,! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,FLOOD 

,TEXT 3 

,LOOK+ BACK IT IS SOMETIMES H>D TO REALIZE ! PANIC ! ,EUROPEAN RUL+ CLASS WAS 9 AT ! 5D ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,FROM #aiah TO #aibd ,WORK]S C\NCILS HAD APPE>$ 9 ,G]MANY1 ,RUSSIA & ,HUNG>Y1 FACTORY COMMITTEES 9 ,ITALY1 & >M$ 9DU/RIAL W> WAS BE+ WAG$ 9 ,B>CELONA4 ,EV5 9 ,IREL& ! ,W> ( ,9DEP5D5CE 9CLUD$ A MASSIVE RADICAL MASS ELEM5T ) ! ,LIM]ICK SOVIET1 WORKPLACE OCCUPATIONS A G5]AL /RIKE & T5S ( ?\S&S TAK+ P>T 9 ,MAY ,DAY DEMON/RATIONS EV5 9 SMALL RURAL T[NS4 ,) ?IS 9 M9D IT IS UNSURPRIS+ ?AT ! ,BRITI% ,PRIME ,M9I/] ,LLOYD ,GEORGE C\LD WRITE TO ! ,FR5* ,PREMI] ,CLEM5CEAU SAY+ 0,! :OLE EXI/+ ORD] IS QUE/ION$ BY ! MASSES FROM ONE 5D ( ,EUROPE TO ! O!R0 

,= MANY1 P>TICUL>LY ON ! PRE-,W> ,M>XI/ LEFT IT WAS WIDELY EXPECT$ ?AT ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS W\LD 9ITIATE ! WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,AN>*I/S AS IT HAPP5$ W]E CORRECT 9 G5]ALLY LOOK+ TO ,RUSSIA BUT IT WAS EASY TO SEE :Y MANY P9 PO9T$ ,G]MANY TO PLAY ?IS ROLE4 ,G]MANY DID 9DE$ SEE A REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVAL 9 !SE YE>S BUT AS WE %ALL SEE :AT MANY HAD SE5 AS ITS /R5G?1 ITS DISCIPL9$ WORK+ CLASS LOYAL TO ! ,S,P,D TURN$ \T TO BE ITS MAJOR WEAKNESS4 

,! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY 7,S,P,D7 WAS ! L>GE/ & MO/ 9FLU5TIAL LEFT ORGANIZATION 9 ! WORLD BE=E ,W,W#a4 ,9 #aiad IT HAD ONE MILLION MEMB]S & #i DAILY PAP]S4 ,IT HAD HUNDR$S ( FULL TIME (FICIALS & A HUGE RANGE ( SOCIAL & SPORTS CLUBS4 ,IT WAS SAID ?AT IT WAS POSSIBLE TO LIVE 5TIRELY )9 ! P>TY4 ,! ,]FUT PROGRAM ( #ahia ON :I* IT WAS BAS$ DECL>$ IT TO BE REVOLUTION>Y ) NO ILLUSIONS 9 P>LIAM5T4 ,& AS ! ,PRUSSIAN ,/ATE HAD NEV] ALL[$ IT 9TO P[] IT HAD YET TO BETRAY ?IS TRU/4 ,9DE$ ITS MEMB]S W]E SUBJECT TO SIGNIFICANT REPRESSION1 FROM #ahi -- #aiab ,S,P,D MEMB]S W]E S5T5C$ TO A TOTAL ( #a1#b#d#d YE>S 9 PRISON4 

,H[EV] ! P>TY DID LITTLE AP>T FROM 5GAGE 9 PROPAG&A & $UCATION ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,DESPITE ITS REVOLUTION>Y LANGUAGE IT WAS L>GELY BAS$ >\ND W9N+ ELECTIONS & 9DE$ HAD L$ ! PU% 9 ! #a#h#i'S TO GET ! AN>*I/S PHYSICALLY ?R[N \T ( ! SECOND 9T]NATIONAL ON JU/ ?IS ISSUE4 ,!RE WAS A L[ LEVEL ( 9DU/RIAL /RUGGLE 9 ,G]MANY BUT 9 ANY CASE ! P>TY DIDN'T 9T]V5E 9 SU* /RUGGLES4 ,SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS WAS NEV] EV5 AN ISSUE ON ! AG5DA ( ! ,S,P,D OR ANY ( ! LOOSE OPPOSITIONS )9 IT4 ,IT WAS FIRMLY LEAD]%IP BAS$1 SEE+ ! 9TRODUCTION ( SOCIALISM AS BE+ ! ,S,P,D COM+ TO P[] & LEGISLAT+ ON BEHALF ( ! WORK]S4 

,9 ! P]IOD BE=E ,WORLD ,W> ,ONE IT VIGOR\SLY OPPOS$ AT LEA/ 9 PR9T & AT RALLIES ! MOVE T[>DS W>4 ,T5S ( ?\S&S ( ,G]MAN WORK]S AT MASS ,S,P,D MEET+S VOT$ NEV] TO FI<T !IR FELL[ WORK]S ( ,FRANCE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM4 ,& 9ITIALLY ! ,S,P,D GREET$ IMM$IATE PREP>ATION = W> ) ANTI-W> DEMOS1 !RE W]E#b#g 9 ,B]L9 ALONE4 ,BUT BY #d? ,AUGU/ 9 AN ATMOSPH]E ( NATIONAL HY/]IA ALL ! ,S,P,D DEPUTIES VOT$ TO SUPPORT IT4 ,IT WAS NOT TILL ,NOVEMB]_/,DECEMB] ?AT ,S,P,D DEPUTY ,K>L ,LIEBKNECT VOT$ AGA9/ W> CR$ITS1 & %ORTLY AFT]W>DS HE WAS JO9$ BY ! ,S,P,D DEPUTY 7& LAT] AN>*I/7 ,OTTO ,RUHLE4 

