! COMPANY 9 A BLOCK2 !Y W]E DI/RIBUT$1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ALL OV] ! F]TILE BELT1 9 EV]Y T[N%IP4 ,! ?IRTY-SIX SQU>ES ( ! T[N%IP >E NUMB]$ FROM #a TO #c#f4 ,ALL EV5 NUMB]$ SQU>ES 7EXCEPT ,NOS4 #h & #b#f7 BELONG TO ! ,/ATE1 & >E (F]$ 9 QU>T]-SECTIONS AS FREE HOME/EADS1 :ILE ALL ODD SQU>ES 7EXCEPT ,NOS4 #aa & #b#i7 BELONG TO ! ,C4,P4,R4 ,! SQU>ES #h & #bf >E ! PROP]TY ( ! ,HUDSON ,BAY ,COMPANY1 :ILE ! SQU>ES #aa & #bi >E RES]V$ BY ! ,/ATE = S*OOL GRANTS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 TAK+ A *ESS-BO>D = COMP>ISON1 ALL :ITE SQU>ES1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( TWO1 BELONG TO ! ,GOV]NM5T1 & CAN BE HOME/EAD$ 7BY F\R FAMILIES EA*71 :ILE ALL BLACK SQU>ES1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( TWO1 & TWO :ITE ONES1 BELONG TO RAILWAY & TRADE COMPANIES4 ,IF A GR\P ( SIXTY-F\R FAMILIES 9T5D TO TAKE FREE HOME/EADS 9 ONE T[N%IP1 !Y MU/ SETTLE 9 SIXTE5 GR\PS ( F\R FAMILIES1 EA* GR\P BE+ SEP>AT$ FROM ! NEXT BY ONE SQU>E MILE ( L&1 :I* WILL REMA9 UNOCCUPI$ SO LONG AS IT HAS NOT BE5 SOLD4 ,!RE NEV] WILL BE A HAMLET4 ,ALL ! ROADS RUN1 ( C\RSE1 ALONG ! B\ND>IES ( ! SQU>E -- NEV] ALONG DIAGONALS4  

 ,:]EV] ,I W5T 9 ! ,NOR?-WE/ ,PROV9CES1 ,I F\ND ?IS SY/EM V]Y MU* DISCUSS$ & %>PLY CRITICIZ$4 ,IT (F]S1 ( C\RSE1 C]TA9 ADVANTAGES1 ONE ( :I* IS ! SIMPLICITY ( SURVEY+4 ,BESIDES1 UND] ! PREVAIL+ CONDITIONS ( F>M+1 ! QU>T]-SECTION ( #af ACRES1 BE+ TOO SMALL1 AS A RULE1 = A F>M1 ! F>M] HAS ! POSSIBILITY ( GRAZ+ HIS CATTLE ON ! UNOCCUPI$ L&S2 & IF HE IS PROSP]\S 5\<1 HE MAY BUY ONE MORE QU>T]-SECTION4 ,AS TO ! >GUM5T :I* MAY BE HE>D 9 ! T[NS1 NAMELY1 ?AT IT WAS DESIRABLE TO SCATT] ! SETTL]S1 9 ORD] ?AT !Y %\LD BE MORE RAPIDLY ASSIMILAT$ BY ,CANADA1 IT IS SIMPLY ILLUSIVE4 ,! ,AM]ICAN CIVILIZATION V]Y RAPIDLY ABSORBS ALL NATIONAL ELEM5TS1 9 ,CANADA AS WELL AS 9 ! ,/ATES2 :ILE1 ON ! O!R SIDE1 EXP]I5CE PROVES ?AT ! SQU>E MILES ( UNOCCUPI$ L& DO NOT PREV5T ! SETTL]S FROM KEEP+ TOGE!R 9 DI/9CT GR\PS1 :OSE NATIONAL COHESION MAY LA/ MORE OR LESS1 BUT SURELY IS NOT AFFECT$ BY ! UNOCCUPI$ SQU>E MILES4 ,! LESS SO AS ! ,CANADIAN ,GOV]NM5T V]Y WISELY LETS S*OOL-TEA*+ TO BE MADE 9 ! MO!R LANGUAGE ( ! SETTL]S4  

 ,AS TO ! 9CONV5I5CES ( ?IS SY/EM1 !Y >E MANY4 ,! SETTL]S >E TOO SCATT]$ TO BE ( EFFECTIVE USE TO EA* O!R2 & 9 ALL ?OSE CASES :]E COMB9$ EF=T IS REQUIR$1 = BUILD+ ELEVATORS OR PROVID+ COLD /ORAGE & CREAM]IES1 AS WELL AS = ! COMMON [N]%IP ( MALE BRE$+ /OCK & AGRICULTURAL MA*9]Y1 !Y >E UND] A DI/9CT DISADVANTAGE4 ,9 WOODY REGIONS1 ! UNOCCUPI$ SQU>E MILE :I* 9T]V5ES 9 ALL DIRECTIONS1 & REMA9S UND] ! =E/1 IS DECID$LY A H9DRANCE4 ,ALL DI/ANCES TO ! M>KET OR ! MILL >E D\BL$2 ! *ILDR5 HAVE (T5 TO WALK FULL F\R OR FIVE MILES TO ! S*OOL2 & ! SETTL]S NATURALLY GRUMBLE AS !Y SEE ?AT ! SALE PRICE ( ! ',C4,P4,R4' OR ,HUDSON ,BAY SQU>ES GR[S 9 PROPORTION AS !Y WORK TO R5D] ! C\NTRY HABITABLE4 ,AS = ?OSE REGIONS :]E IRRIGATION IS NECESS>Y1 ! ISOLAT$ HOME/EADS >E 5TIRELY UNSUIT$ TO SU* CONDITIONS1 ! BE/ RESULTS ( COLONIZATION ) IRRIGATION HAV+ BE5 OBTA9$ UND] ! VILLAGE SY/EM1 :I* HAS WORK$ QUITE SUCCESSFULLY 9 ,COLORADO1 ,UTAH1 ,IDAHO1 & ,CALI=NIA1 AS WELL AS 9 ,AU/RALIA4 ,ALTOGE!R1 ! ISOLAT$ HOME/EAD BEG9S TO BE CONSID]$ 9 ,CANADA AS A MI/AKE1 & IT BEG9S TO BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! VILLAGE SY/EM1 ) PL5TY ( FREE SPACE BETWE5 ! VILLAGES1 W\LD HAVE BE5 PREF]ABLE4  

