,SUMM>Y ( ! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIALISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS 

,AU?OR 3 ,H5RY ,HYNDMAN 

,TEXT 3 

,S,O,C,I,A,L,I,S,M1 AS A SOCIAL & POLITICAL SY/EM1 DEP5DS  
ALTOGE!R UPON ! HI/ORY ( MANK9D = A RECORD  
( ITS GR[? 9 ! PA/1 & BASES ITS FUTURE UPON A  
KN[L$GE ( ?AT HI/ORY 9 SO F> AS IT CAN BE ACCURATELY  
TRAC$ UP TO ! PRES5T TIME4 ,! GR\NDWORK  
( ! :OLE !ORY IS1 ?AT FROM ! E>LIE/ P]IOD (  
!IR EXI/5CE HUMAN BE+S HAVE BE5 GUID$ BY !  
P[] !Y POSSESS$ OV] ! =CES ( NATURE TO  
SUPPLY ! WANTS >IS+ AS 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S ( ANY  
SOCIETY4  

,?US ,SOCIALISM RE/S UPON POLITICAL ECONOMY 9 ITS  
WIDE/ S5SE - ?AT IS1 UPON ! MANN] 9 :I* WEAL?  
IS PRODUC$ & DI/RIBUT$ BY ?OSE :O =M P>T (  
SOCIETY AT A GIV5 TIME4 ,SLAV]Y1 = 9/ANCE1 >OSE  
:5 M5 HAD REA*$ SU* A PO9T 9 ! PROGRESS  
( ! RACE ?AT EA* LABOR] C\LD PRODUCE BY HIS  
WORK = A DAY1 A WEEK1 A MON?1 OR A YE> MORE ?AN  
WAS NE$$ TO KEEP HIM 9 HEAL? DUR+ ?AT P]IOD4  
,!N CAPTIVES 9 W>1 9/EAD ( BE+ KILL$1 W]E  
5SLAV$1 & ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR1 OV] & ABOVE  
!IR NECESSS>Y FOOD1 W]E TAK5 BY ! CONQU]+  
TRIBE2 = ?\< SLAV]Y >OSE 9 ! NOMADIC /ATE !  
#d 
E>LIE/ =M ( COOP]ATION & [N]%IP WAS BY A 
TRIBE2 & 9 ! TRIBAL RELATIONS COMMON PROP]TY WAS  
! RULE ALIKE 9 ! SOIL & 9 ! PRODUCE ( LABOR4  

,AS ?IS COMMON PROP]TY BROKE UP [+ TO ! PROGRESS  
( ! ECONOMICAL =MS1 ! GR[? ( EX*ANGE1  
! SUP]IORITY ( 9DIVIDUALS OR FAMILIES 9 W> OR 9  
! *ASE1 CLASSES OR CA/ES W]E GRADUALLY =M$1 RE/+  
9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE UPON A NECESS>Y DIVISION ( LABOR1  
?\< (T5 EXI/+1 AS 9 VILLAGE COMMUNITIES1 :]E A  
MODIFI$ =M ( COMMON PROP]TY WAS /ILL ! RULE4  
,!NCE AGA91 9/ITUTIONS DEVELOP$ ?R\< CU/OM &  
LAW2 RELIGION SANCTIFY+ :AT HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 F\ND  
TO BE ON ! :OLE NECESS>Y OR EXP$I5T4 ,!SE  
9/ITUTIONS1 ?\< >IS+ FROM ! MAT]IAL P[] (  
MAN OV] NATURE1 HAD 9 TURN A GREAT 9FLU5CE UPON !  
MANN] 9 :I* ?AT P[] WAS US$1 & APPE>$  
AS ! CONS]VATIVE SIDE ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T CONFLICT+  
) ! PROGRESSIVE OR REVOLUTION>Y SIDE1  
:I* NECESS>ILY FOLL[S UPON ! IMPROVEM5T &  
ADAPTATION ( ! ME?ODS ( PRODUC+ FOOD & WEAL?4  
,FROM ?IS ESS5TIAL & CON/ANT ANTAGONISM >ISES !  
CONFLICT BETWE5 CLASSES 9 EV]Y CIVILIZATION ( :I*  
WE HAVE ANY KN[L$GE2 & UPON ! /RUGGLES DUE 
TO ?IS CONFLICT ALL PROGRESS HAS HI!RTO DEP5D$4  

,A SLI<T CONSID]ATION WILL S]VE TO %[ ?AT ?IS  
IS ! TRUE EXPLANATION ( ! GR[? ( MANK9D4 ,!  
FIR/ OBJECT ( EV]Y ANIMAL1 MAN 9CLUD$1 IS TO FE$  
ITSELF & ITS (FSPR+2 & MAN BEGAN 9 ! NOMADIC  
/ATE BY FE$+ UPON FRUITS & B]RIES4 ,?AT !  
GR[? FROM ! E>LY BRUTI% HABITS UPW>DS TO !  
TAM+ ( BEA/S & ORD]$ AGRICULTURE WAS !  
PROCESS1 NOT ( ?\S&S BUT ( MILLIONS ( YE>S1 IS  
#e 
N[ ADMITT$ BY ALL SCI5TIFC WRIT]S ON ! RECORDS (  
,PRIMEVAL MAN4 ,BUT ! NE$ = FOOD WAS FOLL[$ BY  
! NE$ = CLO?+1 = W>M?1 = %ELT]2 & EA*  
( !SE WANTS CORRESPOND$ 9 TURN ) *ANG+ =MS  
( SOCIAL LIFE AS !Y W]E GRATIFI$4 ,! :OLE1 9 FACT1  
MOV$ 9 ONE PIECE AS ! ECONOMICAL =MS DEVELOP$3  
! NOMADIC LIFE ( ! WOODS & PLA9S2 ! COMMON  
PROP]TY ( ! TRIBE OR CLAN SCANTY & 9SUFFICI5T2  
! MORE CONF9$ >EA ( OP]ATIONS AS AGRICULTURE  
BECAME AN 9CREAS+ BUS9ESS2 ! /RUGGLE ) NEI<BOR+  
TRIBES AB\T RI<TS ( PA/URE OR TO OBTA9  
COVET$ SPOILS2 ! E>LI] OR LAT] 9TRODUCTION ( SLAV]Y  
9 PLACE ( :OLESALE SLAU<T] ( CAPTIVES2 ! DEVELOPM5T  
( DIVISION ( LABOR & EX*ANGE SL[LY BREAK+  
UP ! COMMON PROP]TY2 ! 9/ITUTION ( PRIVATE  
PROP]TY 9 L&1 R5D]$ NECESS>Y BY ! SIMULTANE\S  
IMPROVEM5TS 9 AGRICULTURE2 ! 9CREASE (  
9DIVIDUAL WEAL?1 AS CULTIVATION & DIVISION (  
LABOR PROGRESS$ ON A L>G] SCALE1 DUE TO MONEY-USURY  
& SLAVE-[N]%IP2 ! CON/RUCTION ( CLASSES  
REPRES5T+ DIV]G5T 9T]E/S2 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5  
! V>I\S CLASSES & ?OSE ABOVE !M2 ! 5ORM\S  
DEVELOPM5T ( ! SLAVE CLASS & ! POOR] CITIZ5S  
9 ,GREECE & /ILL MORE 9 ,ROME2 ! GRADUAL =MATION  
( CU/OMS1 LAWS1 RELIGIONS GR[+ \T ( !SE  
EV]-*ANG+1 EV]-PROGRESS+1 ECONOMICAL =MS2 !  
CON/ANT APPEALS ( ! PRIVILEG$ ORD]S TO !SE CU/OMS1  
LAWS1 & RELIGI\S DOCTR9ES AS ! WISDOM (  
! PA/ NOT TO BE RUDELY %AK5 BY ! NEW-FANGL$1  
SUBV]SIVE !ORIES ( REVOLUTIONI/S1 :O W]E !MSELVES  
BUT ! UNCONSCI\S EXPON5TS ( SU* 9EVITABLE  
MODIFICATIONS - A C>EFUL /UDY ( EA* L9K 9 !  
#f 
*A9 ( ?IS LONG DEVELOPM5T1 WILL %[ CLE>LY H[  
MAN 9 SOCIETY HAS BE5 ! RESULT ( AGES ON AGES (  
SL[ GR[?1 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL IS LO/ 9 UTT]  
9SIGNIFICANCE1 & SPECIAL 9V5TIONS SU* AS FIRE1 !  
:EEL1 ! M9+1 SMELT+1 & WORK+ ( METALS1  
BECOME MANIFE/LY BUT ! 9EVITABLE RESULTS ( ! SOCIAL  
/ATE :I* PRODUCES !M4  

,LEAV+ ON ONE SIDE ! CIVILIZATIONS ( ,EGYPT &  
,EA/]N ,ASIA1 IMPORTANT AS !Y >E TO A KN[L$GE ( \R  
SOCIAL GR[? - = ONLY SEV5TY G5]ATIONS ( ?IRTY  
YE>S EA* TAKE US BACK TO A P]IOD :5 ,BRITA9 WAS  
PRACTICALLY UNKN[N1 & ,ROMAN CIVILIZATION WAS 9 ITS  
9FANCY - IT IS SUFFICI5T TO DEAL BRIEFLY ) ! DECAY (  
! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 ! FEUDAL 9/ITUTIONS :I*  
SPRANG UP ON ITS OV]?R[1 &1 MORE 9 DETAIL1 )  
! SPECIAL CIRCUM/ANCES :I* HAVE 9FLU5C$ !  
PROGRESS ( ! PEOPLE ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE TO ! EXI/+  
CAPITALI/ RULE4 ,! FACT ?AT ! ANCI5T CIVILIZATIONS  
( ,GREECE & ,ROME W]E SUPPORT$ BY OP5 &  
ACKN[L$G$ SLAV]Y ( ! MASS ( ! PRODUC+ CLASS1  
R5D]S ALL COMP>ISON ( DEMOCRACY1 9 ! MOD]N  
S5SE1 ) ! SO-CALL$ DEMOCRACIES ( ,GREEK OR  
,ROMAN SOCIETY UTT]LY FUTILE4 ,! ECONOMICAL &  
SOCIAL CONDITIONS >E 5TIRELY DIFF]5T4  

,?OSE ,GREEK REPUBLICS1 :I* HAVE SO (T5 BE5 !  
!ME = ADULATION ON ! P>T ( DEMOCRATIC ORATORS1  
POETS1 & >TI/S1 W]E !MSELVES BUT CLOSE OLIG>*IES2  
& ! SLAVE-CLASS BEL[ WAS ! BASIS ( ! :OLE  
SUP]-/RUCTURE ALIKE AT ,A!NS1 ,COR9?1 & ,SP>TA4  
,! V]Y NUMB]S ( ! SLAVES %[ H[ COMPLETELY !  
SOCIAL >RANGEM5T WAS ACCEPT$ AS 9EVITABLE2 = AT  
,A!NS !RE W]E AT LEA/ #a#b1 SLAVES TO #b1  
#g 
CITIZ5S1 :ILE AT ,COR9? ! SLAVES AT ONE P]IOD  
NUMB]$ #d#f14 ,MOREOV]1 ECONOMICAL CAUSES HAV+  
PRODUC$ SLAV]Y1 =CE WAS LONG LITTLE NE$$ TO  
MA9TA9 ! SUPREMACY ( ! UPP] CLASSES1 :O  
C\LD C>RY ON !IR [N W>F>E AMONG !MSELVES  
ALMO/ UNDI/URB$ BY FE>S ( A SLAVE REVOLT4 ,9 ,ROME  
! SAME =MS APPE>$ 9 RA!R DIFF]5T CLO?+1  
?\< 9 BO? ! SLAVES W]E (T5 LE>N$1 HI<LY-TRA9$  
M51 WIDELY DIFF]5T FROM ! IGNORANT HUMAN  
MA*9ES :OM WE >E ACCU/OM$ TO ASSOCIATE 9 \R  
M9DS ) ! WORD SLAVES4 ,9 ,ROME1 ! 9SURRECTIONS  
( ! SLAVES W]E MORE NUM]\S & MORE =MIDABLE  
?AN 9 ,GREECE4 ,BUT1 9 ?IS CASE1 TOO1 ! CONFLICTS  
BETWE5 ! V>I\S SECTIONS ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES  
W]E ALMO/ UNDI/URB$1 IF WE EXCEPT ! GREAT 9SURRECTION  
( ,SP>TACUS1 BY ! EF=TS AT 5FRAN*ISEM5T  
ON ! P>T ( ! SLAVES1 :O R>ELY TIM$ !IR RIS+S  
WELL & W]E MASSACR$ :OLESALE 9 ,ITALY & ,SICILY  
AT COMP>ATIVELY LITTLE CO/ ( LIFE TO !IR MA/]S4  

,E>LY 9 ! RECORD ! SLAVE-9DU/RY1 CONTROLL$ BY  
! P[]FUL L&LORD-CAPITALI/S ( ,ROME & ! O!R  
GREAT CITIES ( ! ,EMPIRE1 BEGAN TO CRU% \T & EV5  
TO 5?RALL$ ! SMALL FREEHOLD]S :O HAD >IS5 ON !  
BREAK UP ( ! TRIBES1 OR :O BELONG$ TO CONQU]$  
NATIONS4 ,!IR 9DEP5D5T WORK1 ) A FEW SLAVES  
>\ND !M1 C\LD MAKE NO HEAD AGA9/ ! 5ORM\S  
PRODUCTION = GA9 :I* !IR L>GE COMPETITORS C>RI$  
ON4 ,! ,LIC9IAN ,LAW1 & ! AGITATIONS ( ! ,GRAC*I  
W]E MEANT TO PROTECT ! VIGOR\S YEOM5 FROM =CIBLE  
& /ILL MORE FROM ECONOMICAL EXPROPRIATION4 ,BUT !  
MOVEM5T WAS TOO /RONG TO BE RESI/$4 ,L>GE PROP]TIES  
GREW /EADILY L>G]1 & !SE GREAT F>MS  
#h 
RU9$ NOT ONLY ,ITALY BUT O!R PORTIONS ( ! EMPIRE4  
,! SOIL1 ?\< RI*1 WAS EXHAU/$ 9 ! C\RSE (  
G5]ATIONS BY CEASELESS OV]-CROPP+ = PR(IT ALONE2  
! SLAVE CLASS ( ! C\NTRY SUPPORT$ A USELESS &  
V]Y NUM]\S SLAVE CLASS 9 ! T[NS2 & ! CONDITION  
( ! POOR1 FREE1 ,ROMAN CITIZ5 BECAME SO  
BAD ?AT ECONOMICALLY IT C\LD SC>CELY BE WORSE4  
,?US1 ! PROSP]ITY ( ! :OLE EMPIRE WAS /EADILY  
SAPP$1 & SOME REGIONS HAVE SC>CELY RECOV]$ !  
PROCESS UNTO ?IS DAY4 ,! ,EA/]N ,PROV9CES1 :I*  
HAD A HI/ORY ( !IR [N EV5 ?R\<\T ! P]IOD  
( ,ROMAN DOM9ATION1 SUFF]$ LESS ?AN ! RE/1  
:IL/ !Y PROVID$ ! GREAT PROPRIETORS ( ! METROPOLIS  
) !IR LUXURIES1 & ?US REGA9$ 9 P>T BY  
COMM]CE :AT !Y LO/ BY TRIBUTE4  

,! :OLE SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE WAS  
SU* ?AT M]C5>Y >MIES W]E NE$$ TO REPLACE !  
OLD 9DEP5D5T MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,ROME FOLL[$ 9  
! PA? ( ,C>?AGE4 ,SL[LY ! ECONOMICAL =MS  
*ANG$1 & AFT]W>DS ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL4  
,FROM :AT SEEM$ TO CONTEMPOR>Y OBS]V]S !  
MO/ DANG]\S OR MO/ WOR?LESS PORTIONS ( ! EXI/+  
CIVILIZATION1 A NEW LIFE >OSE & PROGRESS FOLL[$4  
,\T ( ! ROTT5NESS ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE ( !  
,WE/1 ! SLAVES )9 & ! B>B>IANS FROM )\T  
=M$ ! NUCLEUS ( ANO!R SOCIETY4 ,! SPREAD (  
A NEW REVOLUTION>Y ,ASIATIC CRE$1 ) A HI<] MORALITY  
?AN ! POPUL> =MS ( ,PAGANISM1 WAS ACCOMPANI$  
?R\<\T ! EMPIRE BY A RIS+ SPIRIT AMONG !  
SLAVE CLASS :I* PROVID$ ITS E>LIE/ CONV]TS1 &  
! B>B>IAN 9VAD]S1 DRIV5 ONW>DS PROBABLY BY  
! EXHAU/ION ( !IR [N S\RCES ( FOOD SUPPLY F\ND  
#i 
?AT ! 9HABITANTS ( ! T]RITORIES !Y OV]RAN  
ALMO/ WELCOM$ !M4 ,! D[NFALL ( ! ,ROMAN  
,EMPIRE ( ! ,WE/ WAS1 9 %ORT1 DUE TO ! NECESS>Y  
GR[? ( FRE% =CES BEL[1 :I* TOOK ! PLACE (  
WORN-\T =MS ?AT HAMP]$ ! ADVANCE4  

,!NCE=W>D SLAV]Y 9 ITS OLD =M FAD$ 9TO  
MOD]N S]FDOM2 & ,CA?OLICISM1 TRUE TO ITS ORIG91  
/ROVE TO UPROOT BO?1 :IL/ MA9TA9+ AN EQUALITY (  
CONDITIONS AT ! />T )9 ITS [N BODY4 ,ORGANIZ$  
,*RI/IANITY EX]CIS$1 9 SOME S5SE1 AS A RELIGION1 !  
P[] :I* HAD BELONG$ TO ,ROME AS A C5T] (  
EMPIRE4 ,9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ?R\< ! LONG  
P]IOD ( ! SO-CALL$ D>K AGES - SO H>D TO UND]/&  
EV5 BY ! FULL LI<T ( MOD]N SCI5TIFIC  
RESE>* - NEW ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE  
W]E TAK+ ! PLACE ( ! OLD1 NEW RELATIONS W]E  
BE+ E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 M5 AS 9DIVIDUALS1 & M5  
AS CLASSES4 ,! DECAY ( ! ,ROMAN ROADS %UT (F !  
NEW COMMUNITIES TO A GREAT EXT5T FROM ONE ANO!R1  
AS ! DISB&M5T ( ! LEGIONS LOOS5$ ! BONDS (  
AU?ORITY2 A NEW >T & A NEW LIT]ATURE GREW UP 9  
EA* C\NTRY1 F\ND$ D\BTLESS ON ! OLD1 BUT FRE%  
& VIGOR\S 9DE$ COMP>$ ) ! BA/>D WORK  
( S]VILE COPYI/S1 :I* WELL REFLECT$ ! DEGRADATION  
( ,GREEK AS WELL AS ( ,ROMAN CIVILIZATION2 NEW LAWS &  
NEW CU/OMS NECESS>ILY GREW \T ( ! *ANG$ CONDITIONS1  
NOT)/&+ ! P>TIAL 9FLU5CE ( !  
,ROMAN CODES4 ,ABOVE ALL !RE WAS ! NEW RELIGION1  
:I*1 RIS+ TRIUMPHANT OV] ! OLD PAGAN CRE$S1 HAD  
NEV]!LESS ADOPT$1 P]=CE1 ! OLD PAGAN C]EMONIAL  
& ! OLD PAGAN FE/IVITIES2 9 ! SAME WAY  
?AT ! S]FS & DOME/IC RETA9]S1 ?\< HOLD+  
#a 
F> DIFF]5T RELATIONS TO !IR SUP]IORS FROM ?OSE (  
! SLAVES TO !IR MA/]S1 /ILL US$ ! AGRICULTURAL  
IMPLEM5TS & H&L$ ALMO/ ! SAME PRIMITIVE  
MA*9ES AS ! SLAVE CLASS1 :O W]E1 SO TO SAY1 !IR  
ECONOMICAL ANCE/ORS4  

,9/EAD ( ! COMB9$ L&LORD & CAPITALI/ CONTROLL+  
T5S1 HUNDR$S1 OR ?\S&S ( TOIL]S ON HIS  
E/ATE ?R\< A BAILIFF1 WE HAVE ! DISRUPTION AGA9  
( VILLAGE COMMUNITIES ( FREE M5 - TRACES ( :I* CAN  
BE F\ND 9 ALL ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES TO ?IS DAY - DEVELOP+  
9TO A SY/EM ( S]FDOM :]E ! S]FS W]E B\ND  
TO ! SOIL1 BUT B\ND ALSO BY DIRECT P]SONAL RELATIONS  
TO !IR MA/]S4 ,SO1 TOO1 AS !SE *ANGES ACT$ &  
REACT$ NEW CLASS-/RUGGLES TOOK ! PLACE ( ! OLD4  
,OPPRESSORS & OPPRESS$1 DOM9ANT & S]VILE1 LORD  
& BUR<]1 MA/] & CRAFTSMAN1 SEIGNEUR & S]F1  
/OOD 9 ANTAGONISM1 AS MANK9D W]E FEEL+ !IR WAY  
TO A WID] ECONOMICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,C5TURIES ( DIS9TEGRATION  
& RECON/RUCTION W]E NE$$ TO BR+  
=? ! COMPLETE FEUDAL SY/EM2 & ! E>LIE/  
DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N TRADE & COMM]CE TOOK PLACE  
ON ! %ORES ( ?AT GREAT 9L& SEA :I* = AGES  
WAS ! CRADLE ( WE/]N CIVILIZATION4 ,V5ICE1 ,G5OA1  
,PISA1 FOLL[$ 9 ! FOOT/EPS ( ,TIRE1 ,COR9?1 &  
,C>?AGE4 ,ROME1 9/EAD ( BE+ ! METROPOLIS ( A  
GREAT EMPIRE1 BECAME ! HEAD-QU>T]S ( A RELIGI\S  
ORGANIZATION :I* EX]CIS$ AN 9FLU5CE ?AT REA*$  
! UTT]MO/ P>TS ( ! WE/]N WORLD4  

