,! ,ECONOMIC ,QUE/ION 

#ahhd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A 

,TEXT 3 

,! GREATE/ DISCOV]Y ( ?IS C5TURY WAS MADE BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL :5 IT PROCLAIM$ ?AT ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION IS FUNDAM5TAL 9 ,SOCIOLOGY1 & ?AT O!R MATT]S--POLITICAL1 RELIGI\S1 ETC41-->E M]ELY ITS REFLECTIONS1 P]HAPS EV5 ! %AD[S IT CA/S4 

,9DE$1 9 ! PA/1 LACK+ ?IS KEY1 ALL POLITICAL PROBLEMS 79 ! BROADE/ S5SE1 5COMPASS+ EV]Y?+ RELAT$ TO ! EXI/5CE ( SOCIETY7 W]E 9SOLUBLE1 9DE$1 UNFA?OMABLE4 

,9 ,GREECE1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ORD] TO DELIV] ! GREATE/ WELL-BE+ TO ! PEOPLE1 !Y S\<T ! BE/ GOV]NM5T1 OR 0! GOV]NM5T ( ! MO/40 ,BUT 9 ! 5D1 IT TURN$ \T ?AT GOV]NM5T IS ALWAYS GOV]NM5T BY ! FEW & NOT BY ! BE/ EI!R BUT BY SC\NDRELS--:E!R MON>*I/1 >I/OCRATIC1 OR DEMOCRATIC1 IT WAS /ILL DESPOTIC OR1 TO USE A MOD]N T]M1 ! BUS9ESS ( ! HAVES4 

,ROME CAME CLOS] TO ! TRU?1 :5 IT LOOK$ = ! PH5IX ( SOCIAL WELL-BE+ 9 EQUALITY ( CIRCUM/ANCE = ALL CITIZ5S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! AGR>IAN LAWS ?AT W]E PROCLAIM$ TW5TY-SEV5 C5TURIES AGO FROM ATOP ! ,CAMPIDOGLIO1 PLUS ! SOCIAL & SLAVE W>S %[ ?AT !RE WAS SOME VAGUE 9KL+ ( ! TRU?3 ?AT ECONOMIC CIRCUM/ANCES >E ! REAL Y>D/ICK ( ! CIVIL & POLITICAL /ATUS ( A MAN OR A CLASS4 ,BUT HAV+ AN 9KL+ IS ONE ?+ & UND]/&+ & ANN\NC+ IT IS QUITE ANO!R2 ! FIR/ BE+ A GLIMM] & ! O!R A LI<T4 ,! VAGU5ESS ( ! IDEA WAS MIRROR$ 9 ! VAGU5ESS ( ! SET ( DEM&S ?AT W5T BY ! NAME ( 0PRIMITIVE ,*RI/IANITY02 & ! WEAK SUNBEAMS W]E SOON SWALL[$ UP BY ! D>KNESS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 

,!RE1 TOO1 ! /RUGGLES = POLITICAL P[] FL>$ UP3 ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION RESURFAC$ TIMIDLY 9 ! ,COMMUNES1 BUT F$ 9TO PETTY 9T]NEC9E /RIFE & WAS NOT ! BANN] ( WIDESPREAD SOCIAL UPHEAVAL4 ,DEMOCRACIES1 >I/OCRACIES1 TYRANNIES--H]E AGA9 WE HAVE ! T]MS DESIGN$ TO SOLVE ! 5IGMA4 ,& C5TURIES MORE ( EXP]I5CE1 RI<T UP UNTIL \R [N DAY1 UP UNTIL ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION1 UP UNTIL #a#h#f1 UP UNTIL ALMO/ TODAY1 HAVE BORNE \T ! PR9CIPLE ?AT3 ALL E/ABLI%$ GOV]NM5TS1 F\ND$ AS !Y >E UPON 9EQUALITIES ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 >E DESPOTIC & MONOPOLIZE ! NATIONAL WEAL?2 ?AT ! POLITICAL QUE/ION CANNOT BE RESOLV$1 NOR ANY O!R ISSUE ( 9T]E/ TO SOCIETY1 UNLESS !RE IS A RESOLUTION ( ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION4 

,?IS TRU? IS ! BIG ADVANCE ON ! PRES5T C5TURY & ! COMP5DIUM1 ! QU9TESS5CE ( !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL SOCIALISM1 ! KEY TO ! RESOLUTION ( ALL ! PROBLEMS ?AT TAX \R BRA9S & TORM5T \R HE>TS2 IT HAS BUR/ =? FROM ?REE S\RCES SIMULTANE\SLY3 FROM ! WORK]S' PA9FUL EXP]I5CES ( ! FREE/ =MS ( GOV]NM5T2 FROM /UDY ( ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ,CAPITAL & ,LABOR1 :I* IS TO SAY1 ,ECONOMICS2 & F9ALLY FROM ! BR& NEW POSITIVE APPROA* ( ! ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CES4 ,!RE=E IT REPRES5TS ! H+E ( ,SCI5CE & MOD]N HI/ORY2 IT HAD BR\<T A F>-REA*+ REVOLUTION ( IDEAS1 & LAYS ! GR\NDWORK = A NO LESS GR&IOSE ONE 9 ! REALM ( FACTS4 

