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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,COL9 ,PAT]SON1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,CONDITION ( MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS -- ,FEUDAL RI<TS /ILL EXI/ -- ,NE$ ( MUNICIPAL RE=M -- ,T[NSPEOPLE REVOLT -- ,NEW MUNICIPALITY VOT$ -- ,IMPORTANCE ( COMMUNALI/ MOVEM5T -- ,P>IS ,COMMUNE -- ,O!R CITIES FOLL[ -- ,TR\BLES AT ,/RASB\RG -- ,NEW CORPORATION CON/ITUT$ -- ,MIDDLE CLASSES FRE$ FROM FEUDALISM -- ,RIOTS 9 ,TROYES1 ,AMI5S & O!R CITIES -- ,SIGNIFICANCE ( POPUL> ACTION DUR+ ,REVOLUTION 

,9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ! MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS HAD FALL5 TO UTT] DECAY1 [+ TO ! NUM]\S MEASURES TAK5 BY ROYAL AU?ORITY AGA9/ !M = TWO HUNDR$ YE>S4 

,S9CE ! ABOLITION ( ! PL5>Y ASSEMBLY ( ! T[NSPEOPLE1 :I* =M]LY HAD ! CONTROL ( URBAN JU/ICE & ADM9I/RATION1 ! AFFAIRS ( ! L>GE CITIES W]E GO+ FROM BAD TO WORSE4 ,! PO/S ( 0T[N C\NCILORS0 9TRODUC$ 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY HAD TO BE B\<T FROM ! COMMUNE1 &1 (T5 5\<1 ! PAT5T SO PUR*AS$ WAS = LIFE4#a ,! C\NCILS MET SELDOM1 9 SOME T[NS AB\T ONCE 9 SIX MON?S1 & EV5 !N ! ATT5DANCE WAS NOT REGUL>4 ,! REGI/R> MANAG$ ! :OLE BUS9ESS1 & AS A RULE DID NOT FAIL TO MAKE ?OSE 9T]E/$ 9 IT PAY HIM H&SOMELY4 ,! ATTORNEYS & ADVOCATES1 & /ILL MORE ! GOV]NOR ( ! PROV9CE1 CONT9UALLY 9T]F]$ TO OB/RUCT ALL MUNICIPAL AUTONOMY4 

,UND] !SE CONDITIONS ! AFFAIRS ( ! CITY FELL MORE & MORE 9TO ! H&S ( FIVE OR SIX FAMILIES1 :O %>$ A GOOD DEAL ( ! REV5UES AMONG !MSELVES4 ,! PATRIMONIAL REV5UES :I* SOME T[NS HAD RETA9$1 ! PROCE$S1 ( ! OCTROIS1 ! CITY'S TRADE & ! TAXES ALL W5T TO 5RI* !M4 ,BESIDES ?IS1 MAYORS & (FICIALS BEGAN TO TRADE 9 CORN & MEAT1 & SOON BECAME MONOPOLI/S4 ,AS A RULE1 ! WORK+ POPULATION HAT$ !M4 ,! S]VILITY ( ! (FICIALS1 C\NCILORS & ALD]M5 T[>DS 0,MONSIEUR L',9T5DANT0 7! ,GOV]NOR7 WAS SU* ?AT HIS :IM BECAME LAW4 ,& ! CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ! T[N T[>DS ! GOV]NOR'S LODG+1 T[>DS 9CREAS+ HIS SAL>Y1 TO MAKE HIM PRES5TS1 = ! HONOR ( HOLD+ HIS *ILDR5 AT ! BAPTISMAL FONT1 & SO =?1 W5T ON GR[+ L>G]--NOT TO M5TION ! PRES5TS :I* HAD TO BE S5T EV]Y YE> TO V>I\S P]SONAGES 9 ,P>IS4 

,9 ! T[NS1 AS 9 ! C\NTRY1 ! FEUDAL RI<TS /ILL EXI/$4 ,!Y W]E ATTA*$ TO PROP]TY4 ,! BI%OP WAS /ILL A FEUDAL LORD1 & ! LORDS1 BO? LAY & ECCLESIA/ICAL--SU*1 = 9/ANCE1 AS ! FIFTY CANONS ( ,BRI\DE--MA9TA9$ NOT ONLY HONOR>Y RI<TS1 OR EV5 ! RI<T ( 9T]V5+ 9 ! NOM9ATION ( ALD]M51 BUT ALSO1 9 SOME T[NS1 ! RI<T ( ADM9I/]+ JU/ICE4 ,AT ,ANG]S !RE W]E SIXTE5 MANORIAL TRIBUNALS4 ,DIJON HAD PRES]V$1 BESIDES ! MUNICIPAL TRIBUNALS1 SIX ECCLESIA/ICAL C\RTS--0! BI%OPRIC1 ! *APT]1 ! MONKS ( ,SA9T-,B5IGNE1 ,LA ,SA9TE-,*APELLE1 ,LA ,*>TREUSE & ! COMM&]Y ( ,LA ,MADELE9E40 ,ALL ( !SE W]E WAX+ FAT 9 ! MID/ ( ! HALF-/>V$ PEOPLE4 ,TROYES HAD N9E ( !SE TRIBUNALS1 BESIDE 0TWO ROYAL MAYORAL C\RTS40 ,SO ?AT ! POLICE DID NOT ALWAYS BELONG TO ! T[NS1 BUT TO ?OSE :O ADM9I/]$ 0JU/ICE40 ,9 %ORT1 IT WAS ! FEUDAL SY/EM 9 FULL SW+4#b 