 ,! MA9 BULK ( ! SETTL]S :O COME TO ! ,NOR?-WE/ ,T]RITORIES HAVE LATELY BE5 DIRECT$ TO ! F]TILE BELT ( P>K-LIKE L&S :I* /RET*ES FROM ,S\?-EA/ ,MANITOBA T[>DS ,LAKE ,DAUPH91 & !NCE WE/W>DS1 UP ! VALLEY ( ! ,SASKAT*EWAN TO ,$MONTON4 ,FREE HOME/EADS >E (F]$ !RE1 & SETTL]S ( DIFF]5T NATIONALITIES HA/5 TO TAKE POSSESSION ( !M4 ,F\R BRAN* RAILWAYS CONNECT ! MA9 L9E ) ?IS F]TILE BELT1 :I* ,I VISIT$ AT ITS WE/]N EXTREMITY1 AT ,$MONTON4 ,ALREADY1 HALF-WAY BETWE5 ,CALG>Y & ,$MONTON1 ! PRAIRIE *ANGES ITS ASPECT3 ! SOIL BECOMES MORE PRODUCTIVE & PAT*ES ( MEAD[S APPE> 9 ! DEPRESSIONS4 ,! C\NTRY BECOMES MORE POPULAT$1 MORE F>MS >E SE5 AT A DI/ANCE1 & ! TRA9 PASSES BY SEV]AL BUSY SMALL T[NS4 ,ON ! BANKS ( ! ,SASKAT*EWAN BEG9S A BELT ( V]Y F]TILE SOIL1 COV]$ ) SMALL ASP5 & BIR* WOODS1 :I* HAVE GR[N )9 ! LA/ FIFTE5 YE>S1 AFT] ! VIRG9 =E/ HAD BE5 BURN$4  

 ,$MONTON IS 9 ! HE>T ( ?AT REGION1 ON ! PICTURESQUE BANKS ( ! GOLD-BE>+ ,SASKAT*EWAN4 ,I F\ND IT A LIVELY LITTLE T[N ( #a1#c 9HABITANTS1 :I* HAS GR[N 5TIRELY )9 ! LA/ F\RTE5 YE>S4 ,IT WAS =M]LY A ,HUDSON ,BAY ,COMPANY =T1 & IS /ILL AN EMPORIUM = TRADE 9 RAW FURS1 BUT IT HAS TAK5 ! ASPECT ( A T[N PROVID$ ) HOTELS1 '/ORES1' & S*OOLS4 ,9 ,CANADA1 A GOOD S*OOL1 ]ECT$ BY ! MUNICIPALITY & SUPPORT$ BY ! ,F$]AL ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* CONTRIBUTES AB\T ?REE-F\R?S ( ! TEA*+ EXP5SES 7\T ( ! REV5UE FROM ! S*OOL L&S71 IS A CONSPICU\S FEATURE ( EV]Y LITTLE SETTLEM5T4 ,R\ND ?IS LITTLE T[N >E SCATT]$ A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( F>M]S1 :OSE RANKS >E CONT9UALLY 9CREAS$ BY NEW-COM]S ( V>I\S NATIONALITIES -- ,CANADIANS1 ,G]MAN-SPEAK+ ,AU/RIANS FROM ,GALICIA1 ,G]MANS1 ,SW$ES 79 ! S\? ( ,$MONTON71 & SO ON4 ,SOME ( !M CAME FROM ,ONT>IO2 O!RS FROM ,FR5* ,CANADA1 & !SE CAN BE RECOGNIZ$ AT ONCE BY !IR PREF]5CE = ! CLE>+ ( WOODY DI/RICTS2 O!RS FROM V>I\S P>TS ( ,EUROPE4 ,! ,AU/RIANS :OM ,I SAW & SPOKE TO HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY SETTL$ ON ! MA9 L9E1 NE> ,M$IC9E ,HAT1 & !RE !Y W]E QUITE MIS]ABLE4 0,NO?+ W\LD GR[ !RE3 IT WAS TOO DRY40 ,AFT] TWO YE>S ( FRUITLESS /RUGGLES AGA9/ DR\<T1 !Y MIGRAT$ HI!R1 ) ! AID ( ! ,GOV]NM5T1 & N[ !Y >E NEV] TIR$ TO SPEAK ( ! ADVANTAGES ( !IR NEW ABODES1 SCATT]$ AMID ! SMALL WOODS4 0,WAS NOT Y\R :EAT FROZ5 ?IS YE>80 0,YES1 SOME ( IT FREEZES SOMETIMES10 BUT !Y HA/5$ TO ADD3 0,?AT WILL NOT LA/2 AS SOON AS ! L& IS SETTL$1 !RE WILL BE NO E>LY FRO/S0 -- A REM>K :I* ,I HAVE (T5 HE>D1 & SE5 CONFIRM$1 9 ,SIB]IA4  