,?AT ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* WAS1 9  
! MA91 US$ 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! PEOPLE AGA9/ !  
DOM9ANT CLASSES CAN SC>CELY N[ BE DISPUT$2 NOR  
?AT ! EQUALITY ( CONDITIONS TO />T ) 9 !  
#aa 
ORGANIZATION ITSELF WAS ONE ( ! GREAT CAUSES ( ITS  
EXTRAORD9>Y SUCCESS ?R\<\T ! SO-CALL$ D>K AGES4  
,CA?OLICISM1 9 ITS BE/ P]IOD1 RAIS$ ONE CONT9U\S  
PROTE/ AGA9/ S]FDOM & USURY1 AS E>LY ,*RI/IANITY1  
9 ITS BE/ =M1 HAD D5\NC$ SLAV]Y & USURY TOO4  
,BUT ! ECONOMICAL T5D5CIES W]E TOO /RONG = ANY  
PROTE/ TO BE MU* REG>D$ AT FIR/4 ,DIVISON ( LABOR1  
& ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY !NCE RESULT+1 AT A TIME  
:5 ! P[]S ( MAN OV] NATURE W]E /ILL LIMIT$1  
GAVE P[] & IMPORTANCE TO ! W>RIOR CA/E &  
! PRIE/LY CA/E OV] ! M]E H9DS & H&ICRAFTSM54  
,YET1 EV5 9 ! E>LIE/ P]IOD ( FEUDALISM1 !  
RIS+S ( ! TRAD+ CLASS1 & ) !M AT TIMES !  
PEASANTS & >TIZANS1 AGA9/ ! NOBLES & T]RITORIAL  
CL]GY1 W]E NEI!R FEW NOR F> BETWE54 ,! 5GAGEM5T  
( ! KNI<T & HIS RETA9]S TO DEF5D !  
AGRICULTURI/S1 H&ICRAFTSM51 & TRAD]S :O  
CLU/]$ R\ND ! =TRESS ( :I* HE WAS ! LORD1  
L$ TO DEM&S ON HIS SIDE :I* ! BUR<]S & !IR  
PEOPLE RES5T$4 ,9 ,ITALY1 9 ,G]MANY1 9 ,FRANCE1 &  
9 ,5GL&1 ! GREAT NOBLES & !IR FEUDATORIES W]E  
9 TIME CONFRONT$ BY MUNICIPALITIES ) PRIVILEGES  
GRANT$ 9 RETURN = S]VICES R5D]$1 & ! GREAT  
CITIES ( ,FL&]S & ,WE/]N ,G]MANY ALMO/ RIVAL$  
! ,ITALIAN ,REPUBLICS 9 ! 9FLU5CE !Y MANIFE/$  
( T[N OV] C\NTRY :I* !N FIR/ BEGAN TO BE FELT 9  
ITS MOD]N =M4 ,! DEF9ITE /RUGGLE BETWE5 !  
NOBILITY & ! B\RGEOISIE1 !RE=E1 TOOK %APE AT !  
SAME TIME1 ?\< ASSUM+ DIFF]5T ASPECTS1 9 DIFF]5T  
C\NTRIES4  

,ON1 ! O!R H&1 ! UNORGANIZ$ RIS+S ( !  
PEASANTRY1 SU* AS ! ,PEASANTS' ,W> 9 ,5GL&1 !  
#ab 
GREAT 9SURRECTIONS ( ! ,JACQU]IE 9 ,FRANCE1 & ( !  
S]FS 9 ,G]MANY1 W]E ! ATTEMPTS ( ! PROLET>IAT  
( ! MIDDLE-AGES TO OBTA9 SOME IMPROVEM5T 9 !IR  
LOT AP>T FROM ! TRAD]S1 :OSE POSITION WAS ( C\RSE  
V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,! S]F ( ! MIDDLE-AGES %[S BUT  
AS A SORRY FIGURE1 9DE$1 9 ALL C\NTRIES1 AS COMP>$  
) ?AT SPL5DID *IVALRY1 :OSE RESPL5D5T >MOR  
& NOBLE 9DIVIDUAL PR[ESS HAVE BE5 ! !ME ( SO  
MU* GLORIFICATION4 ,YET1 = C5TURIES1 !SE DESPIS$  
*URLS PROVID$ 9 ! =M ( FOOD & W>ES1 FURNI%$  
BY ! NUMB] ( DAYS' WORK DUE TO !IR LORD =  
NO?+1 ! MEANS ( PROVID+ ALL ! MAGNIFIC5CE  
:I* DECK$ \T ! B>ON1 ! ABBOT1 & !  
FAIR LADIES ( ! C\RT4 ,EV]Y:]E1 H[EV]1 AT !  
HEI<T ( ! FEUDAL DOM9ATION1 ! H&ICRAFTSMAN1  
MORE ESPECIALLY AT ! LAT] P]IOD :I* PREC$$ ITS  
DISRUPTION1 WAS A FREE MAN4 ,! CONTRA/ BETWE5  
! POSITION ( SU* A MAN OR ! YEOMAN1 & !  
VILLE9S1 WAS MO/ /RIK+ 9 EV]Y RESPECT4 ,!  
LATT] W]E M]E *ATTELS3 ! =M] W]E 9DEP5D5T  
M52 MORE 9DEP5D5T P]HAPS 9 ,5GL& ?AN !  
PEOPLE AS A BODY HAVE EV] BE5 ECONOMICALLY1 SOCIALLY1  
& POLITICALLY1 AT ANY O!R P]IOD ( \R HI/ORY4  

,= 9 ,5GL& - & ?IS IT IS :I* R5D]S \R  
[N C\NTRY ! MO/ FITT+ FIELD = ! /UDY (  
MOD]N DEVELOPM5T - ! 5FRAN*ISEM5T ( !  
PEASANTRY & !IR SETTLEM5T UPON ! L& AS FREE  
YEOM51 TOOK PLACE AT A MU* E>LI] DATE ?AN 9 ANY  
O!R NATION4 ,!SE YEOM5 W]E 9 FACT ! MA9/AY  
( ,5GL& = SEV]AL HUNDR$ YE>S1 & !IR  
9FLU5CE CAN BE TRAC$ 9 \R NATIONAL HI/ORY  
BE=E ! 5FRAN*ISEM5T ( ! S]FS AS A BODY4  
#ac 
,! GREAT RIS+S1 H[EV]1 ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1  
SECUR$ = ! MASS ( \R PEOPLE ?AT FRE$OM &  
WELL-BE+ :I* MADE COMMON ,5GLI%M5 = AT  
LEA/ TWO C5TURIES ! 5VY ( ,EUROPE4 ,S]FDOM WAS  
ALMO/ 5TIRELY DONE AWAY1 M5 W]E MA/]S ( !MSELVES1  
!IR L&1 & !IR LABOR4 ,LABOR]S &  
CRAFTSM5 W]E ALIKE WELL-PAID1 WELL-F$ PEOPLE1 :O  
W]E NOT ONLY 9 POSSESSION ( ! L& :I* !Y  
MI<T OCCUPY & TILL1 BUT W]E ALSO 5TITL$ TO RI<TS (  
PA/URAGE OV] L>GE TRACTS ( COMMON L&1 S9CE ROBB$  
FROM !IR DESC5DANTS BY ! MEANNESS ( AN USURP+  
CLASS :O MADE LAWS 9 !IR [N FAVOR TO SANCTIFY  
PILLAGE4  

,5GL&1 F> MORE D5SELY PEOPL$ AT ?AT TIME ?AN  
IS G5]ALLY SUPPOS$1 WAS 9 FACT 9HABIT$ BY P]HAPS  
! MO/ VIGOR\S1 FRE$OM-LOV+ SET ( M5 ! WORLD  
EV] SAW1 :O1 HAV+ %AK5 !MSELVES FREE FROM  
! SLAV]Y ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM1 W]E /ILL UNTRAMMEL$  
BY ! WORSE SLAV]Y ( COMM]CIALISM & CAPITAL4  
,! ECONOMICAL =MS1 ! ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION1 W]E  
! DIRECT CAUSE ( ?IS UNIV]SAL WELL-BE+ & /URDY  
9DEP5D5CE4 ,9/EAD ( M5 WORK+ UND] ! CONTROL  
( ! L&LORD OR ! L&LORD-CAPITALI/ AS SLAVES  
OR S]FS = ! SAKE ( WEAL? & PR(IT = !IR  
[N]S1 ! YEOM5 W]E [N]S !MSELVES ( !IR  
[N MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & PRODUC$ = ! USE (  
! FAMILY1 ONLY PAY+ A PORTION ( SU* PRODUCTION AS  
TI!S1 OR DUES1 OR TAXES4 ,R5T1 9 ! S5SE ( A COMPETITION  
PRICE PAID = ! OCCUPATION ( L&1 WAS AT  
?IS P]IOD ALMO/ UNKN[N 9 ,NOR!RN & ,WE/]N  
,EUROPE AS WELL AS 9 !SE ISL&S4  

,PRODUCTION !RE=E BE+ C>RI$ ON = USE1 ?\<  
#ad 
ONLY 9 PRIMITIVE FA%ION ) SMALL IMPLEM5TS ADAPT$ TO  
9DIVIDUAL H&L+1 MO/ ( ! PRODUCTS BE+ CONSUM$  
OR WORK$ UP 9TO RUDE MANUFACTURES ON ! F>M ITSELF1  
ONLY ! SUP]FLUITY AFT] ! YEOMAN & HIS FAMILY  
W]E WELL-F$ & WELL-CLO!D CAME 9TO EX*ANGE4  
,& ?IS EX*ANGE ITSELF1 LIKE ! PRODUCTION1 WAS C>RI$  
ON BY ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,CRAFTSM5 W]E ECONOMICALLY AS  
9DEP5D5T AS ! YEOM5 & FREE-LABOR]S1 ?\<  
LAWS W]E E>LY MADE 7HAPPILY = MANY G5]ATIONS  
)\T EFFECT7 TO LIMIT !IR P[]S ( COMB9ATION1 &  
TO KEEP D[N ! RATES ( WAGES :I* EI!R !Y OR  
! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S C\LD COMM&4 ,!Y ALSO  
W]E 9 CONTROL ( !IR MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & :AT  
!Y MADE WAS ! RESULT ( !IR [N LABOR ON RAW  
MAT]IALS1 :I* !Y 9 TURN EX*ANG$ = O!R GOODS  
MADE BY M5 AS FREE AS !MSELVES1 OR W]E PAID = BY  
! LORD OR ! ABBOT4 ,/ILL ! RELATIONS W]E 9 !  
MA9 P]SONAL1 & NOT PECUNI>Y1 /ILL A MAN :O  
E>N$ WAGES = A DAY WAS BY NO MEANS =C$ TO  
COMPETE ) HIS NEI<BOR = HIRE BY AN EMPLOY] AS  
A WAGE-E>N] ALL HIS LIFE ?R\<4  

,! TRADE GUILDS :I* 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE W]E  
?OR\<LY DEMOCRATIC 9 !IR CON/ITUTION1 PROTECT$  
! CRAFTSM5 AGA9/ UNREGULAT$ COMPETITION1 OR FROM  
! ATTEMPT TO OPPRESS !M 9 ANY WAY4 ,MOREOV]1 AS  
IT WAS EASY !N = A LABOR] TO OBTA9 A PAT* (  
L&1 & TO REMOVE HIMSELF :OLLY OR 9 P>T FROM !  
WAGE-E>N]S1 SO A J\RNEYMAN APPR5TICE />T+ 9  
LIFE AS A M]E WORK] C\LD & G5]ALLY DID ATTA9 TO  
! DIGNITY ( A MA/] CRAFTSMAN 9 MATURE AGE4 ,!  
AM\NT ( CAPITAL TO BE AMASS$ ]E A MAN C\LD WORK  
= HIMSELF WAS SO SMALL ?AT NO S]I\S B>RI] WAS  
#ae 
PLAC$ BETWE5 ! J\RNEYMAN & 9DEP5D5CE2  
BESIDES1 ! >RANGEM5TS ( ! GUILDS W]E SU* ?AT  
:]EV] A CRAFTSM5 W&]$ HE WAS RECEIV$ AS A  
BRO!R ( HIS P>TICUL> CRAFT4 ,AL?\< ALSO ! RE/  
( ,EUROPE WAS BEH9D ,5GL& 9 ! SETTLEM5T ( !  
PEOPLE ON ! SOIL1 ! CRAFT-GUILDS W]E EV5 MORE  
IMPORTANT 9 ! ,L[ ,C\NTRIES & P>T ( ,G]MANY  
9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ?AN 9 ,5GL&4 ,?US IT %\LD  
APPE> ?AT 9 ! RECORD ( ! FEUDAL DEVELOPM5T !  
P]IOD REA*$ 9 EA* C\NTRY :5 ! PEASANT WAS A  
FREE MAN WORK+ = HIMSELF UPON ! L&1 & !  
CRAFTSMAN WAS LIKEWISE A FREE MAN MA/] ( HIS [N  
MEANS ( PRODUCTION REPRES5TS ! TIME ( GREATE/  
9DIVIDUAL PROSP]ITY = ! PEOPLE4  

,5GL&1 :]E ?IS 9DEP5D5CE WAS ON ! :OLE  
E>LIE/ DEVELOP$1 PRES5T$ ON ?IS V]Y ACC\NT A  
M>K$ CONTRA/ TO ,FRANCE :]E ! RIS+S ( !  
,JACQU]IE HAD NOT RESULT$ SO WELL = ! PEOPLE AS \R  
[N PEASANT 9SURRECTIONS4 ,9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY !  
RURAL POPULATION WAS MU* BEH9D ! T[NSPEOPLE  
?\< 9 ,SPA91 ! E>LY COMMUNAL =MS BE+ !RE  
RETA9$1 ! PEASANTS W]E BETT] (F4 ,! REALLY  
IMPORTANT PO9T IS ?AT1 UND] SU* CONDITIONS ( PRODUCTION  
AS ?OSE DESCRIB$1 :]E ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION  
>E AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :O ALSO  
CONTROLS ! EX*ANGE ( ! SUP]FLUITY1 P]FECT  
ECONOMICAL FRE$OM1 AS WELL AS POLITICAL FRE$OM OR  
FRE$OM BE=E ! LAW1 IS POSSIBLE & 9DE$ CANNOT BE  
AVOID$4 ,M5 !N HAD SOME?+ WOR? FI<T+ = AT  
HOME & ABROAD1 & W]E QUITE READY TO SP5D !IR [N  
BLOOD & !IR [N MONEY 9 FI<T+ = A CAUSE :I*  
!Y HELD TO BE !IR [N4 ,VIC>I\S SACRIFICE ( !  
#af 
LIVES ( M]C5>Y TROOPS & PO/]ITY'S MONEY WAS  
N[ISE TO !IR M9DS2 !Y TOOK NOTE ?AT SU*  
ME?ODS ( W>F>E W]E AT ONCE C[>DLY & MEAN4  

,! ,*UR* AS A COLLECTIVE BODY SUPPLEM5T$ !  
NE$S ( ?IS ?OR\<LY 9DIVIDUALI/ SOCIETY4 ,!  
S]VICES R5D]$ BY ! MONA/]IES1 PRIORIES1 &  
NUNN]IES TO ! PEOPLE 9 ! %APE ( CON/ANT EMPLOYM5T  
ON !IR E/ATES1 ( ALMSGIV+1 MA9T5ANCE (  
HOSPITALS1 S*OOLS1 9NS1 MA9T5ANCE ( ROADS1 HAVE BE5  
SY/EMATICALLY DEPRECIAT$ BY MIDDLE-CLASS HI/ORIANS2  
BUT !SE SEMI-SOCIALI/ BODIES W]E ( ! HI<E/  
VALUE 9 ! ECONOMY ( ! MIDDLE-AGES1 MORE ESPECIALLY  
9 ,5GL&1 & ! L&S :I* !Y HELD W]E US$  
& !IR REV5UES APPLI$ 9 SU* MANN] ?AT DUR+  
!IR MO/ FL\RI%+ P]IOD ! NOBLE/ 9/ITUTIONS  
W]E KEPT UP BY !IR AID4 ,P]MAN5T PAUP]ISM WAS UNKN[N1  
& VAGRANCY WAS *>ITABLY RE/RA9$ SO LONG  
AS !SE 9/ITUTIONS W]E 9 EXI/5CE4 ,! S]VICES  
R5D]$ BY !M 9 ! DIRECTION ( >T & LETT]S IT IS  
NE$LESS TO REC\NT4  

,BUT AT ! RISK ( BE+ COMPELL$ TO REPEAT LAT]  
:AT IS URG$ H]E1 IT IS WELL TO CONSID] AT ?IS PO9T  
! EFFECT :I* ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL  
MAN & HIS P[] OV] HIS [N TOOLS1 MAT]IALS1 &  
! OBJECTS HE WORK$ UPON1 HAD UPON >T4 ,!  
ORD9>Y OP9ION SEEMS TO BE ?AT >T IS BR$ & SU/A9$  
BY ! LUXURY RESULT+ FROM ! PRES5T /ATE (  
SOCIETY1 ) ITS MON/R\S CONTRA/S ( RI*ES &  
POV]TY4 ,A V]Y BRIEF SURVEY WILL BE 5\< TO %[  
! FALSITY ( ?IS NOTION4 ,! SLAVE-S]V$ SOCIETY (  
! CLASSICAL PEOPLES 9TELLECTUAL & HI<LY-REF9$ BUT  
SIMPLE 9 LIFE & FREE1 9 ,GREECE AT ANY RATE1 FROM :AT  
#ag 
IS N[ CALL$ LUXURY1 LOOK$ UPON >T AS A NECESSITY1  
& F\ND NO S]I\S OB/ACLE 9 ! WAY ( SURR\ND+  
! DAILY LIFE ( MAN ) BEAUTY4 ,! RIGID CA/E  
SY/EM ( ! FEUDAL HI]>*Y KEPT UP ! MO/ VIOL5T  
>BITR>Y DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 CLASSES1 BUT HAD NO  
TEMPTATION TO EXT5D ?OSE DI/9CTIONS TO ! M9DS &  
IMAG9ATIONS ( M51 & NO MEANS :]EBY IT C\LD  
DO SO4 ,?US ! >TIFIC] WAS LEFT FREE TO EXPRESS1 ACCORD+  
TO HIS CAPACITY1 ! IDEAS :I* HE %>$ )  
! NOBLE1 DEVELOP+ AS A CLASS A H]$IT>Y SKILL &  
DEXT]ITY 9 ! H&L+ ( ! SIMPLE TOOLS ( ! TIME4  
,UND] ! CRAFT-GILDS ( ! LATT] MIDDLE-AGES !  
9DU/RIAL >TS W]E DIVID$ RIGIDLY 9TO CORPORATIONS1  
BUT 9SIDE ?OSE CORPORATIONS DIVISION ( LABOR WAS  
YET 9 ITS 9FANCY2 SO ?AT EA* FULLY 9/RUCT$ CRAFTSMAN  
WAS MA/] ( HIS [N H&ICRAFT1 & WAS BY ALL  
SURR\ND+ CIRCUM/ANCES 5C\RAG$ TO BE AN >TI/  
:OSE LABOR C\LD NOT BE :OLLY IRKSOME TO HIM4 ,BY  
?IS MEANS ! TA/E & KN[L$GE ( :AT >T WAS  
!N POSSIBLE W]E SPREAD WIDELY AMONG ! PEOPLE &  
BECAME 9/9CTIVE 9 !M1 SO ?AT ALL MANUFACTUR$  
>TICLES AS IT W]E GREW BEAUTIFUL 9 ! UNOBTRUSIVE &  
EF=TLESS WAY ?AT ! WORKS ( NATURE GR[4 ,!  
RESULT ( FIVE C5TURIES ( ?IS POPUL> >T IS OBVI\S 9  
! \TBUR/ ( SPL5DID G5IUS :I* LIT UP ! DAYS (  
! ,ITALIAN ,R5AISSANCE3 ! /RANGE RAPIDITY )  
:I* ?AT SPL5DOR FAD$ AS COMM]CIALISM ADVANC$  
IS PRO( 5\< ?AT ?IS GREAT P]IOD ( >T WAS  
BORN NOT ( DAWN+ COMM]CIALISM BUT ( ! FRE$OM  
( ! 9TELLIG5CE ( LABOR FROM ! CRU%+ WEI<T  
( ! COMPETITION M>KET1 A FRE$OM :I* IT 5JOY$  
?R\<\T ! MIDDLE-AGES4  
#ah 
,! EXQUISITE >MOR ( ! KNI<TS1 !IR SWORDS  
& LANCES ( P]FECT TEMP]1 ! SPL5DID & (T5  
HUMOR\S DECORATIONS ( ! /ONE & WOOD-WORK 9  
! CA!DRALS1 *UR*ES & ABBEYS1 ! ILLUM9ATIONS  
( ! MISSALS1 ! PA9T+S ( ! TIME1 ! MANN] 9  
:I* BEAUTIFUL DESIGNS & TRAC]Y NE/L$ EV5 9  
PLACES :]E IT MI<T BE ?\<T ?AT ! HUMAN EYE  
C\LD R>ELY OR NEV] REA*1 NAY1 EV5 SU* FRAGM5TS  
( ORD9>Y DOME/IC FURNITURE & UT5SILS AS  
HAVE BE5 PRES]V$1 ALL %[ ?AT ! >T ( !  
MIDDLE ,AGES1 LIKE ! >T ( ,GREECE1 WAS SOME?+ LOV$  
& *]I%$ & MADE P]FECT = ITS [N SAKE1 ?AT  
BEAUTY WELL$ UP UNBIDD5 FROM ! SPONTANE\S FL[  
( ! IDEAS ( ! TIME4 ,BUT JU/ AT ?IS P]IOD ( !  
FULLE/ 9DIVIDUAL P]FECTION ! NECESSITIES ( COMPETITION1  
>IS+ \T ( ECONOMICAL *ANGES 9 !  
CONDITIONS ( LABOR :I* HAVE YET TO BE TRAC$1  
GRADUALLY TURN$ ! WORKMAN FROM ! M$IEVAL >TI/-CRAFTSMAN  
9TO ! M]E >TISAN ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1  
& ALMO/ 5TIRELY DE/ROY$ ! ATTRACTIV5ESS (  
HIS LABOR2 SO ?AT :5 AB\T ! 5D ( ! #a#g?  
C5TURY ! WORK-%OP SY/EM ( LABOR :ICN HAD  
PU%$ \T ! GILD SY/EM WAS /RUGGL+ TO P]FECT ITS  
SPECIALTY1 ! DIVISION ( LABOR NAMELY1 :]E9 !  
UNIT ( LABOR IS NOT A S+LE WORKMAN BUT A GR\P1 IT  
F\ND ! ROMANCE1 ! S\L1 BO? ( ! HI<] & !  
DECORATIVE >TS1 GONE ?\< ! COMMONPLACE OR  
BODY ( !M /ILL EXI/$4  