,BUT :AT *IEFLY EXCIT$ ! ANG] ( ! CITIZ5S WAS ?AT ALL K9DS ( FEUDAL TAXES1 ! POLL TAX1 ! TW5TIE?S1 (T5 ! TAILLE & ! 0VOLUNT>Y GIFTS0 7IMPOS$ 9 #ageh & ABOLI%$ ONLY 9 #a#g#h#i71 AS WELL AS ! LODS ET V5TES 7:I* W]E !1 DUES LEVI$ BY ! LORD ON ALL SALES & PUR*ASES MADE BY HIS VASSALS71 WEI<$ HEAVILY UPON ! HOMES ( ! CITIZ5S1 & ESPECIALLY ON ?OSE ( ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,NOT SO HEAVILY1 P]HAPS1 AS 9 ! C\NTRY1 BUT /ILL V]Y EAVILY :5 ADD$ TO ALL ! O!R URBAN TAXES4 

,:AT MADE !SE DUES MORE DETE/ABLE WAS ?AT :5 ! T[N WAS MAK+ ! ASSESSM5T HUNDR$S ( PRIVILEG$ P]SONS CLAIM$ EXEMPTION4 ,! CL]GY1 ! NOBLES & (FIC]S 9 ! >MY W]E EXEMPT BY LAW1 AS WELL AS ! 0(FIC]S ( ! ,K+'S H\SEHOLD10 0HONOR>Y EQU]RIES10 & O!RS ?OSE (FICES )\T S]VICE1 TO FLATT] !IR [N VANITY & TO ESCAPE FROM ! TAXES4 ,AN 9DICATION ( !IR TITLES 9SCRIB$ OV] ! DOOR WAS 5\< TO EXCUSE !IR PAY+ ANY?+ TO ! T[N4 ,ONE CAN READILY IMAG9E ! HATR$ ?AT !SE PRIVILEG$ P]SONS 9SPIR$ 9 ! PEOPLE4 

,! 5TIRE MUNICIPAL SY/EM HAD1 !RE=E1 TO BE RE=M$4 ,BUT :O CAN TELL H[ MANY YE>S IT W\LD HAVE LA/$ YET1 IF ! TASK ( RE=M+ IT HAD BE5 LEFT TO ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,HAPPILY 5\<1 ! PEOPLE UND]TOOK TO DO IT !MSELVES1 ! MORE SO ?AT DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #a<i A FRE% CAUSE ( DISCONT5T WAS ADD$ TO ALL ?OSE :I* HAVE JU/ BE5 5UM]AT$4 ,?IS CAUSE WAS ! FAM9E--! EXORBITANT PRICE ( BREAD1 = LACK ( :I* BREAD ! POOR] CLASSES W]E SUFF]+ 9 MO/ ( ! T[NS4 ,EV5 9 ?OSE PLACES :]E ! MUNICIPALITY DID ITS BE/ TO L[] ! PRICE ( IT BY PUR*AS+ CORN1 OR BY PROCLAIM+ A FIX$-PRICE1 BREAD WAS ALWAYS SC>CE1 & ! HUNGRY PEOPLE =M$ 9 LONG QUEUES \TSIDE ! BAK]S' DOORS4 

,BUT 9 MANY ( ! T[NS ! MAYOR & ! ALD]M5 FOLL[$ ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,C\RT & ! PR9CES1 & SPECULAT$ !MSELVES 9 ! DE>?4 ,?IS IS :Y1 AFT] !1 NEWS ( ! TAK+ ( ! ,BA/ILLE1 AS WELL AS ( ! EXECUTIONS ( ,F\LON & ,B]?I]1 HAD SPREAD 9TO ! PROV9CES1 ! T[NSPEOPLE BEGAN TO REVOLT MORE OR LESS EV]Y:]E4 ,FIR/1 !Y EXACT$ A FIX$ PRICE ON BREAD & MEAT2 !Y DE/ROY$ ! H\SES ( ! PR9CIPAL MONOPOLI/S1 (T5 ( ! MUNICIPAL (FICIALS1 !Y TOOK POSSESSION ( ! ,T[N ,HALL & NOM9AT$ BY ELECTION ON ! POPUL> VOTE A NEW MUNICIPALITY1 )\T HE$+ ! LIMITATIONS FIX$ BY LAW OR ! LEGAL RI<TS ( ! OLD MUNICIPAL BODY1 OR YET ! (FICES PUR*AS$ BY ! 0C\NCILORS40 ,A MOVEM5T ( ! HI<E/ REVOLUTION>Y IMPORTANCE WAS ?US SET ON FOOT1 = ! T[N AFFIRM$1 NOT ONLY ITS AUTONOMY BUT ALSO ITS DET]M9ATION TO TAKE AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ! G5]AL GOV]NM5T ( ! NATION4 ,IT WAS1 AS ,AUL>D HAS APTLY REM>K$1 A COMMUNALI/ MOVEM5T ( ! V]Y GREATE/ IMPORTANCE1#c 9 :I* ! PROV9CE IMITAT$ ,P>IS1 :]E1 AS WE HAVE SE51 ! ,COMMUNE HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ ON ,JULY #a#c? IS EVID5T ?AT ?IS MOVEM5T WAS F> FROM BE+ G5]AL4 ,IT DISPLAY$ ITSELF DE>LY ONLY 9 A C]TA9 NUMB] ( CITIES & SMALL T[NS1 *IEFLY 9 ! EA/ ( ,FRANCE4 ,BUT EV]Y:]E ! OLD MUNICIPALITY ( ! ANCI5T REGIME HAD TO SUBMIT TO ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE1 OR1 AT LEA/1 TO ! WILL ( ! ELECTORATE 9 ! LOCAL ASSEMBLIES4 