 ,!RE IS NOT ! SLI<TE/ D\BT ?AT ! SETTL]S LIKE ?IS DI/RICT4 ,AS ,I SPOKE TO !M 9 !IR MO!R TONGUE1 !Y ASK$ ME TO WRITE HOME & TO BR+ MORE PEOPLE TO ?IS PLACE3 0,WE WANT MORE PEOPLE H]E40 ,IT MU/ ALSO BE SAID ?AT !SE ,GALICIAN PEASANTS1 :OSE WIVES & DAU<T]S1 DELICATE ?\< !Y MAY LOOK1 WORK LIKE M51 HAVE ACCOMPLI%$ WOND]S 9 !IR NEW ABODES4 ,SEE+ :AT A FAMILY CONSI/+ ( ONE MAN1 HIS WIFE1 & F\R *ILDR51 ALL BORN ON ?IS HOME/EAD & ! Y\NGE/ ONLY ?REE WEEKS OLD -- SEE+ :AT EV5 SU* A FAMILY C\LD MAKE 9 FIVE YE>S \T ( A VIRG9 SPOT1 ONE REALIZES :AT MAN IS CAPABLE TO A*IEVE :5 NO R5T OR TAX COLLECTOR IS UPON HIM TO TAKE ! BE/ FRUIT ( HIS LABOR4 ,AFT] HAV+ WORK$ ALL !IR LIFE TO NO ACC\NT1 !Y >E HAPPY TO NAME ?AT HOME/EAD & ITS LITTLE CAB9 !IR [N1 & TO KN[ ?AT AFT] EA* GOOD CROP !IR LIVE/OCK IS 9CREAS+ & SOME NEW MA*9]Y IS B\<T 7!Y DO IT MO/LY 9 SMALL GR\PS ( F\R OR FIVE F>M]S74 0,LOOK AT !SE C>ROTS10 0,LOOK AT !SE BEAUTIFUL POTATOES10 !Y SAY ) PRIDE4 0,EV]Y?+ GR[S WELL H]E1 & ! E>LY FRO/S WILL GO :5 ! C\NTRY IS SETTL$40 ,BUT 0G5TS0 HAVE NO?+ TO DO 9 ?IS REGION4 ,ONLY SU* H>D WORK]S AS !SE ,GALICIANS1 ,FR5*-,CANADIANS1 ,LITTLE ,RUSSIANS1 OR ,SW$ES >E CAN SUCCE$4 ,F]TILE AS ! SOIL IS1 IT MU/ BE CLE>$ FROM SOME =E/ GR[? BE=E IT IS TILL$2 ! FIR/ W9T] MU/ (T5 BE PASS$ 9 A SOD HUT2 ! H\SE1 ! %$1 ! B>N1 HAVE TO BE BUILT \T ( WOOD ?AT HAS BE5 CUT ) !IR [N H&S1 BECAUSE TIMB]1 EV5 ?\< IT IS *EAP 5\<1 W\LD HAVE TO BE B\<T2 ! ?RE%+ 5G9E HAS TO BE C>RI$ ALONG A PRIMITIVE ROAD1 OR ACROSS SOME SWAMPY BROOK2 & EV]Y SACK ( :EAT MU/ BE C>T$ FIFTE51 TW5TY1 & ?IRTY MILES TO ,$MONTON1 BECAUSE 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ! T[N L& IS ALREADY 9 ! H&S ( L& SPECULATORS4  

 0,DON'T Y\ FEEL LONELY H]E80 ,I ASK$ A /\T ELD]LY WOMAN :O %[$ ME H] BUTT] & H] EXCELL5T RYE-BREAD1 :I* ,I C\LD BETT] APPRECIATE ?AN MY ,CANADIAN FRI5D4 0,NO40 0,BUT 9 CASE ( ILLNESS80 0,WE >E NEV] ILL10 ,I GOT AT ONCE ! REPLY2 0& WE WOM5 HELP EA* O!R3 ,I HAVE HELP$ MANY S9CE WE >E H]E40 ,HAPPILY1 ! CLIMATE IS REALLY V]Y HEAL?Y1 &1 ! SETTL]S BE+ SCATT]$1 !RE IS NOT MU* DANG] FROM CONTAGI\S DISEASE4 ,O!RWISE1 !Y W\LD BE RU9$ IF !Y HAD TO CALL ! DOCTOR4 ,! FEE IS1 ,I WAS TOLD1 ONE DOLL> = EA* MILE UP & D[N4 ,SU* FEES >E ! BE/ REPLY TO ! D\BTS :I* ,I HE>D EXPRESS$ AT ,TORONTO --  :E!R !RE IS NOT TOO MU* ,UNIV]SITY $UCATION 9 ,CANADA8 ,TOO MANY LAWY]S1 ,I GLADLY ADMIT1 BUT SURELY NOT TOO MANY DOCTORS2 & PL5TY ( ROOM = WID5+ ! $UCATION ( ! TEA*]S1 ESPECIALLY 9 NATURAL SCI5CES & HYGI5E4 ,I MU/ ADD1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! LITTLE T[N ( ,$MONTON IS PROVID$ ) A GOOD HOSPITAL4  