,LET US GET US$ TO EXPRESS+ ALL SOCIAL PROBLEMS ?AT MAY CROP UP AS ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION & R$UC+ !M TO ?IS =MULA3 

,ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY IS ! S\RCE ( ALL MORAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 POLITICAL1 ETC4 9EQUALITIES4 

,9 O!R WORDS1 LET US TRY TO TALK ) PRECISION1 =1 AS ,CONDORCET SAYS1 ,SCI5CE IS A WELL-MADE LANGUAGE1 & WE %ALL BE ON ! RI<T ROAD4 

,WE (F] A FEW EXAMPLES3 

,! ,EMANCIPATION ( ,WOMAN 

,WOMAN'S EMANCIPATION IS A TOPIC ?AT HAS BE5 DEBAT$ OV] & OV] AGA9 TO ! PO9T ( EXHAU/ION1 S]I\SLY & = A LAU<1 ) V>Y+ DEGREES ( SUCCESS1 ALBEIT ) NO \TCOME1 NOT EV5 A !ORETICAL ONE4 ,SOME >GUE ?AT WOMAN IS BORN 9F]IOR TO MAN1 LIKE ! SLAVE TO ! MA/]2 O!RS WANT TO SEE H] BECOME HIS EQUAL4 ,PHYSIOLOGY1 HI/ORY1 AN?ROPOLOGY1 ETC4 HAVE BE5 9VOK$ BY ONE & ALL1 & NO?+ HAS COME ( IT ALL4 

,IF1 9/EAD1 IT HAD BE5 SAID ?AT1 0,! MATT] IS AN 5TIRELY ECONOMIC ONE4 ,) FEUDALISM GONE1 ) !RE BE+ NO MORE D[RIES & E/ATES2 ) )DRAWAL 9TO A CONV5T NO LONG] AN OPTION2 ) PROP]TY SO JEOP>DIZ$ ?AT 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE EV]YONE HAS TO RELY UPON HIS [N RES\RCES--?AT IS1 UPON HIS LABORS1 IF HE IS A WORK]1 OR HIS 9DU/RY1 IF HE IS A CAPITALI/--BY :AT RI<T IS A WOMAN TO BE TOLD3 Y\ >E B>R$ FROM LABOR & FROM 9DU/RY1 Y\ >E B>R$ FROM LIFE & >E A BURNT (F]+ TO SOME OLD PREJUDICE1 OR RA!R TO SOME LAW GOV]N+ ! ALLOCATION ( FUNCTIONS )9 ! FAMILY ?AT IS BETT] SUIT$ TO O!R TIMES1 O!R 9/ITUTIONS1 O!R CIRCUM/ANCES80 ,IF IT HAD BE5 PUT LIKE ?AT1 & IF ! CONCLUSION DRAWN FROM ?AT WAS ?AT WOMAN TODAY %\LD GO \T TO WORK1 *OOS+1 AS ANY MAN DOES1 :ATEV] WORK %E HAD ! GREATE/ APTITUDE =1 W\LD A G5U9E SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM NOT HAVE BE5 >RIV$ AT8 ,W\LD ?AT SOLUTION NOT HIT ! NAIL ON ! HEAD8 ,DOES ! WOM5'S PROBLEM NOT LEAD BACK TO ! M5'S PROBLEM1 ?AT IS1 TO ! QUE/ION ( LABOR--:I* %\LD BE 9CUMB5T UPON US ALL & %\LD BE %>$ BY EV]YONE--:I* IS TO SAY1 TO ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION8 

,LET US /RESS1 H[EV]1 ?AT TODAY ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION CAN BE RESOLV$ ONLY !ORETICALLY2 WORK BY ALL & = ALL IS /ILL AN ASPIRATION ( ,SCI5CE & ,HUMANITY2 9 PRACTICE WE HAVE COMPETITION1 :I* IS TO SAY1 CIVIL W> BETWE5 WORK]S1 MAN V]SUS WOMAN1 ADULT V]SUS *ILD1 & CAPITALI/ V]SUS ALL4 ,ONE MAN'S MEAT IS ANO!R MAN'S POISON2 Y\R DEA? IS MY LIFE4 ,H5CE1 ! RESI/ANCE TO ! ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION ( WOMANK9D2 H5CE ! CURR5T IMPOSSIBILITY ( ANY SU* EMANCIPATION4 ,! EMANCIPATION ( WOMAN1 AS ( MAN1 CAN ONLY COME AB\T 9 A NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 

