,/ATE ,CAPITALISM & ,DICTATOR%IP 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,FROM3 ,RATEKORRESPOND5Z1 #a#i#c#f2 
,5GLI% TRANSLATION3 ,9T]NATIONAL ,C\NCIL ,CORRESPOND5CE1 ,VOL4,I,I,I1 ,NO4#a1 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#g2 
,WRITT53 #aicf 
,TRANSCRIPTION_*,H,T,M,L ,M>KUP3 ,GREG ,AD>GO 
,S\RCE3 ,KURASJE ,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ ,>*IVES 

,I4 

,! T]M 0,/ATE ,CAPITALISM0 IS FREQU5TLY US$ 9 TWO 
DIFF]5T WAYS3 FIR/1 AS AN ECONOMIC =M 9 :I* ! /ATE P]=MS ! ROLE 
( ! CAPITALI/ EMPLOY]1 EXPLOIT+ ! WORK]S 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! /ATE4 
,! F$]AL MAIL SY/EM OR A /ATE-[N$ RAILWAY >E EXAMPLES ( ?IS K9D ( 
/ATE CAPITALISM4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ?IS =M ( /ATE CAPITALISM PR$OM9ATES 9 
9DU/RY3 ! WORK IS PLANN$1 F9ANC$ & MANAG$ BY ! /ATE2 ! DIRECTORS 
( 9DU/RY >E APPO9T$ BY ! /ATE & PR(ITS >E CONSID]$ ! 9COME ( 
! /ATE4 ,SECOND1 WE F9D ?AT A CONDITION IS DEF9$ AS /ATE CAPITALISM 7OR 
/ATE SOCIALISM7 UND] :I* CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES >E CONTROLL$ BY ! /ATE4 
,?IS DEF9ITION IS MISLEAD+1 H[EV]1 AS !RE /ILL EXI/S UND] !SE 
CONDITIONS CAPITALISM 9 ! =M ( PRIVATE [N]%IP1 AL?\< ! [N] ( AN 
5T]PRISE IS NO LONG] ! SOLE MA/]1 HIS P[] BE+ RE/RICT$ SO LONG AS 
SOME SORT ( SOCIAL 9SURANCE SY/EM = ! WORK]S IS ACCEPT$4 

,IT DEP5DS N[ ON ! DEGREE ( /ATE 9T]F]5CE 9 PRIVATE 5T]PRISES4 ,IF 
! /ATE PASSES C]TA9 LAWS AFFECT+ EMPLOYM5T CONDITIONS1 SU* AS ! 
HIR+ & FIR+ ( WORK]S1 IF 5T]PRISES >E BE+ F9ANC$ BY A F$]AL 
BANK+ SY/EM1 OR SUBV5TIONS >E BE+ GRANT$ TO SUPPORT ! EXPORT TRADE1 OR 
IF BY LAW ! LIMIT ( DIVID5DS = ! L>GE CORPORATIONS IS FIX$ - 
!N A CONDITION WILL BE REA*$ UND] :I* /ATE CONTROL WILL REGULATE ! 
5TIRE ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,?IS WILL V>Y FROM ! /RICT /ATE CAPITALISM 9 C]TA9 
DEGREES4 ,CONSID]+ ! PRES5T ECONOMIC SITUATION 9 ,G]MANY WE C\LD CONSID] 
A SORT ( /ATE CAPITALISM PREVAIL+ !RE4 ,! RUL]S ( BIG 9DU/RY 9 
,G]MANY >E NOT SUBORD9AT$ SUBJECTS ( ! /ATE BUT >E ! RUL+ P[] 9 
,G]MANY ?R\< ! FASCI/ (FICIALS 9 ! GOV]N+ (FICES4 ,! ,NATIONAL 
,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY DEVELOP$ AS A TOOL ( !SE RUL]S4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ON ! O!R 
H&1 ! B\RGEOISIE WAS DE/ROY$ BY ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION & HAS 
DISAPPE>$ COMPLETELY AS A RUL+ P[]4 ,! BUREAUCRACY ( ! ,RUSSIAN 
GOV]NM5T TOOK CONTROL ( ! GR[+ 9DU/RY4 ,RUSSIAN /ATE CAPITALISM C\LD 
BE DEVELOP$ AS !RE WAS NO P[]FUL B\RGEOISIE 9 EXI/5CE4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 AS 
9 WE/]N ,EUROPE & 9 ,AM]ICA1 ! B\RGEOISIE IS 9 COMPLETE P[]1 ! 
[N] ( CAPITAL & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,?IS IS ESS5TIAL = ! 
*>ACT] ( CAPITALISM4 ,! DECISIVE FACTOR IS ! *>ACT] ( ?AT CLASS 
:I* >E ! [N]S 9 FULL CONTROL ( CAPITAL & NOT ! 9N] =M ( 
ADM9I/RATION NOR ! DEGREE ( /ATE 9T]F]5CE 9 ! ECONOMIC LIFE ( ! 
POPULATION4 ,%\LD ?IS CLASS CONSID] IT A NECESSITY TO B9D ITSELF BY /RICT] 
REGULATION - A /EP ?AT W\LD ALSO MAKE ! SMALL] PRIVATE CAPITALI/S 
MORE DEP5D5T UPON ! WILL ( ! BIG CAPITALI/S - ! *>ACT] ( 
PRIVATE CAPITALISM W\LD /ILL REMA94 ,WE MU/ !RE=E DI/+UI% ! 
DIFF]5CE BETWE5 /ATE CAPITALISM & SU* PRIVATE CAPITALISM ?AT MAY BE 
REGULAT$ TO ! HI<E/ DEGREE BY ! /ATE4 