,! TRADE UNION BUREAUCRACY WAS IF ANY?+ WORSE4 ,! UNIONS DECL>$ A 'SOCIAL TRUCE' = ! P]IOD ( ! W> & SOME ELEM5TS EV5 SPECULAT$ AB\T ! ADVANTAGES = ,G]MAN WORK]S 9 ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM W9N+ ADDITIONAL M>KETS = !IR GOODS4 ,?IS CAPITULATION )\T SIGNIFICANT OPPOSITION IS P>T ( ! REASON :Y MANY ( ! LEFT CAME TO REJECT WORK 9 ! UNIONS COMPLETELY4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO /ATE ?AT 9 ?IS ! ,S,P,D DEPUTIES & UNION BUREAUCRATS W]E PROBABLY BE+ SWEPT ALONG ON A G5U9ELY POPUL> WAVE ( ,G]MAN NATIONALISM & J+OISM ?AT SWEPT ! ,G]MAN WORK+ CLASS 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT IT SWEPT O!R ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES4 ,9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! W> TO TAKE A PUBLIC /& AGA9/ IT WAS NOT ONLY TO GU>ANTEE POPUL>ITY BUT RISK ATTACKS BY NATIONALI/IC MOBS4 ,H[EV] AS ELSE:]E 9 ,EUROPE AS ! ',VICTORY BY ,*RI/MAS' FAIL$ TO MAT]IALIZE MASS 5?USIASM = ! W> WAS RAPIDLY DIM9I%$ ESPECIALLY AS ITS CO/ BEGAN TO BITE NOT ONLY 9 T]MS ( LIVES LO/ BUT 9 REAL SUFF]+ 9 ! CITIES4 ,BY LATE #aiaf ! MEAT RATION WAS #a_/#c ( ! PRE W> LEVEL1 & ! WEEKLY DIET WAS ONLY #ac CALORIES WELL BEL[ ?AT REQUIR$ = EV5 EASY WORK4 ,BY E>LY #aiag FOOD DI/RIBUTION WAS 9 DANG] ( BREAK+ D[N COMPLETELY 9 ! CITIES LEAD+ TO ! P]IOD KN[N AS ! ,TURNIP W9T]4 

,! LEFT 9SIDE ! ,S,P,D ?AT OPPOS$ ! W> CONSI/$ ( LITTLE MORE !N H&FULS ( 9DIVIDUALS ) NO PUBLIC VOICE4 ,BECAUSE ! PRE-,W> LEFT HAD BE5 OBSESS$ ) ! ,P>TY TAK+ P[] !Y REMA9$ LOYAL '9T]NAL OPPOSITIONS' CONV9C$ ?AT !RE WAS NO POLITICAL LIFE \TSIDE ! MASS P>TY4 ,?IS LEFT !M )\T ! EXP]I5CE OR /RUCTURES NE$$ :5 !Y NE$$ TO BREAK ) ! ,S,P,D & ITS PRE-W> L9E4 ,LOCALLY GR\PS ( MILITANTS DID COME TOGE!R LEAD+ TO SEV]AL ANTI-W> LEFT GR\PS MO/LY CONF9$ TO SPECIFIC GEOGRAPHICAL >EAS & >\ND P>TICUL> PRE-W> PUBLICATIONS 

,! W> ALSO RAPIDLY UND]M9$ ! ORGANIZATIONS ( ! LEFT1 EV5 ( ! ,S,P,D ?AT SUPPORT$ IT4 ,MILIT>Y LAW 9TRODUC$ = WORK]S 9 #aiaf & SOME #f#f.0 ( ,S,P,D MEMB]S 5D$ UP AT ! FRONT4 ,UNION MEMB]%IP HALV$ 9 ! E>LY W> YE>S4 ,= ! ANTI-W> ACTIVI/S ?+S W]E F> WORSE AS ! /ATE CONSCRIPT$ !IR ACTIVI/S 9TO ! >MY & COMMONLY ASSIGN$ !M TO PUNI%M5T BATTALIONS OR ! MO/ DANG]\S SECTIONS ( ! FRONT4 

,9ITIAL NATIONALI/ 5?USIASM = ! W> BEGAN TO FADE QUITE RAPIDLY1 9 P>TICUL> :5 ! HOPE ( A QUICK VICTORY VANI%$ & ! ECONOMIC CO/S BEGAN TO BE FELT4 ,! W9T] ( #a#i#a#e_/#a#f SAW ! FIR/ BREAD DEMON/RATIONS & BY ,DECEMB] #aiae #ai ( ! ,S,P,D DEPUTIES W]E VOT+ AGA9/ W> CR$ITS4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( #aiaf #e#e1 ,B]L9 WORK]S /RUCK :5 ,K>L ,LIEBK5*T WAS PUT ON TRIAL = HIS ANTI-W> ACTIVITY4 