,H[ !N WAS ! >TI/-CRAFTSMAN ?US TURN$ 9TO  
A M]E >TISAN8 ,H[ DID ! COMPETITION >ISE 9 SU*  
%APE ?AT NOT FREE RIVALRY 9 ! CREATION ( BEAUTY BUT  
FI]CE ANTAGONISM 9 ! GRE$ = GA9 BECAME ! RULE (  
#ai 
PRODUCTION8 ,ONCE MORE ! ECONOMICAL =MS *ANG$  
& DE/RUCTION ( ! OLD SOCIETY WAS ! 9EVITABLE  
RESULT4  

,AS ! FEUDAL SY/EM WAS 9TRODUC$ 9TO DIFF]5T  
,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES AT DIFF]5T P]IODS1 AS AGA9  
! GRADUAL CONV]SION ( S]FS 9TO FREE YEOM5  
& LIFEHOLD]S WAS BY NO MEANS SIMULTANE\S 9 EV]Y  
NATION1 AS FUR!R ! =MATION ( ! CRAFT-GILDS  
V>I$1 SO ! DECAY & F9AL DISRUPTION ( ! FEUDAL  
SY/EM TOOK PLACE AT WIDELY SEP>AT$ P]IODS ( TIME4  
,9 ,5GL& ! 5D ( ! W>S ( ! ,ROSES SAW !  
COMM5CEM5T ( ?IS RAPID DIS9TEGRATION4 ,DUR+  
?OSE W>S ! B>ONS HAD L>GELY 9CREAS$ ! NUMB]S  
( !IR RETA9]S1 & HAD ?US IMPOV]I%$ !MSELVES2  
! PEOPLE AS A :OLE /&+ ALO( FROM !  
BOOTLESS & BLOODY ,CIVIL ,W> BETWE5 ! H\SES (  
,YORK & ,LANCA/]4 ,MANY ( ! ANCI5T NOBILITY  
W]E UTT]LY EXT]M9AT$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ! /RUGGLE2  
& ! SUCCESSORS TO !IR E/ATES1 :5 PEACE WAS  
F9ALLY PROCLAIM$ ON ! ACCESSION ( ,H5RY ,V,I,I1  
C>RI$ ON A PROCESS1 :I* HAD BEGUN EV5 E>LI]1 (  
TURN+ \T !IR N[ USELESS RETA9]S TO %IFT =  
!MSELVES4 ,!SE PEOPLE =M$ ! FIR/ SET (  
VAGRANTS & W&]+ B&S1 :O )\T H\SE1  
HOME1 L& OR ANY RECOGNIZ$ POSITION 91 OR CLAIM UPON  
SOCIETY1 ROAM$ ?R\< ! C\NTRY 9 SE>* ( LABOR  
& FOOD4 ,! MONA/]IES1 H[EV]1 W]E /ILL 9 FULL  
ORGANIZATION & PROVID$ TO A L>GE EXT5T = !SE  
W&]]S4  

,BUT AT ! SAME TIME PRESSURE WAS BR\<T TO BE>  
UPON ! 9NUM]ABLE SMALL F>M]S & YEOM51 COMMON  
L& WAS RU?LESSLY 5CLOS$1 & ! NOBLES  
#b 
ADOPT$ EV]Y CONCEIVABLE DEVICE TO 5RI* !MSELVES  
AT ! EXP5SE ( ?OSE :O HAD A BETT] TITLE TO !  
L& ?AN !Y HAD4 ,H5CE MORE VAGRANTS1 MORE  
HOMELESS & A MANIFE/ DECAY 9 ! REAL /R5G? (  
! K+DOM4 ,H]E AGA9 ! REASONS ( ! *ANGE  
W]E ECONOMICAL4 ,! NOBLES WANT$ MONEY TO PAY  
! DEBTS :I* !Y HAD 9CURR$ DUR+ ! W>S1  
& ALSO TO MA9TA9 !MSELVES AT ,C\RT :I* !Y  
N[ MORE REGUL>LY FREQU5T$2 JU/ AT ?IS TIME TOO  
! ,FL&]S M>KET AF=D$ A MO/ PR(ITABLE \TLET  
= WOOL4 ,H5CE IT WAS ADVANTAGE\S = ! L&HOLD]S  
9 EV]Y WAY TO REMOVE M5 & SUB/ITUTE  
%EEP2 S9CE PA/URE F>M+ NE$$ FEW] H&S ?AN  
>ABLE & %EEP PAID BETT] ?AN HUMAN BE+S4 ,?IS  
PROCESS ( EXPROPRIATION !RE=E W5T REL5TLESSLY ON  
DUR+ ! :OLE ( ! LATT] P>T ( ! SIXTE5?  
C5TURY 9 SPITE ( NUM]\S /ATUTES AGA9/ SU*  
ACTION & ! NEV]-CEAS+ PROTE/S ( M5 LIKE ,MORE1  
,LATIM]1 @&C41 AGA9/ ! MIS*IEF ?AT WAS BE+  
DONE4 ,?US BY DEGREES A L&LESS CLASS WAS BE+  
=M$ ) NO PROP]TY BEYOND ! B>E =CE ( LABOR  
9 !IR BODIES2 & !SE PEOPLE W]E SL[LY DRIV5  
9TO ! T[NS :]E !Y =M$ ! G]M ( \R  
MOD]N CITY PROLET>IAT4  

,! BREAKD[N ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM L$ 9 ALMO/  
EV]Y C\NTRY TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A DESPOTISM1  
& ,5GL& =M$ NO EXCEPTION TO ! RULE4 ,H5RY  
,V,I,I,I & ,?OMAS ,CROMWELL ANSW] CLOSELY 5\<  
TO ,L\IS ,X,I,I,I & ,RI*ELIEU4 ,IT WAS ! OBJECT (  
K+ & M9I/] ALIKE ?AT ! CR[N %\LD BE  
SUPREME1 & TO A L>GE EXT5T !Y SUCCE$$ 9  
ATTA9+ IT3 ?\< ,CROMWELL1 LESS DEXT]\S ?AN !  
#ba 
,FR5* M9I/]1 LO/ HIS [N HEAD AFT] HAV+  
REMOV$ ! HEADS ( SO MANY O!RS4 ,BUT !  
,RE=MATION & ! CONSEQU5T D[NFALL ( ! MONA/]IES  
W]E ! MO/ IMPORTANT EV5TS 9 ,5GLI%  
HI/ORY BETWE5 ! ,PEASANT'S ,W> & ! GREAT  
9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5?  
C5TURY4 ,! ,RE=MATION 9 ,G]MANY WAS AS F>  
FROM BE+ A MOVEM5T ( ! PEOPLE AS IT WAS 9  
,5GL&2 9 ,FRANCE ALSO ! ,PROTE/ANTS W]E AS LITTLE  
REPRES5TATIVE ( PEASANTRY AS ! ,CA?OLIC NOBLES4  
,LU!R HIMSELF1 ?AT FI]CE *AMPION ( 9DIVIDUALISM1  
WAS A BITT] OPPON5T ( ! PEASANTS 9 !IR RIS+S  
AGA9/ ! NOBLES4 ,9 FACT ! ,RE=MATION EV]Y:]E1  
?\< P>TLY DIRECT$ AGA9/ UND\BT$  
ABUSES 9 ! *UR*1 WAS A ?OR\< MIDDLE-CLASS  
MOVEM5T REPRES5T+ FULLY MIDDLE-CLASS ASPIRATIONS  
= 9DIVIDUAL AGGR&IZEM5T H]E & H]EAFT]4  

,9 ,5GL& ! K+ WAS %REWD 5\< TO PUT HIMSELF  
AT ITS HEAD KN[+ ?AT MORE SOLID GA9 WAS TO BE  
HAD BY ! PLUND] ( ! *UR* ?AN BY MA9TA9+ A  
RESOLUTE ATTITUDE AS ,DEF5D] ( A ,FAI? ?AT GAVE HIM  
NO?+ & TOOK MU*4 ,?US ! MONA/]IES W]E  
DE/ROY$1 & ! K+ WAS 5ABL$ TO RECONCILE !  
B>ONS TO ?IS PILLAGE BY GIV+ !M A GOOD %>E (  
! PLUND] ( ! L&S ( ! *UR* & ! PEOPLE4  
,NE>LY ONE-HALF ( ! L& ( ,5GL&1 :I* HAD UP  
TO ?IS TIME BE5 US$ TO A L>GE EXT5T = PUBLIC  
PURPOSES1 N[ BECAME ! PROP]TY ( A NUMB] (  
NOBLES & C\RTI]S :O RECOGNIZ$ LITTLE OR NO DUTY (  
TRU/EE%IP1 & :O EV5 ALL[$ ! PUBLIC ROADS  
:I* ! MONKS HAD KEPT UP TO GO TO RU91 AS !Y  
SUFF]$ ! MAGNIFIC5T ABBEYS TO DECAY OR BE TURN$  
#bb 
9TO QU>RIES = BUILD+ MAT]IALS4 ,H5CE=? !  
PEOPLE ( ,5GL& HAD NO HOLD UPON !IR [N L&2  
& ALL ! DUTIES :I* ! MONKS & NUNS HAD FILL$  
9 ! ECONOMY ( ! MIDDLE-AGES FELL 9TO ABEYANCE  
& W]E LEFT UNP]=M$4 ,AS TO ! 9HABITANTS ( !  
MONA/]IES1 ! MONKS & NUNS1 FRI>S & SI/]S :O  
W]E TURN$ \T ( !IR H\SES1 !Y JO9$ ! >MY  
( MIS]ABLE VAGRANTS N[ YE>LY 9CREAS+ ON !  
PUBLIC HI<WAYS4 ,) NO MEANS ( E>N+ A LIVELIHOOD1  
!Y & ! DIS*>G$ RETA9]S1 ! EXPROPRIAT$  
YEOM5 & ! DIS*>G$ H9DS1 W]E A NEV]-CEAS+  
S\RCE ( ANNOYANCE TO ! CLASSES :I* HAD  
DRIV5 !M \T TO />VE2 :IL/ ! V]Y ABOLITION (  
! MONA/]IES1 :I* 9T5SIFI$ ! MIS*IEF1 DEPRIV$  
!SE POOR PEOPLE ( !IR LA/ HOPE ( SUCCOR4  

,SU* WAS ! PRESSURE ON ! PEASANTRY1 [+ TO !  
5CLOSURES1 ! ROBB]IES ( COMMONS1 & ! SEIZURE (  
! ,*UR* ,L&S1 ?AT 9 SPITE ( ! 9FAM\S ATROCITIES  
WREAK$ UPON ALL DI/URB]S ( ORD] & UPON !  
WRET*$ VAGRANTS !MSELVES1 :O W]E HANG$ &  
DISEMB[EL$1 TORTUR$ & FLOGG$ 9 BAT*ES1 !RE  
W]E A :OLE S]IES ( 9SURRECTIONS AFT] ! SUPPRESSION  
( ! MONA/]IES1 SOME ( :I* W]E SUPPORT$  
BY ! WELL-TO-DO1 & EV51 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! 9SURRECTION  
( ! ,NOR!RN ,E>LS1 BY ! NOBLES !MSELVES4  
,! NEW SY/EM ( PRODUCTION = PR(IT & CON/ANT  
COMPETITION = WAGES1 9VOLV+ ?\< IT DID PROGRESS1  
9 ! S5SE ( PRODUC+ MORE WEAL? ) FEW]  
H&S1 BY ! DIVISION ( LABOR & COOP]ATION1 WAS  
?US NOT 9TRODUC$ )\T A FRI<TFUL & BLOODY CLASS  
/RUGGLE ON ! P>T ( ! PEOPLE TO MA9TA9 !IR OLD  
9DIVIDUAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! RIS+S W]E PUT D[N  
#bc 
) FRI<TFUL CRUELTY1 H[EV]1 & ! LAWS AGA9/  
VAGRANTS :O W]E =C$ TO W&] BY ! *ANG$  
CONDITIONS ( AGRICULTURE1 W]E H>%] ?AN EV]  
UND] ! REIGN ( ,QUE5 ,ELIZABE?1 ! MON>*  
:OSE REIGN IS SUPPOS$ TO EMBRACE ! MO/ GLORI\S  
P]IOD ( ,5GLI% HI/ORY4  

,IT IS WOR?Y ( REM>K ALSO ?AT DUR+ !  
:OLE ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY ! ATTEMPTS MADE  
TO /OP ! UPROOT+ ( ! PEOPLE FROM ! SOIL BY  
LAW W]E ABSOLUTELY UNAVAIL+4 ,! CLASS N[  
GA9+ P[] 9 ! C\NTRY1 NAMELY ! L&LORDS  
) BAILIFFS1 & ! L>GE F>M]S1 :O BO? REG>D$  
! L& ONLY AS A MEANS ( MAK+ GA91 RODE R\<%OD  
OV] ! 5ACTM5TS ( ,P>LIAM5T 9 FAVOR ( !  
POOR2 ?\< !Y TOOK C>E TO GIVE FULL =CE TO ALL  
?OSE :I* T5D$ 9 ANY WAY TO /R5G!N !IR [N  
P[]4 ,! SAME ) ! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE1 :O  
RAPIDLY GA9$ 9FLU5CE UND] ,ELIZABE?1 & US$ IT  
AS F> AS POSSIBLE TO REMOVE ?OSE RE/RICTIONS UPON  
USURY1 & LAWS 9 FAVOR ( ! LABOR]S1 :I* 9  
! MIDDLE-AGE POLITY HAD BALANC$ ! FUTILE /ATUTES  
AGA9/ COMB9ATION4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! SIXTE5?  
C5TURY CONSEQU5TLY ALL WAS READY 9 \R C\NTRY =  
! GRADUAL =MATION ( A COMPETITIVE WAGE-SLAVE CLASS  
DIVORC$ FROM ! SOIL & DEPRIV$ ( ! MEANS (  
PRODUCTION1 :I* CLASS MU/ !RE=E BE 9 A GR[+  
DEGREE AT ! M]CY ( ! CLASSES ?AT POSSESS$ !  
L& & ! CAPITAL4  

,! 9CREAS+ AM\NT ( CAPITAL ALSO NE$$ =  
SUCCESS 9 BUS9ESS AS ! M>KETS GREW1 & ! T[N  
SUPPLI$ NOT ONLY ! C\NTRY BUT =EIGN L&S1  
GRADUALLY BROKE D[N ! DEMOCRATIC CON/ITUTION (  
#bd 
! TRADE-GILDS4 ,IT WAS NO LONG] A MATT] ( C\RSE  
= A CAPABLE APPR5TICE & J\RNEYMAN TO BECOME 9  
DUE TIME MA/] ( ! CRAFT4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !  
M9ORITY1 ! CAPITALI/ MA/]S1 EX]CIS$ 9CREAS+  
AU?ORITY )9 ! GILD & TURN$ ITS MA*9]Y TO  
! DISADVANTAGE ( ! POOR] MEMB]S4 ,?US1  
BETWE5 ! L&LESS PROLET>IAT1 :I* WAS BE+  
CREAT$ BY SOCIAL & ECONOMICAL OPPRESSION1 & !  
L&LORDS LETT+ L& = MONEY-R5TALS 9 PLACE ( !  
OLD FEUDAL S]VICES DUE TO ! NOBLES1 ! MIDDLE OR  
CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 WAS GR[+ UP1 :OSE  
BITT] ANTAGONISM TO ! L&LORDS HAS BE5 C>RI$ ON1  
AS ! NECESS>Y RESULT ( ECONOMICAL PROGRESS1 EV5 TO  
\R [N DAY4 ,F>M]S :O F>M$ = PR(IT1 &  
M]*ANTS & MANUFACTUR]S :O EMPLOY$ !IR M5  
TO GA9 A PR(IT FROM !IR COMPETITIVE LABOR1 QUITE  
REPLAC$ ! SIMPL] ECONOMY ( ! MIDDLE AGES1  
:5 NE>LY ALL W]E F>M+ OR PRODUC+ = DIRECT  
USE4  

,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ( FE>FUL SUFF]+ = ! MASS  
( ! PEOPLE1 :5 ! F\NDATIONS ( \R MOD]N  
CAPITALI/ SOCIETY W]E LAID1 ! GREATE/ & MO/  
SUDD5 DEVELOPM5T ( COMM]CE EV] SE5 ON !  
PLANET TOOK PLACE1 & 9T]NATIONAL PRODUCTION &  
EX*ANGE GRADUALLY OV]%AD[$ ! OLD NATIONAL  
M>KETS & ME?ODS ( WORK+ UP HOME PRODUCTS4  
,! DISCOV]Y ( ,AM]ICA & ( ! NEW R\TE R\ND !  
,CAPE TO ,9DIA & ,*9A1 ! CONQUE/ ( ,MEXICO &  
,P]U1 ! CONQUE/ ( ,ASIA ,M9OR BY ! ,OTTOMAN  
,TURKS1 ALL TOOK PLACE )9 TWO G5]ATIONS4 ,A  
NEW WORLD ( ADV5TURE1 A NEW WORLD ( ?\<T1 W]E  
OP5$ UP BE=E MANK9D4 ,A FLOOD ( ! PRECI\S  
#be 
METALS WAS P\R$ 9TO ,EUROPE FROM ,AM]ICA GIV+ 9  
MANY WAYS 9CREAS$ P[] TO ! TRAD+ & PR(IT-MAK+  
CLASS1 & 9CREAS+ ! ACCUMULATION (  
CAPITAL4 ,! SPOILS ( ,MEXICO & ,P]U1 ! WEAL? (  
ALL K9DS GA9$ BY COMM]CE1 =C$ ON ! DEVELOPM5T  
AT HEADLONG SPE$4 ,SPA9 WAS RU9$ BY !  
V]Y CIRCUM/ANCES :I* GAVE H] /R5G?4 ,!  
,ITALIAN CITIES LO/ !IR COMM]CIAL SUPREMACY FROM ?IS  
TIME =W>D1 [+ 9 P>T TO ! DECAY ( ,ASIA  
,M9OR & ! BREAKD[N ( ! OV]L& CONNECTION  
) ! ,EA/1 FOLL[+ UPON ! ,TURKI% RULE1 &  
P>TLY TO ! *ANGE 9 ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( !  
TRADE TO ,AM]ICA & ! ,WE/ ,9DIES4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE  
,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 ,SPA91 ,PORTUGAL1 & ! ,L[  
,C\NTRIES BECAME ! *IEF COMPETITORS = ! COMM]CE  
( ! WORLD1 ,V5ICE L5D+ H] SP>E CAPITAL TO  
! ,DUT* AT GOOD RATES ( 9T]E/1 ?US 5C\RAG+  
! V]Y COMPETITION ?AT MU/ EV5TUALLY RU9 H]4  
,H5CE >OSE ! COMM]CIAL W>S & COMM]CIAL  
RIVALRIES ( ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES1 9  
:I* ,SPA9 AT ! FIR/ HAD EV]Y APP>5T ADVANTAGE4  