,RELIGI\S ,MATT]S 

,WE COME N[ TO AN EQUALLY IMPORTANT MATT]3 ! RELIGI\S QUE/ION4 ,CONTR>Y TO :AT IT MI<T APPE>1 ?IS TOO IS AN ECONOMIC QUE/ION1 & IT IS PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ITS NOT HAV+ BE5 EXAM9$ FROM ?AT ANGLE ?AT ! APO/LES ( ,FREE?\<T HAVE FAIL$ ?US F>4 ,!IR !ORIES HAVE MADE NO 9ROADS AMONG ! MASSES1 & DESPITE ! WRANGLES BETWE5 ,/ATE & ,*UR*--:I* !Y C\LD & %\LD HAVE TURN$ TO !IR ADVANTAGE--& ! MOD]N ,SCI5CES' G5]AL CONS5T 9 FAVOR ( ,FREE?\<T1 !Y HAVE NOT MANAG$ TO SNAT* A S+LE S\L AWAY FROM ! ,SATAN 9 ! ,VATICAN1 NOR WRE/$ AS MU* AS ONE Y>D ( GR\ND FROM ! RULE ( ,POPE & C>D9ALS4 ,! RELIGI\S QUE/ION IS1 AS WE HAVE /AT$1 AN ECONOMIC ONE4 ,9 ACTUAL FACT1 A RELIGION HAS TWO COMPON5T P>TS3 !ORY & ORGANIZATION4 ,! PHILOSOPHICAL & MORAL TRU?S ?AT MAKE UP A RELIGION'S !ORY >E NOT UP = DEBATE2 !Y MAY BE ! TRU? OR !Y MAY WELL BE ]RORS1 BUT S9CE ! TRU?1 LIKE ANY HUMAN MATT]1 IS =EV] BETT]+ ITSELF1 ?AT :I* IS TRUE AT ONE PO9T 9 TIME1 OR ?AT :I* IS SUIT$ TO ! ?9K+ & EXPRESSION ( A GIV5 TIME1 NO LONG] SUITS 9 A DIFF]5T ONE4 ,! ,ROMAN ,*UR* ITSELF HAS HAD TO ADOPT A DIFF]5T LANGUAGE BETWE5 ONE C5TURY & ANO!R &1 LIKE IT OR NOT1 AN 5CYCLICAL TODAY IS WRITT5 DIFF]5TLY FROM A ,BULL FROM ! FIR/ OR SECOND ,*RI/IAN ]AS4 ,SO IT IS NOT ! !ORY ?AT MAKES UP ! ,*UR*1 BUT ! ORGANIZATION4 

,! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,*UR*1 & ( EV]Y *UR* FROM EV]Y AGE1 IS A P]FECT FIT = ?AT ( ,GOV]NM5TS4 ,WE HAVE ! SAME HI]>*Y1 ! SAME TOP-TO-BOTTOM DESC5D+ ORD]--AT ! TOP1 ! P[]1 ! WEAL?1 ! 5ORM\S /IP5DS2 D[N BEL[1 DEBASEM5T1 PASSIVE OB$I5CE1 MEAG] LIVES & MEAG] /IP5DS4 ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,*UR* & ,/ATE LIES SOLELY 9 ! WAY !Y EXTRACT FROM ! PEOPLE :AT IS NE$$ TO FE$ & SU/A9 !IR HI]>*Y4 ,!Y BO? EXTRACT IT FROM ! PEOPLE1 ONE BY MEANS ( LESS] CO]CION ?AN ! O!R2 ONE BY MEANS ( SUP]/ITION1 ! O!R ?R\< ! USE ( =CE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,GOV]NM5T & ,*UR*1 MEAN+ ! RUL+ & DOM9ANT CLASSES1 HAVE ADOPT$ ! FOLL[+ RATIONALE3 ,! PEOPLE1 !Y HAVE SAID TO !MSELVES1 CAN BE DIVE/$ ( !IR POSSESSIONS 9 TWO WAYS2 EI!R ?R\< ?REATS OR ?R\< P]SUASION1 OR RA!R1 ?R\< ! ?REAT ( E>?LY PUNI%M5TS OR ! T]ROR ( O!R-WORLDLY PUNI%M5TS4 ,!SE TWO MEANS CANNOT BE US$ BY ! SAME P[] AT ! SAME TIME4 ,SO ! ,*UR* SAID TO ! ,/ATE3 ,LET US DIVIDE ! TASK2 Y\ CAN 5JOY ! DOM9ION ( =CE1 LEAV+ ! SAF]1 QUIET] DOM9ION ( FRAUD TO ME2 AS = Y\1 ,O PEOPLE1 R5D] UNTO ,CES> ?AT :I* IS ,CES>'S1 & TO ,*RI/ ?AT :I* IS ,*RI/'S1 & NEV] WE>Y ( GIV+4 ,BESIDES1 ! ,*UR* HAS ALWAYS TOLD ! ,/ATE3 ,I %ALL UNFAIL+LY UPHOLD Y\R RI<TS ?R\< MY PREA*+ & MY EXCOMMUNICATIONS1 MY 5CYCLICALS1 9 %ORT1 MY MORAL >S5AL2 &1 IF NE$ BE1 Y\ WILL PUT MY 5EMIES--,ALBIG5SIANS1 ,>NALDS ( ,BRESCIA1 ,GIORDANO ,BRUNOS1 & SU* LIKE--TO ! /AKE4 ,\RS IS A R$\BTABLE P>TN]%IP4 