,?US WAS ACCOMPLI%$1 AT ! \TSET1 9 ,JULY & ,AUGU/1 ! GREAT ,COMMUNALI/ ,REVOLUTION1 :I* ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY LEGALIZ$ LAT] ON BY ! MUNICIPAL LAWS ( ,DECEMB] #a#d1 #a#g#h#i1 & ,JUNE #b#a1 #a#g#i4 ,OBVI\SLY ?IS MOVEM5T GAVE ! ,REVOLUTION A P[]FUL ACCESS ( LIFE & VIGOR4 ,! :OLE /R5G? ( ! ,REVOLUTION CONC5TRAT$1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 9 #agib & #a#g#i#c1 9 ! MUNICIPALITIES ( ! T[NS & VILLAGES1 ( :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS WAS ! PROTOTYPE4 

,! SIGNAL = ?IS RECON/RUCTION CAME FROM ,P>IS4 ,)\T WAIT+ = ! MUNICIPAL LAW1 :I* SOME DAY W\LD BE VOT$ BY ! ,ASSEMBLY1 ,P>IS GAVE H]SELF A ,COMMUNE4 ,H] ,MUNICIPAL ,C\NCIL1 H] ,MAYOR 7,BAILLY71 & ! ,COMM&] ( H] ,NATIONAL ,GU>D 7,LAFAYETTE7 W]E ELECT$4 ,BETT] /ILL1 H] SIXTY DI/RICTS W]E ORGANIZ$--0SIXTY REPUBLICS10 AS ,MONTJOIE HAPPILY T]MS !M3 = IF !SE DI/RICTS DID DELEGATE AU?ORITY TO ! ASSEMBL$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,COMMUNE & TO ! ,MAYOR1 !Y AT ! SAME TIME RETA9$ SOME ( IT4 0,AU?ORITY IS EV]Y?+10 SAID ,BAILLY1 0 & !RE IS NONE AT ! C5T]40 0,EA* DI/RICT IS AN 9DEP5D5T P[]10 DECL>E ) REGRET ! FRI5DS ( ! RULE & COMPASS1 )\T UND]/&+ ?AT ?IS IS H[ REVOLUTIONS >E MADE4 

,:ILE ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY HAD TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ITS [N DISSOLUTION1 & HAD ITS H&S FULL ( SO MANY ?+S1 :5 C\LD IT HAVE BE5 ABLE TO 5T] ON ! DISCUSSION ( A LAW CONC]N+ ! REORGANIZATION ( ! ,C\RTS ( JU/ICE8 ,IT H>DLY GOT AS F> AS ?AT AT ! 5D ( T5 MON?S ( ITS EXI/5CE4 ,BUT 0! DI/RICT ( ! ,PETITS-,AUGU/9S DECID$ ON ITS [N ACC\NT10 SAYS ,BAILLY1 9 HIS ,MEMORIES1 0?AT JU/ICES ( ! PEACE %\LD BE E/ABLI%$40 ,& ! DI/RICT PROCE$$ !N & !RE TO ELECT !M4 ,O!R DI/RICTS & O!R CITIES1 ,/RASB\RG ESPECIALLY1 DID ! SAME1 & :5 ! NI<T ( ,AUGU/ #d >RIV$ & ! NOBILITY HAD TO ABDICATE !IR RI<TS ( SEIGNIORIAL JU/ICE1 !Y HAD LO/ IT ALREADY 9 SEV]AL T[NS1 :]E NEW JUDGES HAD BE5 APPO9T$ BY ! PEOPLE4 ,! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY HAD ?US NO?+ ELSE TO DO BUT 9CORPORATE ! ACCOMPLI%$ FACT 9 ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#g#i#a4 