,BECAUSE ( ! SIZE ( ! PRE-W> LEFT SOME SOCIALI/S :O W]E CONSCRIPT$ />T$ TO DEVELOP UND]GR\ND RANK & FILE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!SE W]E P>TICUL>LY /RONG 9 ! FLEET1 :I* WAS CONF9$ TO PORT & :]E ! SAILORS FAC$ PRETTY MIS]ABLE CONDITIONS :ILE ! (FIC]S LIV$ 9 LUXURY4 ,9 ,JUNE & ,JULY ( #aiag ! SAILORS />T$ TO DEM& RECOGNITION = !IR COMMITTEES1 ?IS MOVEM5T WAS PUT D[N1 TWO SAILORS W]E EXECUT$ & TOTAL S5T5CES ( #cf YE>S H>D LABOR GIV5 \T TO ! R+LEAD]S4 

#aiag ALSO SAW ! =MATION ( ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 :O HAD BE5 EXPELL$ FROM ! ,S,D,P = !IR ANTI-W> /ANCE4 ,!SE W]E TO BE ! L>GE/ ( ! LEFT GR\PS \TSIDE ! ,S,D,P BUT W]E NEV] V]Y REVOLUTION>Y4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY ,AUGU/ #aiag SAW #b1 ,METAL WORK]S /RIKE AGA9/ CUT 9 BREAD RATION1 L>GE-SCALE /RIKES W]E TO BECOME COMMON OV] ! NEXT YE>S & 9 P>TICUL> UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION !Y BECAME 9CREAS+LY RADICALIZ$4 

,9 ,JANU>Y #aiah #b#e1 WORK]S W5T ON /RIKE 9 ,VI5NA & ELECT$ WORK]S C\NCILS TO REPRES5T !M4 ,!RE W]E ALSO MASS /RIKES 9 ,BUDAPE/ AT ?IS TIME AS ACTIVE OPPOSITION TO ! W> SPREAD ACROSS ,EUROPE4 

,?IS 5C\RAG$ ! ,SP>TAKUS ,LEAGUE 7A ,B]L9 SPILL$ FROM ! ,S,D,P7 TO CALL = A /RIKE 9 ,B]L94 ,?IS MET ) SOME SUCCESS 5C\RAG+ #e1 TO /RIKE4 ,! /RIKES SPREAD \TSIDE ,B]L9 & W]E TO SEE A MEET+ ( OV] #d FACTOR DELEGATES 9 ,B]L9 BUT ! ,S,D,P WAS ABLE TO USE ITS 9FLU5CE AMONG ! WORK]S TO DEFUZE ! /RIKE4 ,AFT]W>DS ! /RIKES #a ,B]L9 WORK] 9 #a WAS S5T TO ! FRONT4 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG W\LD BECOME ! BE/ KN[N ( ! ,SP>TAKUS ,LEAGUE LEAD]S4 

,! ,G]MAN ,HI< ,COMM& /RATEGY 9 #aiah ) ,RUSSIA \T ( ! W> WAS TO BR+ ! W> TO A SWIFT CONCLUSION BY A MASS (F5SIVE1 :I* W\LD1 SMA% ?R\< ! ALLI$ L9ES4 ,?IS FAIL$ ) CONSID]ABLE LOSSES TO ! ,G]MAN >MY4 ,AFT] ! COLLAPSE ( ?IS ,SUMM] (F5SIVE ! MILIT>Y COMM& LOOK$ = AN 5D TO ! W> & S\<T TO BR+ ! ,S,P,D 9TO GOV]NM5T TO 5SURE /ABILITY 9 ! PO/ W> P]IOD4 

,H[EV] ! ,ALLI$ T]MS W]E CONSID]$ TOO H>% SO 9 A DESP]ATE LA/ BID ! ,HI< ,COMM& ORD]$ ! MO/LY UNDAMAG$ FLEET TO SEA4 ,BUT ! SAILOR'S UND]GR\ND ORGANIZATIONS W]E PREP>$ = ?IS4 ,!Y RESPOND$ BY ELECT+ C\NCILS1 TAK+ OV] !IR %IPS & ! SURR\ND+ PORTS & B>RACKS4 

,?IS WAS ! ,NOVEMB] REVOLUTION1 :I* SPREAD RAPIDLY ALL OV] ! C\NTRY4 ,BY ! #h? IT HAD REA*$ ,B]L94 ,MASS DEMON/RATIONS TOOK PLACE ) ! LEFT SEE+ AN OPPORTUNITY = REVOLUTION4 ,! ,S,D,P H[EV] SUCCE$$ 9 HEAD+ (F ?IS MOVEM5T1 AL?\< 9 ! PROCESS IT WAS =C$ TO PROCLAIM ! REPUBLIC 9 ORD] TO =E/ALL ! PROCLAMATION ( A WORK]S REPUBLIC4 

,?IS P]IOD %[$ ! PROBLEM ?AT WAS TO CONT9UE TO DOG & EV5TUALLY DEFEAT ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION4 ,! WORK]S LOOK$ TO '! LEFT' P>TIES & 9 P>TICUL> ! ,S,P,D = LEAD]%IP RA!R !N LOOK+ TO !IR P[] & C>RY+ \T ! TRANSF] ( P[] DIRECTLY 9TO !IR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! POPUL> CONCEPT ( SOCIALISM = ALMO/ ALL WAS LIMIT$ TO GETT+ '!IR' P>TY 9TO P[]4 ,H5CE IT WAS EASY = ,S,P,D TO TAKE *>GE ( REVOLT 9 REGION AFT] REGION4 ,! ,SP>TIKI/S & O!RS DID NOT PUT =W>D A RADICALLY DIFF]5T /RATEGY2 !Y JU/ S\<T TO HAVE !MSELVES RA!R !N ! ,S,D,P APPO9T$ AS ! WORK]S REPRES5TATIVES4 