,!Y HAVE SAID ?IS & !Y HAVE DELIV]$4 ,! ,*UR* HAS USURP$ HALF ( ! WORLD1 ! O!R HALF HAS BE5 SEIZ$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,AN ANECDOTE REC\NT$ BY ,WA%+TON ,IRV+ 9 HIS BIOGRAPHY ( ,GEORGE ,WA%+TON COMES TO M9D3 ,IRV+ SPEAKS ( C]TA9 NATIVE ,AM]ICAN TRIBES TORN BETWE5 ! ,5GLI% 7:O !Y DESCRIB$ AS !IR 0FA!RS07 & ! ,FR5* 7:O NOM9AT$ !MSELVES !IR 0BRO!RS074 ,ONE DAY !SE POOR NATIVES S5T ! MESSAGE TO REPRES5TATIVES ( ! TWO P[]S ?AT W5T SOME?+ LIKE ?IS3 ,IT IS ALL V]Y WELL Y\R BE+ FA!RS & BRO!RS2 BUT ! MOM5T EI!R ( Y\ TRIES TO TAKE HALF ( \R L&1 :AT IS LEFT TO US :O >E DOOM$ TO LIVE SURR\ND$ BY 0FA!RS0 & 0BRO!RS08 ,:I* IS :]E ! ,PEOPLE /& TODAY :]E ,*UR* & ,/ATE >E CONC]N$4 ,( C\RSE1 ONCE ,*UR* & ,/ATE HAD SEIZ$ EV]Y?+1 !Y F9I%$ UP SQUABBL+ BETWE5 !MSELVES AB\T :O %\LD HAVE ! LION'S %>E4 ,! ,*UR* >GU$ ?AT ! ,/ATE WAS 9DEBT$ TO IT = ! OB$I5CE ( ! POPULACE1 & ?IS WAS ! TRU?4 ,! ,/ATE >GU$ ?AT ! ,*UR* WAS OBLIG$ TO IT = ITS TOL]ANCE & = ITS OCCASIONAL >M$ FAVORS1 & ?IS WAS V]Y TRUE4 ,H]E AGA9 ! KNOT L9K+ ,*UR* & ,/ATE C\LD NOT BE UNRAVEL$1 IT 9VOLV$ TI!S1 PATRONAGE1 C>D9ALS' CAPS1 ETC41 UNTIL !Y BO? REALIZ$ ?AT1 JU/ LIKE ! /OMA* & ! LIMBS1 !Y NE$$ EA* O!R1 & SO !Y PAT*$ ?+S UP1 SO AS TO C>RY ON !IR OLD TRICKS AT ! PEOPLE'S EXP5SE4 

,& NOTE TOO ?AT ! SOIL IS NOT ! ONLY ?+ ?AT !Y HAVE PRETTY MU* C>V$ UP BETWE5 !M4 ,! ,*UR* HAS A SY/EM ( LEVIES V]Y MU* LIKE ! ,/ATE'S4 ,FROM BIR? TO DEA?1 IT IS =EV] PE/]+ Y\ = P5NIES2 P5NIES BE+ A FIGURE ( SPEE*1 = 9 FACT ITS LEVIES >E PRETTY SUB/ANTIAL4 ,IT IS H>D TO BELIEVE :AT ! ,*UR* LEVIES VOLUNT>ILY FROM ! FAI?FUL UND] A HUNDR$ DIFF]5T NAMES--,MASS *>GES1 ALMS1 FUN]AL *>GES1 DEA? DUTIES1 P>I% FUNDS1 ,/ ,PET]'S P5CE1 ETC4 ,! ,*UR* IS MADE UP ( ! FAI?FUL1 !IR (F]+S & V[S4 ,ON ! PROCE$S ( ALL !SE VOLUNT>Y LEVIES1 :I* WE PAY TO ! ,CL]GY1 !Y LIVE A LIFE ( IDL5ESS & KEEP !IR444 H\SEKEEP]S4 ,!Y *>GE US MILLIONS EV5 = ! MAK+ ( SA9TS2 & ! LIFE/YLES ( ,MONSIGNORS & ,C>D9ALS >E KN[N TO ALL4 ,! ,*UR* HAS ?IS GO+ = IT3 ?AT IT MANAGES TO MILK ! POORE/ PEOPLE2 9 ITS VIEW1 !RE IS NOT A PAUP]1 BANKRUPT1 OR BEGG> EXEMPT FROM CONTRIBUT+4 ,IT USURPS ! PAUP]'S ALMS2 & M>RIES ! UTMO/ >ROGANCE TO ! BASE/ DEGRADATION2 IT IS A BRAZ5 M5DICANT1 ! MO/ IRKSOME & REPUGNANT SORT ( HUMAN BE+4 

,9 %ORT1 ,*UR* POLICY CAN BE SUMM$ UP BY ! ,>*BI%OP ( ,SEUS'S FAM\S DICTUM3 ,! ,CL]GY'S CONTRIBUTION IS PRAY]1 SO IT MAKES A LIV+ \T ( PRAY+4 ,! ,*UR* IS ! CLASS ( ?OSE :O HAVE DUCK$ \T ( !IR LABOR OBLIGATIONS 9 ORD] TO DEVOTE !MSELVES TO ,GOD2 AS IF ! BELIEV]S' ,GOD1 HAV+ S5T5C$ ALL TO LABOR1 HAS MADE AN EXCEPTION = ?IS ONE CLASS4 