,TA9E & ALL ! ADMIR]S ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE ORD] ( ! SOMNOL5T M9I/]S >E %OCK$ NO D\BT AT ! ?\<T ( !SE DI/RICTS =E/ALL+ ! ,ASSEMBLY BY !IR VOTES & PO9T+ \T TO IT ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE BY !IR DECISIONS BUT IT IS 9 ?IS WAY HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS DEVELOP :5 !Y >E NOT ! PRODUCT ( BUREAUCRACY4 ,9 ?IS WAY ALL ! GREAT CITIES W]E BUILT UP2 WE CAN SEE !M /ILL BE+ ?US BUILT4 ,H]E A GR\P ( H\SES & A FEW %OPS BESIDE !M2 ?IS WILL BE AN IMPORTANT PO9T 9 ! FUTURE CITY2 !RE A TRACK1 AS YET SC>CELY DISC]NIBLE1 & ?AT ONE DAY WILL BE ONE ( ITS GREAT /REETS4 ,?IS IS ! 0AN>*IC0 EVOLUTION1 ! ONLY WAY P]TA9+ TO FREE ,NATURE4 ,IT IS ! SAME EV5 ) 9/ITUTIONS :5 !Y >E ! ORGANIC PRODUCT ( LIFE1 & ?IS IS :Y REVOLUTIONS HAVE SU* IMM5SE IMPORTANCE 9 ! LIFE ( SOCIETIES4 ,!Y ALL[ M5 TO />T ) ! ORGANIC RECON/RUCTIVE WORK )\T BE+ HAMP]$ BY AN AU?ORITY :I*1 P]=CE1 ALWAYS REPRES5TS ! PA/ AGES4 

,LET US !RE=E GLANCE AT SOME ( !SE COMMUNAL REVOLUTIONS4 

,9 #a<i NEWS SPREAD ) :AT W\LD SEEM TO US ALMO/ 9CONCEIVABLE SL[NESS4 ,?US AT ,*ATEAU-,?I]RY ON ,JULY #a#b1 & AT ,BESANCON ON ! #b#g?1 ,>?UR ,Y\NG DID NOT F9D A S+LE CAFE OR A S+LE NEWSPAP]4 ,! NEWS ?AT WAS BE+ TALK$ AB\T WAS A =TNI<T OLD4 ,AT ,DIJON1 N9E DAYS AFT] ! GREAT RIS+ 9 ,/RASB\RG & ! TAK+ ( ! ,T[N ,HALL BY ! 9SURG5TS1 NO ONE KNEW ANY?+ AB\T IT4 ,/ILL ! NEWS ?AT WAS COM+ FROM ,P>IS1 EV5 :5 IT CAME 9 ! =M ( LEG5D1 C\LD NOT BUT /IMULATE ! PEOPLE TO RISE4 ,ALL ! DEPUTIES1 IT WAS SAID1 HAD BE5 PUT 9 ! ,BA/ILLE2 & AS TO ! 0ATROCITIES0 COMMITT$ BY ,M>IE-,ANTO9ETTE1 EV]Y ONE WAS DISCUSS+ !M ) P]FECT ASSURANCE4 

,AT ,/RASB\RG ! TR\BLES BEGAN ON ,JULY #a#i1 AS SOON AS ! NEWS ( ! TAK+ ( ! ,BA/ILLE & ! EXECUTION ( DE ,LAUNEY SPREAD ?R\< ! T[N4 ,! PEOPLE HAD ALREADY A GRUDGE AGA9/ ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL = !IR SL[NESS 9 COMMUNICAT+ TO ! PEOPLE'S 0REPRES5TATIVES 0--?AT IS1 TO ! ELECTORS-! RESULTS ( !IR DELIB]ATIONS OV] ! CAHI] DE DOLEANCES1 ! 0WRIT ( GRIEVANCES10 DRAWN UP BY ! POOR] CLASSES4 ,! PEOPLE1 !RE=E1 ATTACK$ ! H\SE ( ,LEMP1 ! ,MAYOR 7OR ,AMMEI/]71 & DE/ROY$ IT4 

,?R\< ! ORGAN ( ITS 0,ASSEMBLY ( ,BURGESSES0 ! PEOPLE DEM&$ MEASURES--,I QUOTE FROM ! TEXT--0= ASSUR+ ! POLITICAL EQUALITY ( ! CITIZ5S1 & !IR 9FLU5CE 9 ! ELECTIONS ( ! ADM9I/RATORS ( ! PUBLIC PROP]TY & ( ! FREELY ELECT$ JUDGES FREELY ELIGIBLE40#d 

,!Y 9SI/$ UPON NO NOTICE BE+ TAK5 ( ! EXI/+ LAW1 & UPON ELECT+ BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE A NEW T[N C\NCIL1 AS WELL AS ALL ! JUDGES4 ,! ,MAGI/RACY1 OR ,MUNICIPAL ,GOV]NM5T1 ON ITS SIDE HAD NO GREAT WI% TO DO ?IS1 0& OPPOS$ ! OBS]VANCE ( SEV]AL C5TURIES TO ! PROPOS$ *ANGE40 ,:]EUPON ! PEOPLE GA!R$ TO BESIEGE ! ,T[N ,HALL1 & A /ORM ( /ONES BEGAN TO FALL 9 ! AP>TM5T :]E NEGOTIATIONS W]E TAK+ PLACE BETWE5 ! ,MAGI/RACY & ! REVOLUTION>Y REPRES5TATIVES1 & TO ?IS >GUM5T ! ,MAGI/RACY AT ONCE YIELD$4 