,! #a ,NOVEMB] SAW ! =MATION ( 'REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T' BUT ALSO A MEET+ ( DELEGATES ( WORK]S & SOLDI]S C\NCILS4 ,! ,S,D,P CONTROLL$ ?IS BY SETT+ UP C\NCILS ITSELF4 ,IT 5D$ UP ?AT !RE W]E MORE DELEGATES :O W]E P>TY (FICIALS !N !RE W]E DELEGATES :O W]E WORK]S6 #ah ( ! #bd DELEGATES ON ! ,B]L9 EXECUTIVE ( ! ,C\NCILS W]E ,S,D,P4 ,BY MID ,DECEMB] ?IS L$ TO P[] BE+ H&$ BACK TO ! ,REI*/AG4 

,! SITUATION 9 #aiah WAS ?AT ! ,S,D,P LEAD]S CONTROLL$ BO? ! GOV]NM5T & ! CONGRESS ( C\NCILS4 ,! LEFT HAD SIGNIFICANT NUMB]S ( MEMB]S1 WELL 9TO ! HUNDR$ ?\S&S BUT NOT ! SUPPORT ( MASSES :O REMA9$ LOYAL TO ! ,S,D,P4 ,9 ADDITION ! C\NCILS W]E ONLY WEAKLY COORD9AT$ & :ILE SOME W]E G5U9E MANY W]E CREATIONS ( ! V>I\S P>TIES4 ,SOME C\NCILS 9 ! >MY W]E EV5 CONTROLL$ BY ! (FIC] CORE :I* HAD DECID$ TO WAS BETT] TO TRY & 9CORPORATE >MY C\NCILS BY LEAD+ !M RA!R !N TRY+ TO OP5LY OPPOSE !M4 ,:AT WAS LACK+ WAS A /RONG NETWORK ( 9DEP5D5T C\NCILS ?AT C\LD HAVE PUT =W>D AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! V>I\S S*EMES = P>TY RULE4 

,9 ?IS SORT ( SITUATION ! CONTROL ( ! MILIT>Y WAS VITAL TO ALL SIDES4 ,! LEFT SET UP ! ,LEAGUE ( ,R$ ,SOLDI]S TO W9 ! >MY RANK & FILE OV] TO ! SIDE ( REVOLUTION4 ,! ,S,D,P LEAD]S S\<T TO CON/RUCT =CES LOYAL TO ITS GOV]NM5T LIKE ! ,REPUBLICAN SOLDI]'S CORP4 ,!Y W]E AID$ 9 ?IS BY =EIGN CAPITAL1 :I* SAW !M AS ! BE/ HOPE ( /AV+ (F REVOLUTION4 ,H[EV] :ILE !SE W]E BAS$ ON CONS]VATIVE ,S,D,P MEMB]S :O W\LD SUPPRESS ! LEFT !Y PROV$ TO BE OPPOS$ TO OP5 C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 

,! ,S,D,P NE$ A =CE :I* C\LD BE US$ TO ROLL BACK ! REVOLUTION SO 9 ADDITION !Y SET UP ! ,NOSKE GU>D1 7NAM$ AFT] ! ,S,D,P LEAD]74 ,IT WAS COMPOS$ ( ! OLD (FIC] CORP & ! UNITS ( ,/ORM ,TROOP]S 7ELITE ASSAULT TROOPS7 FROM ! W>4 ,H[EV] IT WAS TO BE REMEMB]$ 9 HI/ORY AS ! ,FREI ,KORPS & WAS TO BECOME ! DIRECT =E RUNN] ( ! ,NAZIS4 

,NOV & ,DEC SAW MANY ,SP>TAKI/ DEMOS 9 ,B]L91 9 P>TICUL> DAILY DEMOS ( ! ,R$ ,SOLDI] ,LEAGUE4 ,! ,SP>TAKUS ,LEAGUE HAD #c MEMB]S AT ?IS /AGE4 ,ON ,DEC #b#cRD WIDESPREAD FI<T+ BROKE \T 9 ,B]L94 ,?IS REVEAL$ ! GOV]NM5T HAD ALMO/ NO RELIABLE TROOPS !RE1 A SITUATION SIMIL> TO ! EVE ( ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g4 

,! ,SP>TAKUS ,LEAGUE & ! ,BREM5 ,LEFT ,RADICALS MET TO =M ,K,P,D 7,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY7 AT 5D ( ,DECEMB]4 ,ROSA W>N$ ! NEW P>TY ?AT !Y MU/ W9 OV] ! MASSES RAT] !N ORGANIZE A PUTS* BUT %E /ILL SAW ! REVOLUTION 9 T]MS ( ! P>TY TAK+ P[]4 ,ROSA & ,LEVI >GU$ ?AT !Y %\LD TAKE P>T 9 ELECTIONS TO ! NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BUT W]E DEFEAT$ ON ?IS 9DICAT+ A L>GE NUMB] ( MEMB]S W]E OP5 TO A DIFF]5T APPROA*4 

