,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,PR9CIPLE ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,AMADEO ,BORDIGA ,TEXT 3 ,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 ,RASSEGNA ,COMUNI/A - ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b#b2 ,S\RCE3 HTTP3_/_/WWW4GEOCITIES4COM_/,CAPITOL,HILL_/,LOBBY_/#c#i#i_/BORDIGA4HTML2 ,H,T,M,L ,M>KUP3 ,&Y ,BLUND5 #b#c4 ,! USE ( C]TA9 T]MS 9 ! EXPOSITION ( ! PROBLEMS ( COMMUNISM V]Y (T5 5G5D]S AMBIGUITIES BECAUSE ( ! DIFF]5T MEAN+S !SE T]MS MAY BE GIV54 ,SU* IS ! CASE ) ! WORDS DEMOCRACY & DEMOCRATIC4 ,9 ITS /ATEM5TS ( PR9CIPLE1 ,M>XI/ COMMUNISM PRES5TS ITSELF AS A CRITIQUE & A NEGATION ( DEMOCRACY2 YET COMMUNI/S (T5 DEF5D ! DEMOCRATIC *>ACT] ( PROLET>IAN ORGANIZATIONS 7! /ATE SY/EM ( WORK]S' C\NCILS1 TRADE UNIONS & ! P>TY7 & ! APPLICATION ( DEMOCRACY )9 !M4 ,!RE IS C]TA9LY NO CONTRADICTION 9 ?IS1 & NO OBJECTION CAN BE MADE TO ! USE ( ! DILEMMA1 0EI!R B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY OR PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY0 AS A P]FECT EQUIVAL5T TO ! =MULA 0B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY OR PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP04 ,! ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE ( ! PO/ULATES ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY IS 9 FACT BAS$ ON ! DEF9ITION ( ! CLASS *>ACT] ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,IT DEMON/RATES ! !ORETICAL 9CONSI/5CY & ! PRACTICAL DECEPTION ( A SY/EM :I* PRET5DS TO RECONCILE POLITICAL EQUALITY ) ! DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO SOCIAL CLASSES DET]M9$ BY ! NATURE ( ! MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,POLITICAL FRE$OM & EQUALITY1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! !ORY ( LIB]ALISM1 >E EXPRESS$ 9 ! RIIAT & CONT5D ?AT !Y %\LD FUNCTION DEMOCRATICALLY4 ,9 ORD] TO AVOID CREAT+ AMBIGUITIES1 & DIGNIFY+ ! CONCEPT ( DEMOCRACY1 SO 5TR5*$ 9 ! PREVAIL+ IDEOLOGY :I* WE /RIVE REL5TLESSLY TO DEMOLI%1 IT W\LD BE DESIRABLE TO USE A DIFF]5T T]M 9 EA* ( ! TWO CASES4 ,EV5 IF WE DO NOT DO ?IS1 IT IS NONE!LESS USEFUL TO LOOK A LITTLE FUR!R 9TO ! V]Y CONT5T ( ! DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE1 BO? 9 G5]AL & 9 ITS APPLICATION TO HOMOG5E\S CLASS ORGANS4 ,?IS IS NECESS>Y TO ELIM9ATE ! DANG] ( AGA9 RAIS+ ! DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE TO AN ABSOLUTE PR9CIPLE ( TRU? & JU/ICE4 ,SU* A RELAPSE 9TO APRIORISM W\LD 9TRODUCE AN ELEM5T =EIGN TO \R 5TIRE !ORETICAL FRAMEWORK AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 WE >E TRY+1 BY MEANS ( \R CRITIQUE1 TO SWEEP AWAY ! DECEPTIVE & >BITR>Y CONT5T ( 0LIB]AL0 !ORIES4 ,I ,A !ORETICAL ]ROR IS ALWAYS AT ! ROOT ( AN ]ROR ( POLITICAL TACTICS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS ! TRANSLATION ( ! TACTICAL ]ROR 9TO ! LANGUAGE ( \R COLLECTIVE CRITICAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,?US ! P]NICI\S POLITICS & TACTICS ( SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY >E REFLECT$ 9 ! ]ROR ( PR9CIPLE ?AT PRES5TS SOCIALISM AS ! 9H]ITOR ( A SUB/ANTIAL P>T ( ! DOCTR9E ?AT LIB]ALISM OPPOS$ TO ! OLD SPIRITUALI/ DOCTR9ES4 ,9 REALITY1 F> FROM EV] ACCEPT+ & COMPLET+ ! CRITIQUE ?AT DEMOCRATIC LIB]ALISM HAD RAIS$ AGA9/ ! >I/OCRATIC & ABSOLUTE MON>*IES ( ! ANCI5 REGIME1 ,M>XI/ SOCIALISM 9 ITS E>LIE/ =MULATIONS DEMOLI%$ IT UTT]LY4 ,IT DID SO NOT TO DEF5D ! SPIRITUALI/ OR IDEALI/ DOCTR9E AGA9/ ! ,VOLTAIREAN MAT]IALISM ( ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION>IES1 BUT TO DEMON/RATE H[ ! !ORETICIANS ( B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM HAD 9 REALITY ONLY DELUD$ !MSELVES :5 !Y IMAG9$ ?AT ! POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,5CYCLOP$I/S HAD L$ !M \T ( ! MI/S ( METAPHYSICS & IDEALI/ NONS5SE4 ,9 FACT1 LIKE ALL !IR PR$ECESSORS1 !Y HAD TO SURR5D] TO ! G5U9ELY OBJECTIVE CRITIQUE ( SOCIAL & HI/ORICAL PH5OM5A PROVID$ BY ,M>X'S HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM4 ,IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT FROM A !ORETICAL PO9T ( VIEW TO DEMON/RATE ?AT NO IDEALI/ OR NEO-IDEALI/ REVISION ( \R PR9CIPLES IS NE$$ TO DEEP5 ! ABYSS BETWE5 SOCIALISM & B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 TO RE/ORE TO ! !ORY ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION ITS P[]FULLY REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T :I* HAD BE5 ADULT]AT$ BY ! FALSIFICATIONS ( ?OSE :O =NICATE ) B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,IT IS 5\< M]ELY TO REF] TO ! POSITIONS TAK5 BY ! F\ND]S ( ,M>XISM 9 ! FACE ( ! LIES ( LIB]AL DOCTR9ES & ( B\RGEOIS MAT]IALISM4 ,TO RETURN TO \R >GUM5T1 WE WILL %[ ?AT ! SOCIALI/ CRITIQUE ( DEMOCRACY WAS 9 ESS5CE A CRITIQUE ( ! DEMOCRATIC CRITIQUE ( ! OLD POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIES4 ,M>XISM D5IES !IR ALLEG$ UNIV]SAL OPPOSITION & DEMON/RATES ?AT 9 REALITY !Y >E !ORETICALLY SIMIL>1 JU/ AS 9 PRACTICE ! PROLET>IAT DID NOT HAVE MU* REASON TO CELEBRATE :5 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIETY PASS$ FROM ! H&S ( ! FEUDAL1 MON>*ICAL & RELIGI\S NOBILITY 9TO ! H&S ( ! Y\NG COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE4 ,& ! !ORETICAL DEMON/RATION ?AT ! NEW B\RGEOIS PHILOSOPHY HAD NOT OV]COME ! OLD ]RORS ( ! DESPOTIC REGIMES1 BUT WAS ITSELF ONLY AN $IFICE ( NEW SOPHISMS1 CORRESPOND$ CONCRETELY TO ! APPE>ANCE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT :I* CONTA9$ ! NEGATION ( ! B\RGEOIS CLAIM ( HAV+ =EV] E/ABLI%$ ! ADM9I/RATION ( SOCIETY ON A PEACEFUL & 9F9ITELY P]FECTIBLE BASIS1 ?ANKS TO ! 9TRODUCTION ( SUFFRAGE & ( P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY4 ,! OLD POLITICAL DOCTR9ES BAS$ ON SPIRITUALI/ CONCEPTS OR EV5 ON RELIGI\S REVELATION CLAIM$ ?AT ! SUP]NATURAL =CES :I* GOV]N ! CONSCI\SNESS & ! WILL ( M5 HAD ASSIGN$ TO C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS1 FAMILIES OR CA/ES1 ! TASK ( RUL+ & MANAG+ ! COLLECTIVE EXI/5CE1 MAK+ !M ! REPOSITORIES ( 0AU?ORITY0 BY DIV9E RIR[ SPH]E ( CA/E OR DYNA/Y TO ! UNIV]SAL SPH]E ( POPUL> CONSULTATION BAS$ ON SUFFRAGE :I* ALL[$ A MAJORITY ( ! CITIZ5S TO DESIGNATE ! LEAD]S ( ! /ATE1 ACCORD+ TO ITS WILL4 ,! ?UND]BOLTS HURL$ AGA9/ ?IS CONCEPTION BY ! PRIE/S ( ALL RELIGIONS & BY SPIRITUALI/ PHILOSOPH]S DO NOT SUFFICE TO GIVE IT RECOGNITION AS ! DEF9ITIVE VICTORY ( TRU? OV] OBSCURANTI/ ]ROR1 EV5 IF ! 