,MEAN:ILE1 SEE+ POOR & />V+ P]SONS ASSEMBL+ 9 ! /REETS1 ! WELL-TO-DO MIDDLE CLASSES >M$ !MSELVES AGA9/ ! PEOPLE1 & GO+ TO ! H\SE ( ,C\NT ,RO*AMBEAU1 ! GOV]NOR ( ! PROV9CE1 !Y ASK$ HIS P]MISSION = ! RESPECTABLE CITIZ5S TO C>RY >MS1 & TO =M !MSELVES 9TO A POLICE1 JO9TLY ) ! TROOPS1 A REQUE/ :I* ! (FIC] 9 COMM&1 0IMBU$ ) >I/OCRATIC IDEAS10 UNHESITAT+LY REFUS$1 AS DE ,LAUNEY HAD DONE AT ! ,BA/ILLE4 

,! NEXT DAY1 A RUMOR HAV+ SPREAD 9 ! T[N ?AT ! ,MAGI/RACY HAD REVOK$ !IR CONCESSIONS1 ! PEOPLE W5T AGA9 TO ATTACK ! ,T[N ,HALL1 DEM&+ ! ABOLITION ( ! T[N-DUES & SUBSIDIES 7OCTROIS & BUREAUX DES AIDES74 ,S9CE ?IS HAD BE5 DONE 9 ,P>IS1 IT C\LD V]Y WELL BE DONE 9 ,/RASB\RG4 ,AB\T SIX O'CLOCK MASSES ( 0WORKM51 >M$ ) AXES & HAMM]S10 ADVANC$ FROM ?REE /REETS T[>DS ! ,T[N ,HALL4 ,!Y SMA%$ OP5 ! DOORS ) !IR HAT*ETS1 BROKE 9TO ! VAULTS1 & 9 !IR FURY DE/ROY$ ALL ! OLD PAP]S ACCUMULAT$ 9 ! (FICES4 0,!Y HAVE WREAK$ A BL9D RAGE UPON ! PAP]S3 !Y HAVE BE5 ALL ?R[N \T ( ! W9D[S & DE/ROY$10 WROTE ! NEW ,MAGI/RACY4 ,! D\BLE DOORS ( ALL ! >*IVES W]E =C$ OP5 9 ORD] TO BURN ! OLD DOCUM5TS1 & 9 !IR HATR$ ( ! ,MAGI/RACY ! PEOPLE EV5 BROKE ! FURNITURE ( ! ,T[N ,HALL & ?REW IT \T 9TO ! /REETS4 ,! ,RECORD ,(FICE1 0! DEPOT ( E/ATES 9 LITIGATION1 MET ) ! SAME FATE4 ,AT ! TAX-COLLECTOR'S (FICE ! DOORS W]E BROK5 OP5 & ! RECEIPTS C>RI$ (F4 ,! TROOPS /ATION$ 9 FRONT ( ! ,T[N ,HALL C\LD DO NO?+2 ! PEOPLE DID AS !Y LIK$4 

,! ,MAGI/RACY1 SEIZ$ ) T]ROR1 HURRI$LY L[]$ ! PRICES ( MEAT & BREAD3 !Y FIX$ ! SIX-P\ND LOAF AT TWELVE S\S4#e ,!N !Y OP5$ AMICABLE NEGOTIATIONS ) ! TW5TY TRIBUS 7OR GUILDS7 ( ! CITY = ! ELABORATION ( A NEW MUNICIPAL CON/ITUTION4 ,!Y HAD TO HURRY1 AS RIOT+ /ILL W5T ON 9 ,/RASB\RG & 9 ! NEI<BOR+ DI/RICTS1 :]E ! PEOPLE W]E TURN+ \T ! 0E/ABLI%$0 PROVO/S ( ! COMMUNES1 & W]E NOM9AT+ O!RS AT WILL1 :ILE =MULAT+ CLAIMS TO ! =E/S & CLAIM+ O!R RI<TS DIRECTLY OPPOS$ TO LEGALLY E/ABLI%$ PROP]TY4 0,IT IS A MOM5T :5 EV]Y ONE BELIEV$ HIMSELF 9 A FAIR WAY TO OBTA9 ! RE/ORATION ( PRET5D$ RI<TS10 SAID ! ,MAGI/RACY 9 ! LETT] DAT$ ,AUGU/ #e4 

,ON TOP ( ?IS ! NEWS ( ! NI<T ( ,AUGU/ #d 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY >RIV$ AT ,/RASB\RG ON ! #a#a?1 & ! DI/URBANCE BECAME /ILL MORE ?REAT5+1 ALL ! MORE AS ! >MY MADE COMMON CAUSE ) ! REBELS4 ,:]EUPON ! OLD ,CORPORATION RESOLV$ TO RESIGN4#f ,! NEXT DAY1 ,AUGU/ #a#b1 ! ?REE HUNDR$ ALD]M5 9 !IR TURN RESIGN$ !IR 0(FICES10 OR RA!R !IR PRIVILEGES4 ,NEW ALD]M5 W]E ELECT$1 & !Y APPO9T$ ! JUDGES4 