,! RELIGI\S QUE/ION !RE=E ALSO BOILS D[N TO ! ISSUE ( LABOR1 OR ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION4 ,! LABORS ( ! PRIE/ >E ON A P> ) ?OSE ( ! USUR]1 ! /OCK-BROK]1 ! COLLECTOR ( ,/ATE TAXES2 ! PRIE/ BE+ NO?+ BUT A COLLECTOR ( ECCLESIA/ICAL TAXES4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ANY MAN CAN S]VE AS HIS [N PRIE/4 ,! CLASS COMPRIS$ ( ?OSE :O DODGE WORK US+ ! PRETEXT ( PRAY]1 IS ! ONE ?AT NE$S ABOLI%+3 LET ! WORK]S :O LABOR SO MI<TILY GIVE SOME ?\<T TO ?IS3 ?AT1 = WANT ( ! TIME TO PRAY1 !Y >E 9 DANG] ( GO+ TO HELL4 

,$UCATION 

,$UCATION IS TALK$ AB\T4 ,! ,PAL]MO ,CONGRESS DID WELL TO DECL>E3 HE :O DOES NOT HAVE 5\< TO LIVE ON1 IS 9 NO POSITION TO GO TO S*OOL4.<#a.> ,!N AGA91 ! /RUGGLE = SURVIVAL MEANS ?AT EV]Y NEW /UD5T1 EV]Y $UCAT$ WORK]1 H>MS ! RE/4 ,RES]V$ = ! W\LD-BE RUL+ CLASS1 $UCATION HAS TO BE A MONOPOLY2 H[ ELSE1 O!R ?AN A LITTLE DIFF]5CE 9 CLEV]NESS1 )\T POLITICS1 LAWS1 & (FICIAL ,SCI5CE1 ETC41 BE+ %R\D$ 9 SECRECY1 CAN MILLIONS ( WORK]S BE HELD AT BAY8 

,WE %ALL BE 9/RUCT$1 & ?AT 9/RUCTION WILL REFLECT \R CALL+S & WE %ALL HELP ONE ANO!R TO UND]/& & 9VE/IGATE ONCE ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION HAS BE5 ANSW]$4 ,WE >E ALWAYS >\ND4 

,RI<T TO ,COMB9E 

,/RIKES1 OR ! RI<T TO COMB9E4 ,! QUE/ION IS ?IS3 H[ IS IT ?AT WORK]S1 :O >E ! MAJORITY1 CANNOT BR+ ! BOSSES TO OB$I5CE1 US+ !IR [N WEAPONS AGA9/ !M1 & ?US GRAPPL+ ) !M ON ! ECONOMIC T]RA98 ,FROM ,MILL COMES ! ANSW]3 

0,A PROP]TY-[N]1 L&LORD1 MANUFACTUR+ BOSS1 & M]*ANT CAN1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 SURVIVE = A YE> OR TWO ON MONIES HE HAS SAV$ UP1 )\T EMPLOY+ A S+LE WORK]4 ,MO/ ( ! WORK]S C\LD NOT SURVIVE A WEEK1 V]Y FEW ( !M A MON?1 & H>DLY ANY ( !M A YE> )\T WORK4 ,9 ! LONG RUN1 ! EMPLOY] CAN NO MORE DO )\T ! WORK] ?AN ! WORK] )\T ! EMPLOY]1 BUT ! EMPLOY]'S IS NOT SO PRESS+ A NE$40 ,BESIDES1 ! BOSSES USE ! WEAPONS AT !IR DISPOSAL 9 ORD] TO BREAK OR CORRUPT ! WORK+ MAN4 ,WORK]S' UNIONS >E FAC$ BY EMPLOY]S' UNIONS2 & ! VICTORY GOES TO ! DEEPE/ POCKETS4 ,MILL HIMSELF SAYS ?AT 0:5 IT COMES TO SORT+ \T MAJOR ISSUES1 SMALL ASSETS DO NOT DO ! JOB0 & IT REQUIRES L>GE ONES IF ! SOCIO-ECONOMIC QUE/ION IS TO BE RESOLV$4 

,POLITICAL LIB]TY & UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE 

,FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 ( ASSEMBLY1 ( ASSOCIATION1 & ALL ! POLITICAL FRE$OMS 9 ! WORLD--,UNIV]SAL ,SUFFRAGE 9CLUD$--CANNOT DO ! TRICK4 ,! FACTS %[ AS MU*3 BUT :AT IS ! REASON = ?IS8 ,?OSE ) NO UND]/&+ ( SOCIAL ISSUES %RUG !IR %\LD]S & SAY ?AT ! FAULT LIES 9 ?OSE :O DO NOT KN[ H[ TO MAKE USE ( !M4 ,NO1 ! FAULT LIES ) !M AS !Y P]SI/ 9 GAZ+ AT ! MOON 9 ! BOTTOM ( ! WELL4 ,FRE$OM BETWE5 LESS ?AN EQUALS IS ! CONSECRATION ( ! :IM ( ! ONE AT ! TOP4 ,AS LONG AS IT SUITS HIS PURPOSE1 ! LATT] WILL EX]CISE FRE$OM1 ONLY TO R5EGE UPON IT AS SOON AS IT S]VES ! PURPOSES ( HIS ADV]S>IES4 ,UNIV]SAL ,SUFFRAGE IS A SN>E2 IT MAY BE ! ,PEOPLE ?AT DO ! ELECT+1 BUT ! P]SON ELECT$ IS ! BOSS1 ! ,SOV]EIGN4 ,NO MATT] :AT CLASS !Y MAY BE DRAWN FROM1 ! DEPUTIES MAKE UP A DISCRETE CLASS1 :I* IS ! CLASS ( ?OSE :O LIVE (F ! BACKS ( ! ,PEOPLE4 ,!IR 9T]E/S FLY 9 ! FACE ( ?OSE ( ! PEOPLE FROM :OM !Y RECEIVE !IR M&ATES4 ,H5CE ! TALK ( DISLOYALTY1 BETRAYAL1 ETC4 ,EMPTY V]BIAGE3 TO DATE1 EV]Y DEPUTY HAS TURN$ TRAITOR1 & EV]Y ONE ( !M WILL6 ,9EQUALITY ( ECONOMIC CIRCUM/ANCES--?AT IS ! WORM 9 ! BUD ( EV]Y FRE$OM4 