,MEAN:ILE 9 ,5GL& FEUDALISM HAD BE5 COMPLETELY  
DE/ROY$ AS A SY/EM1 & COMM]CIALISM WAS  
BE+ SUB/ITUT$4 ,KEEP+ PACE ) ! *ANGE 9  
! =MS ( PRODUCTION1 PROGRESS 9 ALL DIRECTIONS  
HELP$ ON ! NEW DEVELOPM5T4 ,! SPREAD (  
PR9T+ DE/ROY$ ! MONOPOLY ( LETT]S :I* HAD  
BE5 5JOY$ BY ! CL]GY & ! LE>N$ ( HI<  
RANK2 ! APPLICATION ( GUNP[D] TO W> R5D]$  
! COMMON MAN-AT->MS ! SUP]IOR ( ! MO/  
GORGE\SLY EQUIPP$ KNI<T4 ,?US ! 9CREASE (  
#bf 
G5]AL KN[L$GE SAPP$ SUP]/ITION1 & !  
MUSKET SWEPT AWAY ! LA/ RELICS ( W>RIOR *IVALRY4  

,AS ! M>KETS EXP&$ ALSO1 ! RESULTS ( !SE  
GREAT *ANGES 9 EV]Y DIRECTION BECAME MORE & MORE  
APP>5T4 ,! MIS]ABLE /ATE ( ! 9T]NAL COMMUNICATIONS  
=C$ ,5GLI%M5 MORE & MORE 9TO  
=EIGN COMM]CE1 :I* WAS R5D]$ EXCEPTIONALLY  
PR(ITABLE1 NOT ONLY BY ! DISCOV]Y ( NEW M>KETS  
?AT GAVE GREAT RETURNS TO ! TRAD]1 BUT ALSO BY !  
USEFUL ADJUNCTS ( PIRACY & SLAV]Y4 ,TO KEEP PACE )  
?IS GR[? ( COMM]CE WID] ORGANIZATION ( LABOR  
WAS NE$$1 &1 !RE=E1 AS ALREADY /AT$1 ! GR\P  
( WORKM5 TOIL+ UND] ! SUP]9T5D5CE (  
! MA/]1 ) A MORE & MORE REGULAT$  
DIVISION ( LABOR1 SUPPLANT$ ! OLD H&ICRAFT4  
,WORK%OPS GREW L>G] & L>G]1 SMALL  
FACTORIES W]E =M$ 9 C]TA9 TRADES4 ,! WORKM5  
CEAS$ TO [N ANY PORTION ( !IR [N PRODUCT3 ?AT1 AS  
A :OLE1 W5T 9TO ! H& ( ! EMPLOY] :O PAID =  
A P>T ( ITS VALUE 9 WAGES2 9 ! SAME WAY ! AGRICULTURAL  
LABOR] CEAS$ TO HAVE ANY 9T]E/ 9 !  
CROPS :I* HE RAIS$3 !Y1 TOO BELONG$ TO ! F>M]1  
SUBJECT TO A D$UCTION = R5T TO ! L&LORD2  
& ! LABOR] ALSO RECEIV$ A P>T ( ! VALUE (  
HIS LABOR 9 WAGES4 ,PRODUCTION HAD BECOME OR WAS  
RAPIDLY BECOM+ SOCIAL3 APPROPRIATION & EX*ANGE  
REMA9$ UND] ! CONTROL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4  

,DUR+ ! :OLE ( ! SEV5TE5? & ! FIR/  
HALF ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ?IS PROCESS W5T ON4  
,ORGANIZ$ H&ICRAFT1 FACTORY 9DU/RY1 & H\SE  
9DU/RY1 W]E /ILL TO BE SE5 TOGE!R4 ,A GOOD MANY  
YEOM5 REMA9$ 9 SOME DI/RICTS1 BUT !Y W]E BECOM+ 
#bg 
CONT9UALLY LESS NUM]\S2 ?\< ! AGRICULTURAL  
REGIONS W]E /ILL MU* MORE POPUL\S ?AN !  
T[NS1 & SO REMA9$ UNTIL ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5?  
C5TURY4 ,ON EV]Y SIDE COMM]CE WAS ! ONE PREVAIL+  
OBJECT1 & TO ?AT ALL WAS SUBORD9AT$4 ,RELIGION  
NATURALLY ADAPT$ ITSELF TO ! TONE ( ! TIME2 & !  
,PROTE/ANTISM ( ,5GL& BECAME :AT IT HAS EV] S9CE  
REMA9$  - ESS5TIALLY A CRE$ = ! SUCCESSFUL TRAFFICK]  
9 W>ES OR 9 S\LS4  

,ALL ?R\< ,EUROPE ! SY/EM ( TO-DAY 9 CR$IT1  
COMPETITION1 & NATIONAL RIVALRY WAS PRACTICALLY  
E/ABLI%$1 & ! ]A ( =EIGN CONQUE/ &  
COLONIAL EMPIRE BEGAN4 ,BUT /ILL ! CONFLICT  
( ! MIDDLE-CLASS AGA9/ ! K+ & ! L&$  
>I/OCRACY LOOM$ AHEAD4 ,WISE SOV]EIGNS HAD %[N  
TRUE POLICY 9 YIELD+ TO & EV5 9 FO/]+ ! GR[+  
P[]4 ,O!RS1 P]HAPS MORE UPRI<T BUT C]TA9LY  
LESS DEXT]\S1 PRECIPITAT$ ! /RUGGLE4 ,9 ,5GL& IT  
FIR/ TOOK %APE 9 S]I\S ORGANIZ$ W>F>E4 ,!  
BLOODY CIVIL W> ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY WAS CLE>LY  
A /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! IDEAS ( DIV9E RI<T & L&[N]  
SUPREMACY ON ! ONE SIDE1 AGA9/ ! SANCTITY (  
PR(IT & FRE$OM = ! MIDDLE-CLASS ON ! O!R4  
,! ECONOMICAL VICTORY ALREADY GA9$ 9 ! C\NT+H\SE  
WAS BUT CONFIRM$ 9 ! FIELD2 & ! REIGN (  
,CROMWELL S]V$ AS AN 9TRODUCTION TO ! ?OR\<  
MIDDLE-CLASS RULE ( ,WILLIAM ,I,I,I4  

,FROM ?IS TIME =W>D ! QUE/ION WAS M]ELY  
H[ LONG IT W\LD TAKE = ! MIDDLE-CLASS TO  
E/ABLI% 9 \TW>D SEEM+ ?AT SUPREMACY :I*1  
9 REG>D TO PRODUCTION1 !Y HAD ALREADY TO A L>GE  
EXT5T SECUR$4 ,!IR P[] WAS /ILL SOME:AT  
#bh 
HAMP]$ BY ! RELICS ( ! OLD MIDDLE-AGE  
RE/RICTIONS EV5 AFT] ! ACCESSION ( ,WILLIAM (  
,ORANGE & ! ,H\SE ( ,BRUNSWICK HAD VIRTUALLY PROCLAIM$  
?AT CAPITALISM1 ) ITS DEBT FUND$ =  
PAYM5T BY PO/]ITY1 ITS /&+ M]C5>Y >MY1  
& ITS WORLDWIDE 9T]NATIONAL PRODUCTION &  
EX*ANGE1 HAD BECOME MA/] ( ! ECONOMICAL1 &1 9  
! /RICT S5SE1 SOCIAL FIELD4 ,BUT DIVISION ( LABOR  
WAS C>RI$ F>!R & F>!R1 TRADE & COMM]CE  
DEVELOP$ EXCE$+LY1 ! SETTLEM5TS 9 ,AM]ICA &  
! FACTORIES 9 ,9DIA HELP$ ON ! GR[?1 UNTIL 9 !  
EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ! P]IOD HAD MANIFE/LY >RIV$  
= YET ANO!R DEVELOPM5T :I* W\LD 5ABLE !  
PRODUCTIVE =CES TO SUPPLY ! EV]-GR[+ M>KET4  

,PRIOR TO ?IS NEW MANIFE/ATION ( ! P[]S ( MAN  
OV] NATURE & ( ! ME?OD 9 :I*1 UND] SU*  
SOCIAL CONDITIONS AS N[ EXI/$1 !SE P[]S W]E  
TURN$ TO ! SOLE ADVANTAGE ( A CLASS1 ! CONDITION (  
! ,5GLI% WORK] WAS BETT] ?AN IT HAD BE5 AT ANY  
P]IOD S9CE ! FIFTE5? C5TURY4 ,HIS WAGES BO? 9  
T[N & C\NTRY BORE A HI<] RATIO TO ! CO/ (  
LIV+ ?AN AT ANY 9T]M$IATE TIME4 ,AGRICULTURE HAD  
RECOV]$ 9 SOME DEGREE FROM ! DEPRESSION ( !  
SIXTE5? C5TURY1 [+ TO ! DEM& = C]EALS 9  
! GR[+ COM]CIAL CITIES2 & ! >TISAN1 UND] !  
DIVISION ( LABOR & ! GR\P SY/EM ( FACTORY PRODUCTION1  
WAS 9 A MORE FAVORABLE POSITION ?AN HE HAD  
BE5 :5 HOME COMPETITION WAS MORE SEV]E &  
=EIGN M>KETS W]E LESS OP54  

,9 ,FRANCE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! PEASANTRY HAD NOT  
GA9$ GR\ND AGA9/ ! B>ONS TO NE>LY ! SAME  
EXT5T1 NOR W]E ! B\RGEOISIE NE>LY SO ADVANC$ 9  
#bi 
!IR POLITICAL /RUGGLE AS ! CORRESPOND+ CLASSES 9  
,5GL&4 ,?\< ! S]FS HAD TO SOME DEGREE BE5  
SETTL$ UPON ! L&1 ! OPPRESSION ( ! NOBLES &  
! PRESSURE ( TAXATION1 [+ TO ! W>S (  
,L\IS ,X,I,V1 GR\ND D[N ! POOR TO A LEVEL :OLLY  
UNKN[N ON ?IS SIDE ( ! ,*ANNEL4 ,MOREOV]1 !  
RU% ( SPECULATION & COMM]CIALISM PRODUC$ A F>  
MORE RAPID & COMPLETE DET]IORATION ( ! *>ACT]  
( ! :OLE UPP] CLASSES 9 ,P>IS1 & 9 ,FRANCE  
G5]ALLY1 ?AN IT DID 9 ,LONDON & ,5GL&4  

,?US AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ,FRANCE WAS  
FULLY PREP>$ = A POLITICAL & SOCIAL1 ,5GL& WAS  
MORE READY = AN 9DU/RIAL1 REVOLUTION4 ,! IDEAS ( !  
TIME W]E MU* ! SAME 9 BO? C\NTRIES2 BUT :]EAS  
\R MIDDLE-CLASS HAD TAK5 ORD] ) !IR K+ & HIS  
>I/OCRATS 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 & CAPITAL HAD  
SECUR$ ITS FIRM FOO?OLD AT ?AT TIME ALIKE 9 T[N &  
C\NTRY1 ,FRANCE HAD YET TO PASS ?R\< A :OLE S]IES  
( EV5TS P>ALLEL TO :AT HAD ALREADY TAK5 PLACE H]E  
G5]ATIONS BE=E4 ,! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION1 !  
,AM]ICAN ,W> ( ,9DEP5D5CE1 /IRR+ ! M9DS (  
! MIDDLE-CLASS & ! PEOPLE1 ! UTT] DEGRADATION (  
! ,FR5* NOBILITY BY ! SC5ES 9 ! ,RUE ,QU9CAMPOIX  
OCCASION$ BY !IR 5DEAVOR1 TO MAKE GA9 \T  
( ,LAW'S ,MISSISSIPPI S*EME & SIMIL> V5TURES1 !  
DE/RUCTION ( FAI? 9 ! PREVAIL+ RELIGION AMONG !  
$UCAT$ BY ,VOLTAIRE & ,R\SSEAU1 & ! ,5CYCLOP$I/S1  
! PREVAIL+ MIS]Y AMONG ! 5TIRE POPULATION1  
:I* WAS TOTALLY DISREG>D$ BY ! NOBLES & !  
C\RT1 W]E FACTORS ?AT ALL T5D$ REL5TLESSLY TO A  
POLITICAL OV]?R[4  

,! *ANGE 9 ! CONDITIONS ( ! TIME HAD NOT  
#c 
BE5 RECOGNIZ$4 ,?OSE ECONOMICAL & SOCIAL DISPLACEM5TS  
:I* HAD ALREADY PREP>$ ! REVOLUTION  
9 ! BODY ( SOCIETY HAD PASS$ UNHE$$2 &  
?US ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 :I* WAS CLE>LY  
PR$ICT$ BY A FEW C>EFUL OBS]V]S1 CAME UPON  
! WORLD AT L>GE AS A SURPRISE4 ,IT WAS A RIS+ AGA9/  
A TYRANNY ALIKE CORRUPT1 MEAN1 & OBSOLETE4 ,ITS  
9FLU5CE SPREAD RAPIDLY AT FIR/ &1 COM+ AFT] !  
NOBLE ,AM]ICAN ,DECL>ATION ( ,9DEP5D5CE1 PRODUC$  
A GREAT EFFECT 9 EV]Y ,EUROPEAN C\NTRY1 NOT LEA/ 9  
,5GL&4 ,?AT GLORI\S /RUGGLE = ,LIB]TY1 ,EQUALITY1  
& ,FRAT]NITY1 :I* BEGAN 9 #a#g#h#i1 ?AT TEMPOR>Y  
ALLIANCE ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT1  
?\< IT GAVE RISE TO SOME SPL5DID EPISODES =  
! PEOPLE1 5D$ 9 VICTORY = ! B\RGEOISIE  
ALONE4 ,! REALLY GREAT NAMES ( ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION  
HAVE1 ( C\RSE1 BE5 HONOR$ BY MIDDLE-CLASS  
ABUSE4 ,NAPOLEON1 ! H]O ( REACTION1 US$ !  
5?USIASM BORN ( REVOLUTION TO SPREAD HIS SELF-SEEK+  
IMP]IALISM ?R\< ,EUROPE1 & 5ABL$  
REACTIONI/S 9 O!R C\NTRIES TO POSE AS ! *AMPIONS  
( NATIONAL FRE$OM4  

,! EFFECT ( ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y W> UPON ,5GL&1  
& ! 9CREAS$ P[] :I* ! LONG CONFLICT  
PLAC$ 9 ! H&S ( ! >I/OCRATIC & CAPITALI/  
CLASSES1 WAS MO/ DISA/R\S FROM EV]Y PO9T ( VIEW4  
,POLITICAL PROGRESS WAS ?R[N BACK NE>LY A C5TURY1  
SOCIAL RE=MS W]E 9DEF9ITELY PO/PON$1 & !  
NEW 9DU/RIAL =CES W5T ALMO/ )\T HE$ OR PROTE/  
9TO ! H&S ( ! PR(IT-MAK+ CLASS4 ,&  
!SE 9DU/RIAL =CES W]E ( A MAGNITUDE1 & PRODUC$  
EFFECTS ! LIKE ( :I* HAD NEV] BE5 SE5 9  
#ca 
! WORLD BE=E4 ,AS ! GREAT GEOGRAPHICAL & M]CANTILE  
DISCOV]IES AT ! 5D ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1  
) ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( %IPP+1 5D$ BY  
GIV+ ,5GL& ! CONTROL ( COMM]CE2 SO ! GREAT  
9V5TIONS AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY RESULT$  
9 GIV+ ?IS C\NTRY ! LEAD 9 9DU/RY4 ,BUT !  
EFFECT UPON ! PEOPLE WAS T]RIBLE ALMO/ FROM !  
BEG9N+4 ,AT FIR/ A FEW B5EFIT$ BY ! 9CREAS$  
P[]S ( PRODUCTION ALIKE 9 LABOR+ ON ! L& &  
) RESPECT TO WORK+ UP RAW MAT]IALS2 & ! 9ITIAL  
/EPS W]E TAK5 T[>DS ! =MATION ( AN >I/OCRACY  
( LABOR TO PROTECT1 BY MEANS ( SECRET SOCIETIES1  
! 9T]E/S ( ! SKILL$ >TISANS4 ,BUT ! P[] (  
MA*9]Y SOON BROKE D[N !SE E>LI] COMB9ATIONS4  
,! COTTAGE 9DU/RY WAS ]E LONG COMPLETELY DE/ROY$4  
,9 EV]Y BRAN* ( TRADE ! DEVELOPM5T  
BECAME SO EXTRAORD9>Y ?AT NO?+ BUT A CON/ANT  
SUPPLY ( FRE% H&S TO WORK ! MA*9ES1 & 9 TURN  
AN IMPROVEM5T ( MA*9ES TO RE/RA9 ! DEM&S (  
! H&S C\LD KEEP PACE ) ! GR[+ M>KETS  
OP5$ BY ! 9CREAS+ *EAPNESS ( PRODUCTION4  

,COMPETITION TOOK ANO!R GREAT /RIDE 9 ADVANCE4  
,POOR ,IRI%M51 DRIV5 FROM !IR [N C\NTRY BY L&LORD  
RASCALITY & OPPRESSION1 CAME 9 TO COMPETE AT !  
L[E/ /&>D ( LIFE ) ! ALREADY IMPOV]I%$  
,5GLI%M54 ,T[NS GREW 9 MAGNITUDE ) AMAZ+  
RAPIDITY AS /EAM & GREAT] KN[L$GE ( ! USE  
( WAT] P[] 9CREAS$ ! SIZE ( ! FACTORIES &  
! NUMB] ( M51 WOM51 & *ILDR5 :O C\LD  
WORK UND] ! CONTROL ( ONE EMPLOY]4 ,FROM BE+  
AN AGRICULTURAL C\NTRY ,5GL& 9 ! C\RSE ( FIFTY  
OR SIXTY YE>S BECAME ESS5TIALLY A C\NTRY ( GREAT  
#cb 
CITIES ) A PROLET>IAT UND] ! CONTROL ( ! CAPITALI/  
CLASS 9 A WORSE CONDITION 7?IS ALL (FICIAL REPORTS %[7  
?AN ANY SLAVE CLASS ( ANCI5T TIMES HAD EV] LIV$ 94  
,= ]E LONG ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 N[ ALMO/ AT !  
HEI<T ( ITS ECONOMICAL P[]1 HAD SWEPT AWAY 5TIRELY  
! RE/RICTIONS IMPOS$ BY ! MIDDLE-AGE POLITY4  
,FRE$OM ( CONTRACT BETWE5 ! PAUP] & !  
PLUTOCRAT1 UNRE/RA9$ COMPETITION BETWE5 M5 &  
WOM5 9 ORD] ?AT !Y MI<T BE ABLE TO GET 5\<  
\T ( ! PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR M]ELY TO KEEP BODY  
& S\L TOGE!R1 :OLESALE SLAU<T] ( *ILDR5 BY  
OV]WORK & 9SUFFICI5T N\RI%M5T 9 UNHEAL?Y  
OV]HEAT$ FACTORIES & ILL-V5TILAT$ M9ES - ! :OLE  
SY/EM WAS BAS$ UPON NEV]-5D+ OPPRESSION ( !  
MO/ HORRIBLE K9D4 ,WAGES FELL 9 PROPORTION TO !  
CO/ ( LIV+ AT ! V]Y TIME :5 5ORM\S =TUNES  
W]E BE+ ACCUMULAT$ 9 ! COTTON1 WOOL1 SILK1 IRON1  
& O!R 9DU/RIES4 ,WOM5 & *ILDR5 W]E  
BR\<T 9 TO R$UCE ! WAGES ( !IR [N FA!RS &  
BRO!RS BY COMPET+ = UND]-PAY4  

,! LEGISLATURE1 UND] ! DIRECT CONTROL ( !  
CLASSES 9T]E/$ 9 MA9TA9+ ?IS ATROCI\S SLAV]Y  
UND] ! GUISE ( FRE$OM1 REFUS$ AT FIR/ EV5 TO  
BR+ 9 LAWS TO PREV5T BABES FROM ?REE TO N9E YE>S  
( AGE FROM BE+ WORK$ F\RTE51 FIFTE51 SIXTE5 H\RS  
A DAY4 ,CAPITAL HAD FULL SW+ 9 EV]Y DIRECTION &  
GR\ND D[N ! BODY ( ! PEOPLE 9TO A HOPELESS  
DEGRADATION FROM :I* !Y HAVE NEV] YET EM]G$4  
,RIS+S !RE W]E FROM TIME TO TIME 9 ! E>LI] P>T  
( ?IS C5TURY AGA9/ ?IS FE>FUL OPPRESSION BR\<T  
AB\T BY %E] GRE$ = GA94 ,BUT !Y W]E ALL UNSUCCESSFUL1  
& NOT UNTIL ! HALF ( ! C5TURY HAD PASS$  
#cc 
AWAY W]E ANY EFFECTIVE LAWS 5ACT$1 AT ! 9/ANCE  
( SU* M5 AS ,ROB]T ,[51 TO *ECK ! CAPITALI/  
CLASS 9 !IR FURI\S HA/E TO BE RI* AT ! EXP5SE (  
! M51 WOM51 & *ILDR51 :OM !Y ROBB$  
:OLESALE ( !IR LABOR & RU9$ 9 !IR HEAL?4  
,= N[ MAN WAS SLAVE TO ! MA*9E1 NO LONG] A  
FREE AG5T 9 ANY S5SE4 ,DIVISION ( LABOR 9 !  
WORK%OP FAD$ 9TO ! GREAT FACTORY 9DU/RY2 &  
MA*9ES1 AS !Y W]E 9TRODUC$1 S]V$ NOT TO  
B5EFIT ! COMMUNITY & LESS5 ! AM\NT (  
LABOR NE$$ TO PRODUCE WEAL? BUT ABSOLUTELY  
TO 9CREASE ! H\RS ( LABOR1 TO DEGRADE ! WORK]S  
MORE & MORE1 &1 BY FREQU5TLY ?R[+ H&S \T 9TO  
/REET1 GRADUALLY TO =M A FR+E ( LABOR1 EV] ON !  
V]GE ( PAUP]ISM - READY TO TAKE ! L[E/ WAGES1  
EV5 :5 AN IMPETUS TO TRADE R5D]$ ! CAPITALI/  
CLASS ANXI\S = MORE H&S4 ,?IS 9TRODUCTION (  
MA*9]Y1 ?IS COMPLETE DOM9ATION ( ! CAPITALI/  
CLASS & SWEEP+ EXPROPRIATION ( ! LABOR ( !  
WORK]S1 PIL$ UP ! WEAL? = ! FEW :I* 5ABL$  
US TO COME \T TRIUMPHANT FROM ! GREAT W>4  