,?US1 ON ,AUGU/ #a#d1 A NEW ,CORPORATION WAS CON/ITUT$1 A PROVISIONAL ,S5ATE1 :I* WAS TO DIRECT ! AFFAIRS ( ! CITY UNTIL ! ,ASSEMBLY AT ,V]SAILLES %\LD E/ABLI% A NEW MUNICIPAL CON/ITUTION4 ,)\T WAIT+ = ?IS CON/ITUTION ,/RASB\RG HAD 9 ?IS WAY GIV5 H]SELF A ,COMMUNE & JUDGES TO H] LIK+4 

,! OLD REGIME WAS ?US BREAK+ UP AT ,/RASB\RG1 & ON ,AUGU/ #ag ,M4 ,DIETRI* CONGRATULAT$ ! NEW ALD]M5 9 !SE T]MS3 

0,G5TLEM51 ! REVOLUTION :I* HAS JU/ TAK5 PLACE 9 \R T[N WILL M>K ! EPO* ( ! RETURN ( ! CONFID5CE ?AT %\LD UNITE ! CITIZ5S ( ! SAME COMMUNE4 ,?IS AUGU/ ASSEMBLY HAS JU/ BE5 FREELY ELECT$ BY !IR FELL[ CITIZ5S TO BE !IR REPRES5TATIVES4444 ,! FIR/ USE ?AT Y\ HAVE MADE ( Y\R P[]S HAS BE5 TO APPO9T Y\R JUDGES4444 ,:AT /R5G? MAY GR[ FROM ?IS UNION60 ,DIETRI*1 MOREOV]1 PROPOS$ TO DECREE ?AT ,AUGU/ #a#d1 ! DAY ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,/RASB\RG1 %\LD BE AN ANNUAL CIVIC FETE4 

,AN IMPORTANT FACT /&S \T 9 ?IS REVOLUTION4 ,! MIDDLE CLASSES ( ,/RASB\RG W]E FRE$ FROM ! FEUDAL SY/EM4 ,!Y HAD GIV5 !MSELVES A DEMOCRATIC MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT !Y HAD NO 9T5TION ( GIV+ UP ! FEUDAL 7PATRIMONIAL7 RI<TS :I* BELONG$ TO !M OV] C]TA9 SURR\ND+ L&S4 ,:5 ! TWO DEPUTIES FROM ,/RASB\RG 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY W]E PRESS$ BY !IR FELL[S TO ABDICATE !IR RI<TS1 DUR+ ! NI<T ( ,AUGU/ #d1 !Y REFUS$ TO DO SO4 ,& :5 LAT] ON ONE ( !SE TWO DEPUTIES1 ,S*W5DT1 URG$ ! MATT] BE=E ! ,/RASB\RG MIDDLE CLASSES1 BEGG+ !M NOT TO OPPOSE ! CURR5T ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 HIS CON/ITU5TS P]SI/$ NEV]!LESS 9 CLAIM+ !IR FEUDAL RI<TS4 ,?US WE SEE =M+ 9 ?IS CITY1 S9CE #a#g#h#i1 A P>TY :I* WILL RALLY R\ND ! ,K+1 0! BE/ ( K+S10 0! MO/ CONCILIATORY ( MON>*S10 ) ! PURPOSE ( PRES]V+ !IR RI<TS OV] 0! RI* SEIGNORIES10 :I* BELONG$ TO ! CITY UND] FEUDAL LAW4 ,! LETT]#g 9 :I* ! O!R ,/RASB\RG DEPUTY1 ,TURCKHEIM1 S5T 9 HIS RESIGNATION AFT] ESCAP+ FROM ,V]SAILLES ON ,OCTOB] #e1 IS A DOCUM5T ( ! HI<E/ 9T]E/ 9 ?IS CONNECTION2 ONE SEES !RE ALREADY H[ & :Y ! ,GIRONDE WILL RALLY UND] ITS MIDDLE-CLASS FLAG ! 0DEF5D]S ( PROP]TY0 AS WELL AS ! ,ROYALI/S4 