,/RICT REGULATIONS >E NOT SIMPLY TO BE LOOK$ UPON AS AN ATTEMPT TO F9D A 
WAY \T ( ! CRISIS4 ,POLITICAL CONSID]ATIONS ALSO PLAY A P>T4 ,EXAMPLES ( 
/ATE REGULATION PO9T TO ONE G5]AL AIM3 PREP>ATION = W>4 ,! W> 
9DU/RY IS REGULAT$1 AS WELL AS ! F>M]S' PRODUCTION ( FOOD - 9 
ORD] TO BE PREP>$ = W>4 ,IMPOV]I%$ BY ! RESULTS ( ! LA/ W> 
- ROBB$ ( PROV9CES1 RAW MAT]IALS1 COLONIES1 CAPITAL1 ! ,G]MAN 
B\RGEOISIE MU/ TRY TO REHABILITATE ITS REMA9+ =CES BY RIGOR\S 
CONC5TRATION4 ,=ESEE+ W> AS A LA/ RESORT1 IT PUTS AS MU* ( ITS RES\RCES 
AS IS NECESS>Y 9TO ! H&S ( /ATE CONTROL4 ,:5 FAC$ ) ! COMMON AIM 
= NEW WORLD P[]1 ! PRIVATE 9T]E/S ( ! V>I\S SECTIONS ( ! 
B\RGEOISIE >E PUT 9TO ! BACKGR\ND4 ,ALL ! CAPITALI/ P[]S >E 
CONFRONT$ ) ?IS QUE/ION3 TO :AT EXT5T ! /ATE1 AS ! REPRES5TATIVE 
( ! COMMON 9T]E/S ( ! NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE1 %\LD BE 5TRU/$ ) 
P[]S OV] P]SONS1 F9ANCES & 9DU/RY 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL /RUGGLE = 
P[]8 ,?IS EXPLA9S :Y 9 ?OSE NATIONS ( A POOR BUT RAPIDLY 9CREAS+ 
POPULATION1 )\T ANY OR ) BUT FEW COLONIES 7SU* AS ,ITALY1 ,G]MANY1 ,JAPAN7 
! /ATE HAS ASSUM$ ! GREATE/ P[]4 

,ONE CAN RAISE ! QUE/ION3 IS NOT /ATE CAPITALISM ! ONLY 0WAY 
\T0 = ! B\RGEOISIE8 ,OBVI\SLY /ATE CAPITALISM W\LD BE FEASIBLE1 
IF ONLY ! :OLE PRODUCTIVE PROCESS C\LD BE MANAG$ & PLANN$ C5TRALLY FROM 
ABOVE 9 ORD] TO MEET ! NE$S ( ! POPULATION & ELIM9ATE CRISES4 ,IF SU* 
CONDITIONS W]E BR\<T AB\T1 ! B\RGEOISIE W\LD !N CEASE BE+ A REAL 
B\RGEOISIE4 ,9 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 NOT ONLY EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS 
EXI/S BUT !RE MU/ ALSO EXI/ ! CON/ANT /RUGGLE ( ! V>I\S SECTIONS 
( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS = M>KETS & = S\RCES ( CAPITAL 9VE/M5T4 ,?IS 
/RUGGLE AMONG ! CAPITALI/S IS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! OLD FREE COMPETITION 
ON ! M>KET4 ,UND] COV] ( COOP]ATION ( CAPITAL )9 ! NATION !RE 
EXI/S A CONT9U\S /RUGGLE BETWE5 HUGE MONOPOLIES4 ,CAPITALI/S CANNOT ACT AS 
M]E DIVID5D COLLECTORS1 LEAV+ 9ITIATIVE TO /ATE (FICIALS TO ATT5D TO ! 
EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,CAPITALI/S /RUGGLE AMONG !MSELVES = 
PR(ITS & = ! CONTROL ( ! /ATE 9 ORD] TO PROTECT !IR SECTIONAL 
9T]E/S & !IR FIELD ( ACTION EXT5DS BEYOND ! LIMITS ( ! /ATE4 
,AL?\< DUR+ ! PRES5T CRISIS A /RONG CONC5TRATION TOOK PLACE )9 EA* 
CAPITALI/ NATION1 !RE /ILL REMA9S P[]FUL 9T]NATIONAL 9T]LACEM5TS1 
7( BIG CAPITAL74 ,9 ! =M ( ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 NATIONS1 ! /RUGGLE ( 
CAPITALI/S CONT9UES1 :]EBY A SEV]E POLITICAL CRISIS 9 W> & DEFEAT HAS 
! EFFECT ( AN ECONOMIC CRISIS4 