,BUT :5CE CAME ! WEAL? ?US ACCUMULAT$ BY  
! FEW \T ( ! LABOR ( O!RS - BY ! CAPITALI/  
F>M]S 9 ! C\NTRY1 BY ! CAPITALI/ FACTORY [N]S  
& LOIT]]S 9 ! T[NS8 ,\T ( ! EXCESSIVE  
LABOR ( ! WORK]S :O W]E HOPELESSLY DIVORC$ FROM  
! MEANS (PRODUCTION1 & W]E COMPELL$ TO SELL !IR  
LABOR-=CE TO ! CAPITALI/ = ! L[E/ SUBSI/5CE  
WAGES4 ,! ECONOMICAL LAW ( SU* COMPETITION  
AMONG ! WORK]S AS ?AT :I* HAS GONE ON 9  
,5GL& S9CE ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 IS  
ADMITT$ BY ! CAPITALI/S1 & !IR FUGLEM51 !  
#cd 
POLITICAL ECONOMI/S1 !MSELVES4 ,! ONE OBJECT (  
PRODUCTION BE+ PRODUCTION = PR(IT1 ! CAPITALI/  
( C\RSE BUYS ! LABOR-=CE :I* ! NE$Y  
WORK] IS DRIV5 TO SELL AT ! L[E/ POSSIBLE PRICE 9  
WAGES4 ,?IS PRICE1 IT IS N[ AGRE$1 CORRESPONDS ON  
! AV]AGE TO ! SOCIAL NE$S REPRES5T$ BY !  
/&>D ( LIFE 9 ! CLASS TO :I* ! SELL] ( !  
LABOR-=CE BELONGS4 ,AT TIMES ! WAGES MAY1 & DO1  
FALL F> BEL[ ?IS LEVEL ( NECESS>Y SUBSI/5CE1 AT  
O!R TIMES COMB9ATION AMONG ! WORK]S1 OR A P]IOD  
( EXCEPTIONALLY PROSP]\S TRADE1 MAY TEMPOR>ILY RAISE  
!M ABOVE ?IS LEVEL4 ,BUT ! T5D5CY IS ALWAYS AS  
/AT$2 NOR DOES ! EXI/5CE ( AN >I/OCRACY (  
LABOR MODIFY ! TRU? ( ! PROPOSITION4 ,BUT :5 !  
CAPITALI/1 :E!R A F>M] OR A FACTORY-LORD1 HAS  
B\<T ! DE/ITUTE WORK]'S LABOR-=CE ON !  
M>KET1 HE DOES SO ) ! 9T5TION ( APPLY+ IT TO  
! GR[+ ( HIS CROPS1 OR TO ! MANUFACTURE ( !  
RAW MAT]IALS :I* HE HAS PUR*AS$ AT !IR M>KET  
VALUE4 ,LABOR-=CE EMBODI$ 9 COMMODITIES1 !  
CO/ ( PRODUCTION OR RE-PRODUCTION1 ?AT IS1 ( >TICLES  
RECKON$ USEFUL 9 ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( ! TIME1 IS  
! BASIS & MEASURE ( !IR AV]AGE EX*ANGE-VALUE  
:5 BR\<T =W>D = EX*ANGE4 ,9 ! FIR/ TWO OR  
?REE H\RS ( ! DAY'S WORK1 H[EV]1 ! LABOR+ CLASS  
- :OSE LABOR-=CE IS ?US PUR*AS$1 REFUND TO ! EMPLOY+  
CLASS ! FULL VALUE ( ! WAGES :I* !Y RECEIVE  
9 RETURN = ! :OLE DAY'S WORK4 ,BUT ! 5TIRE  
PRODUCT ( ! DAY'S WORK1 OR ! WEEK'S WORK1 OR !  
MON?'S WORK1 OR ! YE>'S WORK1 IS AT ! CONTROL (  
! CAPITALI/ :O ?US APPROPRIATES TWO-?IRDS OR ?REE  
QU>T]S ( ! LABOR]S' WORK )\T PAY+ = IT4  
#cc 
,9 ! FACTORY1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 & TO AN EV] 9CREAS+  
DEGREE ON ! F>M1 ! LABOR]S WORK AS A PORTION  
( AN ASSOCIATION2 !IR LABOR IS SOCIALIZ$ 9 !  
HI<E/ DEGREE4 ,BUT BO? !IR PRODUCTS & !  
EX*ANGE ( !IR PRODUCTS >E AT ! DISPOSAL (  
9DIVIDUALS :O COMPETE ) ONE ANO!R = GA9  
ABOVE1 AS ! WORK]S COMPETE AGA9/ ONE ANO!R =  
B>E SUBSI/5CE BEL[4  

,H]E !N >E ! TWO MA9 FEATURES ( \R MOD]N  
SY/EM ( PRODUCTION = PR(IT4 ,FIR/4 ,! LABOR]S ON  
! AV]AGE REPLACE ! VALUE ( !IR WAGES = !  
CAPITALI/ CLASS 9 ! FIR/ FEW H\RS ( !IR DAY'S WORK2  
! EX*ANGE VALUE ( ! GOODS PRODUC$ 9 ! REMA9+  
H\RS ( ! DAY'S WORK CON/ITUTES SO MU* EMBODI$  
LABOR :I* IS UNPAID2 & ?IS UNPAID LABOR SO  
EMBODI$ 9 >TICLES ( UTILITY1 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 !  
FACTORY [N]S1 ! F>M]S1 ! BANK]S1 ! BROK]S1  
! %OPKEEP]S1 & !IR HANG]S-ON ! L&LORDS1  
DIVIDE AMONG !MSELVES 9 ! %APE ( PR(ITS1  
9T]E/S1 DISC\NTS1 COMMISSIONS1 R5T1 @&C4 ,SECOND4  
,! O!R FEATURE IS ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 !  
SOCIALIZ$ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION & ! 9DIVIDUALIZ$  
SY/EM ( EX*ANGE4 ,?IS BR+S AB\T UNMITIGAT$  
AN>*Y 9 ! %APE ( A WORLD-WIDE CRISIS EV]Y T5  
YE>S1 :I* ?R[S LABOR]S \T ( WORK :5 !Y  
>E AS ANXI\S TO TOIL = SUBSI/5CE AS EV] !Y W]E2  
& PILES UP QUANTITIES ( GOODS :I* !SE V]Y  
LABOR]S >E EAG] TO BUY1 BUT :I* [+ TO !  
CRISIS !Y CANNOT E>N ! MEANS ( PUR*AS+1  
BECAUSE ! CAPITALI/ CLASS WILL NOT EMPLOY !M UNLESS  
A PR(IT IS TO BE MADE1 & ?IS PR(IT IS R5D]$  
IMPOSSIBLE BY ! V]Y GLUT ( ! GOODS4 ,SU* CRISES  
#cd 
HAVE N[ OCCURR$ EV]Y T5 YE>S S9CE #a#h#b#e1 &  
[+ TO !SE1 M5 & WOM5 HAVE BE5 CONT9UALLY  
?R[N \T ( WORK & FLUNG 9TO MIS]Y FROM NO FAULT  
:ATEV] ( !IR [N4  

,! 9TRODUCTION ( FRE% MA*9ES IS SIMIL>LY AGA9/  
WORK]S1 T5D+ AS IT DOES TO 9CREAS$ UNC]TA9TY (  
EMPLOYM5T & TO R$UCE SKILL$ WORK]S TO A L[] CLASS4  
,?US ! T5D5CY IS TO PRODUCE NOT M]ELY A DE/ITUTE  
PROLET>IAT =C$ TO REMA9 AS A CLASS WAGE-SLAVES TO  
!IR MA/]S1 BODY-SLAVES TO ! MA*9E1 !IR LIFE LONG2  
BUT ALSO A FR+E ( LABOR EMPLOY$ AT SCANT WAGES  
9 0GOOD TIMES10 ?R[N 9TO PAUP]ISM & />VATION  
9 BAD4 ,H5CE FRE$OM ( CONTRACT BETWE5 ?OSE :O  
HAVE NO MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & ?OSE :O HAVE A  
MONOPLY ( !M1 SIMPLY 9VOLVES ! MO/ T]RIBLE  
ECONOMICAL TYRANNY ! WORLD HAS YET SE53 ! SURPLUS  
VALUE PROVID$ UND] ?IS ILLUSORY FRE$OM \T ( UNPAID  
LABOR 5ABLES ! IDLE CLASSES & !IR DEP5D5TS TO  
LIVE 9 LUXURY AT ! EXP5SE ( P]SI/5T OV]WORK &  
MIS]Y = ! PRODUC]S !MSELVES4  

,?US 9DIVIDUAL EX*ANGE UNCONTROLL$ BY ?\<T (  
COLLECTIVE ADVANTAGE BR+S AB\T FE>FUL AN>*Y 9  
EV]Y DIRECTION1 :I* IS A SATIRE 9DE$ UPON !  
MIDDLE-CLASS CUCKOO CRY ( 0ORD]1 ORD]40  

,*ILDR5 >E ILL-NURTUR$ & UND]F$1 WOM5 >E  
WORK$ TO )9 A FEW H\RS ( PREGNANCY1 ! CONDITIONS  
( EXI/5CE = ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE >E SU*  
?AT HEAL?1 HAPP9ESS1 & MORALITY >E IMPOSSIBLE1 &  
/ILL ! CAPITALI/ CLASS & !IR *AMPIONS1 ! POLITICAL  
ECONOMI/S1 TELL US ?AT SU* IS ! 9EVITABLE \TCOME (  
,\R MOCK CIVILIZATION4 ,NOR IS !RE ANY REAL /&>D  
( HONOR AMONG ! COMPETITORS = WEAL? !MSELVES4  
#cg 
,HAV+ ROBB$ ! LABOR]S :OLESALE ( !IR LABOR1  
!Y PROCE$ TO ROB ONE ANO!R BY UND]SELL+1 ADULT]ATION  
& FRAUD4 ,AS A G5]AL RESULT ( ! SY/EM M]E  
PECUNI>Y RELATIONS >E P>AM\NT4 ,H[ TO MAKE MONEY  
IS ! BE-ALL & 5D-ALL ( ?IS RU9\S SY/EM ( COMPETITIVE  
PRODUCTION = PR(IT4 ,LOVE1 HONOR1 ABILITY1  
BEAUTY1 ALL >E 9 ! M>KET - GO+1 GO+1 GO+1 GONE6  
KNOCK$ D[N TO ! HI<E/ BIDD]4  

,>T6 ?AT NECESS>ILY FADES UND] SU* CONDITIONS2  
& MA*9E-WORK1 LIT]ALLY & FIGURATIVELY1 IS ! PRODUCT  
( ! TIME4 ,?IS HAS BE5 GRADUALLY BR\<T AB\T  
?R\< ! OP]ATION ( ! ECONOMICAL =MS :OSE  
DEVELOPM5T HAS BE5 BRIEFLY TRAC$4 ,?R\<\T  
! #a#h? C5TURY ! IDEA ?AT ! MAK+ ( GOODS IS  
! 5D & AIM ( MANUFACTURE /ILL /RUGGL$1 )  
EV]-9CREAS+ FEEBL5ESS1 AGA9/ ! REAL VIEW (  
CAPITALISM1 ?AT MANUFACTURE HAS NO ESS5TIAL AIM  
SAVE PR(IT = ! CAPITALI/-CLASS1 & M]E OCCUPATION  
= ! WORKMAN3 OCCUPATION1 ?AT IS1 DAILY  
LEISURELESS LABOR ) NO PRET5SE TO ATTRACTIV5ESS 9  
IT1 REW>D$ BY A LIVELIHOOD :OSE /&>D IS =C$  
D[N BY COMPETITION TO ! L[E/ PO9T :I* WILL BE  
5DUR$ )\T ACTIVE DISCONT5T4  

,?IS VIEW IS ACCEPT$ AS A MATT] PA/ DISCUSSION BY  
! FULLY-DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM ( ! #a#i? C5TURY :I*  
HAS 9 ITS TURN SUPPLANT$ ! WORK%OP1 ) ITS GR\PS  
( WORKM5 EA* SKILL$ 9 A N>R[ R\ND ( LABOR1  
BY ! FACTORY ) ITS MA*9ES T5D$ BY WOM5  
& *ILDR5 OR BY A M]E LABOR] ( :OM NEI!R  
SKILL NOR 9TELLIG5CE IS NECESS>ILY REQUIR$4 ,?IS  
SY/EM ) ITS UNAVOIDABLE CONSEQU5CE ?AT ! GREAT]  
& 7COMM]CIALLY7 MORE IMPORTANT P>T ( ! W>ES IT  
#* 
PRODUCES >E MADE = ! CONSUMPTION ( POOR  
& DEGRAD$ PEOPLE )\T LEISURE OR TA/E :]E)  
TO DISC]N BEAUTY1 )\T MONEY OR LABOR TO  
PAY = EXCELL5CE ( WORKMAN%IP - ?IS SY/EM MAKES  
LABOR SO REPULSIVE & BURD5SOME ?AT >T1 9 ! LONG  
RUN1 IS IMPOSSIBLE UND] IT4 ,9/EAD ( ! PLEASANT1  
9TELLECTUAL1 FRUITFUL LABOR ( ! MIDDLE-AGES1 WE HAVE  
! B>R51 HIDE\S DRUDG]Y ( ! FACTORY & !  
COTTON-MILL4 ,:ILE IT LA/S ALL ! ORD9>Y SURR\ND+S  
( LIFE MU/ ( NECESSITY BE UGLY & BRUTAL1 &  
:AT ( >T IS LEFT = A TIME1 DEP5D+ AS IT DOES1 NOT ON  
ITS [N LIFE1 BUT ON ! MEMORY ( PA/ DAYS ( GLORY  
& BEAUTY1 MU/ BE PRODUC$ BY M5 ( EXCEPTIONAL  
GIFTS1 LIV+ ISOLAT$ AMID ! UGL9ESS & BRUTALITY (  
!IR [N TIME & PROTE/+ AGA9/ ! SPIRIT ( !IR  
[N AGE4 ,?US ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ?REAT5S TO DRY  
UP ! V]Y SPR+S ( ALL >T1 ?AT IS1 ( ! EXT]NAL  
BEAUTY ( LIFE1 & TO R$UCE ! WORLD TO A /ATE (  
B>B>ISM4  

,! PROLET>IAT1 H[EV]1 AS ALREADY REM>K$1 W]E  
NOT CRU%$ 9TO ?IS HELPLESSNESS 9 ,5GL& )\T  
HAV+ /RUGGL$ AGA9/ ! MEANE/ TYRANNY ?AT EV]  
OPPRESS$ !M4 ,FROM ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 :5  
,TRADE ,SOCIETIES W]E E/ABLI%$ ?R\<\T ! K+DOM1  
VA9LY 5DEAVOR+ TO MAKE HEAD AGA9/ !  
/EADILY GR[+ P[] ( CAPITAL1 ! WORK+ CLASSES  
KEPT UP AN 9CREAS+ AGITATION 9 FAVOR ( A MORE  
REASONABLE LOT = !MSELVES & !IR *ILDR54  
,ANO!R S]I\S CLASS FI<T HAD BEGUN4 ,:AT !  
WORK]S SAW WAS ?IS3- ?AT ! 9TRODUCTION (  
MA*9]Y1 ?\< IT MI<T GIVE WEAL? TO ! CAPITALI/  
CLASS & TO ! C\NTRY AT L>GE1 BR\<T ) IT = !M  
#ci 
/>VATION & 9TOL]ABLE MIS]Y1 [+ TO ! DISPLACEM5T  
( ! OLD ME?ODS & ! COMPETITION ( !  
LABOR ( WOM5 & *ILDR5 ) ?AT ( GR[N M54  

,DUR+ ! FIR/ ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY  
ALSO ! PEOPLE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 W]E ON ! :OLE  
BETT] (F1 !IR WAGES W\LD BUY !M MORE & BETT]  
FOOD & RAIM5T ?AN = TWO C5TURIES BE=E4 ,CONSEQU5TLY  
! PRESSURE BE+ SUDD5 WAS MORE SEV]ELY  
FELT & MORE VIGOR\SLY RESI/$ ?AN IT IS TO-DAY4 ,!  
WORK]S SAW ?AT ! UNREGULAT$ 9TRODUCTION (  
MA*9ES MEANT = !M RU92 AS ,SIR ,JAMES ,/EU>T1  
! FAM\S ECONOMI/1 PLA9LY /AT$ IT MU/1 T5 YE>S  
BE=E ! PUBLICATION ( 0,! ,WEAL? ( ,NATIONS40  
,!Y1 !RE=E1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE ATTACK$ ! MA*9ES  
!MSELVES2 & B&S ( WORKPEOPLE UND] ! NAME (  
,LUDDITES DE/ROY$ MA*9]Y 9 MANY 9DU/RIAL C5T]S1  
) ! IMPRESSION ?AT ?US !Y W]E /RIK+  
HEAVY BL[S AT ! REAL 5EMY4 ,AS A MATT] ( C\RSE  
!IR ADV]S>IES W]E NOT ! 9]T MA*9ES1 :I*  
ONLY PRODUC$ MORE WEAL? AT ! CO/ ( LESS & LESS  
EXP5DITURE ( HUMAN LABOR1 BUT ! CLASS APPROPRIATION  
( !SE IMPROVEM5TS :I* GAVE TO ! LABOR]S1  
[+ TO COMPETITION AMONG !MSELVES = EMPLOYM5T1  
A LESS & LESS PROPORTIONATE %>E ( ! WEAL?  
CREAT$4  

,= ! *EAP5+ ( ! PRODUCTS DID NOT B5EFIT  
! WORK]S AS A CLASS4 ,IT ONLY 5ABL$ !M TO TAKE A  
L[] AV]AGE WAGE 9 TIMES ( PRESSURE )\T ABSOLUTE  
/>VATION2 :IL/ ! UNC]TA9TY >IS+ FROM  
CON/ANT IMPROVEM5TS & ! COMPETITION ( !IR  
[N FAMILIES R5D]$ !IR POSITION EV5 WORSE ?AN  
! M]E AM\NT ( WAGES = LONG H\RS & EXCESSIVE  
#d 
OV]WORK W\LD BETOK54 ,?US ! V]Y CIRCUM/ANCES  
:I* %\LD HAVE BETT]$ !IR CONDITION & R5D]$  
!IR LIFE MORE EASY1 ACTUALLY PRESS$ !M D[N TO A  
L[] /&>D ( EXI/5CE4  

,NOT UNTIL #ahb WAS ANY /EP TAK5 TO RECOGNIZE EV5  
?AT *ILDR5 W]E OV]WORK$1 & ! ,ACT !N  
PASS$ WAS :OLLY ABORTIVE4 ,9 #ahad ! CAPITALI/  
CLASS EV5 SUCCE$$ 9 REMOV+ ! LA/ VE/IGE ( !  
OLD RE/RICTIONS NOT)/&+ ! OV]:ELM+ >RAY  
( PETITIONS FROM ! WORK]S AGA9/ ANY SU* ACTION4  
,AT ?IS TIME IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ALL COMB9ATIONS  
AMONG ! WORK]S TO RAISE WAGES1 OR TO /RIKE =  
ANY REASON :ATSOEV]1 W]E ILLEGAL4 ,SOON AFT]W>DS  
! GREAT W> CAME TO AN 5D :I* HAD SO MU*  
/R5G!N$ ! P[] ( ! L&[N]S1 F>M]S &  
CAPITALI/S1 AT ! EXP5SE ( ! PEOPLE2 & ) ITS  
T]M9ATION1 & ! CONSEQU5T COLLAPSE ( ! FICTITI\S  
PROSP]ITY CREAT$ = C]TA9 CLASSES1 CAME A  
P]IOD ( EV5 GREAT] PRESSURE UPON ! PEOPLE4 ,FROM  
#ahag TO #ahdh WAS !RE=E ONE ( ALMO/ CONT9U\S  
TURMOIL4 ,! MIDDLE-CLASS W]E /RIV+ TO SECURE !IR  
COMPLETE CONTROL OV] ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS BY A  
LIMIT$ EXT5SION ( ! SUFFRAGE1 & A DISFRAN*ISEM5T  
( ROTT5 BOR\<S2 ! WAGE-E>N]S W]E  
COMB9+ 9 ALL DIRECTIONS TO OBTA9 ! SUFFRAGE =  
!IR CLASS1 BUT ALSO TO RELIEVE !MSELVES FROM !  
HIDE\S ECONOMICAL 9JU/ICE !Y SUFF]$ UND]4  
,RIOTS 9 ! T[NS & RICK-BURN+S 9 ! C\NTRY  
W]E FREQU5T4  