0RATIONALISM0 ( ?IS POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY SEEM$ = A LONG TIME TO BE ! LA/ WORD 9 SOCIAL SCI5CE & ! >T ( POLITICS1 & EV5 IF MANY W\LD-BE SOCIALI/S PROCLAIM$ !IR SOLID>ITY ) IT4 ,?IS CLAIM ?AT ! TIME ( 0PRIVILEGE0 WAS OV]1 ONCE A SY/EM ) ITS SOCIAL HI]>*Y BAS$ ON ! CONS5T ( ! MAJORITY ( ELECTORS HAD BE5 SET UP1 DOES NOT )/& ! ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE1 :I* ?R[S A COMPLETELY DIFF]5T LIK IGNIT$ ) ! SAME PROVID5TIAL FAIRNESS 9 EA* ORGANISM1 HEAL?Y OR IMPAIR$1 TORM5T$ OR H>MONI\SLY SATISFI$ 9 ALL ITS NE$S1 BY SOME UNDEF9ABLE SUPREME BE/[] ( LIFE4 ,9 ! DEMOCRATIC !ORY1 ?IS SUPREME BE+ NO LONG] DESIGNATES A MON>*1 BUT CONF]S ON EV]YONE ! EQUAL CAPACITY TO DO SO6 ,9 SPITE ( ITS RATIONALI/ FRONT1 ! DEMOCRATIC !ORY RE/S ON A NO LESS *ILDI% METAPHYSICAL PREMISE ?AN DOES 0FREE WILL01 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! CA?OLIC DOCTR9E ( ! AFT]LIFE1 W9S M5 EI!R DAMNATION OR SALVATION4 ,BECAUSE IT PLACES ITSELF \TSIDE ( TIME & HI/ORICAL CONT+5CIES1 ! DEMOCRATIC !ORY IS NO LESS TA9T$ ) SPIRITUALISM ?AN >E ! EQUALLY ]RONE\S PHILOSOPHIES ( REVELATION & MON>*Y BY DIV9E RIISON1 IT IS SUFFICI5T TO REMEMB] ?AT MANY C5TURIES BE=E ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ! DECL>ATION ( ! RIS ( ! ,*RI/IAN GOD 9 ! NAME ( ,REASON1 IT WAS1 WITT+LY OR NOT1 ONLY TO MAKE ,REASON 9TO A NEW DIV9ITY4 ,?IS METAPHYSICAL PRESUPPOSITION1 9COMPATIBLE ) ! ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE1 IS *>ACT]I/IC NOT ONLY ( ! DOCTR9E CON/RUCT$ BY B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM1 BUT ALSO ( ALL ! CON/ITUTIONAL DOCTR9ES & PLANS = A NEW SOCIETY BAS$ ON ! 09TR9SIC VALUE0 ( C]TA9 S*EMES ( SOCIAL & /ATE RELATIONS4 ,9 BUILD+ ITS [N DOCTR9E ( HI/ORY1 ,M>XISM 9 FACT DEMOLI%$ M$IEVAL IDEALISM1 B\RGEOIS LIB]ALISM & UTOPIAN SOCIALISM ) A S+LE BL[4 ,I,I ,TO !SE >BITR>Y CON/RUCTIONS ( SOCIAL CON/ITUTIONS1 :E!R >I/OCRATIC OR DEMOCRATIC1 AU?ORIT>IAN OR LIB]AL1 AS WELL AS TO ! AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( A SOCIETY )\T HI]>*Y OR DELEGATION ( P[]1 :I* IS ROOT$ 9 ANALOG\S ]RORS1 ! COMMUNI/ CRITIQUE OPPOS$ A MU* MORE ?OR\< /UDY ( ! NATURE & CAUSES ( SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 !IR COMPLEX EVOLUTION ?R\<\T HUMAN HI/ORY & A C>EFUL ANALYSIS ( !IR *>ACT]I/ICS 9 ! PRES5T CAPITALI/ EPO* FROM :I* IT DREW A S]IES ( REASON$ HYPO!SES AB\T !IR FUR!R EVOLUTION4 ,TO ?IS CAN N[ BE ADD$ ! 5ORM\S !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL CONTRIBUTION ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,IT W\LD BE SUP]FLU\S H]E TO DEVELOP ! WELL-KN[N CONCEPTS ( ECONOMIC DET]M9ISM & ! >GUM5TS :I* JU/IFY ITS USE 9 9T]PRET+ HI/ORICAL EV5TS & ! SOCIAL DYNAMIC4 ,! APRIORISM COMMON TO CONS]VATIVES & UTOPIANS IS ELIM9AT$ BY ! ANALYSIS ( FACTORS ROOT$ 9 PRODUCTION1 ! ECONOMY1 & ! CLASS RELATIONS !Y DET]M9E4 ,?IS MAKES POSSIBLE A SCI5TIFIC EXPLANATION ( ! JURIDICAL1 POLITICAL1 MILIT>Y1 RELIGI\S & CULTURAL FACTS :I* MAKE UP ! DIV]SE MANIFE/ATIONS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,WE WILL M]ELY RETRACE ! HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION ( ! MODE ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & GR\P+ ( M51 NOT ONLY 9 ! /ATE1 AN AB/RACT REPRES5TATION ( A COLLECTIVITY FUS+ TOGE!R ALL 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT ALSO 9 O!R ORGANIZATIONS :I* >ISE FROM ! RELATIONS BETWE5 M54 ,! BASIS ( ! 9T]PRETATION ( EV]Y SOCIAL HI]>*Y1 :E!R EXT5D$ OR LIMIT$1 IS ! RELATIONS BETWE5 DIFF]5T 9DIVIDUALS1 & ! BASIS ( !SE RELATIONS IS ! DIVISION ( TASKS & FUNCTIONS AMONG !SE 9DIVIDUALS4 ,WE CAN IMAG9E )\T S]I\S ]ROR ?AT AT ! BEG9N+ ! HUMAN SPECIES EXI/$ 9 A COMPLETELY UNORGANIZ$ =M4 ,/ILL FEW 9 NUMB]1 !SE 9DIVIDUALS C\LD LIVE FROM ! PRODUCTS ( NATURE )\T ! APPLICATION ( TE*NOLOGY OR LABOR & 9 SU* CONDITIONS C\LD DO )\T !IR FELL[ BE+S4 ,! ONLY EXI/+ RELATIONS1 COMMON TO ALL SPECIES1 W]E ?OSE ( REPRODUCTION4 ,BUT = ! HUMAN SPECIES - & NOT ONLY = IT - !SE W]E ALREADY SUFFICI5T TO =M A SY/EM ( RELATIONS ) ITS [N HI]>*Y - ! FAMILY4 ,?IS C\LD BE BAS$ ON POLYGAMY1 POLY&RY OR MONOGAMY4 ,WE WILL NOT 5T] 9TO A DETAIL$ ANALYSIS H]E2 LET US SAY ONLY ?AT ! FAMILY REPRES5TS AN EMBRYO ( ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVE LIFE1 BAS$ ON A DIVISION ( FUNCTIONS DIRECTLY DET]M9$ BY PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS1 S9CE ! MO!R N\RI%$ & RAIS$ ! *ILDR51 & ! FA!R DEVOT$ HIMSELF TO ! HUNT1 TO ! ACQUISITION ( PLUND] & TO ! PROTECTION ( ! FAMILY FROM EXT]NAL 5EMIES1 ETC4 ,9 ?IS 9ITIAL PHASE1 :]E PRODUCTION & ECONOMY >E ALMO/ TOTALLY ABS5T1 AS WELL AS 9 LAT] /AGES :5 !Y >E DEVELOP+1 IT IS USELESS TO DWELL ON ! AB/RACT QUE/ION ( :E!R WE >E DEAL+ ) ! 9DIVIDUAL-UNIT OR ! SOCIETY-UNIT4 ,)\T ANY D\BT1 ! 9DIVIDUAL IS A UNIT FROM A BIOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 BUT ONE CANNOT MAKE ?IS 9DIVIDUAL ! BASIS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION )\T FALL+ 9TO METAPHYSICAL NONS5SE4 ,FROM A SOCIAL P]SPECTIVE1 ALL ! 