,:51 !RE=E1 ! QUE/ION >ISES :E!R OR NOT /ATE CAPITALISM - 
9 ! S5SE 9 :I* IT HAS BE5 US$ ABOVE - IS A NECESS>Y 9T]M$IATE 
/AGE BE=E ! PROLET>IAT SEIZES P[]1 :E!R IT W\LD BE ! HI<E/ & 
LA/ =M ( CAPITALISM E/ABLI%$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! ANSW] IS ,NO4 ,ON ! 
O!R H&1 IF BY /ATE CAPITALISM ONE MEANS ! /RICT CONTROL & REGULATION 
( PRIVATE CAPITAL BY ! /ATE1 ! ANSW] IS ,YES1 ! DEGREE ( /ATE CONTROL 
V>Y+ )9 A C\NTRY ACCORD+ TO TIME & CONDITIONS1 ! PRES]VATION & 
9CREASE ( PR(ITS BR\<T AB\T 9 DIFF]5T WAYS1 DEP5D+ UPON ! 
HI/ORICAL & POLITICAL CONDITIONS & ! RELATION%IP ( ! CLASSES4 

,I,I4 

,! GOAL ( ! WORK+ CLASS IS LIB]ATION FROM EXPLOITATION4 ,?IS GOAL IS 
NOT REA*$ & CANNOT BE REA*$ BY A NEW DIRECT+ & GOV]N+ CLASS 
SUB/ITUT+ ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES 
BE+ MA/] OV] PRODUCTION4 

,NEV]!LESS IT IS POSSIBLE & QUITE PROBABLE ?AT /ATE CAPITALISM WILL BE 
AN 9T]M$I>Y /AGE1 UNTIL ! PROLET>IAT SUCCE$S 9 E/ABLI%+ COMMUNISM4 
,?IS1 H[EV]1 C\LD NOT HAPP5 = ECONOMIC BUT = POLITICAL REASONS4 ,/ATE 
CAPITALISM W\LD NOT BE ! RESULT ( ECONOMIC CRISES BUT ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 
,9 ! F9AL /AGE ( CAPITALISM1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT 
=CE ?AT DET]M9ES ! ACTIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE & %APES /ATE 
ECONOMY4 

,IT IS TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT1 AS A RESULT ( GREAT ECONOMIC T5SION & 
CONFLICT1 ! CLASS /RUGGLE ( ! FUTURE PROLET>IAT WILL FL>E UP 9TO MASS 
ACTION2 :E!R ?IS MASS ACTION BE ! CAME ( WAGE CONFLICTS W>S OR ECONOMIC 
CRISES1 :E!R ! %APE IT TAKES BE ?AT ( MASS /RIKES1 /REET RIOTS OR 
>M$ /RUGGLE2 ! PROLET>IAT WILL E/ABLI% C\NCIL ORGANIZATIONS - 
ORGANS ( SELF-DET]M9ATION & UNI=M EXECUTION ( ACTION4 ,?IS WILL 
P>TICUL>LY BE ! CASE 9 ,G]MANY4 ,!RE ! OLD POLITICAL ORGANS ( ! CLASS 
/RUGGLE HAVE BE5 DE/ROY$2 WORK]S /& SIDE BY SIDE AS 9DIVIDUALS ) NO 
O!R ALLEGIANCE BUT TO ?AT ( !IR CLASS4 ,%\LD F>-REA*+ POLITICAL 
MOVEM5TS DEVELOP 9 ,G]MANY1 ! WORK]S C\LD FUNCTION ONLY AS A CLASS1 FI<T 
ONLY AS A CLASS :5 !Y OPPOSE ! CAPITALI/ PR9CIPLE ( ONE-MAN 
DICTATOR%IP ) ! PROLET>IAN PR9CIPLE ( SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ! MASSES4 
,9 O!R P>LIAM5T>Y C\NTRIES1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! WORK]S >E SEV]ELY 
H&ICAPP$ 9 !IR DEVELOPM5T ( 9DEP5D5T CLASS ACTION BY ! ACTIVITIES 
( ! POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,!SE P>TIES PROMISE ! WORK+ CLASS SAF] FI<T+ 
ME?ODS1 =CE UPON ! WORK]S !IR LEAD]%IP & MAKE ! MAJORITY ( ! 
POPULATION !IR UN?9K+ FOLL[]S1 ) ! AID ( !IR PROPAG&A 
MA*9]Y4 ,9 ,G]MANY !SE H&ICAPS >E A DY+ TRADITION4 