,! UNIONS W]E TO TREBLE 9 NUMB]S 9 ! FIR/ YE> ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,MANY ,K,P,D MEMB]S WANT$ TO RAISE ! SLOGAN '\T ( ! UNIONS' BUT NO DECISION WAS MADE ON ?IS4 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,%OP ,/EW>DS MOVEM5T REFUS$ TO JO9 BECAUSE ( ! ,SP>TAKUS ,LEAGUE CONT9U$ USE ( PUT*ISM4 

,AS WE CAN SEE POLITICS 9 ! ,K,P,D AT ?IS /AGE WAS V]Y COMPLEX1 BUT /ILL FOCUS$ ON SEIZ+ P[] DESPITE SOME RHETORIC TO ! CONTR>Y4 

,ON ,JAN #d #aiai ! ,GOV]NM5T PROVOK$ A CRISIS BY ANN\NC+ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y ,EI*ORN WAS DISMISS$ AS POLICE *IEF4 ,!Y WANT$ TO PROVOKE A PREMATURE RIS+4 ,! ,K,P,D CALL$ A 'PEACEFUL DEMON/RATION' :I* #a1'S ATT5D$ BUT A SMALL GR\P /ORM$ ! ,S,D,P NEWSPAP] BUILD+ & DUMP$ COPIES ( ! PAP] 9 RIV]4 

,AT A MEET+ AFT] ?IS ! ,U,S,P1 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,%OP ,/EW>DS1 & ,SP>TAKUS ,LEAGUE DELEGATES DECID$ IT WAS N[ POSSIBLE TO OV]?R[ ! GOV]NM5T4 & TO PUT !MSELVES 9 P[]4 ,!Y CALL$ A RIS+4 ,AT FIR/ ?+S W5T WELL & !Y RAPIDLY CONTROLL$ ! C5T] ( ,B]L9 BUT MANY ON ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMITTEE HAD ACT$ )\T ! BACK+ ( !IR ORGANIZATIONS4 

,9 ?IS SITUATION ! COMMITTEE SP5T ! NEXT DAY & NI<T DEBAT+ :ILE #b1 >M$ WORK]S WAIT$ \TSIDE 9 ! FREEZ+ /REETS4 ,NO MILIT>Y PREP>ATIONS MADE EXCEPT BY ISOLAT$ GR\PS ( WORK]S4 ,AGA9 A KEY WEAKNESS WAS ! LACK ( SELF-ORGANIZATION BY ! WORK]S4 ,9 ADDITION MANY WORK]S & SOLDI]S TOOK NEI!R SIDE1 9/EAD CALL+ = 'LEFT UNITY'4 ,?IS %[S ! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT HAD NOT S]I\SLY EXPOS$ ! REAL ROLE ( ! ,S,D,P LEAD]%IP 9 ANY WAY4 

,P]HAPS ! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT C\LD HAVE SEIZ$ P[] 9 ,B]L9 IF !Y HAD ACT$ DECISIVELY BUT EV5 !N )\T WORK]S SELF ACTIVITY !Y C\LD HAVE SIMPLY CREAT$ A SECOND /ATE CAPITALI/ REGIME4 ,AS IT WAS WORK]S />T$ TO RETURN HOME1 ! ,S,P,D LEAD]S GOT ORGANIZ$ & EV5 BE=E ! ,FREI ,KORP 5T]$ ! CITY ON ! #a#c? ! REVOLUTION>Y =CES HAD L>GELY EVAPORAT$4 ,! ,FREI ,KORP PROCE$$ TO MASSACRE ?OSE ?AT REMA9$ 9CLUD+1 ) ! SUPPORT ( ! ,S,P,D PAP]1 ,ROSA & ,LIEBKNE*T4 ,! ,S,D,P PAP] ',VORW>TS' WAS ! FIR/ TO ANN\NCE ?AT ,ROSA HAD BE5 0KILL$ BY ! PEOPLE0 7#a#f?74 

,MANY ,L59I/S DUE TO !IR MISUND]/&+ ( ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION 7AS A 'PLANN$' EV5T RA!R !N ! \TCOME ( ! CRUMBL+ ( SUPPORT = ,K]5SKY7 SEE ! SMALL SIZE & LACK ( DISCIPL9E ( ! ,K,P,D AS ! CORE WEAKNESS4 ,9 FACT IT WAS LACK ( SELF-ACTIVITY ( WORK]S ?AT MEANT !Y WAIT$ = ORD]S :ILE !IR LEAD]S DEBAT$ TACTICS4 ,! ,B]L9 RIS+ WAS PROBABLY PREMATURE BUT IT WAS ALSO ! CASE AT ?IS /AGE ?AT ! GOV]NM5T HAD V]Y LITTLE LOYAL =CES4 

,ELECTIONS W]E CALL$ :I* SAW ! ,S,D,P GETT+ #a#a4#e MILLION VOTES 7( ! #c MILLION ELECTORATE7 :ILE ! ,U,S,P ONLY GOT #b4#c MILLION4 ,! ,S,D,P N[ SET AB\T US+ ! ,FREI ,KORP TO SMA% ! WORK]S C\NCILS1 :I* W]E ! ONLY P[] 9 MANY >EAS4 ,OV] ! NEXT FEW MON?S !Y M>*$ >\ND ,G]MANY SMA%+ ! ,C\NCILS4 ,! ,FREI ,KORP W5T FROM ,BREM5 -- ,RUHR -,C5TRAL ,G]MANY -- ,B]L9 -- ,RUHR -- ,C5TRAL ,G]MANY -- ,MUNI* @&5DA%2 ,HAMBURG4 