9DIVIDUAL UNITS DO NOT HAVE ! SAME VALUE4 ,! COLLECTIVITY IS BORN FROM RELATIONS & GR\P+S 9 :I* ! /ATUS & ACTIVITY ( EA* 9DIVIDUAL DO NOT D]IVE FROM AN 9DIVIDUAL FUNCTION BUT FROM A COLLECTIVE ONE DET]M9$ BY ! MULTIPLE 9FLU5CES ( ! SOCIAL MILIEU4 ,EV5 9 ! ELEM5T>Y CASE ( AN UNORGANIZ$ SOCIETY OR NON-SOCIETY1 ! SIMPLE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS :I* PRODUCES FAMILY ORGANIZATION IS ALREADY SUFFICI5T TO REFUTE ! >BITR>Y DOCTR9E ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AS AN 9DIVISIBLE UNIT FREE TO COMB9E ) O!R FELL[ UNITS1 )\T CEAS+ TO BE DI/9CT FROM1 YET SOMEH[1 EQUIVAL5T TO !M4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 OBVI\SLY ! SOCIETY-UNIT DOES NOT EXI/ EI!R1 S9CE RELATIONS BETWE5 M51 EV5 R$UC$ TO ! SIMPLE NOTION ?AT O!RS EXI/1 >E EXTREMELY LIMIT$ & RE/RICT$ TO ! SPH]E ( ! FAMILY OR ! CLAN4 ,! SELF-EVID5T CONCLUSION CAN BE DRAWN 9 ADVANCE3 ! SOCIETY-UNIT HAS NEV] EXI/$ & PROBABLY NEV] WILL EXCEPT AS A 0LIMIT0 :I* CAN BE BR\] BY ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! B\ND>IES ( CLASSES & /ATES4 ,SETT+ \T FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL-UNIT 9 ORD] TO DRAW SOCIAL CONCLUSIONS & TO CON/RUCT SOCIAL BLUEPR9TS OR EV5 9 ORD] TO D5Y SOCIETY1 IS SETT+ \T FROM AN UNREAL SUPPOSITION :I*1 EV5 9 ITS MO/ MOD]N =MULATIONS1 ONLY AM\NTS TO REFURBI%+ ! CONCEPTS ( RELIGI\S REVELATION & CREATION & ( A SPIRITUAL LIFE :I* IS NOT DEP5D5T UPON NATURAL & ORGANIC LIFE4 ,! DIV9E CREATOR - OR A S+LE P[] GOV]N+ ! DE/9Y ( ! UNIV]SE HAS GIV5 EA* 9DIVIDUAL ?IS ELEM5T>Y PROP]TY ( BE+ AN AUTONOM\S WELL-DEF9$ MOLECULE 5D[$ ) CONSCI\SNESS1 WILL & RESPONSIBILITY )9 ! SOCIAL AGGREGATE1 9DEP5D5T ( CONT+5T FACTORS D]IV+ FROM ! PHYSICAL 9FLU5CE ( ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,ONLY ! APPE>ANCE ( ?IS RELIGI\S & IDEALI/ CONCEPTION IS MODIFI$ 9 ! DOCTR9E ( DEMOCRATIC LIB]ALISM OR LIB]T>IAN 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,! S\L AS A SP>K FROM ! SUPREME ,BE+1 ! SUBJECTIVE SOV]EIGNTY ( EA* ELECTOR1 OR ! UNLIMIT$ AUTONOMY ( ! CITIZ5 ( A SOCIETY )\T LAWS - !SE >E SO MANY SOPHISMS :I*1 9 ! EYES ( ! ,M>XI/ CRITIQUE1 >E TA9T$ ) ! SAME 9FANTILE IDEALISM1 NO MATT] H[ RESOLUTELY 0MAT]IALI/0 ! FIR/ B\RGEOIS LIB]ALS & AN>*I/S MAY HAVE BE54 ,?IS CONCEPTION F9DS ITS MAT* 9 ! EQUALLY IDEALI/ HYPO!SIS ( ! P]FECT SOCIAL UNIT - ( SOCIAL MONISM - BAS$ ON ! DIV9E WILL :I* IS SUPPOS$ TO GOV]N & ADM9I/] ! LIFE ( \R SPECIES4 ,RETURN+ TO ! PRIMITIVE /AGE ( SOCIAL LIFE :I* WE W]E CONSID]+ & TO ! FAMILY ORGANIZATION DISCOV]$ !RE1 WE CONCLUDE ?AT WE DO NOT NE$ SU* METAPHYSICAL HYPO!SES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL-UNIT & ! SOCIETY-UNIT 9 ORD] TO 9T]PRET ! LIFE ( ! SPECIES & ! PROCESS ( ITS EVOLUTION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 WE CAN POSITIVELY /ATE ?AT WE >E DEAL+ ) A TYPE ( COLLECTIVITY ORGANIZ$ ON A UNIT>Y BASIS1 I4E4 ! FAMILY4 ,WE TAKE C>E NOT TO MAKE ?IS A FIX$ OR P]MAN5T TYPE OR TO IDEALIZE IT AS ! MODEL =M ( ! SOCIAL COLLECTIVITY1 AS AN>*ISM OR ABSOLUTE MON>*Y DO ) ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,RA!R WE SIMPLY RECORD ! EXI/5CE ( ! FAMILY AS ! PRIM>Y UNIT ( HUMAN ORGANIZATION1 :I* WILL BE SUCCE$$ BY O!RS1 :I* ITSELF WILL BE MODIFI$ 9 MANY ASPECTS1 & :I* WILL BECOME A CON/ITU5T ELEM5T ( O!R COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS1 OR1 ONE MAY SUPPOSE1 WILL DISAPPE> 9 V]Y ADVANC$ SOCIAL =MS4 ,WE DO NOT FEEL AT ALL OBLIG$ TO BE = OR AGA9/ ! FAMILY 9 PR9CIPLE1 ANY MORE ?AN1 = EXAMPLE1 = OR AGA9/ ! /ATE4 ,:AT DOES CONC]N US IS TO GRASP ! EVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION ( !SE TYPES ( HUMAN ORGANIZATION4 ,:5 WE ASK \RSELVES :E!R !Y WILL DISAPPE> ONE DAY1 WE DO SO OBJECTIVELY1 BECAUSE IT C\LD NOT OCCUR TO US TO ?9K ( !M AS SACR$ & ET]NAL1 OR AS P]NICI\S & TO BE DE/ROY$4 ,CONS]VATISM & ITS OPPOSITE 7I4E4 ! NEGATION ( EV]Y =M ( ORGANIZATION & SOCIAL HI]>*Y7 >E EQUALLY WEAK FROM A CRITICAL VIEW-PO9T1 & EQUALLY /]ILE4 ,?US LEAV+ ASIDE ! TRADITIONAL OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! CATEGORIES 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY1 WE FOLL[ ! =MATION & ! EVOLUTION ( O!R UNITS 9 \R /UDY ( HUMAN HI/ORY3 ORGANIZ$ HUMAN COLLECTIVITIES1 BROAD OR RE/RICT$ GR\P+S ( M5 ) A HI]>*Y BAS$ ON A DIVISION ( FUNCTIONS1 :I* APPE> AS ! REAL FACTORS & AG5TS ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,SU* UNITS CAN 9 A C]TA9 S5SE BE COMP>$ TO ORGANIC UNITS1 TO LIV+ ORGANISMS :OSE CELLS1 ) !IR DIFF]5T FUNCTIONS & VALUES1 CAN BE REPRES5T$ BY M5 OR BY RUDIM5T>Y GR\PS ( M54 ,H[EV] ! ANALOGY IS NOT COMPLETE1 S9CE :ILE A LIV+ ORGANISM HAS WELL-DEF9$ LIMITS & OBEYS ! 9FLEXIBLE BIOLOGICAL LAWS ( ITS GR[? & DEA?1 ORGANIZ$ SOCIAL UNITS DO NOT HAVE FIX$ B\ND>IES & >E CONT9UALLY BE+ R5EW$1 M+L+ ) ONE ANO!R1 SIMULTANE\SLY SPLITT+ & RECOMB9+4 ,IF WE DWELT ON ! FIR/ CONSPICU\S EXAMPLE ( ! FAMILY UNIT1 IT WAS TO DEMON/RATE ! FOLL[+3 IF !SE UNITS :I* WE >E CONSID]+ >E CLE>LY COMPOS$ ( 9DIVIDUALS & IF !IR V]Y COMPOSITION IS V>IABLE1 !Y NONE!LESS BEHAVE LIKE ORGANIC & 9TEGRAL 0:OLES01 SU* ?AT TO SPLIT !M 9TO 9DIVIDUAL UNITS HAS NO REAL MEAN+ & IS TANTAM\NT TO A MY?4 ,! FAMILY ELEM5T CON/ITUTES A :OLE :OSE LIFE DOES NOT DEP5D ON ! NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS ?AT COMPRISE IT1 BUT ON ! NETWORK ( !IR RELATION%IPS4 ,TO TAKE A CRUDE EXAMPLE1 A FAMILY COMPOS$ ( ! HEAD1 ! WIVES & A FEW FEEBLE OLD M5 IS NOT EQUAL TO ANO!R MADE UP ( ITS HEAD & MANY /RONG Y\NG M54 ,SETT+ \T FROM ! FAMILY1 ! FIR/ ORGANIZ$ SOCIAL =M1 :]E ONE F9DS ! FIR/ EXAMPLE ( DIVISION ( FUNCTIONS1 ! FIR/ HI]>*IES1 ! FIR/ =MS ( AU?ORITY & ! DIRECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS' ACTIVITIES & ! ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S1 HUMAN EVOLUTION PASSES ?R\< AN 9F9ITE S]IES ( O!R ORGANIZATIONAL =MS1 9CREAS+LY BROAD & COMPLEX4 ,! REASON = ?IS 9CREAS+ COMPLEXITY LIES 9 ! GR[+ COMPLEXITY ( SOCIAL RELATIONS & HI]>*IES BORN FROM ! EV]-9CREAS+ DIFF]5TIATION BETWE5 FUNCTIONS4 ,! LATT] IS DIRECTLY DET]M9$ BY ! SY/EMS ( PRODUCTION ?AT TE*NOLOGY & SCI5CE PLACE AT ! DISPOSAL ( HUMAN ACTIVITY 9 ORD] TO PROVIDE AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( PRODUCTS SUIT$ TO SATISFY+ ! NE$S ( L>G] SOCIETIES EVOLV+ T[>DS HI<] =MS ( LIFE4 ,AN ANALYSIS :I* SEEKS TO UND]/& ! PROCESS ( =MATION & *ANGE ( DIFF]5T HUMAN ORGANIZATIONS1 AS WELL AS ! 