,SU* PRIM>Y MASS /RUGGLES >E ONLY ! BEG9N+ ( A P]IOD ( 
REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T4 ,LET US ASSUME A SITUATION FAVORABLE TO ! 
PROLET>IAT2 ?AT PROLET>IAN ACTION IS SO P[]FUL AS TO P>ALYZE & OV]?R[ 
! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,9 SPITE ( UNANIM\S ACTION 9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! DEGREE ( 
MATURITY ( ! MASSES MAY V>Y4 ,A CLE> CONCEPTION ( AIMS1 WAYS & MEANS WILL 
BE ACQUIR$ ONLY DUR+ ! PROCESS ( REVOLUTION & AFT] ! FIR/ VICTORY 
DIFF]5CES AS TO FUR!R TACTICS WILL ASS]T !MSELVES4 ,SOCIALI/ OR COMMUNI/ 
P>TY SPOKESM5 APPE>2 !Y >E NOT DEAD1 AT LEA/ !IR IDEAS >E ALIVE AMONG 
! 0MOD]ATE0 SECTION ( ! WORK]S4 ,N[ !IR TIME HAS COME TO 
PUT 9TO PRACTICE !IR PROGRAM ( 0/ATE SOCIALISM40 

,! MO/ PROGRESSIVE WORK]S :OSE AIM MU/ BE TO PUT ! LEAD]%IP ( ! 
/RUGGLE 9TO ! CONTROL ( ! WORK+ CLASS BY MEANS ( ! C\NCIL 
ORGANIZATION1 7!REBY WEAK5+ ! 5EMY P[] ( ! /ATE =CE7 WILL BE 
5C\NT]$ BY 0SOCIALI/0 PROPAG&A 9 :I* WILL BE /RESS$ ! 
NECESSITY ( SPE$ILY BUILD+ ! SOCIALI/ ORD] BY MEANS ( A 
0SOCIALI/IC0 GOV]NM5T4 ,!RE WILL BE W>N+S AGA9/ EXTREME 
DEM&S1 APPEALS TO ! TIMIDITY ( ?OSE 9DIVIDUALS TO :OM ! ?\<T ( 
PROLET>IAN COMMUNISM IS YET 9CONCEIVABLE1 COMPROMISES ) B\RGEOIS 
RE=MI/S WILL BE ADVIS$1 AS WELL AS ! BUY+-\T ( ! B\RGEOISIE RA!R 
?AN =C+ IT ?R\< EXPROPRIATION TO EMBITT]$ RESI/ANCE4 ,ATTEMPTS WILL BE 
MADE TO HOLD BACK ! WORK]S FROM REVOLUTION>Y AIMS - FROM ! 
DET]M9$ CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,>\ND ?IS TYPE ( PROPAG&A WILL RALLY ?OSE :O 
FEEL CALL$ UPON TO BE AT ! HEAD ( ! P>TY OR TO ASSUME LEAD]%IP AMONG 
! WORK]S4 ,AMONG !SE LEAD]S WILL BE A GREAT PORTION ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA 
:O EASILY ADAPT !MSELVES TO 0/ATE SOCIALISM0 BUT NOT TO C\NCIL 
COMMUNISM & O!R SECTIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE :O SEE 9 ! WORK]S' 
/RUGGLES A NEW CLASS POSITION FROM :I* !Y CAN SUCCESSFULLY COMBAT 
COMMUNISM4 0,SOCIALISM AGA9/ AN>*Y10 SU* WILL BE ! BATTLE CRY 
( ?OSE :O WILL WANT TO SAVE ( CAPITALISM :AT !RE CAN BE SAV$4 