,GOV]NM5T 

,WE COME N[ TO DWELL SOME:AT UPON ,GOV]NM5T4 

,BE IT ABSOLUTE1 CON/ITUTIONAL1 OR REPUBLICAN1 IT IS ALWAYS AN ,EA/ ,9DIA ,COMPANY2 ONE CLASS COMM&S1 ! O!R OBEYS2 ONE 5JOYS A LIFE ( LEISURE ON ! EX]TIONS ( O!R PEOPLE1 & ! O!R IS :IPP$ FROM PILL> TO PO/1 )\T SO MU* AS A CRU/ ( BREAD TO CALL !IR [N4 ,H]E TOO1 BEH9D ! SEMBLANCE ( A POLITICAL QUE/ION1 UND] ! VEIL ( UNUSUAL V]SES1 !RE IS NO?+1 & NO?+ LURKS BUT ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION ( WORK+ V]SUS NOT WORK+1 EAT+ V]SUS />V+ TO DEA?4 

,GOV]NM5T CONSI/S 9 LEVY+ TAXES FROM ! PEOPLE & %>+ ! PROCE$S >\ND ! MEMB]S ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 

,WE KN[ ?AT EV]Y TAX HITS ! POOR MAN2 ! L& TAX IS PAID BY ! T5ANT1 ! F>M]1 ! CONSUM]2 9DIRECT TAXES >E PAID BY ! CONSUM]4 ,& ! POOR] ONE IS1 ! MORE ONE PAYS2 ?US ! POOR MAN USES MORE SALT & PAYS ! SAME LEVY ON POOR QUALITY W9E AS ! RI* MAN PAYS ON BETT] QUALITY W9ES1 ETC4 ,9 %ORT--ALL ! ECONOMI/S CONC$E AS MU*--! POOR] ONE GETS1 ! HEAVI] ! TAX TAKE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 BE+ DEPUTIES1 CIVIL S]VANTS1 ETC41 ! RUL+ CLASS 5JOYS C]TA9 PRIVILEGES SU* AS1 SAY1 R$UC$ RAIL F>ES1 FREE USE ( ! TRAMS1 ETC42 :]EAS ! POOR MAN PAYS MORE ?AN ANYONE ELSE4 

,N[1 IF ONE ADDS UP ! LEVIES ?AT ! ,/ATE DEM&S YE> AFT] YE>1 ! ,PUBLIC ,PURSE1 ! ASSETS /RIPP$ FROM PRIVATE [N]S1 ! PI\S WORKS IT ADM9I/]S1 ITS ,PRIVATE ACC\NT1 & ! ,BANKS IT OP]ATES OR RUNS1 ! SUMS W\LD NUMB] 9 ! BILLIONS4 ,& !N WE >E SURPRIS$ BY PEOPLE />V+ TO DEA?6 

,?IS IS :AT IT DEM&S2 LET US HAVE A LOOK AT H[ IT %>ES IT6 ,LET US TAKE A LOOK >\ND US3 :O LIVES LIKE ,CROESUS OR LIKE ,S>DANAPALUS8 ,A FEW BANK]S1 DEPUTIES1 A FEW (FICIALS4 ,O!RWISE WE CAN ONLY LAM5T ! G5]AL PAUP]ISM4 

,A ,M9I/] IS 9 FACT A DEPUTY ON A GLORI\S /IP5D1 :O CAN CALL UPON A FEW MILLION 9 UN=ESE5 & EXTRA-ORD9>Y EXP5SES1 :O CAN GIVE \T OR TAKE AWAY JOBS1 :O CAN NEGOTIATE ) ! ,/OCK ,EX*ANGE & W91 :O CREAMS (F A P]C5TAGE FROM EV]Y BIG ,/ATE CONTRACT1 & F9ALLY1 UPON /EPP+ D[N FROM HIS PO/1 BECOMES A WEAL?Y PROP]TY-[N]4 

,! DEPUTY 9 ! ,*AMB] IS A POT5TIAL ,M9I/]1 A KEY FIGURE 9 ! CONCLUSION ( BIG DEALS4 ,TAKE ! RAILWAY CONTRACTS1 SAY3 ! ,COMPANY WILL MAKE BILLIONS AT ! NATION'S EXP5SE1 BUT EV]Y DEPUTY HAS HIS [N %>E PORTFOLIO2 SO1 BY VOT+ = ! ,CONTRACTS1 HE L9ES HIS POCKETS1 MEAN+ ?AT HE TURNS ?AT ,NATION TO HIS P]SONAL PR(IT4 ,SO1 NO MATT] H[ SC&AL\S !Y MAY BE1 ! ,CONTRACTS WILL BE PASS$2 JU/ ! WAY ! ,TOBACCO ,REGULATIONS1 ! LAWS ON ! ,NATIONAL ,BANK PASS$ & SO ON & SO ON6 ,EV]Y ONE ( !SE LAWS1 WE NOTE1 SAW BILLIONS SIPHON$ (F4 