9T]PLAY ( RELATIONS )9 ! :OLE ( SOCIETY1 MU/ BE BAS$ ON ! NOTION ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE TE*NOLOGY & ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS :I* >ISE FROM ! DI/RIBUTION ( 9DIVIDUALS AMONG ! DIFF]5T TASKS REQUIR$ BY ! PRODUCTIVE ME*ANISM4 ,! =MATION & EVOLUTION ( DYNA/IES1 CA/ES1 >MIES1 /ATES1 EMPIRES1 CORPORATIONS & P>TIES CAN & MU/ BE /UDI$ ON ! BASIS ( !SE ELEM5TS4 ,ONE CAN IMAG9E ?AT AT ! HI :I* WILL 5COMPASS ALL ( MANK9D & :I* WILL E/ABLI% A RATIONAL DIVISION ( FUNCTIONS BETWE5 ALL M54 ,:AT SIGNIFICANCE & LIMITS ! HI]>*ICAL SY/EM ( COLLECTIVE ADM9I/RATION WILL HAVE 9 ?IS HI<] =M ( HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE IS A MATT] = FUR!R /UDY4 ,I,I,I ,TO EXAM9E ?OSE UNIT>Y BODIES :OSE 9T]NAL RELATIONS >E REGULAT$ BY :AT IS G5]ALLY CALL$ ! 0DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE01 = REASONS ( SIMPLICITY WE WILL DI/+UI% BETWE5 ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVITIES :OSE HI]>*IES >E IMPOS$ FROM \TSIDE & ?OSE ?AT *OOSE !IR [N HI]>*Y FROM )94 ,ACCORD+ TO ! RELIGI\S CONCEPTION & ! PURE DOCTR9E ( AU?ORITY1 9 EV]Y EPO* HUMAN SOCIETY IS A COLLECTIVE UNIT :I* RECEIVES ITS HI]>*Y FROM SUP]NATURAL P[]S4 ,WE WILL NOT REPEAT ! CRITIQUE ( SU* A METAPHYSICAL OV]-SIMPLIFICATION :I* IS CONTRADICT$ BY \R :OLE EXP]I5CE4 ,IT IS ! NECESSITY ( ! DIVISION ( FUNCTIONS :I* GIVES RISE NATURALLY TO HI]>*IES2 & ?IS IS :AT HAS HAPP5$ 9 ! CASE ( ! FAMILY4 ,AS IT DEVELOPS 9TO A TRIBE OR HORDE1 IT MU/ ORGANIZE ITSELF 9 ORD] TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ RIVAL TRIBES4 ,LEAD]%IP MU/ BE 5TRU/$ TO ?OSE MO/ ABLE TO USE ! COMMUNAL 5]GIES1 & MILIT>Y HI]>*IES EM]GE 9 RESPONSE TO ?IS NE$4 ,?IS CRIT]ION ( *OICE 9 ! COMMON 9T]E/ APPE>$ ?\S&S ( YE>S BE=E MOD]N DEMOCRATIC ELECTORALISM2 9 ! BEG9N+ K+S1 MILIT>Y *IEFS & PRIE/S W]E ELECT$4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( TIME1 O!R CRIT]IA = ! =MATION ( HI]>*IES PREVAIL$1 GIV+ RISE TO CA/E PRIVILEGES TRANSMITT$ BY 9H]ITANCE OR EV5 BY 9ITIATION 9TO CLOS$ S*OOLS1 SECTS & CULTS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 9 NORMAL PRACTICE1 ACCESSION TO A GIV5 RANK & 9H]ITANCE ( ?AT RANK W]E MOTIVAT$ BY ! POSSESSION ( SPECIAL APTITUDES4 ,WE DO NOT 9T5D TO FOLL[ H]E ! :OLE PROCESS ( ! =MATION ( CA/ES & !N ( CLASSES )9 SOCIETY4 ,WE WILL ONLY SAY ?AT !IR APPE>ANCE NO LONG] CORRESPONDS TO ! LOGICAL NECESSITY ( A DIVISION ( FUNCTIONS ALONE1 BUT ALSO TO ! FACT ?AT C]TA9 /RATA OCCUPY+ A PRIVILEG$ POSITION 9 ! ECONOMIC ME*ANISM 5D UP MONOPOLIZ+ P[] & SOCIAL 9FLU5CE4 ,9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 EV]Y RUL+ CA/E PROVIDES ITSELF ) ITS [N ORGANIZATION1 ITS [N HI]>*Y1 & LIKEWISE1 ECONOMICALLY PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 ,TO LIMIT \RSELVES TO ONE EXAMPLE - ! L&$ >I/OCRACY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 BY UNIT+ ITSELF = ! DEF5SE ( ITS COMMON PRIVILEGES AGA9/ ! ASSAULTS ( ! O!R CLASSES1 CON/RUCT$ AN ORGANIZATIONAL =M CULM9AT+ 9 ! MON>*Y1 :I* CONC5TRAT$ PUBLIC P[]S 9 ITS [N H&S TO ! COMPLETE EXCLUSION ( ! O!R LAY]S ( ! POPULATION4 ,! /ATE ( ! FEUDAL EPO* WAS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! FEUDAL NOBILITY SUPPORT$ BY ! CL]GY4 ,! PR9CIPAL ELEM5T ( CO]CION ( ! MILIT>Y MON>*Y WAS ! >MY4 ,H]E WE HAVE A TYPE ( ORGANIZ$ COLLECTIVITY :OSE HI]>*Y WAS 9/ITUT$ FROM )\T S9CE IT WAS ! K+ :O BE/[$ ! RANKS1 & 9 ! >MY1 PASSIVE OB$I5CE WAS ! RULE4 ,EV]Y =M ( /ATE CONC5TRATES UND] ONE AU?ORITY ! ORGANIZ+ & (FIC]+ ( A :OLE S]IES ( EXECUTIVE HI]>*IES3 ! >MY1 POLICE1 MAGI/RACY1 BUREAUCRACY4 ,?US ! /ATE MAKES MAT]IAL USE ( ! ACTIVITY ( 9DIVIDUALS FROM ALL CLASSES1 BUT IT IS ORGANIZ$ ON ! BASIS ( A S+LE OR A FEW PRIVILEG$ CLASSES :I* APPROPRIATE ! P[] TO CON/ITUTE ITS DIFF]5T HI]>*IES4 ,! O!R CLASSES1 & 9 G5]AL ALL GR\PS ( 9DIVIDUALS = :OM IT WAS ONLY TOO EVID5T ?AT ! /ATE1 9 SPITE ( ITS CLAIMS1 BY NO MEANS GU>ANTE$ ! 9T]E/S ( EV]YONE1 SEEK TO PROVIDE !MSELVES ) !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS 9 ORD] TO MAKE !IR [N 9T]E/S PREVAIL4 ,!IR PO9T ( DEP>TURE IS ?AT !IR MEMB]S OCCUPY AN ID5TICAL POSITION 9 PRODUCTION & ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,AS = ORGANIZATIONS :I* PROVIDE !MSELVES ) !IR [N HI]>*Y1 IF WE ASK :AT IS ! BE/ WAY TO 5SURE ! DEF5SE ( ! COLLECTIVE 9T]E/S & TO AVOID ! =MATION ( PRIVILEG$ /RATA1 SOME WILL PROPOSE ! DEMOCRATIC ME?OD :OSE PR9CIPLE LIES 9 US+ ! MAJORITY OP9ION TO SELECT ?OSE TO FILL ! V>I\S (FICES4 ,\R CRITIQUE ( SU* A ME?OD MU/ BE MU* MORE SEV]E :5 IT IS APPLI$ TO ! :OLE ( SOCIETY AS IT IS TODAY1 OR TO GIV5 NATIONS1 ?AN :5 IT IS 9TRODUC$ 9TO MU* MORE RE/RICT$ ORGANIZATIONS1 SU* AS TRADE UNIONS & P>TIES4 ,9 ! FIR/ CASE IT MU/ BE REJECT$ )\T HESITATION AS )\T F\NDATION1 S9CE IT TAKES NO ACC\NT ( ! SITUATION ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! ECONOMY & S9CE IT PRESUPPOSES ! 9TR9SIC P]FECTION ( ! SY/EM )\T TAK+ 9TO CONSID]ATION ! HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION ( ! COLLECTIVITY TO :I* IT IS APPLI$4 ,! DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO CLASSES DI/+UI%$ BY ECONOMIC PRIVILEGE CLE>LY REMOVES ALL VALUE FROM MAJORITY DECISION-MAK+4 ,\R CRITIQUE REFUTES ! DECEITFUL !ORY ?AT ! DEMOCRATIC & P>LIAM5T>Y /ATE MA*9E :I* >OSE FROM MOD]N LIB]AL CON/ITUTIONS IS AN ORGANIZATION ( ALL CITIZ5S 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ALL CITIZ5S4 ,FROM ! MOM5T ?AT OPPOS+ 9T]E/S & CLASS CONFLICTS EXI/1 !RE CAN BE NO UNITY ( ORGANIZATION1 & 9 SPITE ( ! \TW>D APPE>ANCE ( POPUL> SOV]EIGNTY1 ! /ATE REMA9S ! ORGAN ( ! ECONOMICALLY DOM9ANT CLASS & ! 