,! TIME ( ! FI]CE/ /RUGGLE WAS %ORTLY AFT] !  
5ACTION ( ! ,RE=M ,BILL ( #a#h#c#b4 ,!N ! EFFECT  
( ! ,NEW ,POOR ,LAW1 ! CON/ANT IMMIGRATION FROM  
#da 
,IREL& [+ TO ECONOMICAL CAUSES DUE TO L&LORD  
OPPRESSION1 & ! CONT9U\S OP]ATION ( CAPITALISM1  
PRODUC$ SU* DI/RESS ?AT FROM #ahce TO #ahdb ! C\NTRY  
WAS DESCRIB$ BY A C>EFUL =EIGN OBS]V] AS 9 A /ATE  
( P]MAN5T REVOLT4 ,N[ IT WAS ?AT A PORTION ( !  
MIDDLE-CLASS MADE COMMON CAUSE ) ! WORK]S 9  
!IR AGITATION2 ?AT ! ,TRADE ,UNIONI/S FREE TO COMB9E  
S9CE #a#h#b#d1 ACT$ 9 CONC]T TO A GREAT EXT5T  
) ! RANK & FILE ( LABOR]S2 & ?AT ,UTOPIAN  
,SOCIALISM1 9 ! %APE ( S*EMES = ! NATIONALIZATION  
( ! L&1 9H]IT$ FROM ,SP5CE & O!RS1 AS  
WELL AS ,ROB]T ,[5'S PLANS ( COOP]ATION1 BEGAN TO  
BE RECOGNIZ$ AS A DEF9ITE S*OOL4  

,! ,TRADE ,UNIONI/S AT ?IS TIME W]E ! ADVANC$  
GU>D ( ! WORK+ CLASS P>TY2 & AL?\<1 E>LY  
9 ! DAY1 ! S5SE ( SUP]IORITY TO ! UNSKILL$  
WORK]S BEGAN TO %[ ITSELF AMONG ! MEMB]S1 MU*  
( ! SUCCESS :I* WAS OBTA9$ C\LD NEV] HAVE  
BE5 GOT )\T !IR AID4 ,?US ! GRADUAL 5ACTION  
& 5=CEM5T ( ,FACTORY ,ACTS1 9 FAVOR ( !  
RE/RICTION ( ! LABOR ( WOM5 & *ILDR5 )9  
MORE REASONABLE LIMITS AS TO ! NUMB] ( H\RS WORK$1  
! RI<TS ( FREE MEET+ & A FREE PRESS1 W]E  
OBTA9$ [+ 9 L>GE P>T TO ! /EADY ORGANIZ$  
SUPPORT GIV5 BY ! ,TRADE ,UNIONI/S TO !SE MEASURES4  
,9 ! *>TI/ AGITATION ALSO :I* WAS A  
DECID$ MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ !  
L&LORD & CAPITALI/ CLASS MANY ,TRADE ,UNIONI/S  
TOOK AN ACTIVE %>E1 AS ALSO 9 ! S]I\S RIS+S  
:I* OCCURR$ 9 ,WALES1 ,MAN*E/]1 ,BIRM+HAM1  
,NOTT+HAM & ELSE:]E4  

,BUT = ! C\NT]-AGITATION GOT UP BY ! CAPITALI/S  
#db 
9 FAVOR ( ,FREE ,TRADE 9 CORN IT IS EV5 POSSIBLE ?AT  
! ,*>TI/S & ,SOCIALI/S TOGE!R MI<T HAVE  
A*IEV$1 AT ANY RATE1 A TEMPOR>Y SUCCESS = ! CAUSE  
( ! PEOPLE4 ,AS IT WAS ! ,CORN ,LAW ,LEAGUE DRAW+  
! PEOPLE (F ON A FALSE SC5T - = ALL CAN SEE N[ADAYS  
?AT *EAP FOOD MEANT LITTLE MORE ?AN 9CREAS$ PR(ITS  
= ! CAPITALI/ CLASS - ! LEAD]S W]E LEFT ALMO/  
)\T FOLL[]S2 & ?\< 9 #ahdh ! R5EW$ /IR  
ON ! ,CONT95T ( ,EUROPE GAVE ! WORK]S 9 ?IS  
C\NTRY EV]Y 5C\RAGEM5T & AN EXCEPTIONAL  
OPPORTUNITY1 !Y FAIL$ TO RESUSCITATE ! 5]GETIC  
MOVEM5T ( #a#h#d#b4 ,9 FACT ALMO/ ! ONLY GREAT RESULT (  
ALL ! LONG S]IES ( AGITATIONS = ! B5EFIT ( !  
WORK]S WAS ! F9AL SETTLEM5T & CONSOLIDATION 9  
#aheb ( ! ,FACTORY ,ACT ( #a#h#d#g4  

,BUT #ahdh ON ! ,CONT95T ( ,EUROPE WAS A F> MORE  
IMPORTANT DATE ?AN 9 ,5GL&4 ,! FIR/1 IT MAY BE  
SAID1 S9CE ,BABOEUFS CONSPIRACY 9 #a#g#i#f1 - = !  
0,DAYS ( ,JULY0 9 #ahc 9 ,P>IS OR ! \TBREAK AT  
,LYONS 9 #ahcd W]E COMP>ATIVELY TRIFL+ - DID ! PROLET>IAT  
AGA9 %[ ?AT IT HAD 9T]E/S :I* W]E NOT  
ONIY NOT 9 ACCORD )1 BUT DIAMETRICALLY HO/ILE TO  
! 9T]E/S ( ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,ALL OV] ,EUROPE  
SCI5TIFIC1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM M]E ,UTOPIAN1 ,SOCIALISM  
N[ BEGAN TO BE FELT B5EA? ! EF=TS =  
NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! FAM\S ,COMMUNI/  
,MANIFE/O ( ,M>X & ,5GELS :I* FIR/ =MULAT$  
9 A DI/9CT %APE ! GREAT TRU? ( ! 9EVITABLE  
/RUGGLE ( CLASSES SO LONG AS CLASSES EXI/1 ! AGITATIONS  
( ,BLANQUI & ! !ORIES ( ,L\IS ,BLANC1 ,L$RU  
,ROLL91 @&C41 ALL PO9T$ TO AN 9T]NATIONAL COMB9ATION (  
! WORK]S 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! LABOR+ CLASS  
#dc 
:I* %\LD HAVE A F> WID]1 NOBL] & MORE  
B5EFICIAL 9FLU5CE ?AN 5DEAVORS1 H[EV] GLORI\S1  
= M]E NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,IT WAS ,SOCIALISM AS  
AN ORGANIZ$ =CE BAS$ UPON ! SURE GR\ND (  
SCI5CE & POLITICAL ECONOMY :I* FRI<T5$ !  
/ATESM5 ( ALL C\NTRIES F> MORE ?AN ANY IDEA (  
M]E NATIONAL MOVEM5TS 9 :I* CLASS GRADATIONS  
W\LD /ILL BE MA9TA9$4  

,! TIME WAS NOT YET4 ,! MIDDLE CLASS TRIUMPH$  
NOT ONLY 9 ,5GL& BUT 9 EV]Y ,EUROPEAN C\NTRY1 !  
?\S&S :O FELL FI<T+ = ! PEOPLE 9 ,P>IS DI$  
VA9LY = ! TIME1 & ! B\RGEOISIE GLADLY SUPPORT$  
0ORD]0 UND] ,PRESID5T1 ,K+1 OR ,EMP]OR1 :I*  
5SUR$ ! BUT*]Y ( ! *AMPIONS ( ! PROLET>IAT  
& MADE !M C]TA9 ( ! CONT9UANCE ( !  
UNIV]SAL REIGN ( PRODUCTION = PR(IT & ! CONSEQU5T  
WAGE-SLAV]Y ( ! MASS ( ! PRODUC]S 9 ALL  
L&S4 ,FROM #ahdh ONW>DS1 H[EV]4 ,SOCIALISM ITSELF1  
9T]NATIONAL1 ORGANIZ$ ,SOCIALISM1 HAS BE5 A MORAL1  
9TELLECTUAL & PHYSICAL =CE TO BE C\NT$ ) 9 ALL  
! C\NCILS ( ,EUROPE4 ,!NCE=W>D ! LEAD]S (  
! PROLET>IAT ( ! WORLD C\LD FEEL ASSUR$ ?AT :5  
! TIME WAS RIPE = ACTION !Y HAD AN UN%AKABLE  
SCI5TIFIC F\NDATION ON :I* TO BUILD1 TO :I* 9DE$  
EA* YE> HAS ADD$ ANO!R LAY] ( SOLID !ORY &  
FACT COMB9$4  

,5GL&1 UN=TUNATELY1 ! C\NTRY :]E ! /RUGGLE  
BETWE5 ! WORK]S & ! CAPITALI/S FIR/ TOOK AN  
ORGANIZ$ & MANIFE/ %APE1 N[1 TO ALL APPE>ANCE1  
FELL BEH9D4 ,! WORK+ CLASSES ( ,5GL&1 [+ TO  
! 5ORM\S EXPANSION ( =EIGN M>KETS1 TO ! FACT  
?AT ?IS C\NTRY WAS ! FIR/ 9 ! FIELD ) IMPROV$  
#dd 
MA*9]Y & HI<LY SOCIALIZ$ FACTORIES1 TO ! E>LI]  
DEVELOPM5T ( RAILWAYS H]E ?AN ELSE:]E1 TO ! ,FREE  
,TRADE ,POLICY :I* KEPT ! NECESS>Y /&>D ( LIFE  
*EAP1 TO EMIGRATION :I* TOOK (F ! MORE 5]GETIC  
POLITICAL LEAD]S ( ! PEOPLE & AF=D$ A FUR!R \TLET  
= GOODS1 TO ! /AGNATION ( ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS  
:I*1 :5 !Y HAD GOT :AT ! HI<] GRADE (  
WORK]S NE$$ MO/1 C>$ LITTLE OR NO?+ = !  
WELF>E ( ! O!R CLASSES ( LABOR - ! WORK]S (  
,5GL&1 WE SAY1 FELL BEH9D 9 !IR EF=TS = !  
5FRAN*ISEM5T ( !IR CLASS & HAVE BE5 CONT5T  
S9CE #ahdh ) ?AT MOD]ATION 9 !IR REQUIREM5TS  
& ?AT BAT$ BREA? ME?OD ( URG+ !IR SIMPLE/  
DEM&S :I* NATURALLY F9D FAVOR ) !IR ,CAPITALI/  
MA/]S4  

,DUR+ ! ?IRTY-FIVE YE>S :I* HAVE PASS$1 H[EV]1  
S9CE #a#h#d#h1 WEAL? 9 ,5GL& HAS 9CREAS$ F>  
BEYOND ALL PREVI\S COMPUTATION OR IMAG9ATION4 ,FROM ALL  
QU>T]S ( ! GLOBE ! PR(ITS ( ! WORLD-M>KET HAVE  
BE5 P\R$ 9TO ! LAP ( \R M]*ANTS & ,CAPITALI/S4  
,! L&LORDS ALSO HAVE GA9$ 9 R5TS1 BUT 9 A V]Y  
TRIFL+ DEGREE COMP>$ ) ! GA9 ( ! TRAD+ CLASS4  
,! 9COME TAX RETURNS ALONE %[ ?AT ! 9CREASE 9  
ASSESSABLE 9COMES HAS BE5 FROM ,G,B,P#b#g#e11 9 #ahdh  
TO NE>LY ,G,B,P#f11 9 #a#h#h#b4 ,! TOTAL ( REALIZ$  
WEAL? SEEMS 9CR$IBLE1 BE+ GIV51 BY AN (FICIAL  
/ATI/1 AT OV] ,G,B,P#h1#e114 ,9 EV]Y DIRECTION ?IS  
EXPANSION ( WEAL? IS TO BE OBS]V$4 ,! RI* QU>T]S  
( \R CITIES HAVE SPREAD BEYOND ALL B\NDS2 NUM]\S  
& POPUL\S L\NG] T[NS HAVE SPRUNG UP >\ND \R  
COA/S1 :]E ! 9DOL5T WEAL?Y MAY CONV5I5TLY KILL  
TIME 9 HEAL?Y USELESSNESS2 ! /&>D ( LIV+ AMONG  
#de 
! MIDDLE-CLASS IS SO HI< ?AT !IR *IEF DISEASES >ISE  
FROM GLUTTONY OR DR9K4  

,YET AT ?IS V]Y TIME (FICIAL RETURNS PROVE CONCLUSIVELY  
?AT VA/ MASSES ( \R C\NTRYM5 >E LIV+ ON !  
V]Y V]GE ( />VATION2 ?AT MU* ( ! FACTORY POPULATION  
IS UND]GO+ /EADY PHYSICAL DET]IORATION2 ?AT  
! AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S R>ELY GET 5\< FOOD TO KEEP  
!M CLE> ( DISEASES >IS+ FROM 9SUFFICI5T N\RI%M5T2  
:ILE SU* IS ! H\S+ ( ! WAGE-E>N]S  
9 \R GREAT CITIES & 9 \R C\NTRY DI/RICTS ?AT EV5  
! LEAD+ P>TISANS ( \R POLITICAL FACTIONS AT L5G?  
HAVE AWAK5$ TO ! FACT ?AT CIVILIZATION = ! POOR  
HAS BE5 IMPOSSIBLE = NE>LY TWO G5]ATIONS UND]  
!SE CONDITIONS1 & ?AT SOME /EPS \<T REALLY TO BE  
TAK5 TO REM$Y SO MON/R\S AN EVIL4 ,DR9K1 DEBAU*]Y1  
VICE1 CRIME 9EVITABLY >ISE UND] SU* CONDITIONS4 ,=  
9DIGE/ION >IS+ FROM BAD FOOD1 COLD >IS+ FROM 9SUFFICI5T  
FIR+1 DEPRESSION >IS+ FROM UNHEAL?Y AIR & LACK  
( AMUSEM5T1 NECESS>ILY DRIVE ! POOR TO ! PUBLIC-H\SE2  
:ILE EV5 ! SOB] HAVE HAD1 TOO (T51 NO $UCATION  
:I* %\LD FIT !M = ! FULL 5JOYM5T ( LIFE4  
,& DRUNK5 & SOB]1 VIRTU\S & VICI\S - IF !Y  
CAN BE CALL$ VICI\S :O >E /EEP$ 9 IMMORALITY FROM  
!IR V]Y BABYHOOD - >E ALL SUBJECT TO NEV]-CEAS+  
UNC]TA9TY ( E>N+ A LIVELIHOOD1 DUE TO ! CON/ANT  
9TRODUCTION ( FRE% MA*9ES OV] :I* !Y HAVE NO  
CONTROL1 OR TO ! GREAT COMM]CIAL CRISES :I* COME  
MORE FREQU5TLY & LA/ = A LONG] TIME AT EA* RECURR5CE4  
,!RE IS !RE=E COMPLETE AN>*Y ( LIFE &  
AN>*Y ( PRODUCTION >\ND US4 ,ORD] EXI/S1 MORALITY  
EXI/S1 COM=T1 HAPP9ESS1 $UCATION1 AS A :OLE1 EXI/  
ONLY = ! CLASS :I* HAS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 AT  
#df 
! EXP5SE ( ! CLASS :I* SUPPLIES ! LABOR-=CE  
?AT PRODUCES WEAL?4  

,! TOTAL 9COME ( ! C\NTRY IS ,G,B,P#a1#c112 (  
?IS ! PRODUC]S RECEIVE ,G,B,P#c11 9 WAGES2 &  
( !SE WAGES !Y PAY BACK ONE-FIF? TO ONE-?IRD TO !  
L&LORD & CAPITALI/ CLASS 9 R5T1 AP>T FROM !  
AM\NT !Y REFUND 9 PR(ITS ON RETAIL & ADULT]AT$  
GOODS4 ,! PRODUC]S LIVE ON ! AV]AGE ONE-HALF !  
NUMB] ( YE>S ! COM=TABLE CLASSES LIVE4 ,! TOTAL  
AM\NT ( PROP]TY [N$ BY #b#b1 FAMILIES IS NE>LY  
,G,B,P#f1111 :IL/ MILLIONS >E LIV+ ON 9SUFFICI5T  
FOOD & #d1#e1 P]SONS RECEIVE *>ITABLE RELIEF 9  
,5GL& & ,WALES ALONE1 9 ONE %APE OR ANO!R1  
DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! YE>4 ,! L& ( ,5GL& IS  
PRACTICALLY [N$ BY #c1 PEOPLE AGA9/ #c11  
& #h1 L&[N]S 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 & ,IREL&  
RECEIVE NO LESS ?AN ,G,B,P#c#e11 A YE> 9 R5TS4 ,SU*  
PLA9 FACTS AS !SE >E SUFFICI5T ( !MSELVES TO %[  
! AN>*Y ( :AT WE CALL CIVILIZATION4 ,!RE HAVE  
BE5 NO FEW] ?AN SIX COMM]CIAL CRISES S9CE !  
BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY TO CRU% ! WORK]S1 NOT C\NT+  
! ,LANCA%IRE COTTON FAM9E DUE TO ! ,AM]ICAN  
,CIVIL ,W>4 ,MEAN:ILE COMM]CIAL W> - COMPETITION  
9 *EAPNESS1 ?AT IS1 ADULT]ATION TO MAKE GREAT PR(ITS1  
& ATTACKS UPON HELPLESS PEOPLE TO OP5 UP NEW  
M>KETS - HAS BE5 GO+ ON ALL R\ND4  

,YET 9 ! FACE ( ALL ?IS A C]TA9 S*OOL /ILL CONT5D  
?AT !RE IS NO CLASS ROBB]Y2 ?AT !RE %\LD BE NO  
CLASS ANTAGONISM2 ?AT ! BLESS+S ( PEACE &  
ET]NAL MONEY-GETT+ = ALL W\LD BE EV] ) US IF ONLY  
\R PEOPLE - \R PRODUC+ PEOPLE - W\LD CEASE TO HAVE  
ANY FAMILIES AT ALL4 ,:AT IS IT PRODUCES VALUE8 - LABOR  
#dg 
APPLI$ TO NATURAL OBJECTS4 ,:AT IS IT PRODUCES SURPLUS  
VALUE1 & ?US PROVIDES PR(IT1 9T]E/1 R5T1  
COMMISSIONS1 ETC4 - LABOR APPLI$ TO NATURAL OBJECTS UND]  
! CONTROL ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS :O TAKE ALL !  
VALUE PRODUC$ LESS ! M]E AV]AGE SUBSI/5CE WAGES  
( ! LABOR]4 ,YET TO PROVIDE MORE WEAL? WE >E TO  
CUT (F ! SUPPLY ( LABOR BY BRE$+ NO LABOR]S4  
,?IS FOOLI% ,MAL?USIAN CRAZE IS ITSELF BR$ ( \R  
AN>*ICAL COMPETITIVE SY/EM2 & ?OSE :O >E  
SMITT5 ) IT CANNOT SEE ?AT ! P[] ( MAN OV]  
AATURE IS SU* ?AT1 IF HIS LABOR W]E PROP]LY ORGANIZ$1  
HE W\LD PRODUCE 9 FOOD OR ITS EQUIVAL5T AT LEA/ F\R  
TIMES MORE ?AN ! AM\NT ( WEAL? :I* HE W\LD  
REQUIRE1 IF HE LIV$ 9 ABSOLUTE COM=T1 PROVID$ HE  
WORK$ ONLY SIX H\RS A DAY4 ,W]E MA*9]Y PROP]LY  
APPLI$1 F> LESS ?AN TWO H\RS LABOR A DAY = EA*  
MALE ABOVE TW5TY-ONE W\LD SUFFICE = ALL TO LIVE 9  
COM=T1 IF NONE LIV$ 9 EXCESSIVE LUXURY ON ! LABOR  
( O!RS4 ,AS IT IS1 AB\T ONE-F\R? ( \R ADULT  
POPULATION >E 5GAG$ 9 ACTUAL USEFUL PRODUCTION1 (T5  
) 9F]IOR MA*9]Y1 YET ! TOTAL 9COME IS  
,G,B,P#a1#c11 A YE>4  

,?AT ! P[] ( MAN OV] NATURE 9CREASES 9 A  
F> MORE RAPID RATIO 9 ALL PROGRESSIVE SOCIETIES ?AN !  
9CREASE ( POPULATION2 ?AT ! WELL-TO-DO - SU* AS ALL  
W\LD BE 9 AN ORGANIZ$ ,SOCIALI/ COMMUNITY - BRE$  
SL[LY1 ! POOR FA/2 ?AT ! SUPPOS$ LAW ( DIM9I%+  
RETURNS TO CAPITAL 7:I* MEANS 9 ONE %APE &  
ANO!R LABOR7 EXP5D$ ON ! SOIL IS DEMON/RABLY  
FALSE2 ?AT ,5GL& ALONE C\LD PR(ITABLY PRODUCE FOOD  
5\< TO FE$ ITS PRES5T POPULATION1 ! RETURN  
9CREAS+ ) EA* IMPROVEM5T 9 AGRICULTURE2 ?AT  
#dh 
,NOR? ,AM]ICA BY ITSELF W\LD /ILL EXPORT 5ORM\S  
QUANTITIES ( FOOD AFT] ALL ITS 9HABITANTS W]E WELL F$  
EV5 IF IT HAD #h11 9HABITANTS3 !SE >E FACTS  
& E/IMATES ( ! V]Y HI<E/ AGRICULTURAL &  
ECONOMICAL AU?ORITIES :I* \<T F9ALLY TO DISPOSE (  
! SO-CALL$ ,MAL?USIAN !ORY1 EV5 IF ! SUPPOS$  
NECESSITY ( FICTITI\SLY LIMIT+ ! NUMB] ( PRODUC]S  
W]E NOT ON ! FACE ( IT AN ABSURDITY :]E IDL]S  
:O EAT 5ORM\SLY & PRODUCE NOT AT ALL =M !  
MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION4  