,& ! DEPUTY HAS A FOO?OLD 9 ! ,CIVIL ,S]VICE1 CAN EXP$ITE MATT]S & ADVANCE HIS [N PR(ESSION AT ! EXP5SE ( O!RS 7ONE NE$ ONLY ?9K ( ! DEPUTIES :O >E LAWY]S71 &1 AS 9 ! CASE ( PROV9CIAL & T[N C\NCILORS1 CAN COME UP ) A WAY ( MAK+ A LIV+ DESPITE NOT LIFT+ A F+]4 ,PUZZL+6 ,YET ?IS IS ! FACT ( ! MATT]4 

,!N AGA91 9 HIS CON/ITU5CY1 ! DEPUTY IS A K+ 9 OCTODECIMO2 HE CAN APPO9T & DISMISS PREFECTS1 ALLOCATE PO/S1 FIX ! CITY BUDGET1 BUY UP PUBLIC & PRIVATE ASSETS1 BUILD HIMSELF A CA/LE4 ,ALL HAIL ! NEW FEUDAL LORD6 

,WE HAVE PRETTY MU* /AT$ :AT CIVIL S]VANTS >E3 ! CLI5TELE ( M9I/]S & DEPUTIES & ( ! ,/ATE G5]ALLY4 ,!Y >E MANY & !Y NOISILY *ANT HOMILIES & HYMNS TO ! ,K+ & ,HOMEL&4 ,!Y >E ! ,/ATE'S POLITICAL ELECTORAL >MY4 

,! >MY & ! POLICE & ! B5* >E ! H& ( ,GOV]NM5T & ( ! RUL+ CLASS1 READY TO LA% \T & COMM& OB$I5CE FROM ANY :O MI<T REBEL4 

,! FACT ?AT1 9 ORD] TO CL+ ON1 ! ,GOV]NM5T NE$S SO MU* SUPPORT & ALL ?IS EXP5SE IS REALLY V]Y TELL+4 ,BUT ?AT IS ! WAY ?+S >E3 ,GOV]NM5TS CO/ A PACKET & = EV]Y ONE POCKET$ BY ! ,M9I/]1 OR ,BANK] OR ,DEPUTY1 ! POOR TAX-PAY] C\<S UP A ?\S& BECAUSE HE HAS TO PAY ! TAX-COLLECTOR1 ! CIVIL S]VANT1 ! COPP] & ! EXECUTION]1 & ALL ! RE/ AS WELL4 

,LE/ WE GO ON TOO LONG1 LET US CONCLUDE ) ?IS QUOTATION FROM ,PR\DHON3 0,ANALYSIS & ! FACTS10 HE SAID1 0DEMON/RATE3 ?AT ! TAX ( ASSESSM5T1 ! TAX UPON MONOPOLY1 9/EAD ( BE+ PAID BY ?OSE :O POSSESS1 IS PAID ALMO/ 5TIRELY BY ?OSE :O DO NOT POSSESS2 ?AT ! TAX ( QUOTITE1 SEP>AT+ ! PRODUC] FROM ! CONSUM]1 FALLS SOLELY UPON ! LATT] 444 F9ALLY1 ?AT ! >MY1 ! C\RTS1 ! POLICE1 ! S*OOLS1 ! HOSPITALS1 ! ALM%\SES1 ! H\SES ( REFUGE & CORRECTION1 PUBLIC FUNCTIONS1 RELIGION ITSELF1 ALL ?AT SOCIETY CREATES = ! PROTECTION1 EMANCIPATION1 & RELIEF ( ! PROLETAIRE1 PAID = 9 ! FIR/ PLACE & SU/A9$ BY ! PROLETAIRE1 IS !N TURN$ AGA9/ ! PROLETAIRE OR WA/$ AS F> AS HE IS CONC]N$2 SO ?AT ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* AT FIR/ LABOR$ ONLY = ! CLASS ?AT DEV\RS IT--?AT ( ! CAPITALI/--MU/ LABOR ALSO = ! CLASS ?AT FLOGS IT--?AT ( ! NONPRODUC]S40.<#b.> 

,?IS IS :]E \R ANALYSIS ( ! FUNCTIONS ( ,GOV]NM5T1 :I* IS TO SAY ! POLITICAL SY/EM ?R\< ! PRISM ( ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION1 TAKES US4 

,GOV]NM5T BY ALL1 AN ADM9I/RATION-GOV]NM5T1 A GOV]NM5T FREE ( EXTORTION1 AMBU%ES1 9JU/ICES1 PRIVILEGES1 ) SOME MADE WEAL?Y & O!RS IMPOV]I%$1 A NON-GOV]N+ GOV]NM5T1 OR ! M]E DI/RIBUTION & P]=MANCE ( WORK & DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS1 SU* AN UN-GOV]NM5T IS ONLY FEASIBLE ONCE ! ECONOMIC PROBLEM HAS BE5 RESOLV$ ?R\< COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! L& & WORK]S JO9+ =CES4 ,! POLITICAL PROBLEM TOO CAN BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! ECONOMIC ONE4 