9/RUM5T ( DEF5SE ( ITS 9T]E/S4 ,9 SPITE ( ! APPLICATION ( ! DEMOCRATIC SY/EM TO POLITICAL REPRES5TATION1 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY APPE>S AS A COMPLEX NETWORK ( UNIT>Y BODIES4 ,MANY ( !SE1 :I* SPR+ FROM ! PRIVILEG$ LAY]S & T5D TO PRES]VE ! PRES5T SOCIAL APP>ATUS1 GA!R >\ND ! P[]FUL C5TRALIZ$ ORGANISM ( ! POLITICAL /ATE4 ,O!RS MAY BE NEUTRAL OR MAY HAVE A *ANG+ ATTITUDE T[>DS ! /ATE4 ,F9ALLY1 O!RS >ISE )9 ! ECONOMICALLY OPPRESS$ & EXPLOIT$ LAY]S & >E DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! CLASS /ATE4 ,COMMUNISM DEMON/RATES ?AT ! =MAL JURIDICAL & POLITICAL APPLICATION ( ! DEMOCRATIC & MAJORITY PR9CIPLE TO ALL CITIZ5S :ILE SOCIETY IS DIVID$ 9TO OPPOS$ CLASSES 9 RELATION TO ! ECONOMY1 IS 9CAPABLE ( MAK+ ! /ATE AN ORGANIZATIONAL UNIT ( ! :OLE SOCIETY OR ! :OLE NATION4 ,(FICIALLY ?AT IS :AT POLITICAL DEMOCRACY CLAIMS TO BE1 :]EAS 9 REALITY IT IS ! =M SUIT$ TO ! P[] ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS1 TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ?IS P>TICUL> CLASS1 = ! PURPOSE ( PRES]V+ ITS PRIVILEGES4 ,!RE=E IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO DEVOTE MU* TIME TO REFUT+ ! ]ROR ( ATTRIBUT+ ! SAME DEGREE ( 9DEP5D5CE & MATURITY TO ! VOTE ( EA* ELECTOR1 :E!R HE IS A WORK] EXHAU/$ BY EXCESSIVE PHYSICAL LABOR OR A RI* DISSOLUTE1 A %REWD CAPTA9 ( 9DU/RY OR AN UN=TUNATE PROLET>IAN IGNORANT ( ! CAUSES ( HIS MIS]Y & ! MEANS ( REM$Y+ !M4 ,FROM TIME TO TIME1 AFT] LONG 9T]VALS1 ! OP9ION ( !SE & O!RS IS SOLICIT$1 & IT IS CLAIM$ ?AT ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ?IS 0SOV]EIGN0 DUTY IS SUFFICI5T TO 5SURE CALM & ! OB$I5CE ( :OEV] FEELS VICTIMIZ$ & ILL-TREAT$ BY ! /ATE POLICIES & ADM9I/RATION4 ,I,V ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( DEMOCRACY HAS NO 9TR9SIC VIRTUE4 ,IT IS NOT A 0PR9CIPLE01 BUT RA!R A SIMPLE ME*ANISM ( ORGANIZATION1 RESPOND+ TO ! SIMPLE & CRUDE >I?METICAL PRESUMPTION ?AT ! MAJORITY IS RIE NOT DIVID$ BY ECONOMIC ANTAGONISMS4 ,TO DO ?IS1 !SE ORGANIZATIONS MU/ BE CONSID]$ 9 !IR PROCESS ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IS ?IS DEMOCRATIC ME*ANISM APPLICABLE 9 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 I4E4 9 ! /ATE =M BORN FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y VICTORY ( REBEL CLASSES AGA9/ ! P[] ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATES8 ,CAN ?IS =M ( /ATE1 ON ACC\NT ( ITS 9T]NAL ME*ANISM ( ! DELEGATION ( P[]S & ( ! =MATION ( HI]>*IES1 ?US BE DEF9$ AS A 0PROLET>IAN DEMOCRACY08 ,! QUE/ION %\LD BE BROA*$ )\T PREJUDICE1 BECAUSE IF AL?\< WE MIIAT4 ,9 FACT ! DAY AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 ! PROLET>IAT WILL NOT YET BE A TOTALLY HOMOG5E\S COLLECTIVITY NOR WILL IT BE ! ONLY CLASS4 ,9 ,RUSSIA = EXAMPLE1 P[] IS 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK+ CLASS & ! PEASANTRY1 BUT IF WE CONSID] ! 5TIRE DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 IT IS EASY TO DEMON/RATE ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAN CLASS1 AL?\< MU* LESS NUM]\S ?AN ! PEASANTRY1 NEV]!LESS PLAYS A F> MORE IMPORTANT ROLE4 ,!N IT IS LOGICAL ?AT ! ,SOVIET ME*ANISM ACCORDS MU* MORE VALUE TO ! VOTE ( A WORK] ?AN ?AT ( A PEASANT4 ,WE DO NOT 9T5D TO EXAM9E ?OR\ACT]I/ICS ( ! PROLET>IAN /ATE CON/ITUTION4 ,WE WILL NOT CONSID] IT METAPHYSICALLY AS SOME?+ ABSOLUTE1 AS REACTION>IES DO ! DIV9E RI*Y1 LIB]ALS1 P>LIAM5T>ISM BAS$ ON UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 & AN>*I/S1 ! NON-/ATE4 ,AS IT IS AN ORGANIZATION ( ONE CLASS DE/9$ TO /RIP ! OPPOS+ CLASSES ( !IR ECONOMIC PRIVILEGES1 ! PROLET>IAN /ATE IS A REAL HI/ORICAL =CE :I* ADAPTS ITSELF TO ! GOAL IT PURSUES1 ?AT IS1 TO ! NECESSITIES :I* GAVE BIR? TO IT4 ,AT C]TA9 MOM5TS ITS IMPULSE MAY COME FROM EI!R BROAD MASS CONSULTATIONS OR FROM ! ACTION ( V]Y RE/RICT$ EXECUTIVE ORGANS 5D[$ ) FULL P[]S4 ,:AT IS ESS5TIAL IS TO GIVE ?IS ORGANIZATION ( PROLET>IAN P[] ! MEANS & WEAPONS TO DE/ROY B\RGEOIS ECONOMIC PRIVILEGE & ! POLITICAL & MILIT>Y RESI/ANCE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 9 A WAY ?AT PREP>ES = ! SUBSEQU5T DISAPPE>ANCE ( CLASSES !MSELVES1 & = ! MORE & MORE PR(\ND MODIFICATIONS ( ! TASKS & /RUCTURE ( ! PROLET>IAN /ATE4 ,ONE ?+ IS SURE - :ILE B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY'S REAL GOAL IS TO DEPRIVE ! L>GE PROLET>IAN & PETTY-B\RGEOIS MASSES ( ALL 9FLU5CE 9 ! CONTROL ( ! /ATE1 RES]V$ = ! BIG 9DU/RIAL1 BANK+ & AGRICULTURAL OLIG>*IES1 ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP MU/ BE ABLE TO 9VOLVE ! BROADE/ LAY]S ( ! PROLET>IAN & EV5 SEMI-PROLET>IAN MASSES 9 ! /RUGGLE ?AT IT EMBODIES4 ,BUT ONLY ?OSE :O >E ! VICTIMS ( DEMOCRATIC PREJUDICE C\LD IMAG9E ?AT ATTA9+ ?IS 5D M]ELY REQUIRES ! SETT+ UP ( A VA/ ME*ANISM ( ELECTORAL CONSULTATION4 ,?IS MAY BE EXCESSIVE OR - MORE (T5 - 9SUFFICI5T1 BECAUSE ?IS =M ( P>TICIPATION BY MANY PROLET>IANS MAY RESULT 9 !IR NOT TAK+ P>T 9 O!R MORE ACTIVE MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! 9T5SITY ( ! /RUGGLE 9 P>TICUL> PHASES DEM&S SPE$ ( DECISION & MOVEM5T & A C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION ( EF=TS 9 A COMMON DIRECTION1 :I*1 AS ! ,RUSSIAN EXP]I5CE IS DEMON/RAT+ ) A :OLE S]IES ( EXAMPLES1 IMPOSES ON ! PROLET>IAN /ATE CON/ITUTIONAL *>ACT]I/ICS :I* >E 9 OP5 CONTRADICTION TO ! CANONS ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,SUPPORT]S ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY H[L AB\T ! VIOLATION ( LIB]TIES1 :]EAS IT IS ONLY A MATT] ( UNMASK+ ! PHILI/9E PREJUDICES :I* HAVE ALWAYS ALL[$ DEMAGOGUES TO 5SURE P[] TO ! PRIVILEG$4 ,9 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! CON/ITUTIONAL ME*ANISM ( ! /ATE ORGANIZATION IS NOT ONLY CONSULTATIVE1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME EXECUTIVE4 ,P>TICIPATION 9 ! FUNCTIONS ( POLITICAL LIFE1 IF NOT ( ! :OLE MASS ( ELECTORS1 !N AT LEA/ ( A WIDE LAY] ( !IR DELEGATES1 IS NOT 9T]MITT5T BUT CONT9U\S4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ?AT ?IS IS ACCOMPLI%$ )\T AT ALL H>M+ ! UNIT>Y *>ACT] ( ! ACTION ( ! :OLE /ATE APP>ATUS - RA!R TO ! CONTR>Y4 ,& ?IS IS ?ANKS PRECISELY TO ! CRIT]IA OPPOS$ TO ?OSE ( B\RGEOIS HYP]LIB]ALISM1 ?AT IS1 VIRTUAL SUPPRESSION ( DIRECT ELECTIONS & PROPORTIONAL REPRES5TATION1 ONCE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! O!R SACR$ DOGMA ( ! EQUAL VOTE1 HAS BE5 OV]?R[N4 ,WE DO NOT CLAIM ?AT !SE NEW CRIT]IA 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! REPRES5TATIVE ME*ANISM1 OR CODIFI$ 9 A CON/ITUTION1 /EM FROM REASONS ( PR9CIPLE4 ,UND] NEW CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! CRIT]IA C\LD BE DIFF]5T4 ,9 ANY CASE WE >E ATTEMPT+ TO MAKE