 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT 9 ! ,$MONTON REGION :EAT GR[+ IS NOT ! MA9 RES\RCE4 ,! F>M]S RELY *IEFLY UPON 'MIX$ F>M+'  -- ?AT IS DAIRY PRODUCE1 P\LTRY1 /OCK-RAIS+1 HONEY1 & SO ON --  EV]Y?+1 9 %ORT1 ?AT CAN BE GR[N OR PRODUC$ ON ! F>M4 ,IF FRUIT-GR[+ W]E POSSIBLE1 !Y W\LD GR[ PL5TY ( FRUIT2 BUT NO APPLES1 PE>S1 OR *]RIES CAN BE GR[N 9 EI!R ,MANITOBA OR ! ,NOR?-WE/ ,PROV9CES1 & ALL ATTEMPTS TO CREATE A V>IETY ( APPLE OR *]RY TREES :I* W\LD BE CAPABLE ( RESI/+ ! COLD NI<TS ( ! E>LY SPR+ HAVE HI!RTO FAIL$4 ,ON ?IS VIRG9 SOIL ! YIELD ( :EAT P] ACRE IS SUP]IOR TO :AT IT IS 9 ,MANITOBA2 BUT ! E>LY FRO/S >E A /&+ M5ACE1 & ! DI/ANCE & ! RAILWAY FREI<TS MU/ ALSO BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 ,DAIRY+ CONSEQU5TLY ACQUIRES A GREAT IMPORTANCE1 & ! COOP]ATIVE DAIRIES :I* >E BE+ E/ABLI%$ 9 ! DI/RICT WILL PROVE MO/ B5EFICIAL = ITS DEVELOPM5T4  

 ,COOP]ATIVE DAIRY+ 9 ,CANADA (F]S SO MU* 9T]E/ ?AT ,I MU/ /OP TO SAY A FEW WORDS AB\T IT4 ,CANADA IS SOMETIMES SPOK5 ( 9 ?IS C\NTRY AS A GRAN>Y & A MEAT /ORE ( ,BRITA92 BUT SU* A /ATEM5T IS QUITE MISLEAD+4 ,( ! IMM5SE QUANTITIES ( :EAT & FL\R ?AT >E IMPORT$ 9TO ?IS C\NTRY1 ,CANADA SUPPLIES LESS ?AN #a_/#c? P>T2 & #a_/#b#e? P>T ONLY ( ! DRESS$ MEAT ?AT REA*ES !SE %ORES IS ( ,CANADIAN ORIG94 ,9 ! IMPORTS ( BUTT] ,CANADA FIGURES = ! #a_/#h#a/ P>T1 & ONLY TO ! IMPORTS ( LIVE ANIMALS1 :I* >E NOT V]Y GREAT1 %E CONTRIBUTES #a_/#e? P>T4 ,?AT IT WILL TAKE SOME TIME BE=E ,CANADA BECOMES A GRA9 PROVID] ( IMPORTANCE = ,GREAT ,BRITA9 IS SELF-EVID5T4 ,! AV]AGE :EAT CROP ( ,CANADA = ! YE>S #a#h#i#a-#i#f1 AS GIV5 9 ! ,(FICIAL ,H&BOOK ( ,CANADA1 WAS #e#a1#c1 BU%ELS1 :ILE ! POPULATION1 :I* ATTA9S NE>LY FIVE MILLIONS1 REQUIRES = ITS [N FOOD 7AT ! USUAL RATIO ( #h #a_/#b BU%ELS P] HEAD ( POPULATION7 MORE ?AN #d11 BU%ELS4 ,! DISPOSABLE SURPLUS W\LD ?US COV] BUT A V]Y SMALL PORTION ( ! AV]AGE #a#d#a1#f1 BU%ELS ( :EAT :I* >E IMPORT$ 9TO ?IS C\NTRY 7AV]AGE = ! YE>S #ahie & #a#h#i#f74 ,\T ( ! NE>LY #a#g11 ,BRITI% :O LIVE ON IMPORT$ :EAT1 ,CANADA C\LD PROVIDE LESS ?AN #b114 ,?AT WILL SURELY *ANGE 9 TIME2 BUT DUR+ ! LA/ FIFTE5 YE>S ! 9CREASE ( ! TOTAL :EAT CROP ( ,CANADA WAS V]Y SL[2 & :AT WAS GA9$ 9 ,MANITOBA WAS LO/ TO SOME EXT5T 9 ,ONT>IO -- ! ,ONT>IO F>M]S HAV+ BE5 UNABLE TO COMPETE 9 :EAT-GR[+ ) ,MANITOBA4  