,PUNI%M5T & ,W> 

,N[ WE CAN SPEAK ( PUNI%M5T--ANO!R PROBLEM ?AT DEFIES RESOLUTION )\T A TURN ( ! KEY1 ECONOMIC REASON+4 

,CRIME IS EI!R REBELLI\SNESS ON ! P>T ( ! OPPRESS$ AGA9/ ! OPPRESSOR1 OR ! *ILD ( POV]TY1 OR IS SIR$ BY POV]TY BY WAY ( IGNORANCE4 ,[5 HAS EXPLA9$ ?IS V]Y WELL3 ! SOLUTION TO ! ECONOMIC PROBLEM IS ALSO ! SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM ( CRIME4 

,! ISSUE ( W> CAN ALSO BE BROK5 D[N LIKE ?IS3 EQUALITY ( CIRCUM/ANCES BETWE5 ! CLASSES LEADS TO EQUALITY ( CIRCUM/ANCES BETWE5 PEOPLES1 & ?AT EQUALITY ( PEOPLES LEADS TO AN 5D TO W>S4 ,TODAY !SE >E WAG$1 AS ,LEOP>DI HAD IT1 9 PURSUIT ( SUG> OR C9NAMON2 = A TRAD+ PREEM95CE1 = 9DU/RIAL EXPLOITATION2 AS WITNESS ,TUNISIA1 ,EGYPT1 & ,MOROCCO4 

,! ,REPUBLICANS1 ,CO/A1 & ,US 

,WE C\LD KEEP ?IS UP = SOME TIME4 ,ALL PROBLEMS CONFRONT+ ,SCI5CE & MOD]N ,LIFE >E CONNECT$ 9 ! SAME FA%ION3 ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION4 ,A REAL ,GORDIAN KNOT ?AT WE NE$ TO CUT ?R\< ) ! SWORD (444.<#c.> 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! WORD IS ?AT ! POLITICAL QUE/ION & ! ECONOMIC QUE/ION M>* H& 9 H&1 & ?AT !RE >E GOV]NM5TS ?AT CAN ALSO 0FO/] ! SPREAD ( SOCIALI/ IDEAS40 

,SO SAY ! REPUBLICANS2 SO WRITES ,CO/A 9 ,L',AVANTI6 

,! REPUBLICANS NE$ TO ADMIT ?AT !Y HAVE NO UND]/&+ :ATEV] ( CURR5T SOCIAL PROBLEMS & ?AT !Y /ILL CL+ TO ! OLD LITANY ( ,GOD1 ,HOMEL&1 ,LIB]TY1 & ,FAMILY4 ,BUT ,CO/A PURPORTS TO BE /ILL A SOCIALI/ YET R5EGES UPON ,SOCIALISM'S GREATE/ CONQUE/1 ITS MO/ PRECI\S DISCOV]Y1 ITS FIR/ & LA/ WORD866 

,>TFULLY DONE ?\< IT MAY BE1 ! TRAVE/Y+ ( ! SOCIALI/ PROGRAM IS NO LESS COMPLETE 9 ,CO/A'S PROGRAM4 ,WE NE$ TO LOOK TO \R REAL PR9CIPLES & ! SACR$ S\RCE ( SOCIALISM2 ?AT IS :]E WE NE$ TO RETURN & BE BAPTIZ$ AGA9 IF WE >E S]I\S AB\T RECOV]+ FROM ! LEPROSY ( POLITICISM ?AT DAMP5S \R >DOR & SAPS \R /R5G?4 

.<#a.> ,A ,UNIV]SAL ,WORK]S' ,CONGRESS HAD TAK5 PLACE 9 ,PAL]MO 9 #a#h#h#b1 ON ! OCCASION ( ! SIX? C5T5NIAL ( ! ,SICILIAN ,VESP]S MOVEM5T4 

.<#b.> ,! PASSAGE IS TAK5 FROM ,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMICAL ,CONTRADICTIONS3 OR ! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,MIS]Y1 *APT] #g1 SECTION #a4 ,WE HAVE US$ ,B5JAM9 ,TUCK]'S TRANSLATION ( #a#h#h#h4 

.<#c.> ,! S5T5CE IS PROBABLY LEFT 9COMPLETE TO AVOID C5SOR%IP OR LEGAL PROCE$+S4 

7,S\RCE3 ,TEXT FROM ! ,ME?OD ( ,FRE$OM3 ,AN ,]RICO ,MALATE/A ,READ]1 $IT$ BY ,DAVIDE ,TURCATO1 TRANSLAT$ BY ,PAUL ,%>KEY FROM 0,QUE/IONE ECONOMICA10 ,LA ,QUE/IONE ,SOCIALE1 ,FLOR5CE1 ,VOL4 #a1 ,NO4 #a#c1 #bi ,JUNE #a#h#h#d47 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JUNE #b#i1 #ahhd 3 ,! ,ECONOMIC ,QUE/ION -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,M>* #b1 #bba 3 ,! ,ECONOMIC ,QUE/ION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #i1 #bbb 3 ,! ,ECONOMIC ,QUE/ION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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