IT CLE> ?AT WE DO NOT ATTRIBUTE ANY 9TR9SIC VALUE TO !SE =MS ( ORGANIZATION & REPRES5TATION4 ,?IS IS TRANSLAT$ 9TO A FUNDAM5TAL ,M>XI/ !SIS3 ! REVOLUTION IS NOT A PROBLEM ( =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! REVOLUTION IS A PROBLEM ( CONT5T1 A PROBLEM ( ! MOVEM5T & ACTION ( REVOLUTION>Y =CES 9 AN UN5D+ PROCESS1 :I* CANNOT BE !ORIZ$ & CRY/ALLIZ$ 9 ANY S*EME = AN IMMUTABLE 0CON/ITUTIONAL DOCTR9E04 ,9 ANY CASE1 9 ! ME*ANISMS ( ! WORK]S' C\NCILS WE F9D NO TRACE ( ! RULE ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY1 :I* /ATES ?AT EA* CITIZ5 DIRECTLY *OOSES HIS DELEGATE TO ! SUPREME REPRES5TATIVE BODY1 ! P>LIAM5T4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !RE >E DIFF]5T LEVELS ( WORK]S' & PEASANTS' C\NCILS1 EA* ONE ) A BROAD] T]RITORIAL BASE CULM9AT+ 9 ! CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS4 ,EA* LOCAL OR DI/RICT C\NCIL ELECTS ITS DELEGATES TO A HI<] C\NCIL1 & 9 ! SAME WAY ELECTS ITS [N ADM9I/RATION1 I4E4 ITS EXECUTIVE ORGAN4 ,AT ! BASE1 9 ! CITY OR RURAL C\NCIL1 ! 5TIRE MASS IS CONSULT$4 ,9 ! ELECTION ( DELEGATES TO HI<] C\NCILS & LOCAL ADM9I/RATIVE (FICES1 EA* GR\P ( ELECTORS VOTES NOT ACCORD+ TO A PROPORTIONAL SY/EM1 BUT ACCORD+ TO A MAJORITY SY/EM1 *OOS+ ITS DELEGATES FROM LI/S PUT =W>D BY ! P>TIES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 S9CE A S+LE DELEGATE IS SUFFICI5T TO E/ABLI% A L9K BETWE5 A L[] & HI<] C\NCIL1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! TWO DOGMAS ( =MAL LIB]ALISM -VOT+ = SEV]AL MEMB]S FROM A LI/ & PROPORTIONAL REPRES5TATION - FALL BY ! WAYSIDE4 ,AT EA* LEVEL1 ! C\NCILS MU/ GIVE RISE TO ORGANS ?AT >E BO? CONSULTATIVE & ADM9I/RATIVE & DIRECTLY L9K$ TO ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION4 ,?US IT IS NATURAL ?AT AS ONE PROGRESSES T[>DS HI<] REPRES5TATIVE ORGANS1 ONE DOES NOT 5C\NT] P>LIAM5T>Y ASSEMBLIES ( *ATT]BOXES :O DISCUSS 9T]M9ABLY )\T EV] ACT+2 RA!R1 ONE SEES COMPACT & HOMOG5E\S BODIES CAPABLE ( DIRECT+ ! ACTION & POLITICAL /RUGGLE1 & ( GIV+ REVOLUTION>Y GUIDANCE TO ! :OLE MASS ?US ORGANIZ$ 9 A UNIT>Y FA%ION4 ,!SE CAPACITIES1 :I* >E DEF9ITELY NOT AUTOMATICALLY 9H]5T 9 ANY CON/ITUTIONAL S*EMA1 >E REA*$ 9 ?IS ME*ANISM BECAUSE ( ! PRES5CE ( AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT FACTOR1 ! POLITICAL P>TY1 :OSE CONT5T GOES F> BEYOND PURE ORGANIZATIONAL =M1 & :OSE COLLECTIVE & ACTIVE CONSCI\SNESS & WILL ALL[ ! WORK TO BE ORI5T$ ACCORD+ TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( A LONG & ALWAYS ADVANC+ PROCESS4 ,( ALL ! ORGANS ( ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 ! POLITICAL P>TY IS ! ONE :OSE *>ACT]I/ICS MO/ NE>LY APPROA* ?OSE ( A HOMOG5E\S UNIT>Y COLLECTIVITY1 UNIFI$ 9 ACTION4 ,9 REALITY1 IT ONLY 5COMPASSES A M9ORITY ( ! MASS1 BUT ! PROP]TIES :I* DI/+UI% IT FROM ALL O!R BROAD-BAS$ =MS ( REPRES5TATIVE ORGANIZATION DEMON/RATE PRECISELY ?AT ! P>TY REPRES5TS ! COLLECTIVE 9T]E/S & MOVEM5T BETT] ?AN ANY O!R ORGAN4 ,ALL P>TY MEMB]S P>TICIPATE DIRECTLY 9 ACCOMPLI%+ ! COMMON TASK & PREP>E !MSELVES TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEMS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE & ! RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY1 :I* ! MAJORITY ( ! MASS ONLY BECOME AW>E ( :5 !Y >E ACTUALLY FAC$ ) !M4 ,= ALL !SE REASONS1 9 A SY/EM ( REPRES5TATION & DELEGATION BAS$ NOT ON ! DEMOCRATIC LIE BUT ON A LAY] ( ! POPULATION :OSE COMMON FUNDAM5TAL 9T]E/S PROPEL !M ON ! C\RSE ( REVOLUTION1 IT IS NATURAL ?AT ! *OICES FALL SPONTANE\SLY ON ELEM5TS PUT =W>D BY ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 :I* IS EQUIPP$ TO RESPOND TO ! DEM&S ( ! /RUGGLE & TO RESOLVE ! PROBLEMS = :I* IT HAS BE5 ABLE TO PREP>E ITSELF4 ,WE DO NOT ATTRIBUTE !SE CAPACITIES ( ! P>TY TO ITS P>TICUL> CON/ITUTION1 ANYMORE ?AN WE DO 9 ! CASE ( ANY O!R ORGANIZATION4 ,! P>TY MAY OR MAY NOT BE SUIT$ TO ITS TASK ( LEAD+ ! REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ( A CLASS2 IT IS NOT ANY POLITICAL P>TY BUT A PRECISE ONE1 NAMELY ! COMMUNI/ P>TY1 ?AT CAN ASSUME ?IS TASK1 & NOT EV5 ! COMMUNI/ P>TY IS IMMUNE TO ! NUM]\S DANG]S ( DEG5]ATION & DISSOLUTION4 ,:AT MAKES ! P>TY EQUAL TO ITS TASK IS NOT ITS /ATUTES OR M]E 9T]NAL ORGANIZATIONAL MEASURES4 ,IT IS ! POSITIVE *>ACT]I/ICS :I* DEVELOP )9 ! P>TY BECAUSE IT P>TICIPATES 9 ! /RUGGLE AS AN ORGANIZATION POSSESS+ A S+LE ORI5TATION :I* D]IVES FROM ITS CONCEPTION ( ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS1 =M A FUNDAM5TAL PROGRAM :I* HAS BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO A COLLECTIVE CONSCI\SNESS & AT ! SAME TIME FROM A SECURE ORGANIZATIONAL DISCIPL9E4 ,TO RETURN TO ! NATURE ( ! CON/ITUTIONAL ME*ANISM ( ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP - ( :I* WE HAVE ALREADY SAID ?AT IT WAS EXECUTIVE AS WELL AS LEGISLATIVE AT ALL LEVELS - WE MU/ ADD SOME?+ TO SPECIFY :AT TASKS ( ! COLLECTIVE LIFE ?IS ME*ANISM'S EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS & 9ITIATIVES RESPOND TO4 ,!SE FUNCTIONS & 9ITIATIVES >E ! V]Y REASON = ITS =MATION1 & !Y DET]M9E ! RELATION%IPS EXI/+ )9 ITS CONT9UALLY EVOLV+ ELA/IC ME*ANISM4 ,WE REF] H]E TO ! 