 ,QUITE ! REV]SE IS SE5 = *EESE4 ,?IRTY YE>S AGO *EESE WAS IMPORT$ 9TO ,CANADA1 BUT N[ ,CANADA SUPPLIES NE>LY ?REE-F\R?S ( ALL *EESE ?AT IS IMPORT$ 9TO ?IS C\NTRY2 & ! RESULT IS 5TIRELY DUE TO ! RAPID EXT5SION :I* COOP]ATIVE *EESE FACTORIES HAVE LATELY TAK5 9 ,CANADA4 ,!RE >E #h SU* 9/ITUTIONS 9 ,ONT>IO ALONE1 & #ig P]C5T1 ( ALL ! *EESE ?AT IS MADE 9 ! ,DOM9ION IS FABRICAT$ 9 COOP]ATIVE *EESE FACTORIES4 ,BUTT]1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IS *IEFLY MADE 9 ! F>M]S' H\SES 7ONLY #c P]C5T ( IT IS PREP>$ 9 COOP]ATIVE CREAM]IES71 & ?IS IS :Y IT IS SL[ 9 F9D+ A M>KET 9 ,EUROPE4  

 ,! MANIFE/ SUCCESS ( ! COOP]ATIVE *EESE FACTORIES 9 ,ONT>IO 9DUC$ ! ,CANADIAN ,GOV]NM5T TO TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE ( 9TRODUC+ !M 9 O!R PROV9CES ( ! ,DOM9ION AS WELL1 & A V]Y REASONABLE PLAN WAS HIT UPON BY ,PR(ESSOR .<,JAMES ,WILSON.> ,ROB]TSON -- ! PLAN ( TAK+ ! 9ITIATIVE ( A *EESE FACTORY1 & TO OP]ATE IT = A FEW YE>S BY A ,GOV]NM5T AG5T1 BUT TO )DRAW AS SOON AS ! F>M]S HAD BE5 9ITIAT$ 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( ! FACTORY4 ,?IS PLAN HAV+ ADMIRABLY SUCCE$$ 9 ,PR9CE ,$W>D ,ISL&1 ,PR(ESSOR ,ROB]TSON & ! ,DAIRYM5'S ,ASSOCIATION ( ! ,NOR?-WE/ W]E BUSY LA/ YE> 9 9TRODUC+ ! SAME SY/EM 9 ,ALB]TA1 BO? = *EESE-MAK+ & ! FABRICATION ( BUTT]4 ,I HAVE VISIT$ ONE ( !IR CREAM]IES ON ! ,CALG>Y-,$MONTON ,RAILWAY AT ,9NISFAIL1 & FROM :AT ,I SAW ( ! MA*9]Y1 ! COLD-/ORAGE ROOM1 & ! KE5 9TELLIG5CE ( ! Y\NG OP]ATOR1 ,I HAVE NO D\BT ?AT ,CANADIAN CREAM]Y BUTT] WILL SOON W9 A GOOD REPUTATION 9 ,EUROPE4 ,IT HAS ALREADY A GOOD SALE 9 ,BRITI% ,COLUMBIA1 & LA/ YE> P>T ( IT WAS SOLD = EXPORT TO ,BRITA91 AT A PRICE :I* MADE ! F>M]S QUITE SANGU9E AS REG>DS ! FUTURE4  

 ,LA/ SUMM]1 SEV]AL ?\S&S ( IMMIGRANTS1 *IEFLY ,G]MAN-SPEAK+ ,AU/RIANS & P>TLY ,LITTLE ,RUSSIANS 7,RU!NES71 CAME AGA9 FROM ,GALICIA1 & !Y W]E DIRECT$ 9 ! EA/]N P>T ( ! F]TILE BELT ALONG ! NEW ,DAUPH9 L9E4 ,MANY1 IF NOT MO/ ( !M1 HAD NO MONEY TO />T )1 & WORK$ ON ! RAILWAY L9E1 E>N+ FROM #cS4 #$4 TO #dS4 A DAY 7#g @& #a_/#b D4 MORE IF !Y PROVID$ !IR [N FOOD71 & ?OSE :O HAD SUCCE$$ 9 SAV+ SIXTY OR SEV5TY DOLL>S HA/5$ TO TAKE A 0QU>T]-SECTION40 ,!IR WIVES W]E BUILD+ 9 ! MEANTIME SOD HUTS OR CAB9S TO SP5D ! W9T]4 ,) ! LITTLE !Y HAD !Y DID NOT HESITATE TO />T AS F>M]S2 BUT ! UNANIM\S CONS5SUS ( OP9ION IS ?AT EV]Y SETTL]'S FAMILY \<T TO HAVE AT LEA/ #aL4 OR MORE TO />T )4 ,! 'F>M]S' TE/IMONIES' :I* >E GIV5 9 EMIGRATION PAMPHLETS1 & 9 :I* SOME F>M]S DESCRIBE H[1 HAV+ BEGUN ) NEXT TO NO?+1 !Y BECAME MORE OR LESS PROSP]\S1 >E UND\BT$LY G5U9E4 ,BUT ! EMIGRATION AG5CIES !MSELVES /ATE ! CASE QUITE FAIRLY 9 ONE ( !IR PAMPHLETS 7,F>M+ & ,RAN*+ 9 ,WE/]N ,CANADA47 0,! C\NTRY10 !Y WRITE1 0AF=DS A VA/ FIELD = EXP]I5C$ F>M]S :O CAN BR+ MONEY ) !M TO MAKE ! FIR/ IMPROVEM5TS ON ! L&1 TO PROVIDE !MSELVES ) /OCK & IMPLEM5TS1 & TO C>RY !IR FAMILIES ?R\< ! FIR/ YE>40 ,! ,SW$ES1 :O ?RIVE V]Y WELL AT ,WETASKIW91 & >E HELD 9 ! ,NOR?-WE/ 9 HI< E/EEM AS F>M]S1 ADD TO !IR PRAISES ( ! C\NTRY ?AT A SMALL CAPITAL ( #aL4 CLE> TO />T )' IS NECESS>Y4 ,MANY ,LITTLE ,RUSSIANS1 :O NEV] SAW SU* A LOT ( MONEY 9 !IR LIFE1 WILL C]TA9LY />T ) V]Y MU* LESS ?AN ?AT3 A HUT1 A ,RUSSIAN /OVE ( BEAT5 CLAY1 A ,GALICIAN PL[1 & A PAIR ( OX51 & P]HAPS A HORSE :I* !Y WILL HAVE BROK5 !MSELVES 7!Y >E ADMIR$ 9 ,CANADA = ?AT >T71 WILL BE ALL !IR CAPITAL2 & MANY ( !M WILL SUCCE$4 ,BUT ?IS CANNOT BE TAK5 AS A RULE4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! TRAVEL+ EXP5SES1 :I* >E CONSID]ABLE1 SOME MONEY1 :I* REPRES5TS A LOT = ! ,EUROPEAN PEASANT1 IS ! MORE NECESS>Y AS !RE IS LITTLE *ANCE TO E>N MU* 9 ! W9T]1 :ILE 9 ! SUMM] ! SETTL] HAS HIS H&S FULL ) HIS [N WORK4  