,BREM5'S C\NCIL DECL>$ ITSELF AN 9DEP5D5T SOCIALI/ REPUBLIC ON ,JAN #a? DUE TO ,K,P,D 9FLU5CE BUT BY #b#a/ VOT$ TO SET UP NEW AU?ORITY ?R\< 'CITIZ5S ELECTIONS' REFLECT+ ! LACK ( SUPPORT FROM WORK]S4 ,ON #bh ,FREI ,KORP ATTACK$ ,WILM%AV5 & ON #cRD ,FEB ,BREM5 WAS ATTACK$ FI]CE FI<T+ FOLL[$ BUT )\T SUPPORT FROM ! >MY ! WORK]S W]E DEFEAT$4 

,! ,RUHR WAS DOM9AT$ BY ,S,D,P C\NCILS1 :I* HAD US$ ITS MILITIA AGA9/ /RIK]S 9 ,DEC4 & ,JAN4 LEAD+ TO SOME C\NCILS BE+ REPLAC$ BY ! LEFT4 ,PLANS = ! SOCIALIZATION ( M9ES W]E BE+ MADE :5 9 ,FEBRU>Y ! ,FREI ,KORP >RIV$ & BEGAN ! KILL+S4 ,?IS L$ TO ! =MATION ( FIR/ ,RUHR ,R$ >MY :I* TEMPOR>ILY HALT$ ! ,FREI ,KORPS BUT ! ,S,D,P UND]M9$ ?IS ,R$ ,>MY4 

,NEXT ,FREI ,KORP W5T TO C5TRAL ,G]MANY TO SMA% A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,IT RETURN$ TO ,B]L9 9 ,M>* 9 ! MID/ ( A MASSIVE G5]AL /RIKE SUPPORT$ BY ! ,S,P,D RANK & FILE4 ,! ,FREI ,KORP CRU%$ ! PRO-,S,P,D =CES 7) ! BACK+ ( ! ,S,P,D LEAD]S7 ) #ae TO #b KILL$4 ,9 ,APRIL ! ,FREI ,KORP WAS 9 ! ,RUHR TO SMA% A #h1 /RONG /RIKE = ! #f-H\R DAY4 

,! OV]ALL PICTURE WAS ( ! ,S,D,P 5SUR+ UNTIL ! AUTUMN ?AT ! RESI/ANCE WAS UNCOORD9AT$ SO ?AT ! ,FREI ,KORPS C\LD DISMANTLE ! C\NCILS ONE BY ONE4 ,?R\<\T ?IS P]IOD ! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT CONT9U$ TO GR[ 9 NUMB]S4 

,9 ,BAV>IA ON #ba ,FEB ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,EISN] L$ TO WORK]S & SOLD]S DISSOLV+ ! P>LIAM5T & H&+ P[] TO A C\NCIL1 BUT AS IT WAS MO/LY ,S,D,P DOM9AT$ IT VOT$ TO RECONV5E ! P>LIAM5T AS SOON AS POSSIBLE4 ,9 FACT IT WAS ,M>* BE=E ?IS WAS POSSIBLE4 ,BY ,APRIL DISCONT5T HAD GR[N & GOV]NM5T P[] COLLAPS$ TO ! PO9T :]E SOME AN>*I/S & ,S,D,P MEMB]S PROCLAIM$ A SOVIET REPUBLIC4 ,?IS SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 PUT*ISM & LA/$ LESS !N A WEEK4 ,9 ITS DEF5SE AGA9/ A C\P H[EV] A SECOND ,K,P,D DOM9AT$ SOVIET REPUBLIC WAS =M$1 ?IS TIME BAS$ ON >M$ FACTORY COMMITTEES4 ,?IS #bND ONE WAS ALSO DOOM$ AS IT TO WAS ISOLAT$ TO ,MUNI* SO IT SEEMS ! ,K,P,D'S REAL OBJECTION TO ! FIR/ ONE WAS ?AT !Y W\LD NOT CONTROL IT4 ,DUE TO AN ECONOMIC BLOCKADE ! ,K,P,D FA/ LO/ SUPPORT & RESIGN$ FROM ! GOV]NM5T4 ,ON ! #a/ ,MAY ! ,FREI ,KORP >RIV$ & #f DI$ 9 ! FI<T+ ?AT FOLL[$ & #ahf EXECUTIONS 

,AL?\< ! ,K,P,D GREW TO #a1 MEMB]S 9 #aiai ! ,U,S,P GREW MU* FA/]4 ,9 ,OCTOB] #aiai ! ,K,P,D LEAD]%IP ?\< A C>EFULLY RIGG$ CONF]5CE MADE ACCEPTANCE ( ELECTORALISM & ! EXI/+ UNIONS A CONDITION ( MEMB]%IP & !N PROCE$$ TO EXPEL OV] #e.0 ( ! LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,?IS WAS P>T ( AN 9T]NATIONAL PROCESS L$ BY ,MOSC[ :]E LOCAL ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES W]E =C$ TO COMPLY ) ! ,MOSC[ L9E4 

,ON ! #ac ,M>* #aib SOME ( ! MILIT>Y ORGANIZ$ A PUTS* UND] ,KAPP TO TAKE OV] FROM ! ,S,D,P4 ,MO/ ( ! MILIT>Y & P>TIES REMA9$ NEUTRAL BUT ! C\P WAS DEFEAT$ BY A MASSIVE G5]AL /RIKE4 ,EV]Y:]E WORK]S >M$ !MSELVES & SET UP C\NCILS BUT 9 P>TICUL> 9 ! ,RUHR1 C5TRAL ,G]MANY & NOR!RN ,G]MANY4 