,FROM #ahdh TO #ahfd !RE WAS LITTLE SIGN ( ,SOCIALI/  
MOVEM5T ( AN 9T]NATIONAL *>ACT]1 & AL?\<  
,LASSALLE'S VIGOR\S AGITATION 9 ,G]MANY :I* BEGAN  
9 #ahfb PRODUC$ A GREAT EFFECT 9 ?AT C\NTRY NO  
S]I\S ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO ORGANIZE A G5]AL COMB9ATION  
( ,SOCIALI/S UNTIL TWO YE>S LAT]4 ,9  
,NOVEMB] #ahfd A MEET+ WAS HELD 9 ,LONDON :I*  
LAID ! F\NDATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S  
,ASSOCIATION4 ,K>L ,M>X WAS ! BRA9 ( ! MOVEM5T  
:I* SOON SPREAD TO EV]Y CIVILIZ$ C\NTRY &  
OCCASION$ GRAVE UNEAS9ESS TO ! C\RTS & CAB9ETS  
( ,EUROPE4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 EFFECT PROCLAIM$ !  
0,SOLID>ITY0 ( 9T]E/ BETWE5 ! WORK]S ( ALL  
NATIONS1 & CALL$ UPON !M TO UNITE 9 ORD] TO  
OBTA9 CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 9CLUD+ !  
L&1 9 EV]Y C\NTRY2 ITS LEAD]S DECL>$ ALSO  
?AT ! W> BETWE5 CLASSES 9 EA* /ATE WAS ! REAL  
MATT] ( IMPORTANCE TO ! LABOR+ CLASS1 :I* EV]Y  
:]E SUFF]$ FROM ! OPPRESSION ( ! CLASSES ABOVE2  
?AT !RE=E !Y %\LD S9K NATIONAL DIFF]5CES 9 A  
GREAT 9T]NATIONAL /RUGGLE = ! EMANCIPATION ( !  
#di 
WORK]S4 ,!SE IDEAS OBTA9$ MORE READY ACCEPTANCE  
9 ,G]MANY ?AN ELSE:]E AS MI<T HAVE BE5 
EXPECT$ FROM ! SUP]IOR $UCATION ( ! ,G]MAN  
WORK+ CLASSES & FROM ! FACT ?AT ! HEADS ( !  
MOVEM5T W]E ,G]MANS2 BUT UP TO ! DATE ( !  
DECL>ATION ( W> BETWE5 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY  
! ,9T]NATIONAL BID FAIR TO BECOME A MO/ IMPORTANT  
BODY1 & TO COMB9E ! PROLET>IAT 9 A REALLY =MIDABLE  
MOVEM5T ALL OV] ,EUROPE4  

,:5 ! W> WAS OV] ,P>IS F\ND ?AT ?\< %E  
HAD GOT RID ( ! ,EMP]OR ) HIS GANG ( PR(ESSIONAL  
GAMBL]S & PRO/ITUTES1 ,FRANCE WAS TO BE H&$  
TO ! EXPLOITATION ( A REACTIONI/ ,REPUBLIC4 ,!  
,P>ISIANS1 !RE=E1 RES5T+ ?IS MEAN SUB/ITUTION1  
MADE AN ATTEMPT TO SECURE P]FECT COMM]CIAL 9DEP5D5CE  
BE=E ADMITT+ ! TROOPS FROM )\T4 ,!  
MOVEM5T WAS AT FIR/ NECESS>ILY 9 MIDDLE-CLASS H&S1  
& ! ,SOCIALI/S ( ,P>IS W]E W>N$ BY ! LEAD]S  
( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ?AT AS A SIMULTANE\S RIS+ 9  
,B]L91 ,VI5NA1 ,MADRID1 @&C41 HAD BE5 IMPOSSIBLE TO  
>RANGE1 FAILURE WAS C]TA94 ,! ,FR5* ,SOCIALI/S W]E  
9C5S$ AT ?IS PR$ICTION & SET TO WORK TO DISCR$IT  
ITS AU?ORS4 ,BUT1 :5 ! ,COMMUNE HAD ONCE BE5  
SET ON FOOT1 IT SOON BECAME CLE> ?AT ,P>IS WAS  
DE/9$ TO BE ! SC5E ( ANO!R BLOODY BUT AGA9 =  
! TIME1 FRUITLESS CAMPAIGN ( ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/  
! B\RGEOISIE4 ,YET ! *AMPIONS ( ?AT CLASS ALONE  
%[$ UNFALT]+ RESOLUTION & DAUNTLESS C\RAGE  
9 ! FACE ( DANG] & 9 ! FACE ( DEA?4  

,P>IS WAS TO A L>GE EXT5T 9JUR$ BY ! ATTACKS (  
! TROOPS1 & P>TLY BY ! ACTION ( ! BEAT5 =CES  
( ! 9SURG5TS2 BUT ! HORRORS ( ! COLD-BLOOD$  
#e 
MASSACRE :I* FOLL[$1 ! 9FAM\S MISDE$S ( !  
,V]SAILLES TROOPS1 ) SU* MON/]S AS ,GALLIFET AT  
!IR HEAD1 & ! FE>FUL SC5ES ON ! PLA9 ( ,SATORY  
HAVE EFFAC$ ALMO/ ALL MEMORY ( ! ]RORS ( !  
VANQUI%$4 ,ONCE MORE 0ORD]0 ROSE 9 PLACE ( !  
BE/ GOV]NM5T = ! MANY ?AT ,P>IS HAD EV] SE54  
,?R\<\T ! WORLD TO-DAY ! REMEMBRANCE ( ?AT  
FE>FUL /RUGGLE & DEFEAT /R5G!NS ! DET]M9ATION  
( ! REAL LEAD]S ( ! PROLET>IAT REVOLUTION4  

,FROM ?AT DATE =W>D ORGANIZ$ ,SOCIALISM HAS  
MADE WAY AGA9/ MANY DIFFICULTIES1 ! APA?Y (  
,5GLI%M5 HAV+ L>GELY CONTRIBUT$ TO *ECK ANY  
REAL RE-COMM5CEM5T ( ! 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T4  
,BUT ( LATE YE>S A *ANGE HAS TAK5 PLACE & !  
RAPIDLY GR[+ 9FLU5CE ( ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,F$]ATION  
%[S ?AT AN AV[$ ,SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A ( AN  
9T]NATIONAL *>ACT] HAS AT LA/ TAK5 ROOT 9 ?IS  
C\NTRY4  

,:AT WE HAVE TO FACE N[ IS A BITT] CLASS ANTAGONISM  
BETWE5 ! CLASSES :O [N ! MEANS (  
PRODUCTION :I* !Y USE TO 5?RALL$ !IR FELL[S TO  
?OSE MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ! LABOR]S :O >E  
?US ECONOMICALLY & SOCIALLY 5SLAV$4 ,) !SE  
LABOR]S MU/ BE NUMB]$ A L>GE PORTION ( ! L[E/  
MIDDLE-CLASS :O PRACTICALLY DEP5D UPON & >E A  
PORTION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 C]TA9 ( ! 9TELLECTUAL  
PROLET>IAT1 CL]KS1 @&C41 :O >E LE>N+ H[ !Y >E  
BE+ EXPLOIT$ !MSELVES BY !IR EMPLOY]S1 & !  
DOME/IC S]VANTS1 :OSE S]VILE1 DEGRAD$ POSITION WILL  
BE FELT MORE & MORE AS $UCATION SPREADS4 ,H]E IS  
! LA/ CLASS ANTAGONISM1 :I* 9DE$ IS WORLD-WIDE - 
! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! SLAVES ( ! MA*9E1 !  
#ea 
M]E SOCIAL 5G9ES = PRODUC+ SURPLUS VALUE &  
CONTRIBUT+ TO LUXURY1 AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ CLASS &  
!IR HANG]S-ON1 ! L&LORDS4 ,ALL O!R ANTAGONISMS1  
COMPLICAT$ AS !Y W]E1 HAVE N[ FAD$ 9TO ?IS  
ONE SIMPLE UNMI/AKABLE HO/ILITY ( CLE>LY DEF9$  
9IMICAL 9T]E/S BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT & !  
B\RGEOISIE4  

,PROLET>IAT PRODUCTION - CAPITALI/ APPROPRIATION2 
WORK]S MAKE - TRAD]S TAKE4 ,SOCIALIZ$ PRODUCTION3  
9DIVIDUAL EX*ANGE4 ,WORK 9 CONC]T3 EX*ANGE AT  
W>4 ,SUPREMACY ( T[N3 SUBS]VI5CE ( C\NTRY4  
,OV]CR[D$ CITIES3 EMPTY FIELDS4 ,SU* >E !  
BRIEFE/ POSSIBLE /ATEM5TS ( ! ECONOMICAL &  
SOCIAL =MS :I* RESULT 9 \R PRES5T AN>*Y1 NOT  
= ONE CLASS ALONE1 ?\< ?AT SUFF]S F> ! MO/1 BUT  
= ALL4 ,& ! SY/EM AS A :OLE1 IS N[ WORLD-WIDE1  
?\< 9 DIFF]5T %APES4 ,CAPITAL DOM9ATES !  
PLANET1 ACTS IRRESPECTIVE ( ALL NATIONALITIES1 GRABS ITS  
PR(ITS IRRESPECTIVE ( ALL CRE$S & CONDITIONS3  
CAPITAL IS 9T]NATIONAL1 UNSECT>IAN1 DE/ITUTE ( REG>D  
= HUMANITY OR RELIGION4 ,! PROLET>IAT MU/ LE>N  
FROM ! SY/EM :I* !Y HAVE TO OV]?R[ TO BE  
EQUALLY 9DIFF]5T TO CLASS1 CRE$ OR COLOR1 RELIGION OR  
NATIONALITY1 SO LONG AS ! 9DIVIDUALS S9K !IR  
P]SONAL OBJECTS 9 A RESOLUTE 5DEAVOR AGA9/ !  
COMMON 5EMY4 ,UNITE6 = ?IS WE $UCATE1 TO ?IS  
5D WE AGITATE1 TO A*IEVE A C]TA9 VICTORY = ALL WE  
ORGANIZE4 ,UNITE6 ,UNITE6 ,UNITE6  

,BUT WE >E ALL ONLY WORK+ 9 A GREAT ECONOMICAL  
MOVEM5T1 :I* WE CAN HELP 9 SOME DEGREE TO  
ADVANCE OR RET>D1 BUT :I* WILL PROCE$ :ATEV] WE  
DO TO PU% ON OR TO H9D]4 ,! V]Y CONDITIONS (  
#eb 
PRODUCTION >E BR++ AB\T *ANGES 9 SPITE ( !  
EF=TS ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS !MSELVES4 ,IT HAS BE5  
F\ND NECESS>Y TO USE ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE MORE &  
MORE TO *ECK ! UNBRIDL$ GRE$ ( ! CLASSES :O  
CONFISCATE LABOR4 ,EV5 ! MIDDLE-CLASS DEBAT+ CLUB  
AT ,WE/M9/]1 :I* PASSES MU/] AS ! ,5GLI%  
,H\SE ( ,COMMONS1 HAS F\ND ITSELF COMPELL$ BY !  
EXIG5CIES ( ! CASE TO 9T]POSE BETWE5 ! EMPLOY]S  
& !IR WAGE-SLAVES1 BETWE5 ! ,IRI% L&LORDS &  
!IR S]FS1 BETWE5 ADULT]AT+ POISON]S & !IR  
VICTIMS4 ,! DOMA9 ( LAISSEZ-FAIRE1 ! HIDE\S REALM  
( MIS-RULE1 HAS BE5 9VAD$ YE> BY YE> BY ! ,/ATE1  
CONTROLL$ ?\< IT IS BY ! OPPRESS+ CLASSES1  
BECAUSE SOME /EPS W]E ABSOLUTELY ESS5TIAL TO SAVE !  
MASS ( ! POPULATION FROM UTT] PHYSICAL1 MORAL &  
9TELLECTUAL DET]IORATION4 ,$UCATION ,ACTS1 ,IRI% ,L&  
,ACTS1 ,EMPLOY]S' ,LIABILITY ,ACTS1 ,FACTORY ,ACTS1 ,>TISANS'  
,DWELL+S ,ACTS1 !SE & O!RS1 >E DIRECT EVID5CE (  
! T5D5CY TO LIMIT ?AT UNRE/RA9$ FREE CONTRACT SO  
DE> TO ! CAPITALI/ SLAVE-DRIV] ( MOD]N TIMES4  
,!Y >E BUT HALF-WAY MEASURES AT BE/4 ,:AT MORE  
C\LD !Y BE :5 5ACT$1 ADM9I/]$ & APPLI$  
BY ! V]Y CLASSES :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! DEBAS$  
E/IMATE ( ! AIMS & PLEASURES ( LIFE COMMONLY HELD  
AMONG ?OSE CLASSES !MSELVES1 HAVE MO/ TO LOSE BY A  
?OR\< REORGANIZATION8 ,BUT !IR V]Y APPE>ANCE  
ON ! ,/ATUTE ,BOOK PROVES ?AT ! ]A ( MIDDLE  
CLASS RULE1 & ! P]IOD ( WORK+ CLASS APA?Y >E  
ALIKE COM+ TO AN 5D4  

,! FE> ( PRESSURE FROM )\T ( A ?REAT5+  
K9D LEADS ! LUXURI\S CLASSES TO TRY TO NEGOTIATE4  
,BANKRUPT ( IDEAS1 DE/ITUTE ( PR9CIPLES1 !IR ONE  
#ec 
5DEAVOR IS TO COMPROMISE ON FAVORABLE T]MS4 ,BUT  
= US NO COMPROMISE IS POSSIBLE :I* %ALL C>RY )  
IT ! CONT9UANCE ( ! PRES5T MIS]Y4  

,YET AGA9 WE SEE ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE EXT5D+4  
,IT ORGANIZES AS WELL AS ORD]S1 DEVELOPES AS WELL AS  
RE/RA9S4 ,?IS TOO 9 DESPITE ( HUCK/] ECONOMY &  
HUCK/] ECONOMI/S1 :OSE PR9CIPAL PR(ESSORS >E  
=C$ TO EAT !IR [N WORDS AS ADM9I/RATORS & TO  
/ULTIFY !IR TEA*+ AS ?9K]S BY %E] PRESSURE (  
! C\RSE ( EV5TS4 ,AT ?IS H\R ! ,/ATE IS BY F>  
! L>GE/ EMPLOY] ( LABOR 9 ! K+DOM4 ,!  
,PO/ ,(FICE1 ! ,TELEGRAPHS1 ! ,P>CELS ,PO/1 ! ,/ATE  
,BANKS1 ! ,>S5ALS1 ! ,DOCKY>DS1 ! ,CLO?+  
,E/ABLI%M5TS1 ! ,>MY & ,NAVY1 >E ALL MANAG$  
BY ! ,/ATE1 & ADM9I/]$ BY ,/ATE (FICIALS1 :O  
ORGANIZE ! LABOR BEL[4 ,! OBJECTION TO ! SY/EM  
IS NOT 9EFFICI5CY NOR EV5 EXTRAVAGANCE1 BUT ! FACT  
?AT ?OSE :O LABOR >E BR\<T 9TO COMPETITION  
) ! L[E/ WAGES \TSIDE2 & ?AT ! PR(ITS (  
!IR PRODUCTION OR DI/RIBUTION >E US$ BY ! ,/ATE  
TO R$UCE ! TAXATION :I* HAS TO BE PAID BY !  
MIDDLE CLASS4  

,BUT 9 ?IS DIRECTION LIES ! BE/ PROSPECT = RE=M  
& RE-ORGANIZATION )\T BLOOD%$4 ,! ,RAILWAYS1  
! ,%IPP+ ,COMPANIES1 ! GREAT ,MA*9E ,FACTORIES1  
>E EV5 N[ READY TO BE H&L$ BY ! ,/ATE ?R\<  
!IR PRES5T (FICIALS1 BUT UND] ! DIRECT CONTROL (  
! PRODUC+ CLASS 7:I* WILL COMPRISE ! :OLE  
COMMUNITY7 & )\T ! 5DEAVOR TO EXACT A  
PR(IT AT ! EXP5SE ( ! OV]WORK ( ! EMPLOYES  
AS IS AT PRES5T ! CASE4 ,%>EHOLD]S &  
FACTORY LORDS HAVE NO MORE P[]1 AS ASSUR$LY !Y  
#$ 
HAVE NO MORE RI<T1 ?AN L&LORDS TO KEEP BACK ?AT  
ORGANIZATION ( ! LABOR ( ALL1 = ! B5EFIT (  
ALL1 :I* IS ! ONLY POSSIBLE \TLET FROM \R PRES5T  
AN>*ICAL SY/EM ( PRODUCTION = PR(IT &  
NEV]-5D+ R\ND ( COMM]CIAL CRISES1 DUE TO !  
REVOLT ( ! SOCIALIZ$ ME?OD ( PRODUCTION AGA9/  
! 9DIVIDUALIZ$ =M ( EX*ANGE4  

,:5 A GLUT ( GOODS EXI/S ON ONE H&1 & M5  
EAG] = ?OSE GOODS & ANXI\S TO WORK /& IDLE  
& FOODLESS ON ! O!R1 :5 !SE TWO FACTORS (  
WELL-BE+ CANNOT BE BR\<T TOGE!R BECAUSE ( !  
NECESSITY TO PRODUCE = PR(IT :I* ! V]Y GLUT  
ITSELF PREV5TS1 SURELY AN>*Y 9 PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE  
HAS BE5 DRIV5 TO ! LA/ DIT* ( ABSURDITY4 ,:5  
HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( *ILDR5 >E BR\<T 9TO !  
WORLD UND] SU* CONDITIONS ?AT GOOD FOOD1 GOOD  
HEAL?1 GOOD $UCATION1 >E = !M IMPOSSIBLE1 !  
ESS5TIAL F\NDATIONS ?\< ALL ?REE >E ( TRUE  
MORALITY & S\ND CITIZ5%IP 9 LAT] LIFE1 SURELY H]E  
TOO ! AN>*Y 9 \R COMMONE/ SOCIAL RELATIONS IS  
CLE>LY MANIFE/$4 ,:5 ALSO WE LOOK >\ND AT !  
COMPLETE DIVISON BETWE5 CLASSES1 !IR UTT] IGNORANCE  
( :AT ONE ANO!R ?9K & FEEL1 ! 9CAPACITY (  
M5 & WOM5 ( DIFF]5T CLASSES TO SIT COM=TABLY  
AT ! SAME MEAL TABLE1 ?\< ( ! SAME RACE1  
LANGUAGE & CRE$1 H]E1 EV5 AP>T FROM ! NECESS>Y  
ANTAGONISM ( ECONOMICAL 9T]E/S1 ! SOCIAL AN>*Y  
:I* ! MIDDLE-CLASSES CALL ORD] ONCE MORE />ES US  
9 ! FACE4  

,AFT] !SE 9/ANCES ( DIS9TEGRATION & DISORD]1  
! UGL9ESS1 WA/E1 & ADULT]ATION SEEM COMP>ATIVELY  
TRIFL+4 ,YET SO LONG AS COMPETITIVE COMM]CE &  
#ee 
PRODUCTION = PR(IT CONT9UE1 BAS$ UPON WAGE-SLAV]Y  
BEL[1 NO *ANGE = ! BETT] CAN BE  
WR\<T4 ,AS CAPITALISM SAPS ALL HEAL?Y SOCIAL  
RELATIONS & R$UCES EV5 ! CLOSE/ CONNECTION  
BETWE5 ! SEXES TO A M]E QUE/ION ( B>GA9 &  
SALE1 SO IT ?REAT5S TO DE/ROY ! SPR+S ( ALL >T1 ?AT  
IS ( ! EXT]NAL BEAUTY ( LIFE1 & TO R$UCE !  
WORLD TO A /ATE ( B>B>ISM2 A ?REAT :I* CAN ONLY  
BE MET BY ! DEM&S ( SOCIAL ORD] = ! COMMUNIZ+  
( EX*ANGE & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1  
SO ?AT LABOR MAY BE FRE$ FROM ! M]ELY USELESS 
TOIL 9 :I* IT IS TO A L>GE EXT5T AT PRES5T EMPLOY$  
SO ?AT :ILE MA*9]Y IS US$ = P]=M+ LABOR  
REPULSIVE TO M51 ! 9TELLIG5CE ( ! WORKM5 MAY  
BE MADE AVAILABLE = ! HI<] NE$S ( ! COMMUNITY  
SO ?AT ! GREAT] & BETT] P>T ( PRODUCTIVE LABOR  
MAY BECOME A VOLUNT>Y1 REASONABLE & PLEASUREABLE  
EX]CISE ( ! HUMAN FACULTIES1 9/EAD ( A COMPULSORY1  
DEGRAD+ & UNHAPPY /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 HUMAN  
9 NO?+ SAVE ITS SUFF]+1 ! TRAG$Y ( ! BATTLE  
AGA9/ />VATION4  