 ,?IS NECESSITY ( HAV+ SOME MONEY = ! />T1 C\PL$ ) A FE> ( ! COLD ,CANADIAN W9T]1 MU/ HAVE BE5 ! *IEF REASON :Y ! COLONIZATION ( ! ,NOR?-WE/ WAS SO SL[ -- SO MU* SL[]1 AT ANY RATE1 ?AN WAS EXPECT$ TW5TY YE>S AGO4 ,! CLIMATE ( ,CANADA IS C]TA9LY V]Y HEAL?Y -- A DRY COLD W9T]1 ) PL5TY ( SN[1 BE+ EVID5TLY PREF]ABLE TO ! COLD & MOI/ W9T] (1 LET US SAY1 ,SCOTL&4 ,RUSSIANS W\LD F9D IT MO/ 5JOYABLE1 ! MORE SO AS ! AUTUMN LA/S LONG] & IS MORE BEAUTIFUL ?AN 9 ,MIDDLE ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT M5 :O W]E NOT BORN 9 ,EA/]N OR ,NOR!RN ,EUROPE PREF] A W>M] CLIMATE1 & ! PROSPECT ( BE+ BURI$ 9 SN[ & ( KEEP+ !IR CATTLE 9DOORS = F\R MON?S1 DET]S !M2 :ILE ON ! O!R SIDE ! ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN PEASANTS :O >E ACCU/OM$ TO LONG W9T]S >E TOO POOR1 AS A RULE1 TO PAY ! EXP5SES ( A LONG J\RNEY & TO SAVE SOME?+ TO />T )4 ,IT SEEMS1 !RE=E1 ?AT UNLESS SOME SY/EM ( AID TO IMMIGRANTS BE ORGANIZ$1 ! CURR5T ( EMIGRATION FROM ,EUROPE WILL CONT9UE TO FL[ T[>DS MORE CONG5IAL LATITUDES4  

 ,! DOM9ANT IMPRESSION :I* ,CANADA HAS LEFT UPON ! MEMB]S ( ! ,BRITI% ,ASSOCIATION IS C]TA9LY ONE ( VA/NESS1 ( IMM5SITY1 ( UNFA?OMABLE RES\RCES4 ,MILLIONS & MILLIONS ( M5 C\LD F9D !IR LIV+ 9 ALL P>TS ( ! C\NTRY1 & AFT] A NUMB] ( YE>S ( H>D PIONE] WORK !Y C\LD F9D WELL-BE+4 ,I MEAN1 ( C\RSE1 MILLIONS ( AGRICULTURI/S2 BECAUSE -- AS ! ,BRITI% ,COLUMBIA ,BO>D ( ,TRADE PUTS IT -- WORKM5 & >TISANS WILL ONLY BE REQUIR$ 9 PROPORTION TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( AGRICULTURE4 ',MORE F>M]S' IS !RE=E ! G5]AL \TCRY 9 ,CANADA2 &1 9 FACT1 9 EV]Y PROV9CE1 !RE IS NO 5D ( L& :I* ONLY WAITS = M5'S LABOR & 5T]PRISE TO BE COV]$ ) COM-FIELDS OR OR*>DS4  