,! \TCOME ( ?IS /RUGGLE DEP5DS ON ! MATURITY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y 
WORK+ CLASS4 ,?OSE :O N[ BELIEVE ?AT ALL ONE HAS TO DO IS TO WAIT = 
REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 BECAUSE !N ECONOMIC NECESSITY WILL TEA* ! WORK]S H[ 
TO ACT CORRECTLY1 >E VICTIMS ( AN ILLUSION4 ,C]TA9LY WORK]S WILL LE>N 
QUICKLY & ACT =CEFULLY 9 REVOLUTION>Y TIMES4 ,MEAN:ILE HEAVY DEFEATS >E 
LIKELY TO BE EXP]I5C$1 RESULT+ 9 ! LOSE ( C\NTLESS VICTIMS4 ,! MORE 
?OR\< ! WORK ( 5LI<T5M5T ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! MORE FIRM WILL BE ! 
ATTACK ( ! MASSES AGA9/ ! ATTEMPT ( 0LEAD]S0 TO DIRECT 
!IR ACTIONS 9TO ! *ANNELS ( /ATE SOCIALISM4 ,CONSID]+ ! DIFFICULTIES 
) :I* ! TASK ( 5LI<T5M5T N[ 5C\NT]S1 IT SEEMS IMPROBABLE ?AT 
!RE LIES OP5 = ! WORK]S A ROAD TO FRE$OM )\T SETBACKS4 ,9 ?IS 
SITUATION >E TO BE F\ND ! POSSIBILITIES = /ATE CAPITALISM AS AN 
9T]M$I>Y /AGE BE=E ! COM+ ( COMMUNISM4 

,?US ! CAPITALI/ CLASS WILL NOT ADOPT /ATE CAPITALISM BECAME ( ITS [N 
ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES4 ,MONOPOLY CAPITALISM1 P>TICUL>LY :5 US+ ! /ATE AS 
A FASCI/ DICTATOR%IP1 CAN SECURE = ITSELF MO/ ( ! ADVANTAGES ( A S+LE 
ORGANIZATION )\T GIV+ UP ITS [N RULE OV] PRODUCTION4 ,!RE WILL BE A 
DIFF]5T SITUATION1 H[EV]1 :5 IT FEELS ITSELF SO F> PRESS$ BY ! WORK+ 
CLASS ?AT ! OLD =M ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM CAN NO LONG] BE SAV$4 ,!N /ATE 
CAPITALISM WILL BE ! WAY \T3 ! PRES]VATION ( EXPLOITATION 9 ! =M ( 
A 0SOCIALI/IC0 SOCIETY1 :]E ! 0MO/ CAPABLE 
LEAD]S10 ! 0BE/ BRA9S10 & ! 0GREAT M5 ( 
ACTION0 WILL DIRECT PRODUCTION & ! MASSES WILL WORK OB$I5TLY UND] 
!IR COMM&4 ,:E!R OR NOT ?IS CONDITION IS CALL$ /ATE CAPITALISM OR /ATE 
SOCIALISM MAKES NO DIFF]5CE 9 PR9CIPLE4 ,:E!R ONE REF]S TO ! FIR/ T]M 
0,/ATE CAPITALISM0 AS BE+ A RUL+ & EXPLOIT+ /ATE 
BUREAUCRACY OR TO ! SECOND T]M 0,/ATE SOCIALISM0 AS A NECESS>Y 
/AFF ( (FICIALS :O AS DUTIFUL & OB$I5T S]VANTS ( ! COMMUNITY %>E 
! WORK ) ! LABOR]S1 ! DIFF]5CE 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS LIES 9 ! 
AM\NT ( ! SAL>IES & ! QUALITATIVE MEASURE ( 9FLU5CE 9 ! P>TY 
CONNECTIONS4 

,SU* A =M ( SOCIETY CANNOT BE /ABLE1 IT IS A =M ( RETROGRESSION1 
AGA9/ :I* ! WORK+ CLASS WILL AGA9 RISE4 ,UND] IT A C]TA9 AM\NT ( 
ORD] CAN BE BR\<T AB\T BUT PRODUCTION REMA9S RE/RICT$4 ,SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T 
REMA9S H9D]$4 ,RUSSIA WAS ABLE1 ?R\< ?IS =M ( ORGANIZATION1 TO *ANGE 
FROM SEMI-B>B>ISM TO A DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM1 TO SURPASS EV5 ! A*IEVEM5TS 
( ! ,WE/]N C\NTRIES' PRIVATE CAPITALISM4 ,9 ?IS PROCESS FIGURES ! 
5?USIASM APP>5T AMONG ! 0UP/>T0 B\RGEOIS CLASSES1 :]EV] 
CAPITALISM BEG9S ITS C\RSE4 ,BUT SU* /ATE CAPITALISM CANNOT PROGRESS4 ,9 
,WE/]N ,EUROPE & 9 ,AM]ICA ! SAME =M ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION W\LD NOT 
BE PROGRESSIVE1 S9CE IT W\LD H9D] ! COM+ ( COMMUNISM4 ,IT W\LD OB/RUCT 
! NECESS>Y REVOLUTION 9 PRODUCTION2 ?AT IS1 IT W\LD BE REACTION>Y 9 
*>ACT] & ASSUME ! POLITICAL =M ( A DICTATOR%IP4 