,H[ !N W\LD 9DIVIDUALITY1 ?AT UNCEAS+ CRY  
( ! BORE & ! DULL>D1 BE /UNT$ BY A  
SY/EM :I* %\LD LEAVE FULL PLAY TO ! HI<E/  
FACULTIES ( EV]Y MAN 9 RETURN = TRIFL+1 PLEASANT  
SOCIAL LABOR1 NAY1 :I* %\LD DEVELOPE ?OSE FACULTIES  
= ALL CLASSES F> MORE ?AN !Y >E DEVELOP$  
TO-DAY8 ,UND] SU* A SY/EM1 :]E MANK9D  
COLLECTIVELY CONTROLL$ !IR MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 )  
MA*9]Y EV] IMPROV+ BY ! G5IUS ( !IR FELL[S4  
BUT US$ = 9/EAD ( AGA9/ ! MASS ( ! HUMAN  
RACE1 M5 W\LD AT L5G? BE REALLY FREE 9 EV]Y S5SE  
#ef 
ECONOMICAL1 SOCIAL1 & POLITICAL1 SAVE ?AT !Y  
W\LD NO LONG] POSSESS ! FRE$OM TO 5?RALL$ &  
EMBRUTE !IR FELL[ M54 ,9DIVIDUALITY IS CRU%$ TODAY  
9 EV]Y DIRECTION4 ,! POOR SLAVE TO ! MA*9E1  
! OV]WORK$ H9D OR DOME/IC DRUDGE HAVE NO TIME  
= 9DIVIDUALITY1 NO /R5G? LEFT = !IR [N $UCATION  
OR DEVELOPM5T4 ,UND] \R PRES5T SY/EM !RE IS NO  
9DIVIDUALITY = ! MASS ( MANK9D4  

,= RE-CON/RUCTION & RE-ORGANIZATION1 !RE=E1 WE  
,SOCIALI/S CONT9UALLY /RIVE1 LOOK+ TO ! COMPLETE/  
PHYSICAL1 MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T ( EV]Y  
HUMAN BE+ AS ! HI<E/ =M ( ! SOCIAL /ATE1 AS  
! BE/ & TRUE/ HAPP9ESS = EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL & =  
EV]Y CLASS1 :]E1 AS NONE NE$ OV]WORK1 SO NONE  
%ALL BE ABLE TO =CE O!RS TO WORK = !IR PR(IT4  
,& ?IS IS ,UTOPIAN6 ,NAY2 IT WAS ,UTOPIAN P]HAPS1 :5  
! P[]S ( MAN OV] NATURE W]E TRIFL+ COMP>$  
) :AT !Y >E TO-DAY1 & M]E DIVISION ( LABOR  
ALMO/ NECESS>ILY 9VOLV$ ! =MATION ( CA/ES &  
CLASSES4 ,BUT N[ /EAM1 ELECTRICITY1 ! =CES GR[+  
DAILY UND] \R H&1 R5D] EQUALITY A NECESSITY UNLESS  
B>B>ISM & BOOTLESS DE/RUCTION >E TO COME UPON  
US 9 \R V]Y MID/4 ,= AS IDEAS GR[1 AS $UCATION  
SPREADS1 SO DOES ! KN[L$GE ( H[ TO TURN !  
9CREAS+ P[]S ( DEVA/ATION TO ACC\NT 9CREASE  
AMONG ! NE$Y & ! OPPRESS$4 ,GUNP[D]  
HELP$ TO SWEEP AWAY FEUDALISM ) ALL ITS BEAUTY &  
ALL ITS *IVALRY1 :5 NEW =MS >OSE FROM ! DECAY (  
! OLD2 N[ F> /RONG] EXPLOSIVES >E >RAY$  
AGA9/ CAPITALISM2 :ILE ! IDEAS ( ! TIME >E AS  
RIFE ) REVOLUTION AS !Y W]E :5 FEUDALISM FELL4  
,TO AVOID ALIKE ! CRU%+ AN>*Y ( TO-DAY & !  
#eg 
FI]CE AN>*Y ( TO-MORR[1 WE /RIVE TO HELP =W>D  
! WORK]S TO ! CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE1 AS ! ONLY MEANS  
:]EBY SU* HIDE\S TR\BLE CAN BE AVOID$1 &  
PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE CAN BE ORGANIZ$ = !  
B5EFIT ( ! C\NTRY AT L>GE4 ,?US1 !RE=E1 WE   
PROPOSE ?AT ALL %\LD HAVE ! VOTE2 NOT ?AT ! VOTE  
WILL FREE !M FROM ECONOMICAL OPPRESSION1 BUT BECAUSE  
9 ?IS WAY ALONE IS A PEACEABLE ISSUE POSSIBLE = !  
POSSESS+ CLASSES4 ,IT IS BETT] = !M TO YIELD TO !  
VOTE ( ORGANIZ$ NUMB]S ?AN TO ! VICTORY ( EV5  
ORGANIZ$ =CE4  

,:AT !N >E \R OBJECTS AT ?IS H\R8 ,SOME (  
!M WE HAVE ALREADY /AT$4 ,WE CAN BUT PO9T !  
ROAD ?AT WE BELIEVE WILL BE TRAVEL$ 9 ! NE> FUTURE4  
,TO ASS]T DEF9ITELY ?AT ?IS OR ?AT /EP MU/ BE TAK5  
AT ANY GIV5 TIME W\LD BE DIRECTLY CONTR>Y TO \R  
G5]AL PR9CIPLES1 :I* DEP5D = !IR FULL DEVELOPM5T  
UPON ! REASON+ ACTION OT ! CLASS /ILL TO BE  
SET FREE4 ,=MS ( GOV]NM5T1 POLITICAL DEVICES1 P>TY  
>RANGEM5TS1 ! DEVI\S TRICKS ( FACTION1 WE CONTEMN  
AS USELESS OR D5\NCE AS H>MFUL4 ,! ONLY 5D  
TO BE S\<T 9 ! ORGANIZATION & REPRES5TATION (  
! PEOPLE IS ! DOM9ATION BY ! PEOPLE ( ALL  
SOCIAL =CES N[ & 9 ! FUTURE4 ,WE CLAIM !N !  
L& = ! PEOPLE1 ?AT ! SOIL ( \R C\NTRY )  
:ATEV] IS USEFUL OR BEAUTIFUL 9 OR UPON IT1 %\LD NO  
LONG] BE HELD BY A SMALL M9ORITY = !IR AGGR&IZEM5T  
& GRE$1 BUT ?AT IT %\LD BE [N$ BY ALL =   
ALL COLLECTIVELY1 TO BE OCCUPI$1 CULTIVAT$1 5JOY$1  
M9$ OR BUILT OV] AS ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE %ALL SEE  
FIT TO ORDA94 ,?AT ! ECONOMICAL =MS >E NOT YET  
FULLY READY = ! COMPLETE/ DEVELOPM5T ( AGRICULTURAL  
#eh 
MANAGEM5T IS NO REASON :Y A H&FUL ( P]SONS  
%\LD DRAW VA/ REV5UES FROM A MONOPOLY FRAUDUL5TLY  
SEIZ$ FROM !IR C\NTRYM52 /ILL LESS :Y ! L& 9  
T[NS1 & ! M9]ALS BEL[ ! L& 9 C\NTRY %\LD  
BE HELD = ! B5EFIT ( ! FEW4  

,BUT ,SOCIALI/S HAVE NO FACTI\S PREJUDICES1 & >E  
9FLU5C$ BY NO JEAL\SIES ( A CLIQUE4 ,WE CALL !RE=E  
ALSO = ! IMM$IATE MANAGEM5T & [N]%IP  
( ! RAILWAYS BY ! ,/ATE1 SO ?AT ! 9L&  
COMMUNICATIONS ( ! C\NTRY MAY BE UND] ! CONTROL  
( ! PEOPLE AT L>GE1 & C>RI$ ON = !IR B5EFIT1  
REG>D BE+ HAD TO ! FULL REMUN]ATION ( ! LABOR  
( ALL :O >E 5GAG$ 9 ! WORK ( TRANSPORT4 ,H]E  
IS NO DIFFICULTY BEYOND ! PREJUDICE BORN ( A FLAGITI\S  
MONOPOLY1 WRONGFULLY GRANT$ BY ! L&LORD &  
CAPITALI/ ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS 9 FAVOR ( ! CAPITALI/  
CLASS4 ,LABOR MADE ! RAILWAYS1 & LIV+ LABOR IS  
CONFISCAT$ DAILY TO PAY 9T]E/ TO ! LABOR ( !  
DEAD4 ,IT W\LD BE F> BETT] & EASI] = ! ,/ATE AS  
! ORGANIZ$ REPRES5TATIVE ( A ?OR\< DEMOCRATIC  
COMMUNITY TO MANAGE ! RAILWAYS ?R\< ! PRES5T  
PAID (FICIALS ?AN TO LEAVE !M UND] ! CONTROL ( A  
COT]IE ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL ADV5TUR]S1 :O USE !IR  
RAILWAYS TO S]VE !IR POLITICS1 & !IR POLITICS TO S]VE  
!IR RAILWAYS4  

,AS ) RAILWAYS SO ) %IPP+4 ,!RE ! :OLE  
ECONOMICAL =MS >E READY1 9 ! SAME WAY1 =  
IMM$IATE MANAGEM5T BY ! ,/ATE1 & ! TRANSF]  
C\LD BE >RANG$ ALMO/ )\T A HIT*4 ,) M9ES1  
FACTORIES1 & WORK%OPS MORE DIRECT 9T]E/ BY !  
WORK]S 5GAG$ 9 !M W\LD BE NE$$1 BUT AS  
$UCATION EXT5DS1 & ! HABIT ( ECONOMICAL COLLECTIVE  
#ei 
FRE$OM GR[S1 IT WILL BE AS EASY = ! LABOR]S TO  
*OOSE !IR [N SUP]9T5D5TS1 & APPLY ! BE/  
MA*9]Y1 AS IT IS = ! CAPITALI/ TO *OOSE & USE  
!M TO-DAY4 ,! 9V5TOR1 ! ORGANIZ]1 ! MANAG]  
>E NOT ! PEOPLE :O SWEEP (F ! BULK ( ! SURPLUS  
VALUE MADE BY LABOR AS IT IS1 BUT ! IDLE1 USELESS  
CAPITALI/S :O SIT AT HOME & APPROPRIATE O!R M5'S  
WORK BY MEANS ( SOCIAL CONV5TIONS :I* !Y !M-  
SELVES HAVE =MULAT$1 & !Y !MSELVES GIVE EFFECT  
TO BY =CE ( LAW4  

,SIMIL>LY ! H&L+ ( MONEY & CR$IT MU/ NECESS>ILY  
BE C>RI$ ON 9 FUTURE = ! ADVANTAGE ( ! COMMUNITY  
AT L>GE4 ,NATIONAL BANKS1 NATIONAL CR$IT E/ABLI%M5TS1  
,/ATE & ,COMMUNAL C5T]S ( DI/RIBUTION =  
! PUR*ASE & EX*ANGE ( GOODS WILL SUPPLANT &  
TAKE OV] ! HUGE 5T]PRISES = ! GA9 ( A CLASS  
:I* N[ EX]CISE SU* 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE1 & ACCUMULATE  
SU* VA/ PR(ITS UND] PROTECTION ( !  
MIDDLE-CLASS ,/ATE4 ,AS PRODUCTION IS 9EVITABLY SOCIAL1   
EX*ANGE MU/ BE SOCIAL TOO4 ,SIMPLY AS A /EPP+-/ONE  
TO ! ATTA9M5T ( ?IS ,/ATE ORGANIZATION (  
PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE DO WE ADVOCATE ! HEAVIE/  
CUMULATIVE TAXATION RIS+ UPON ALL 9COMES D]IV$   
FROM TRADE OR BUS9ESS1 AS WELL AS UPON ?OSE DRAW+  
FROM ! L&4 ,ONLY BY COLLECTIVE SUP]9T5D5CE (  
PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 ONLY BY ! SCI5TIFIC ORGANIZATION  
( LABOR AT HOME & SUPPLY ( M>KETS ABROAD1  
CAN \R PRES5T AN>*Y BE PUT AN 5D TO1 & A BETT]  
SY/EM BE ALL[$ TO GR[ UP4 ,REMOVAL & RECON/RUCTION  
MU/ GO ON TOGE!R1 & AT ! SAME TIME4  
,! V]Y EXI/5CE & 9CREASE ( ,COMPANIES1 ! V]Y  
DEVELOPM5T ( ,/ATE MANAGEM5T N[ GO+ ON1 PO9T \T  
#f 
CLE>LY ! L9ES ( NECESS>Y PROGRESS3 ) ! COMPLETE  
ORGANIZATION ( DEMOCRACY ! ,/ATE1 9 ITS PRES5T  
MEAN+ ( CLASS PR$OM9ANCE1 NECESS>ILY DISAPPE>S4  
,BUT ?IS IS CONFISCATION4 ,F> FROM IT1 IT IS RE/ITUTION4  
,?OSE :O CRY = COMP5SATION = PA/ ROBB]Y1 &  
%RIEK CONFISCATION BECAUSE ! RI<T TO ROB 9 FUTURE IS  
*ALL5G$1 %\LD BE> 9 M9D ?AT ! M5 &  
WOM5 :OM WE W\LD COMP5SATE >E ?OSE :O >E  
N[ /UMBL+ HALF-CLO!D & HALF-F$ FROM A PAUP]  
CRADLE TO A PAUP] GRAVE1 9 ORD] ?AT CAPITALI/S &  
L&LORDS MAY LIVE 9 LUXURY & EXCESS4 ,! DEAD HAVE  
PASS$ BEYOND COMP5SATION3 IT WILL BE WELL IF !  
LIV+ DO NOT CALL = V5GEANCE ON !IR BEHALF4 ,\R FIR/  
PR9CIPLE AS ,SOCIALI/S IS ?AT ALL %\LD BE WELL-F$1 WELL-H\S$1  
WELL-$UCAT$4 ,= ?IS OBJECT WE URGE =W>D  
! ,REVOLUTION :I* \R 5EMIES HY/]ICALLY %RIEK AT1  
& FRANTICALLY TRY TO DAM BACK4 ,BUT WE MEAN WRONG  
TO NONE4 ,RA!R W\LD WE CLAIM ! AID ( SU* (  
! LUXURI\S CLASSES AS >E WILL+1 SO LONG AS !Y HAVE  
/ILL 5\< & TO SP>E1 TO =EGO ! FRI<TFUL PRIVILEGE  
( FE$+ FAT UPON ! WRET*$NESS ( O!RS4 ,GOOD  
H\S+ = ALL CANNOT BE GOT IF GRE$ IS TO ORGANIZE !  
NEW >RANGEM5TS3 GOOD FOOD & PHYSICAL1 M5TAL1  
& MORAL $UCATION = ALL CLASSES CANNOT BE OBTA9$  
IF FACTITI\S SUP]IORITY & H>MFUL SOCIAL DI/9CTIONS  
>E TO BE KEPT UP4  

,!RE=E1 WE SAY ONCE MORE ?IS IS A CLASS W>2 WE  
KN[ IT2 WE >E PREP>+ = IT2 WE REJOICE AT ITS NE>  
APPROA*4 ,WE MEAN TO BREAK D[N COMPETITION1 &  
TO SUB/ITUTE UNIV]SAL ORGANIZATION & COOP]ATION4  
,!RE LIE >\ND US ! NECESS>Y ME?ODS3 !Y NE$  
BUT TO BE APPLI$4 ,BUT !RE >E MANY DIFFICULTIES &  
#fa 
DANG]S1 ! P[] ( WEAL? IS GREAT1 ! UNSCRUPUL\SNESS  
( PROP]TY KN[S NO B\NDS8 ,WE >E WELL AW>E  
( ?IS3 WE SEE & DO NOT %R9K FROM ! 9EVITABLE  
/RUGGLE4 ,BUT ! NUMB]S OV] AGA9/ US1 !  
HO/S :O MAY BE BRIB$ TO FI<T = !IR OPPRESSORS1  
EV5 TO !IR [N HURT2 !RE >E ?\S&S1 P]HAPS  
MILLIONS1 ( SU* M58 ,!RE >E4 ,WE KN[ ?AT TOO4  
,BUT 9 A CAUSE LIKE \RS1 WE REFUSE TO RECOGNIZE DIFFICULTIES1  
) SU* MIS]Y >\ND US WE CANNOT /OP TO  
CALCULATE =CES1 ) SU* A FUTURE BE=E US WE WILL  
NEV] C\NT HEADS4  

,! ,REVOLUTION IS PREP>$ 9 ! WOMB ( SOCIETY1 IT  
NE$S BUT ONE /R5\S & ORGANIZ$ EF=T TO MANIFE/  
! NEW P]IOD 9 LEGAL & ACKN[L$G$ %APE TO !  
WORLD4 ,TO ATTEMPT TO RETURN TO ! OLD =MS (  
9DIVIDUAL PRODUCTION1 W\LD BE AT ! SAME REACTION>Y  
& AN>*ICAL4 ,WE CANNOT1 IF WE W\LD1 SO PUT BACK !  
H&S UPON ! DIAL ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS N[ISE  
DESIRABLE WE %\LD4 ,! 9CREAS$ P[] ( MAN  
OV] NATURE IS GA9$ BY COOP]ATION1 BY SOCIAL MA*9]Y1  
BY ASSOCIAT$ LABOR1 BY SKILLFULLY CONC]T$ WORK4 ,?IS  
HAS BE5 DUE TO C\NTLESS AGES ( GR[? & DEVELOPM5T1  
9VOLV+ (T5 ! MO/ HORRIBLE OPPRESSION1 BUT  
EV] PRODUC+ MORE WEAL? ) LESS LABOR4 ,WE  
9H]IT ! RESULTS ( ?IS LONG M>TYRDOM ( MAN TO !  
=MS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 ,IT IS = US TO  
TAKE HOLD ( & USE !SE IMPROVEM5TS = !  
5FRAN*ISEM5T ( ! PEOPLE1 & = ! E/ABLI%M5T  
( HAPP9ESS & ORGANIZ$ CONT5TM5T = MANK9D4  
,WE 9 ,5GL& HAVE >RIV$ AT ! COMPLETE/  
ECONOMICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,\R EXAMPLE !RE=E1 WILL  
GUIDE & 5C\RAGE ! WORLD4 ,ALL OV] ! PLANET !  
#fb 
SAME IDEAS >E ABROAD4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE1 ,SC&9AVIA1  
,RUSSIA1 ,ITALY1 ,SPA91 F> AWAY 9 ! ANCI5T  
EMPIRES ( ,ASIA1 AS WELL AS 9 ,AM]ICA1 & ! O!R  
FL\RI%+ ,COLONIES ( \R DAYS1 ! LABOR]S /RET* \T  
!IR H&S TO ONE ANO!R = HELP1 COOP]ATION &  
5C\RAGEM5T 9 ! /RUGGLE :I* MANIFE/LY DRAWS  
NE>4 ,CONFID5T 9 !IR CAUSE ! ,SOCIALI/S ALONE (  
MOD]N P>TIES CAN M>* /EADILY =W>D 9 9T]NATIONAL  
COMITY1 TO ! ASSURANCE ( VICTORY = ALL4  

,?US !N1 BAS$ UPON SCI5CE & POLITICAL ECONOMY1  
REJOIC+ 9 ! BEAUTY ( AN 5FRAN*IS$ >T1 ) \R  
SOCIAL CRE$ AS \R ONLY RELIGION - ! SCI5TIFIC ORGANIZATION  
( LABOR1 & ! UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD ( MAN  
- WE APPEAL TO M5 & WOM5 ( ALL CLASSES1 ALL CRE$S  
& ALL NATIONALITIES TO JO9 US 9 ! /RUGGLE :]E9  
NONE CAN FAIL1 TO PREP>E = !MSELVES1 & = !IR  
*ILDR5 A NOBL]1 HI<] LOT ?AN HAS HI!RTO BE5  
!IRS1 & TO PASS ON TO C\NTLESS G5]ATIONS ?AT JOY1  
?AT BEAUTY & ?AT P]FECT CONT5TM5T :I* CAN  
>ISE FROM TRUE ,SOCIALISM ALONE4  

,SIGN$ ! ,E,X,E,C,U,T,I,V,E ,C,O,M,M,I,T,T,E,E ,( ,! ,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,T,I,C ,F,$,],A,T,I,O,N1  
,E4 ,BEL=T ,BAX4,J4 ,L4 ,JOYNES4 
    ,H]B]T ,BURR[S4,TOM4 ,S4 ,LEMON4  
    ,R4 ,D4 ,BUTL]4,JAMES ,MACDONALD4  
    ,H4 ,H4 ,*AMPION1 
,HON4 ,SECRET>Y 
        ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 
,HON4 ,TREASUR]  
    ,W4 ,J4 ,CL>K1 
,LECTURE ,SECRET>Y 
        ,JAMES ,F4 ,MURRAY4 
    ,H4 ,QUEL*4  
    ,H4 ,A4 ,FULL]4,A4 ,S*EU4  
    ,H4 ,M4 ,HYNDMAN1 
,*AIRMAN4 
        ,HEL5 ,TAYLOR4  
    ,JOHN ,E4 ,WILLIAMS4  
     

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #b1 #bba 3 ,SUMM>Y ( ! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIALISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,SUMM>Y ( ! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIALISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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