,AL?\< ?IS WAS SOMETIMES ) ! SUPPORT ( ! LOCAL ,S,D,P LEAD]%IP = ! FIR/ TIME IT WAS HEAVILY DEP5D5T ON SELF-ORGANIZATION4 ,9 ! ,RUHR AT LEA/ ITS PROBABLE ?AT ! #b1 /RONG ,F,A,U,D 7AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ORGANIZATION7 PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE4 ,I HAVE F\ND NO DETAIL$ AN>*I/ S\RCES 9 ,5GLI% ON ?IS ?\< & ! V>I\S ,L59I/ TEXTS ONLY H9T AT ! ROLE ! AN>*I/S PLAY$6 

,! ,RUHR ,R$ >MY WAS #e1 /RONG ) >TILL]Y & =C$ ! ,REI*WEIR 7,G]MAN >MY7 TO )DRAW AFT] FIVE DAYS4 ,?IS ,R$ >MY WAS =M$ FROM ! BASE UP1 :I* MEANT IT LACK$ CO-ORD9ATION 9ITIALLY4 ,?IS WAS TO PROVE A DISA/] LAT] AS ! ,EA/]N ,R,A NEGOTIAT$ A CEASE-FIRE 7& H&$ OV] MU* ( ITS WEAPONS7 :ILE ! WE/]N ,R,A F\<T ON & SO PROVID$ ! EXCUSE TO BR+ ! TROOPS 94 

,! ,S,D,P TOOK BACK P[] & DID !IR BE/ TO 5D ! /RIKE & REHABILITAT$ MANY ( ! C\P LEAD]S & SUPPORT]S6 ,!Y !N (F]$ A 'WORK]S GOV]NM5T' ( ! ,S,D,P1 ,K,P,D & ! ,U,S,P4 ,BO? ! O!R P>TIES REJECT$ ?IS AFT] SOME DISCUSSION BUT 9 A CONFUS$ FA%ION1 :I* ALL[$ ! ,S,D,P BACK 9TO P[] )\T NE$+ TO TAKE SPECIFIC ACTION AGA9/ ! RI<T4 

,! ,K,P,D HAD LITTLE 9FLU5CE 9 EV5TS \TSIDE ( ONE OR TWO >EAS4 ,9 ,B]L9 IT ACTUALLY OPPOS$ ! G5]AL /RIKE = ! FIR/ C\PLE ( DAYS4 ,?IS WAS 9 FACT ! 5D ( ! MASS P]IOD ( ! REVOLUTION1 H[EV] ! ,K,P,D WAS YET TO P]=M TWO ADDITIONAL TRAG$IES 

,9 ,APRIL #aib ! ,K,P,A,D =M$ ) #c#h1 MEMB]S AS A LEFT BREAK FROM ! ,MOSC[ L9E ( ! ,K,P,D1 ?IS 9CLUD$ ! C\NCIL COMMUNI/S4 ,)9 #f MON?S IT HAD LO/ HALF ?IS MEMB]%IP4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( #aib AT ! URG+ ( ! 7,MOSC[ BAS$7 ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL ! LEFT ( ! ,U,S,P EXPELL$ ! RI<T & !N M]G$ ) ! ,K,P,D TO GIVE IT #e1 MEMB]S 

,! ,M>* ACTION 

,9 ,M>* ( #aiba ! ,K,P,D TRI$ TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ITS MU* GREAT] SIZE :5 ! ,S,P,D MOV$ AGA9/ ITS C5TRAL ,G]MAN /RON<OLDS4 ,! ,K,P,D CALL$ = WORK]S EV]Y:]E TO >M !MSELVES & = A G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,C5TRAL ,G]MANY4 ,A ,K,P,D GU]RILLA >MY UND] ,HOELZ WAS BRIEFLY ACTIVE BUT ! POLICE ALONE MANAG$ TO CRU%$ ?IS4 ,:5 ! ,K,P,D CALL$ A G5]AL /RIKE ONLY #b1 RESPOND$ DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! ,K,P,D SUPPOS$LY HAD #d1 MEMB]S4 ,9 SOME PLACES ! ,K,P,D RESORT$ TO AN '>M$ /RIKE' I4E4 TRY+ TO PHYSICALLY 9TIMIDATE & PREV5T WORK]S GO+ TO WORK4 

,?IS RESULT$ 9 MANY MILITANTS BE+ IMPRISON$1 PAP]S BANN$ & HALF ! MEMB]%IP ( ! ,K,P,D LEAV+4 ,! F>CICAL NATURE ( ! RIS+ MEANT ! ,K,P,D MAY SIMPLY HAVE BE5 ACT+ ON ! ORD]S ( ,MOSC[4 ,9DE$ ! ,K,P,A,D REFUS$ TO SUPPORT ! ,M>* ACTION AS IT SAW IT AS BE+ DESIGN$ TO TAKE ATT5TION AWAY FROM ! ,KRON/ADT RIS+ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ,KRON/ADT WORK]S & SAILORS :O W]E DEM&+ NEW & FREE ELECTIONS TO ! SOVIETS W]E BRUTALLY CRU%$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN ,R$ ,>MY AT ! BEHE/ ( ,L59 & ,TROTSKY4 

