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,! ,FEUDAL ,RI<TS ,REMA9 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY I/]IK#c#b1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,ASSEMBLY & FEUDAL PRIVILEGES -- ,SURVIVALS ( ,S]FDOM -- ,OBLIGATIONS TO FEUDAL LORD -- ,LORDS TRY TO BACK\T ( !IR PROMISES -- ,*UR* TI!S ABOLI%$ 9 !ORY BUT NOT 9 PRACTICE -- ,DISAPPO9TM5T ( PEASANTS -- ,GAME LAWS -- ,FEUDAL RI<TS -- ,P]SONAL S]VITUDE ALONE ABOLI%$ -- ,O!R DUES REMA9 -- ,R$EMPTION ( L& R5D]$ IMPOSSIBLE -- ,EFFECT ( VAGU5ESS ( ,ASSEMBLY -- ,>TICLE ( ,AUGU/ #d1 #a#g#h#i1 NOT TO BE TAK5 LIT]ALLY -- ,PEASANTS REFUSE TO PAY -- ,K+ ! RALLY+-PO9T ( FEUDALISM -- ,TACTICS ( ,ASSEMBLY -- ,ITS RESOLUTIONS F9ALLY PUBLI%$ BY ! ,K+4 

,:5 ! ,ASSEMBLY MET AGA9 ON ,AUGU/ #e TO DRAW UP1 UND] ! =M ( RESOLUTIONS1 ! LI/ ( R5UNCIATIONS :I* HAD 5 MADE DUR+ ! HI/ORIC NI<T ( ! #d?1 ONE C\LD SEE UP TO :AT PO9T ! ,ASSEMBLY WAS ON ! SIDE ( PROP]TY1 & H[ IT WAS GO+ TO DEF5D EV]Y ONE ( ! PECUNI>Y ADVANTAGES ATTA*$ TO ?OSE SAME FEUDAL PRIVILEGES1 :I* HAD MADE A %[ ( AB&ON+ A FEW H\RS BE=E4 

,!RE W]E /ILL 9 ,FRANCE1 UND] ! NAME ( MA9MORTES BANALITIS1#a @&C41 A FEW SURVIVALS ( ! ANCI5T S]FDOM4 ,!RE /ILL PEASANTS SUBJECT TO MORTMA9 9 ! ,FRAN*E-,COMTE1 ,NIV]NAIS & ! ,B\RBONNAIS4 ,!Y W]E S]FS 9 ! TRUE S5SE ( ! WORD2 !Y C\LD NOT SELL !IR GOODS1 NOR TRANSMIT !M BY 9H]ITANCE1 EXCEPT TO ?OSE ( !IR *ILDR5  LIV$ ) !M4 ,!Y REMA9$ !RE=E ATTA*$ TO ! SOIL4#b ,H[ MANY !Y W]E WE DO NOT EXACTLY KN[1 BUT IT IS ?\<T ?AT ! NUMB] GIV5 BY ,BONC]F AS ?REE HUNDR$ ?\S& MA9MORTABLES IS ! MO/ PROBABLE#c4 

,BESIDES !SE MA9MORTABLES !RE W]E A V]Y L>GE NUMB] ( PEASANTS & ALSO ( FREE T[NSM51 :O W]E1 NEV]!LESS1 /ILL HELD UND] P]SONAL OBLIGATIONS EI!R TO !IR =M] LORDS OR ELSE TO ! LORD ( ! L&S !Y HAD B\<T OR HELD ON LEASE4 

,IT IS E/IMAT$ ?AT AS A RULE ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES--! NOBILITY & CL]GY--HELD HALF ! L&S ( EV]Y VILLAGE1 BUT ?AT BESIDES !SE L&S1 :I* W]E !IR PROP]TY1 !Y /ILL RETA9$ V>I\S FEUDAL RI<TS OV] ! L&S [N$ BY ! PEASANTS4 ,SMALL PROPRIETORS W]E EV5 !N V]Y NUM]\S 9 ,FRANCE1 BUT !RE W]E V]Y FEW ( !M1 ADDS ,M4 ,SAGNAC1 :O 0HELD BY RI<T ( FREEHOLD1 :O DID NOT [E AT LEA/ A QUIT-R5T1 OR SOME O!R DUE1 9 RECOGNITION ( ! SEIGNIORY40 ,NE>LY ALL L&S PAID SOME?+1 EI!R 9 MONEY OR 9 A PORTION ( ! CROPS1 TO SOME OR O!R LORD4 

,!SE OBLIGATIONS V>I$ V]Y MU*1 BUT !Y MAY BE DIVID$ 9TO FIVE CLASSES3 7#a7 ,! P]SONAL OBLIGATIONS1 (T5 HUMILIAT+-RELICS ( S]FDOM2 #d 7#b7 PAYM5TS ( ALL SORTS 9 MONEY1 9 K9D OR 9 WORK1 :I* W]E DUE = A REAL OR SUPPOS$ CONCESSION ( L&2 !SE W]E ! MORTMA9 & ! REAL /ATUTE-LABORS #e1 ! QUIT-R5T1 ! FIELD-R5T1 ! L&-TAX1 ! F9ES ON SALES & ON 9H]ITANCE2 7#c7 V>I\S PAYM5TS RESULT+ FROM ! LORDS' MONOPOLIES2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! LORDS LEVI$ C]TA9 CU/OMS-REV5UES1 C]TA9 T[N-DUES1 OR C]TA9 R5TS FROM ?OSE :O US$ !IR M>KETS OR !IR MEASURES1 MILLS1 W9E-PRESSES1 COMMON OV5S & ! RE/2 7#d7 ! FEET ( JU/ICE LEVI$ BY ! LORD :]EV] ! C\RT BELONG$ TO HIM1 ! TAXES1 F9ES & SO ON2 & 7#e7 ! LORD POSSESS$ ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( HUNT+ OV] HIS L& & ?OSE ( ! NEI<BOR+ PEASANTRY1 AS WELL AS ! RI<T ( KEEP+ PIGEON H\SES & RABBIT-W>R5S1 :I* CONF]R$ A MU*-COVET$ HONOR ) ! PRIVILEGE4 