,I,I,I4 

,SOME ,M>XI/S MA9TA9 ?AT ,M>X & ,5GELS =ESAW ?IS DEVELOPM5T ( 
SOCIETY TO /ATE CAPITALISM4 ,BUT WE KN[ ( NO /ATEM5T BY ,M>X CONC]N+ 
/ATE CAPITALISM FROM :I* WE C\LD D$UCE ?AT HE LOOK$ UPON ! /ATE :5 
IT ASSUMES ! ROLE ( SOLE CAPITALI/1 AS BE+ ! LA/ PHASE ( CAPITALI/ 
SOCIETY4 ,HE SAW 9 ! /ATE ! ORGAN ( SUPPRESSION1 :I* B\RGEOIS SOCIETY 
USES AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,= ,5GELS 0,! ,PROLET>IAT SEIZES ! 
P[] ( ! /ATE & !N *ANGES ! [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION TO 
/ATE [N]%IP40 

,?IS MEANS ?AT ! *ANGE ( [N]%IP TO /ATE [N]%IP DID NOT OCCUR 
PREVI\SLY4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO MAKE ?IS S5T5CE ( ,5GELS' RESPONSIBLE = ! 
!ORY ( /ATE CAPITALISM1 BR+S ,5GELS 9TO CONTRADICTION ) HIMSELF4 ,ALSO1 
!RE IS NO CONFIRMATION ( IT TO BE F\ND 9 ACTUAL OCCURR5CES4 ,! RAILROADS 
9 HI<LY DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 LIKE ,5GL& & ,AM]ICA1 >E /ILL 9 
! PRIVATE POSSESSION ( CAPITALI/IC CORPORATIONS4 ,ONLY ! PO/AL & 
TELEGRAPHIC S]VICES >E [N$ BY ! /ATES 9 MO/ C\NTRIES1 BUT = O!R 
REASONS ?AN !IR HI< /ATE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ,G]MAN RAILROADS W]E [N$ BY 
! /ATE MO/LY = MILIT>Y REASONS4 ,! ONLY /ATE CAPITALISM :I* WAS 
5ABL$ TO TRANSF] ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION TO /ATE [N]%IP IS ! ,RUSSIAN1 
BUT NOT ON ACC\NT ( !IR /ATE ( HI< DEVELOPM5T1 RA!R ON ACC\NT ( 
!IR L[ DEGREE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,!RE IS NO?+1 H[EV]1 TO BE F\ND 9 
,5GELS :I* C\LD BE APPLI$ TO CONDITIONS AS !Y EXI/ 9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY 
TODAY1 !SE >E /RONG SUP]VISION REGULATION1 & LIMITATION ( LIB]TY ( 
PRIVATE CAPITALISM BY AN ALL-P[]FUL /ATE4 

,?IS IS QUITE NATURAL1 AS ,5GELS WAS NO PROPHET2 HE WAS ONLY A SCI5TI/ :O 
WAS WELL AW>E ( ! PROCESS ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,:AT HE EXP\NDS >E ! 
FUNDAM5TAL T5D5CIES 9 ?IS DEVELOPM5T & !IR SIGNIFICANCE4 ,!ORIES ( 
DEVELOPM5T >E BE/ EXPRESS$ :5 SPOK5 ( 9 CONNECTION ) ! FUTURE2 IT 
IS !RE=E NOT H>MFUL TO USE CAUTION 9 EXPRESS+ !M4 ,LESS CAUTI\S 
EXPRESSION1 AS IS (T5 ! CASE ) ,5GELS1 DOES NOT DIM9I% ! VALUE ( ! 
PROGNO/ICATIONS 9 ! LEA/1 AL?\< OCCURR5CES DO NOT EXACTLY CORRESPOND TO 
PR$ICTIONS4 ,A MAN ( HIS CALIB] HAS A RI<T TO EXPECT ?AT EV5 HIS 
SUPPOSITIONS BE TREAT$ ) C>E1 AL?\< !Y W]E >RIV$ AT UND] C]TA9 
DEF9ITE CONDITIONS4 ,! WORK ( D$UC+ ! T5D5CIES ( CAPITALISM & !IR 
DEVELOPM5T1 & %AP+ !M 9TO CONSI/5T & COMPREH5SIVE !ORIES ASSURES 
TO ,M>X & ,5GELS A PROM95T POSITION AMONG ! MO/ \T/&+ ?9K]S & 
SCI5TI/S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 BUT ! EXACT DESCRIPTION ( ! SOCIAL 
/RUCTURE ( HALF A C5TURY 9 ADVANCE 9 ALL ITS DETAILS WAS AN IMPOSSIBILITY 
EV5 = !M4 