#aibc SAW ! />T ( ! GREAT ECONOMIC CRISIS 9 ,G]MANY & HYP]9FLATION4 ,! ,FR5* W]E OCCUPY+ ! ,RUHR & ! F> RI<T WAS GR[+ 9 ! S\?4 ,! ,K,P,D PROPOS$ A UNIT$ FRONT ) ! ,S,P,D AGA9/ ! VIOL5CE ( ! F> RI<T BUT ! ,S,P,D LEAD]%IP *OOSE TO PUT !IR FAI? 9 ! /ATE4 ,NEV]!LESS ?IS 5ABL$ ! ,K,P,D TO BR+ ITS MEMB]%IP UP TO #b#b4 & = IT TO GA9 SOME 9FLU5CE 9 ! FACTORY C\NCILS & ! UNIONS4 ,9 RESPONSE TO ! F> RI<T ! ',PROLET>IAN HUNDR$S' W]E SET UP L9K$ TO ! FACTORY C\NCILS BUT PROBABLY UND] ,K,P,D CONTROL4 ,UNION MEMB]%IP 9 ?IS P]IOD HALV$4 

,MAY1 ,JUNE & ,JULY #aibc SAW A MASSIVE /RIKE WAVE AS 9FLATION BIT 9TO WORK]S LIV+ /&>DS4 ,?IS ALSO CRIPPL$ ! ,S,P,D'S NETWORK ( FULL TIM]S & PAP]S AS !Y LO/ ! 9COME NE$$ TO PAY = !M4 ,! ,K,P,D BEGAN TO CAT* UP ON ! ,S,D,P 9 ! UNION & P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS4 ,IT ALSO RECRUIT$ ANO!R #g1 MEMB]S4 

,BY ?IS TIME ! ,SOVIET ,UNION WAS HELP+ ! ,G]MAN >MY SECRETLY RE->M4 ,! ,K,P,D WAS ALSO COM+ CLOSE TO SUPPORT+ ! ,G]MAN NATIONALI/S & AFT] ,JUNE LEAD+ FIGURES ( ! ,K,P,D 9T5D$ TO 5T] 9TO PUBLIC DEBATE ) ! ,NAZIS1 BUT ! ,NAZIS CALL$ (F !SE DEBATES4 

,! />T ( ,AUGU/ SAW A MASSIVE & MILITANT /RIKE WAVE ) >M$ WORK]S DRAGG+ ! BOSSES FROM ! FACTORIES4 ,9 ,B]L9 ! UNION LEAD]%IP REFUS$ TO /RIKE SO ON ! #aa ,AUG SOME #b DELEGATES FROM ! ,B]L9 FACTORY C\NCILS MET CALL+ A G5]AL /RIKE & CALL+ = ! D[NFALL ( ! 7,CUNO7 GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,S,P,D AGA9 SAV$ ! DAY JO9+ A GOV]NM5T ( NATIONAL UNITY 9CLUD+ ! F> RI<T ,! /RIKE 5D$ DESPITE EF=TS BY ! ,K,P,D TO KEEP IT GO+4 

,AT ! PO9T ! SECOND TRAG$Y />TS TO UNFOLD4 ,! ,MOSC[ LEAD]%IP1 9 P>TICUL> ,TROTSKY1 DECID$ ! MOM5T WAS RIPE = REVOLUTION4 ,HE EV5 DEM&$ ?AT A DATE BE SET = IT TO CO9CIDE ) ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION6 ,R$ ,>MY (FIC]S W]E S5T TO ,G]MANY TO HELP PREP>E ! ',PROLET>IAN HUNDR$S' = ! RIS+4 

,9 ,SEPTEMB] ! F> RI<T CAME TO CONTROL ,BAV>IA & !N ?REAT5$ TO M>* ON ,B]L94 ,MOSC[ DECID$ ?AT ! ?REAT5$ ADVANCE ( ! RI<T ON ,SAXONY W\LD BE US$ TO LAUN* A REVOLUTION>Y C\NT] (F5SIVE4 ,?IS WAY !Y HOP$ TO W9 OV] ! ,S,P,D RANK & FILE4 ,! #cRD ,9T]NATIONAL WAS TOLD DEF5SE ( ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION W\LD SOON BE A C5TRAL TASK4 

,ON ,OCT #b#a/1 E>LI] !N PLANN$1 ! >MY />T$ TO 5T] ,SAXONY4 ,! ,K,P,D TRI$ TO GET A PRE->RANG$ JO9T DELEGATE CONF]5CE ) ! ,S,P,D TO CALL = A G5]AL /RIKE ( ALL ,G]MANY4 ,! ,K,P,D' SECRET PLAN WAS TO TURN ?IS G5]AL /RIKE 9TO A REVOLUTION BUT ! ,S,P,D DELEGATES REFUS$ TO SUPPORT ?IS AS !Y SAID ?IS WAS ! ROLE ( ! ,SAXON GOV]NM5T 7:I* ! ,K,P,D HAD 5T]$74 

,! ,K,P,D ?US CALL$ (F ! G5]AL /RIKE & ) IT ! REVOLUTION EXCEPT 9 ,HAMBURG :]E ! P>TY WAS NEV] TOLD & A FEW HUNDR$ COMMUNI/S SEIZ$ HALF ! CITY C5T] POLICE /ATIONS4 ,?IS ,HAMBURG RIS+ M>K$ ! 5D ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD 9 ,G]MANY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bba 3 ,! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/