,:AT HAPP5$ AT ,/RASB\RG GIVES US A CLE> 5\< IDEA ( :AT WAS GO+ ON 9 ! O!R L>GE T[NS4 ,= 9/ANCE1 AT ,TROYES1 A T[N AB\T :I* WE HAVE ALSO SUFFICI5TLY COMPLETE DOCUM5TS1 WE SEE ! MOVEM5T MADE UP ( ! SAME ELEM5TS4 ,! PEOPLE1 ) ! HELP ( ! NEI<BOR+ PEASANTS1 REBELL$ S9CE ,JULY #a#h1 AFT] !Y HAD HE>D AB\T ! BURN+ ( ! TOLL-GATES AT ,P>IS4 ,ON ,JULY #b1 SOME PEASANTS1 >M$ ) PIT*=KS1 SCY!S & FLAILS1 5T]$ ! T[N1 PROBABLY TO SEIZE ! :EAT !Y NE$$ = FOOD & SE$1 :I* !Y EXPECT$ TO F9D !RE 9 ! W>EH\SES ( ! MONOPOLI/S4 ,BUT ! MIDDLE CLASSES =M$ !MSELVES 9TO A ,NATIONAL ,GU>D & REPULS$ ! PEASANTS1 :OM !Y ALREADY CALL$ 0! BRIG&S40 ,DUR+ ! T5 OR FIFTE5 DAYS FOLL[+1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! PANIC :I* WAS SPREAD+1 FIVE HUNDR$ 0BRIG&S0 W]E TALK$ ( AS COM+ FROM ,P>IS TO RAVAGE EV]Y?+2 ! MIDDLE CLASSES ORGANIZ$ !IR ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 & ALL ! SMALL T[NS >M$ !MSELVES LIKEWISE4 ,BUT ! PEOPLE W]E ILL-PLEAS$ AT ?IS4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #h1 PROBABLY ON HE>+ NEWS ( ! NI<T ( ,AUGU/ #d1 ! PEOPLE DEM&$ >MS = ALL VOLUNTE]S1 & A MAXIMUM PRICE = BREAD4 ,! MUNICIPALITY HESITAT$4 ,:]EUPON ! PEOPLE DEPOS$ ! MEMB]S ON ,AUGU/ #a#i1 &1 AS HAD BE5 DONE AT ,/RASB\RG1 A NEW MUNICIPALITY WAS ELECT$4 

,! PEOPLE OV]RAN ! ,T[N ,HALL1 SEIZ$ ! >MS & DI/RIBUT$ !M AMONG !MSELVES4 ,!Y BROKE 9TO ! ,GOV]NM5T SALT-/ORES2 BUT H]E1 TOO1 !Y DID NOT PLUND]1 0!Y ONLY CAUS$ ! SALT TO BE S]V$ \T AT SIX S\S40 ,F9ALLY1 ON ,SEPTEMB] #i1 ! DI/URBANCE1 :I* HAD NEV] CEAS$ S9CE ,AUGU/ #a#i1 REA*$ ITS CULM9AT+-PO9T4 ,! PEOPLE SEIZ$ UPON ! ,MAYOR 7,HUEZ71 :OM !Y ACCUS$ ( HAV+ TRI$ TO DEF5D ! TRAD+ MONOPOLI/S1 & KILL$ HIM4 ,!Y SACK$ HIS H\SE1 & ALSO A NOT>Y'S1 & ! H\SE ( ! OLD ,COMM&ANT ,SA9T-,GEORGES1 :O A =TNI<T BE=E HAD GIV5 ! ORD] TO FIRE ON !4 PEOPLE1 AS WELL AS ?AT ( ! LIEUT5ANT ( ! M\NT$ POLICE1 :O HAD CAUS$ A MAN TO BE HANG$ DUR+ ! PREC$+ RIOT2 & !Y ?REAT5$1 AS !Y HAD DONE 9 ,P>IS AFT] ,JULY #a#d1 TO SACK MANY O!RS4 ,AFT] ?IS1 = AB\T A =TNI<T1 T]ROR REIGN$ AMONG ! UPP] MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,BUT !Y MANAG$ DUR+ ?AT TIME TO REORGANIZE !IR [N ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 & ON ,SEPTEMB] #bf !Y 5D$ BY GETT+ ! UPP] H& ( ! UN>M$ PEOPLE4 

,AS A RULE ! ANG] ( ! PEOPLE WAS DIRECT$ MU* MORE AGA9/ ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES :O MONOPOLOLIS$ ! FOOD-/UFFS ?AN AGA9/ ! NOBILITY :O MONOPOLIZ$ ! L&4 ,?US AT ,AMI5S1 AS AT ,TROYES1 ! 9SURG5T PEOPLE ALMO/ KILL$ ?REE M]*ANTS2 :]EUPON ! MIDDLE CLASSES HA/5$ TO >M !IR MILITIA4 ,WE MAY EV5 SAY ?AT ?IS =MATION ( MILITIAS 9 ! T[NS1 :I* WAS C>RI$ \T EV]Y-:]E 9 ,AUGU/ & ,SEPTEMB]1 W\LD PROBABLY HAVE NEV] TAK5 PLACE IF ! POPUL> RIS+ HAD BE5 CONF9$ TO ! C\NTRY P>TS1 & HAD BE5 DIRECT$ SOLELY AGA9/ ! NOBILITY4 