9ITIAL P]IOD ( PROLET>IAN P[] :OSE IMAGE WE HAVE 9 ! F\R & A HALF YE>S ?AT ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP HAS EXI/$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 BECAUSE WE DO NOT WI% TO SPECULATE AS TO :AT ! DEF9ITIVE BASIS ( ! REPRES5TATIVE ORGANS WILL BE 9 A CLASSLESS COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4 ,WE CANNOT PR$ICT H[ EXACTLY SOCIETY WILL EVOLVE AS IT APPROA*ES ?IS /AGE2 WE CAN ONLY 5VISAGE ?AT IT WILL MOVE 9 ! DIRECTION ( A FUSION ( V>I\S POLITICAL1 ADM9I/RATIVE & ECONOMIC ORGANS1 & AT ! SAME TIME1 A PROGRESSIVE ELIM9ATION ( EV]Y ELEM5T ( CO]CION & ( ! /ATE ITSELF AS AN 9/RUM5T ( P[] ( ONE CLASS & A WEAPON ( /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! SURVIV+ 5EMY CLASSES4 ,9 ITS 9ITIAL P]IOD1 ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP HAS AN EXTREMELY DIFFICULT & COMPLEX TASK ?AT CAN BE SUBDIVID$ 9TO ?REE SPH]ES ( ACTION3 POLITICAL1 MILIT>Y & ECONOMIC4 ,MILIT>Y DEF5SE AGA9/ C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ATTACKS FROM )9 & )\T & ! RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY ON A COLLECTIVE BASIS DEP5D UPON A SY/EMATIC & RATIONAL PLAN ( ACTIVITY :I*1 :ILE UTILIZ+ ! DIV]SE 5]GIES ( ! :OLE MASS ) ! MAXIMUM EFFICI5CY & RESULTS1 MU/ ALSO A*IEVE A P[]FUL UNITY4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ! BODY :I* LEADS ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! DOME/IC & =EIGN 5EMY1 ?AT IS1 ! REVOLUTION>Y >MY & POLICE1 MU/ BE BAS$ ON DISCIPL9E1 & ITS HI]>*Y MU/ BE C5TRALIZ$ 9 ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAN P[]4 ,! ,R$ ,>MY ITSELF IS ?US AN ORGANIZ$ UNIT :OSE HI]>*Y IS IMPOS$ FROM )\T BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ! PROLET>IAN /ATE1 & ! SAME IS TRUE = ! REVOLUTION>Y POLICE & TRIBUNALS4 ,! PROBLEMS ( ! ECONOMIC APP>ATUS :I* ! VICTORI\S PROLET>IAT ]ECTS 9 ORD] TO LAY ! F\NDATIONS ( ! NEW SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION IS MORE COMPLEX4 ,! *>ACT]I/IC ?AT DI/+UI%ES ?IS RATIONAL ADM9I/RATION FROM ! 0*AOS0 ( B\RGEOIS PRIVATE ECONOMY IS C5TRALIZATION4 ,EV]Y 5T]PRISE MU/ BE MANAG$ 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! 5TIRE COLLECTIVITY & 9 H>MONY ) ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! :OLE PLAN ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ECONOMIC APP>ATUS 7& ! GR\PS ( 9DIVIDUALS ?AT COMPRISE IT7 IS CONT9UALLY BE+ MODIFI$1 NOT ONLY ?R\< ITS [N GRADUAL DEVELOPM5T BUT ALSO BY ! 9EVITABLE CRISES 9 A P]IOD ( SU* VA/ TRANS=MATIONS1 :I* CANNOT BE )\T POLITICAL & MILIT>Y /RUGGLES4 ,!SE CONSID]ATIONS LEAD TO ! FOLL[+ CONCLUSIONS3 9 ! 9ITIAL P]IOD ( ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 AL?\< ! C\NCILS AT DIFF]5T LEVELS MU/ APPO9T !IR DELEGATES TO ! LOCAL EXECUTIVE ORGANS AS WELL AS TO ! LEGISLATIVE ORGANS AT HI<] LEVELS1 ! ABSOLUTE RESPONSIBILITY = MILIT>Y DEF5SE1 & 9 A LESS RIGID WAY1 = ! ECONOMIC CAMPAIGN1 MU/ REMA9 ) ! C5T]4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! LOCAL ORGANS S]VE TO ORGANIZE ! MASSES POLITICALLY SO ?AT !Y WILL P>TICIPATE 9 FULFILL+ ! PLANS & ACCEPT MILIT>Y & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y !REBY CREATE ! CONDITIONS = ! BROADE/ & MO/ CONT9U\S MASS ACTIVITY POSSIBLE1 & CAN *ANNEL ?IS ACTIVITY T[>DS ! =MATION ( A HIIAN /ATE4 ,!SE CONSID]ATIONS C]TA9LY >E NOT 9T5D$ TO D5Y ALL POSSIBILITY ( MOVEM5T & 9ITIATIVE TO ! 9T]M$I>Y ORGANS ( ! /ATE HI]>*Y4 ,BUT WE WANT$ TO %[ ?AT ONE CANNOT !ORIZE ?AT !Y MU/ BE =M$ BY ! APPLICATION ( GR\PS ( ELECTORS ORGANIZ$ ON ! BASIS ( FACTORIES OR >MY DIVISIONS TO ! REVOLUTION'S EXECUTIVE TASKS ( MA9TA9+ MILIT>Y OR ECONOMIC ORD]4 ,! /RUCTURE ( SU* GR\PS IS SIMPLY NOT ABLE TO CONF] ANY SPECIAL ABILITIES ON !M4 ,! UNITS 9 :I* ! ELECTORS >E GR\P$ AT ! BASE CAN !RE=E BE =M$ ACCORD+ TO EMPIRICAL CRIT]IA4 ,9 FACT !Y WILL CON/ITUTE !MSELVES ACCORD+ TO EMPIRICAL CRIT]IA1 AMONG :I*1 = 9/ANCE1 ! CONV]G5CE 9 ! WORKPLACE1 ! NEIRISON1 ! BATTLEFRONT OR ANY O!R SITUATION 9 DAILY LIFE1 )\T ANY ( !M BE+ EXCLUD$ A PRIORI OR HELD UP AS A MODEL4 ,?IS DOES NOT PREV5T ! REPRES5TATIVE ORGANS ( ! PROLET>IAN /ATE FROM BE+ BAS$ ON A T]RITORIAL DIVISION 9TO ELECTORAL DI/RICTS4 ,NONE ( !SE CONSID]ATIONS IS ABSOLUTE1 & ?IS TAKES US BACK TO \R !SIS ?AT NO CON/ITUTIONAL S*EMA HAS ! VALUE ( A PR9CIPLE1 & ?AT MAJORITY DEMOCRACY 9 ! =MAL & >I?METIC S5SE IS ONLY ONE POSSIBLE ME?OD = COORD9AT+ ! RELATIONS ?AT >ISE )9 COLLECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,NO MATT] :AT PO9T ( VIEW ONE TAKES1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ATTRIBUTE TO IT AN 9TR9SIC *>ACT] ( NECESSITY OR JU/ICE4 ,= ,M>XI/S !SE T]MS HAVE NO MEAN+4 ,!RE=E WE DO NOT PROPOSE TO SUB/ITUTE = ! DEMOCRATIC S*EMA :I* WE HAVE BE5 CRITICIZ+ ANY O!R S*EMA ( A /ATE APP>ATUS :I* 9 ITSELF WILL BE EXEMPT FROM DEFECTS & ]RORS4 ,V ,IT SEEMS TO US ?AT 5\< HAS BE5 SAID AB\T ! DEMOCRATIC PR9CIPLE 9 ITS APPLICATION TO ! B\RGEOIS /ATE1 :I* CLAIMS TO EMBRACE ALL CLASSES1 & ALSO 9 ITS APPLICATION TO ! PROLET>IAN CLASS EXCLUSIVELY AS ! BASIS ( ! /ATE AFT] ! REVOLUTION>Y VICTORY4 ,SOME?+ %\LD BE SAID AB\T ! APPLICATION ( ! DEMOCRATIC ME*ANISM TO ORGANIZATIONS EXI/+ )9 ! PROLET>IAT BE=E 7& ALSO AFT]7 ! CONQUE/ ( P[]1 I4E4 9 TRADE UNIONS & ! POLITICAL P>TY4 ,WE E/ABLI%$ ABOVE ?AT A TRUE ORGANIZATIONAL UNITY IS ONLY POSSIBLE ON ! BASIS ( AN ID5TITY ( 9T]E/S AMONG ! MEMB]S4 ,S9CE ONE JO9S UNIONS OR P>TIES BY VIRTUE ( A SPONTANE\S DECISION TO P>TICIPATE 9 A SPECIFIC K9D ( ACTION1 A CRITIQUE :I* ABSOLUTELY D5IES ANY VALUE TO ! DEMOCRATIC ME*ANISM 9 ! CASE ( ! B\RGEOIS /ATE 7I4E4 A FALLACI\S CON/ITUTIONAL UNION ( ALL CLASSES7 IS NOT APPLICABLE H]E4 ,NEV]!LESS1 EV5 9 ! CASE ( ! P>TY & ! TRADE UNION IT IS NECESS>Y NOT TO BE L$ A/RAY BY ! >BITR>Y CONCEPT ( ! 0SANCTITY0 ( MAJORITY DECISIONS4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! P>TY1 ! TRADE UNION IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! VIRTUAL ID5TITY ( ITS MEMB]S' IMM$IATE MAT]IAL 9T]E/S4 ,)9 ! LIMITS ( ! CATEGORY1 IT ATTA9S A BROAD HOMOG5EITY ( COMPOSITION & IT IS AN ORGANIZATION ) VOLUNT>Y MEMB]%IP4 ,IT T5DS TO BECOME AN ORGANIZATION :I* ALL ! WORK]S ( A GIV5 CATEGORY OR 9DU/RY JO9 AUTOMATICALLY OR >E EV51 AS 9 A C]TA9 PHASE ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT1 OBLIG$ TO JO94 ,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT 9 ?IS DOMA9 NUMB] REMA9S ! DECISIVE FACTOR & ! MAJORITY DECISION HAS A GREAT VALUE1 BUT WE CANNOT CONF9E \RSELVES TO A S*EMATIC CONSID]ATION ( ITS RESULTS4 ,IT IS ALSO NECESS>Y TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT O!R FACTORS :I* COME 9TO PLAY 9 ! LIFE ( ! UNION ORGANIZATION3 A BUREAUCRATIZ$ HI]>*Y ( FUNCTION>IES :I* P>ALYZES ! UNION UND] ITS TUTELAGE1 & ! VANGU>D GR\PS ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY HAS E/ABLI%$ )9 IT 9 ORD] TO LEAD IT ONTO ! T]RA9 ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 ,9 ?IS /RUGGLE1 COMMUNI/S (T5 PO9T \T ?AT ! FUNCTION>IES ( ! UNION BUREAUCRACY VIOLATE ! DEMOCRATIC IDEA & >E CONTEMPTU\S ( ! WILL ( ! MAJORITY4 ,IT IS CORRECT TO D5\NCE ?IS BECAUSE ! RIADE A DEMOCRATIC M5TALITY1 & IT IS NECESS>Y TO PO9T \T !IR CONTRADICTIONS4 ,WE DO ! SAME ) B\RGEOIS LIB]ALS EA* TIME !Y CO]CE & FALSIFY ! POPUL> CONSULTATION1 )\T PROPOS+ ?AT EV5 A FREE CONSULTATION W\LD RESOLVE ! PROBLEMS :I* WEI< ON ! PROLET>IAT4 ,IT IS RIE =C$ 9TO ACTION BY ! PRESSURE ( ! ECONOMIC SITUATION1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO TURN ASIDE ! UNION BUREAUCRATS' 9FLU5CE1 :I* IS 9 SUB/ANCE AN EXTRA-PROLET>IAN 9FLU5CE ( CLASSES & ORGANIZATIONS ALI5 TO ! TRADE UNION1 !REBY AUGM5T+ ! 