 ,9 ,BRITI% ,COLUMBIA1 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ! HI<L&S1 & ALONG ! ,PACIFIC COA/1 MORE & MORE SETTL]S >E WANT$4 ,BEAUTIFUL /RET*ES ( F]TILE >ABLE L& >E 5CLOS$ BETWE5 ! P>ALLEL RANGES ( M\NTA9S1 &1 IF EA* ( !M HAS SOME SPECIAL 9CONV5I5CES1 IT HAS1 ON ! O!R SIDE1 ITS [N SPECIAL ADVANTAGES4 ,! RI* ,/EPPEL& AB\T ,V]NON & ON ! %ORES ( ,LAKE ,OKANAGAN ONLY REQUIRES SOME IRRIGATION TO SECURE BEAUTIFUL C]EAL & FRUIT CROPS EV]Y YE>1 )\T FAILURE1 & WEAL?Y LITTLE T[NS ALREADY GR[ 9 ?AT VALLEY4 ,9 O!R PLACES1 SU* AS ! ,KOOT5AY DI/RICT1 OR ! ,C>IBOO DI/RICT1 9 :I* LA/ ! CLIMATIC CONDITIONS >E LESS FAVORABLE ?AN AT ,V]NON1 !RE IS A CONT9U\S DEM& = ALL SORTS ( F>M PRODUCE 9 ! M9]S' CAMPS4 ,9 ! VALLEY ( ! ,FRAS] ,RIV]1 :]E ! L& MU/ BE CLE>$ AT A CONSID]ABLE EXP5SE FROM UND] ! VIRG9 =E/1 ALL SORTS ( FRUIT >E GR[N SO WELL1 UP TO AN ALTITUDE ( #a1 FEET ON ! S\!RN HILL-SLOPES 7AT ! ,AGASSIZ EXP]IM5TAL F>M71 ?AT HALF-CLE>$ L& FET*ES ,EUROPEAN PRICES --  #a#eL4 & #bL4 P] ACRE4 ,EV5 ALONG ! SEA-COA/1 :]ETO A ,NORWEGIAN & A ,DANI% COLONY IMMIGRAT$ LA/ YE>1 !RE >E PL5TY ( SPOTS :]E AGRICULTURAL SETTLEM5TS ( SEV]AL ?\S& M5 C\LD EASILY BECOME PROSP]\S4  

 ,ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! GREAT PLA91 9 ,WE/ ,ONT>IO1 !RE IS AGA9 PL5TY ( L& :I*1 AFT] HAV+ BE5 CLE>$ FROM UND] ! =E/1 C\LD GIVE PROSP]ITY4 ,BEH9D ! ROCKY1 GLACIAT$ GRANITE & GNEISS HILLOCKS :I* >E SE5 AS ! TRA9 MOVES ALONG ! %ORES ( ,LAKE ,SUP]IOR1 !RE >E LOTS ( SPOTS & >EAS :]E F>M+ IS POSSIBLE & IS 9 GREAT DEM& = SUPPLY+ ! NE$S ( ! M9+ POPULATION4 ,& SO ON4  

 ,9 ,CANADA1 CONTR>Y TO ,RIC>DO'S !ORY1 ALL SORTS ( L&S1 ( ALL DEGREES ( F]TILITY & (F]+ ALL POSSIBLE GRADATIONS ( DIFFICULTY = CULTURE1 >E OCCUPI$ AT ! V]Y SAME TIME4 ,:ILE NE>LY TWO MILLIONS ( ACRES REMA9 UNT\*$ BY ! PL[ 9 ,S\? ,MANITOBA1 :]E GRA9 MAY BE S[N1 9 CASE ( NE$1 EV5 UPON ! SIMPLY OV]TURN$ SOD ( ! PRAIRIE1 L&S REQUIR+ 9F9ITELY MORE LABOR BE=E !Y MAY BE PL[$ >E EAG]LY OCCUPI$ & CULTIVAT$4 ,! ?ICK =E/S ( ,QUEBEC & ,ONT>IO >E CLE>$1 IRRIGATION CANALS >E DUG 9 ,ALB]TA1 ! WOOD COPPICES ( ! ,SASKAT*EWAN >E BURN$ & ! SOIL PL[$1 & EV5 9F9ITE PA9S >E TAK5 9 CLE>+ L& 9 ,BRITI% ,COLUMBIA FROM ! GIGANTIC TREES :I* COV] IT4 ,SO V>I$ >E ! TA/ES ( M5 & !IR APPRECIATIONS ( ! NATURAL ADVANTAGES ( DIFF]5T REGIONS1 TO SAY NO?+ ( *ANCE1 :I* PLAYS SU* A P>T 9 HUMAN DECISIONS4 ,BUT AGRICULTURE1 CATTLE-BRE$+ & DAIRY+ >E NOT ! ONLY NATURAL RES\RCES ( ,CANADA4 ,!RE >E 9EXHAU/IBLE RES\RCES EV]Y:]E3 9 ! WOODS = TRANS=M+ TREES 9TO BO>DS1 DOORS1 W9D[S & H\SES2 9 ! RIV]S & ! LAKES = FI%+2 9 ! M\NTA9S = M9+2 & SO ON4 ,9 EV]Y DIRECTION1 MORE M51 MORE 9TELLIG5CE1 MORE ACTIVITY >E REQUIR$ TO UTILIZE ! RES\RCES (F]$ BY NATURE4  