,DICTATOR%IPS1 AS ?OSE 9 ,ITALY & ,G]MANY1 BECAME NECESS>Y AS MEANS ( 
CO]CION TO =CE UPON ! UNWILL+ MASS ( SMALL CAPITALI/S ! NEW ORD] & 
! REGULAT+ LIMITATIONS4 ,= ?IS REASON SU* DICTATOR%IP IS (T5 LOOK$ 
UPON AS ! FUTURE POLITICAL =M ( SOCIETY ( A DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM ! WORLD 
OV]4 

,DUR+ =TY YE>S ! SOCIALI/ PRESS PO9T$ \T ?AT MILIT>Y MON>*Y WAS 
! POLITICAL =M ( SOCIETY BELONG+ TO A CONC5TRAT$ CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY4 
,= ! B\RGEOIS IS 9 NE$ ( A ,KAIS]1 ! ,JUNK]S & ! >MY 9 DEF5SE 
AGA9/ A REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS ON ONE SIDE & ! NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES 
ON ! O!R SIDE4 ,= T5 YE>S ! BELIEF PREVAIL$ ?AT ! REPUBLIC WAS ! 
TRUE =M ( GOV]NM5T = A DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM1 BECAUSE UND] ?IS =M ( 
/ATE ! B\RGEOISIE W]E ! MA/]S4 ,N[ ! DICTATOR%IP IS CONSID]$ TO BE 
! NE$$ =M ( GOV]NM5T4 ,:ATEV] ! =M MAY BE1 ! MO/ FITT+ 
REASONS = IT >E ALWAYS F\ND4 ,:ILE AT ! SAME TIME C\NTRIES LIKE ,5GL&1 
,FRANCE1 ,AM]ICA & ,BELGIUM ) A HI<LY CONC5TRAT$ & DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM1 
RETA9 ! SAME =M ( P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T1 BE IT UND] A REPUBLIC OR 
K+DOM4 ,?IS PROVES ?AT CAPITALISM *OOSES MANY ROADS LEAD+ TO ! SAME 
DE/9ATION1 & IT ALSO PROVES ?AT !RE %\LD BE NO HA/E 9 DRAW+ 
CONCLUSIONS FROM ! EXP]I5CES 9 ONE C\NTRY TO APPLY TO ! WORLD AT 
L>GE4 