9FLU5CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS4 ,BUT 9 ALL ?IS !RE >E NO 0CON/ITUTIONAL0 PREJUDICES1 & COMMUNI/S1 PROVID$ ?AT !Y >E UND]/OOD BY ! MASSES & CAN DEMON/RATE TO !M ?AT !Y >E ACT+ 9 ! DIRECTION ( !IR MO/ IMM$IATE FELT 9T]E/S1 CAN & MU/ BEHAVE 9 A FLEXIBLE WAY VIS-A-VIS ! CANONS ( =MAL DEMOCRACY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !RE IS NO CONTRADICTION BETWE5 !SE TWO TACTICAL ATTITUDES3 ON ONE H&1 TAK+ ! RESPONSIBILITY ( REPRES5T+ ! M9ORITY 9 ! LEAD]%IP ORGANS ( ! UNIONS 9S(> AS ! /ATUES ALL[2 & ON ! O!R H&1 /AT+ ?AT ?IS /ATUTORY REPRES5TATION %\LD BE SUPPRESS$ ONCE WE HAVE CONQU]$ !SE ORGANIZATIONS 9 ORD] TO SPE$ UP !IR ACTIONS4 ,:AT %\LD GUIDE US 9 ?IS QUE/ION IS A C>EFUL ANALYSIS ( ! DEVELOPM5TAL PROCESS 9 ! UNIONS 9 ! PRES5T PHASE4 ,WE MU/ ACCEL]ATE !IR TRANS=MATION FROM ORGANS ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 9FLU5CE ON ! PROLET>IAT 9TO ORGANS ( REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,! CRIT]IA ( 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION HAVE NO VALUE 9 !MSELVES BUT ONLY 9S(> AS !Y CONTRIBUTE TO ?IS OBJECTIVE4 ,WE N[ ANALYZE ! P>TY ORGANIZATION :I* WE HAVE ALREADY T\*$ ON 9 REG>D TO ! ME*ANISM ( ! WORK]'S /ATE4 ,! P>TY DOES NOT />T FROM AS COMPLETE AN ID5TITY ( ECONOMIC 9T]E/S AS DOES ! UNION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y IT BASES ! UNITY ( ITS ORGANIZATION NOT ON CATEGORY1 LIKE ! UNION1 BUT ON ! MU* BROAD] BASIS ( ! 5TIRE CLASS4 ,?IS IS TRUE NOT ONLY 9 SPACE1 S9CE ! P>TY /RIVES TO BECOME 9T]NATIONAL1 BUT ALSO 9 TIME1 S9CE IT IS ! SPECIFIC ORGAN :OSE CONSCI\SNESS & ACTION REFLECT ! REQUIREM5TS ( VICTORY ?R\<\T ! PROCESS ( ! PROLET>IAT'S REVOLUTION>Y EMANCIPATION4 ,:5 WE /UDY ! PROBLEMS ( P>TY /RUCTURE & 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION1 !SE WELL-KN[N CONSID]ATIONS =CE US TO KEEP 9 M9D ! :OLE PROCESS ( ITS =MATION & LIFE 9 RELATION TO ! COMPLEX TASKS :I* IT CONT9UALLY HAS TO C>RY \T4 ,AT ! 5D ( ?IS ALREADY LONG EXPOSITION1 WE CANNOT 5T] 9TO DETAILS ( ! ME*ANISM :I* %\LD REGULATE CONSULTATION ( ! P>TY'S MASS MEMB]%IP1 !IR RECRUITM5T & ! DESIGNATION ( RESPONSIBLE (FIC]S4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT = ! MOM5T !RE IS NO?+ BETT] TO DO ?AN HOLD TO ! MAJORITY PR9CIPLE4 ,BUT AS WE HAVE EMPHASIZ$1 !RE IS NO REASON TO RAISE USE ( ! DEMOCRATIC ME*ANISM TO A PR9CIPLE4 ,BESIDES ITS CONSULTATIVE FUNCTIONS1 ANALOG\S TO ! LEGISLATIVE TASKS ( ! /ATE APP>ATUS1 ! P>TY HAS EXECUTIVE TASKS :I* AT ! CRUCIAL MOM5T ( ! /RUGGLE1 CORRESPOND TO ?OSE ( AN >MY & :I* DEM& MAXIMUM DISCIPL9E T[>D ! HI]>*Y4 ,9 FACT1 9 ! COMPLEX PROCESS :I* HAS L$ TO ! =MATION ( COMMUNI/ P>TIES1 ! EM]G5CE ( A HI]>*Y IS A REAL & DIALECTICAL PH5OM5ON :I* HAS REMOTE ORIG9S & :I* CORRESPONDS TO ! 5TIRE PA/ EXP]I5CE ( ! FUNCTION+ ( ! P>TY'S ME*ANISM4 ,WE CANNOT /ATE ?AT ! DECISIONS ( ! P>TY MAJORITY >E P] SE AS CORRECT AS ?OSE ( ! 9FALLIBLE SUP]NATURAL JUDGES :O >E SUPPOS$ TO HAVE GIV5 HUMAN SOCIETIES !IR LEAD]S1 LIKE ! GODS BELIEV$ 9 BY ALL ?OSE :O ?9K ?AT ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT P>TICIPATES 9 PAPAL CONCLAVES4 ,EV5 9 AN ORGANIZATION LIKE ! P>TY :]E ! BROAD COMPOSITION IS A RESULT ( SELECTION ?R\< SPONTANE\S VOLUNT>Y MEMB]%IP & CONTROL ( RECRUITM5T1 ! DECISION ( ! MAJORITY IS NOT 9TR9SICALLY ! BE/4 ,IF IT CONTRIBUTES TO A BETT] WORK+ ( ! P>TY'S EXECUTIVE BODIES1 ?IS IS ONLY BECAUSE ( ! CO9CID5CE ( 9DIVIDUAL EF=TS 9 A UNIT>Y & WELL-ORI5T$ WORK4 ,WE WILL NOT PROPOSE AT ?IS TIME REPLAC+ ?IS ME*ANISM BY ANO!R & WE WILL NOT EXAM9E 9 DETAIL :AT SU* A NEW SY/EM MIY TO REJECT IT \T ( UNJU/IFI$ FE>S IF ONE DAY IT CAN BE %[N ?AT O!R ME?ODS ( DECISION1 ( *OICE1 ( RESOLUTION ( PROBLEMS >E MORE CONSI/5T ) ! REAL DEM&S ( ! P>TY'S DEVELOPM5T & ITS ACTIVITY 9 ! FRAMEWORK ( HI/ORY4 ,! DEMOCRATIC CRIT]ION HAS BE5 = US SO F> A MAT]IAL & 9CID5TAL FACTOR 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( \R 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION & ! =MULATION ( \R P>TY /ATUTES2 IT IS NOT AN 9DISP5SABLE PLAT=M = !M4 ,!RE=E WE WILL NOT RAISE ! ORGANIZATIONAL =MULA KN[N AS 0DEMOCRATIC C5TRALISM0 TO ! LEVEL ( A PR9CIPLE4 ,DEMOCRACY CANNOT BE A PR9CIPLE = US4 ,C5TRALISM IS 9DISPUTABLY ONE1 S9CE ! ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( P>TY ORGANIZATION MU/ BE UNITY ( /RUCTURE & ACTION4 ,! T]M C5TRALISM IS SUFFICI5T TO EXPRESS ! CONT9UITY ( P>TY /RUCTURE 9 SPACE2 9 ORD] TO 9TRODUCE ! ESS5TIAL IDEA ( CONT9UITY 9 TIME1 ! HI/ORICAL CONT9UITY ( ! /RUGGLE :I*1 SURM\NT+ SUCCESSIVE OB/ACLES1 ALWAYS ADVANCES T[>DS ! SAME GOAL1 & 9 ORD] TO COMB9E !SE TWO ESS5TIAL IDEAS ( UNITY 9 ! SAME =MULA1 WE W\LD PROPOSE ?AT ! COMMUNI/ P>TY BASE ITS ORGANIZATION ON 0ORGANIC C5TRALISM04 ,:ILE PRES]V+ AS MU* ( ! 9CID5TAL DEMOCRATIC ME*ANISM ?AT CAN BE US$1 WE WILL ELIM9ATE ! USE ( ! T]M 0DEMOCRACY01 :I* IS DE> TO ! WOR/ DEMAGOGUES BUT TA9T$ ) IRONY = ! EXPLOIT$1 OPPRESS$ & *EAT$1 AB&ON+ IT TO ! EXCLUSIVE USAGE ( ! B\RGEOISIE & ! *AMPIONS ( LIB]ALISM 9 !IR DIV]SE GUISES & SOMETIMES EXTREMI/ POSES4 ,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,M>* #c1 #bba 3 ,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,PR9CIPLE -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,! ,DEMOCRATIC ,PR9CIPLE -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/