,AT ,*]B\RG ON ,JULY #b#a1 AT ,R\5 ON ! #b#d?1 & 9 MANY O!R T[NS ( LESS IMPORTANCE1 ALMO/ ! SAME ?+ HAPP5$4 ,! HUNGRY PEOPLE ROSE ) CRIES ( 0,BREAD6 ,DEA? TO ! MONOPOLI/S6 ,D[N ) ! TOLL-GATES60 :I* MEANT FREE 5TRANCE ( ALL SUPPLIES COM+ 9 FROM ! C\NTRY4 ,!Y COMPELL$ ! MUNICIPALITY TO R$UCE ! PRICE ( BREAD1 OR ELSE !Y TOOK POSSESSION ( ! MONOPOLI/S' /OREH\SES & C>RI$ (F ! GRA92 !Y SACK$ ! H\SES ( ?OSE :O W]E KN[N TO HAVE TRAFFICK$ 9 ! PRICE ( BREAD/UFFS4 ,! MIDDLE CLASSES TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS MOVEM5T TO TURN \T ! OLD MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T IMBU$ ) FEUDALISM1 & TO SET UP A NEW MUNICIPALITY ELECT$ ON A DEMOCRATIC BASIS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! PANIC PRODUC$ BY ! RIS+ ( ! 0L[] CLASSES0 9 ! T[NS1 & ( ! 0BRIG&S0 9 ! C\NTRY1 !Y >M$ !MSELVES & ORGANIZ$ !IR ,MUNICIPAL ,GU>D4 ,AFT] ?AT !Y 0RE/OR$ ORD]10 EXECUT$ ! POPUL> LEAD]S1 & V]Y (T5 W5T 9TO ! C\NTRY TO RE/ORE ORD] !RE2 :]E !Y F\<T ) ! PEASANTS & HANG$ ! 0LEAD]S0 ( ! REVOLT$ PEASANTRY4 

,AFT] ! NI<T ( ,AUGU/ #d1 !SE URBAN 9SURRECTIONS SPREAD /ILL MORE4 ,9DICATIONS ( !M >E SE5 EV]Y:]E4 ,! TAXES1 ! T[N-DUES1 ! LEVIES & EXCISE W]E NO LONG] PAID4 0,! COLLECTORS ( ! TAILLE >E AT !IR LA/ %IFT10 SAID ,NECK]1 9 HIS REPORT ( ,AUGU/ #g4 ,! PRICE ( SALT HAS BE5 COMPULSORILY R$UC$ ONE-HALF 9 TWO ( ! REVOLT$ LOCALITIES10 ! COLLECTION ( TAXES 0IS NO LONG] MADE10 & SO =?4 0,AN 9F9ITY ( PLACES0 WAS 9 REVOLT AGA9/ ! TREASURY CL]KS4 ,! PEOPLE W\LD NO LONG] PAY ! 9DIRECT TAX2 AS TO ! DIRECT TAXES1 !Y >E NOT REFUS$1 BUT CONDITIONS W]E LAID D[N = !IR PAYM5T4 ,9 ,ALSACE1 = 9/ANCE1 0! PEOPLE G5]ALLY REFUS$ TO PAY ANY?+ UNTIL ! EXEMPTS & PRIVILEG$ P]SONS HAD BE5 ADD$ TO ! LI/S ( TAXPAY]S40 

,9 ?IS WAY ! PEOPLE1 LONG BE=E ! ,ASSEMBLY1 W]E MAK+ ! ,REVOLUTION ON ! SPOT2 !Y GAVE !MSELVES1 BY REVOLUTION>Y MEANS1 A NEW MUNICIPAL ADM9I/RATION1 !Y MADE A DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! TAXES ?AT !Y ACCEPT$ & ?OSE :I* !Y REFUS$ TO PAY1 & !Y PRESCRIB$ ! MODE ( EQUAL DIVISION ( ! TAXES ?AT !Y AGRE$ TO PAY TO ! ,/ATE OR TO ! ,COMMUNE4 

,IT IS *IEFLY BY /UDY+ ?IS ME?OD ( ACTION AMONG ! PEOPLE1 & NOT BY DEVOT+ ONESELF TO ! /UDY ( ! ,ASSEMBLY'S LEGISLATIVE WORK1 ?AT ONE GRASPS ! G5IUS ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION--! ,G5IUS1 9 ! MA91 ( ALL REVOLUTIONS1 PA/ & TO COME4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a ,BABEAU1 ,LA VILLE S\S L2ANCI5 REGIME1 P4 #a#e#c1 ET SEQ4 

#b ,VIDE ,BABEAU1 ,LA VILLE1 PP4L #c#b#c1 #c#c#a1 @&C4 ,RODOLPHE ,REUSS1 ,L',ALASCE P5DANT LA ,REVOLUTION1 VOL4 #a41 GIVES ! CAHI] ( ! ,/RASB\RG ,?IRD ,E/ATE1 V]Y 9T]E/+ 9 ?IS CONNECTION4 

#c ,AUL>D1 ,HI/OIRE POLITIQUE DE LA ,REVOLUTION FRANCAISE1 #bND $ITION1 #a#i#c4 

#d ,LETTRE DES REPRES5TANTS DE LA B\RGEOISIE AUX DEPUTES DE ,/RASB\RG A ,V]SAILLES1 ,JUYLY #b#h1 #a<i 7,R4 ,REUSS1 ,L',ALASCE P5DANT LA ,REVOLUTION FRANCAISE1 ,P>IS #a#h#h#a1 0,DOCUM5TS0 XXVI74 

#e,:EAT WAS !N #ai LIVRES ! SACK4 ,! PRICES ROSE AT ! 5D ( ,AUGU/ TO #bh & #c LIVRES1 SO ?AT ! BAK]S W]E =BIDD5 TO BAKE CAKES OR FANCY BREAD4 

#f ,REUSS1 ,L',ALSACE1 P4 #a#d#g4 

#g ,PUBLI%$ BY ,REUSS4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #ae -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#h1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #ae -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/