,9 EV]Y C\NTRY GREAT CAPITAL ACCOMPLI%ES ITS RULE BY MEANS ( ! EXI/+ 
POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 DEVELOP$ ?R\< HI/ORY & TRADITIONS1 :OSE FUNCTIONS 
>E !N BE+ *ANG$ EXPRESSLY4 ,5GL& (F]S AN 9/ANCE4 ,!RE ! 
P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM 9 CONJUNCTION ) A HI< MEASURE ( P]SONAL LIB]TY & 
AUTONOMY >E SO SUCCESSFUL ?AT !RE IS NO TRACE :ATEV] ( SOCIALISM1 
COMMUNISM OR REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T AMONG ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,!RE ALSO 
MONOPOLI/IC CAPITALISM GREW & DEVELOP$4 ,!RE1 TOO1 CAPITALISM DOM9ATES ! 
GOV]NM5T4 ,!RE1 TOO1 ! GOV]NM5T TAKES MEASURES TO OV]COME ! RESULTS ( 
! DEPRESSION1 BUT !Y MANAGE TO SUCCE$ )\T ! AID ( A DICTATOR%IP4 
,?IS DOES NOT MAKE ,5GL& A DEMOCRACY1 BECAUSE ALREADY A HALF A C5TURY AGO TWO 
>I/OCRATIC CLIQUES ( POLITICIANS HELD ! GOV]NM5T ALT]NATELY1 & ! 
SAME CONDITIONS PREVAIL TODAY4 ,BUT !Y >E RUL+ BY DIFF]5T MEANS2 9 ! 
LONG RUN !SE MEANS MAY BE MORE EFFECTIVE ?AN ! BRUTAL DICTATOR%IP4 
,COMP>$ ) ,G]MANY1 ! EV5 & =CEFUL RULE ( ,5GLI% CAPITALISM LOOKS TO 
BE ! MORE NORMAL ONE4 ,9 ,G]MANY ! PRESSURE ( A POLICE-GOV]NM5T =C$ 
! WORK]S 9TO RADICAL MOVEM5TS1 SUBSEQU5TLY ! WORK]S OBTA9$ EXT]NAL 
POLITICAL P[]1 NOT ?R\< ! EF=TS ( A GREAT 9N] =CE )9 !MSELVES1 
BUT ?R\< ! MILIT>Y DEBACLE ( !IR RUL]S1 & EV5TUALLY !Y SAW ?AT 
P[] DE/ROY$ BY A %>P DICTATOR%IP1 ! RESULT ( A PETTY B\RGEOIS 
REVOLUTION :I* WAS F9ANC$ BY MONOPOLI/IC CAPITAL4 ,?IS %\LD NOT BE 
9T]PRET$ TO MEAN ?AT ! ,5GLI% =M ( GOV]NM5T IS REALLY ! NORMAL 
ONE1 & ! ,G]MAN ! ABNORMAL ONE2 JU/ AS IT W\LD BE WRONG TO ASSUME ! 
REV]SE4 ,EA* CASE MU/ BE JUDG$ SEP>ATELY1 EA* C\NTRY HAS ! K9D ( 
GOV]NM5T :I* GREW \T ( ITS [N C\RSE ( POLITICAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,OBS]V+ ,AM]ICA1 WE F9D 9 ?IS L& ( GREATE/ CONC5TRATION ( 
MONOPOLI/IC CAPITAL AS LITTLE DESIRE TO *ANGE TO A DICTATOR%IP AS WE F9D 9 
,5GL&4 ,UND] ! ,ROOSEVELT ADM9I/RATION C]TA9 REGULATIONS & ACTIONS W]E 
EFFECT$ 9 ORD] TO RELIEVE ! RESULTS ( ! DEPRESSION1 SOME W]E COMPLETE 
9NOVATIONS4 ,AMONG !SE !RE WAS ALSO ! BEG9N+ ( A SOCIAL POLICY1 :I* 
WAS HI!RTO 5TIRELY ABS5T FROM ,AM]ICAN POLITICS4 ,BUT PRIVATE CAPITAL IS 
ALREADY REBELL+ & IS ALREADY FEEL+ /RONG 5\< TO PURSUE ITS [N C\RSE 
9 ! POLITICAL /RUGGLE = P[]4 ,SE5 FROM ,AM]ICA1 ! DICTATOR%IPS 9 
SEV]AL ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES APPE> LIKE A HEAVY >MOR1 DE/RUCTIVE ( LIB]TY1 
:I* ! CLOSELY PRESS$-9 NATIONS ( ,EUROPE MU/ BE>1 BECAUSE 9H]IT$ 
FEUDS :IP !M ON TO MUTUAL DE/RUCTION1 BUT NOT AS :AT !Y REALLY >E1 
PURPOSEFUL =MS ( ORGANIZATION ( A MO/ HI<LY DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM4 

,! >GUM5TS = A NEW LABOR MOVEM5T1 :I* WE DESIGNATE ) ! NAME ( 
,C\NCIL-,COMMUNISM1 DO NOT F9D !IR BASIS 9 /ATE CAPITALISM & FASCI/ 
DICTATOR%IP4 ,?IS MOVEM5T REPRES5TS A VITAL NE$ ( ! WORK+ CLASSES & 
IS B\ND TO DEVELOP EV]Y:]E4 ,IT BECOMES A NECESSITY BECAUSE ( ! COLOSSAL 
RISE ( ! P[] ( CAPITAL1 BECAUSE AGA9/ A P[] ( ?IS MAGNITUDE ! OLD 
=MS ( LABOR MOVEM5T BECOME P[]LESS1 !RE=E LABOR MU/ F9D NEW MEANS ( 
COMBAT4 ,= ?IS REASON ANY PROGRAM PR9CIPLES = ! NEW LABOR MOVEM5T CAN BE 
BAS$ ON NEI!R /ATE CAPITALISM1 FASCISM1 NOR DICTATOR%IP AS !IR CAUSES1 
BUT ONLY ! CON/ANTLY GR[+ P[] ( CAPITAL & ! IMPOT5CE ( ! OLD 
LABOR MOVEM5T TO COPE ) ?IS P[]4 

,= ! WORK+ CLASSES 9 FASCI/ C\NTRIES BO? CONDITIONS PREVAIL1 = 
!RE ! RIS5 P[] ( CAPITAL IS ! P[] HOLD+ ! POLITICAL AS WELL AS 
! ECONOMIC DICTATOR%IP ( ! C\NTRY4 ,:5 !RE ! PROPAG&A = NEW 
=MS ( ACTION CONNECTS ) ! EXI/5CE ( ! DICTATOR%IP1 IT IS AS IT 
%\LD BE4 ,BUT IT W\LD BE FOLLY TO BASE AN 9T]NATIONAL PROGRAM ON SU* 
PR9CIPLES =GETT+ ?AT CONDITIONS 9 O!R C\NTRIES DIFF] WIDELY FROM 
?OSE 9 FASCI/ C\NTRIES4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM & ,DICTATOR%IP -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM & ,DICTATOR%IP -- ,UPDAT$4 

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