 ,BUT H]E ,I MU/ PAUSE & ASK3 ,IS ,CANADA ALONE 9 ?AT CONDITION8 ,)\T LEAV+ ! ,AM]ICAN CONT95T1 CAN WE NOT SAY ! SAME AB\T IMM5SE PORTIONS ( ! ,/ATES8 ,( ,MEXICO8 ,( ,S\? ,AM]ICA8 ,9 ! EA/]N HEMISPH]E1 ! GEOGRAPHICAL C\NT]P>T ( ,CANADA -- ,SIB]IA -- /&S 9 EXACTLY ! SAME POSITION4 ,IT HAS ! SAME MILLIONS ( ACRES ( UNOCCUPI$ PRAIRIES2 ! SAME RIV]S TEAM+ ) SALMON ON ! ,PACIFIC BORD]2 ! SAME 9EXHAU/IBLE M9+ RES\RCES4 ,& ?OSE :O KN[ ,AFRICA W\LD SURELY SAY ! SAME AB\T ! ,BLACK ,CONT95T4 ,! FACT IS ?AT1 AFT] HAV+ ROAM$ OV] BIG C\NTRIES LIKE ,CANADA OR ,SIB]IA1 WE BEG9 TO REALIZE H[ UN9HABIT$ \R GLOBE IS UP TO ! PRES5T DATE3 H[ RI* MANK9D C\LD BE IF SOCIAL OB/ACLES DID NOT /& EV]Y:]E 9 ! WAY ( UTILIZ+ ! GIFTS ( NATURE4  

 ,:5 ,I SEE1 H[EV]1 ! TREM5D\S & SELDOM REALIZ$ AM\NT ( LABOR :I* ! PIONE] HAS TO ACCOMPLI% :5 HE SETTLES 9 A NEW L&1 BE IT EV5 9 ! RI*E/ PRAIRIE2 :5 ,I ?9K ( ! FIFTE5 TO TW5TY YE>S ( H>D WORK -- ! BE/ P>T ( ! LIFE ( A G5]ATION -- :I* MU/ BE GIV5 TO BR+ A WILD]NESS 9TO A SEMI-CIVILIZ$ /ATE2 :5 ,I MEASURE ALL ! AM\NT ( LABOR --  :I* IS IMM5SE -- ?AT IS APPLI$ TO ! SOIL 9 ,CANADA1 A GREAT QUE/ION RISES BE=E ME3 ,SURELY IT IS DESIRABLE ?AT MANK9D %\LD SPREAD ALL OV] ! GLOBE1 ?AT IT %\LD TAKE POSSESSION ( IT & C>RY ON ITS CIVILIZATION1 SU* AS IT IS1 TO ! REMOTE/ P>TS ( ! E>?4 ,?IS EXPANSION HAS WID5$ ! CIRCLE ( IDEAS1 IT HAS OP5$ TO ?\<T WID] HORIZONS1 IT HAS %ATT]$ MANY TRADITIONS ( OLD4 ,BUT1 LOOK+ ON ! MATT] FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ECONOMY -- ( WELL-BE+ & MEANS TO ATTA9 IT -- W\LD IT NOT HAVE BE5 BETT] TO APPLY A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( ?AT 5]GY AT HOME8 ,I TAKE1 AS AN 9/ANCE1 ! RESULTS ?AT A FEW HUNDR$ ,FR5* PEASANTS HAVE OBTA9$ 9 A SMALL VILLAGE NE> ,P>IS1 :]E /ONE QU>RIES W]E TRANS=M$ 9TO BEAUTIFUL APRICOT-TREE & *]RY-TREE G>D5S2 OR ! M>VEL\S UTILIZATION = BEAUTIFUL OR*>DS ( EV]Y 9* ( L& :I* WAS MADE ALONG ! BANKS ( ! MIDDLE ,RHONE2 ,I LOOK NEXT UPON ! UNCULTIVAT$1 WA/E FIELDS :I* !SE ISLES & IMM5SE SPACES ALL OV] ,EUROPE >E SO WELL PROVID$ )2 & ,I ASK MYSELF1 :AT W\LD BE ,5GL& & ,SCOTL& LIKE TO IF ONE-T5? P>T ONLY ( ! 5]GY ?AT HAS BE5 SP5T 9 CONQU]+ WILD L&S 9 ,CANADA HAD BE5 GIV5 TO ! L& ( !SE ISLES8 ,:AT IF ! ,GALICIANS :OM ,I SAW AT ,$MONTON HAD BE5 ALL[$ TO WORK ) ! SAME 5]GY UPON ! L& ( ,GALICIA8 ,I UND]/& ! ,ICEL&] :O EX*ANGES HIS POL> ISL& = A SETTLEM5T 9 ,MANITOBA1 OR ! ,NORWEGIAN :O MOVES FROM HIS SUBPOL> FJORD TO A FJORD 9 ,BRITI% ,COLUMBIA4 ,BUT :AT HAS DRIV5 ! ,M5NONITE FROM ! ,S\? ,RUSSIAN ,/EPPE TO ! ,MANITOBA ,/EPPE1 :]E HE SI<S AFT] ! BLOSSOM & ! FRUIT ( HIS APPLE & *]RY TREES8 ,:AT DRIVES ! ,GALICIAN TO ,SASKAT*EWAN1 ! ,SW$E TO ,ALB]TA1 & ! ,SCOT*MAN TO ,ONT>IO8 ,! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ALONE DRIVE !M FROM L&S :I* BADLY WANT ! WORK ( !IR B&S1 BUT TO :I* !Y >E NOT ALL[$ TO GIVE IT4 ,IF ONLY ,CANADA C\LD AVOID CREAT+ ! SAME CONDITIONS6 ,BUT ,I AM AFRAID %E ALSO IS MAK+ RAPID /RIDES T[>DS ! BUILD+ UP ( ! SAME L& MONOPOLIES :I* N[ DRIVE ! ,EUROPEAN PEASANTS \T ( ,EUROPE4  

7,S\RCE3 ,! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 ,M>* #a#h#i#h1 PP4 #d#i#d-#e#a#d47 

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