,ALL !SE RI<TS W]E VEXATI\S TO ! LA/ DEGREE1 & !Y CO/ ! PEASANT DE>1 EV5 :5 !Y MATT]$ LITTLE OR NO?+ TO ! LORD4 ,& IT IS A FACT1 UPON :I* ,BONC]F LAYS /RESS 9 HIS REM>KABLE WORK1 ,LES 9CONV5I5TS DES DROITS FEODAUX#f ?AT EV] S9CE #aggf ! IMPOV]I%$ LORDS1 & ESPECIALLY !IR /EW>DS1 BEGAN TO SQUEEZE ! F>M]S1 ! T5ANTS & ! PEASANTS G5]ALLY1 9 ORD] TO GET \T ( !M AS MU* AS ,POSSIBLE4 ,9 #a<f !RE WAS EV5 A PRETTY WIDE REVISION ( ! L&-REGI/]S = ! PURPOSE ( AUGM5T+ ! FEUDAL DUES4 

,! ,ASSEMBLY1 !RE=E1 AFT] PRON\NC+ ! ABOLITION ( ALL ! SURVIVALS ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM1 HALT$ :5 IT BECAME A QUE/ION ( WORD+ !SE R5UNCIATIONS & PUTT+ !M 9TO ! WRITT5 LAW4 

,?US IT SEEM$ AS IF ! LORDS HAV+ SACRIFIC$ !IR MA9MORTES1 !RE WAS NO?+ MORE TO BE SAID AB\T IT2 !Y HAD ONLY TO PUT !IR R5UNCIATION 9TO ! =M ( A DECREE4 ,BUT EV5 ON ?IS QUE/ION !Y RAIS$ DISCUSSIONS4 ,!Y TRI$ TO E/ABLI% A DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! P]SONAL MORTMA9ABLE S]FDOM1 A CONDITION :I* %\LD BE ABOLI%$ )\T 9DEMNITY1 & ! REAL MORTMA9ABLE S]FDOM ATTA*$ TO ! L& & TRANSMITT$ ) ! LEAS+ OR PUR*ASE ( IT3 S]FS ( ! LATT] CLASS MI<T R$EEM !MSELVES4 ,& IF ! ,ASSEMBLY DECID$ 9 ! 5D TO ABOLI% )\T 9DEMNITY ALL ! RI<TS & DUES1 FEUDAL AS WELL AS MANORIAL1 0:I* P]TA9$ TO MORTMA91 REAL OR P]SONAL1 & TO P]SONAL S]VICES70 !Y MANAG$ SO AS TO CA/ A D\BT EV5 ON ?IS -- ESPECIALLY 9 EV]Y CASE :]E IT WAS DIFFICULT TO SEP>ATE ! RI<TS ( MORTMA9 FROM FEUDAL RI<TS 9 G5]AL4 

,!RE WAS ! SAME %UFFL+ OV] ! QUE/ION ( ! ,*UR* TI!S4 ,IT IS KN[N ?AT ! TI!S V]Y (T5 AM\NT$ TO A FIF? OR EV5 A QU>T] ( ALL H>VE/S1 & ?AT ! CL]GY CLAIM$ A %>E ( ! V]Y GRASSES & NUTS :I* ! PEASANTS GA!R$4 ,!SE TI!S WEI<$ V]Y HEAVILY UPON ! PEASANTS1 ESPECIALLY UPON ! POOR] ONES4 ,BUT !N1 ON ,AUGU/ #d1 ! CL]GY HAD DECL>$ !IR R5UNCIATION ( ALL TI!S 9 K9D1 ON CONDITION ?AT !SE TI!S %\LD BE R$EEM$ BY ?OSE :O PAID !M4 ,BUT AS !Y DID NOT 9DICATE ! CONDITIONS ( R$EMPTION1 NOR ! RULES ( PROC$URE UND] :I* ! R$EMPTION %\LD BE MADE1 ! R5UNCIATION 9 REALITY WAS R$UC$ TO A SIMPLE DECL>ATION ( PR9CIPLE4 ,! CL]GY ACCEPT$ ! R$EMPTION2 !Y P]MITT$ ! PEASANTS TO R$EEM ! TI!S IF !Y WI%$ TO DO SO1 & TO DEBATE ! PRICE ) ! HOLD]S ( ! TI!S4 ,BUT1 ON ,AUGU/ #f1 :5 IT WAS PROPOS$ TO DRAW UP ! RESOLUTIONS CONC]N+ ! TI!S1 A DIFFICULTY PRES5T$ ITSELF4 

,!RE W]E TI!S :I* ! CL]GY HAD SOLD 9 ! C\RSE ( ! C5TURIES TO PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS1 & !SE TI!S W]E CALL$ LAY OR 5FE(F$4 ,= SU* AS !SE R$EMPTION WAS CONSID]$ ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y1 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ! RI<T ( PROP]TY = ! LA/ PUR*AS]4 ,WORSE ?AN ?AT ! TI!S PAID BY ! PEASANTS TO ! CL]GY !MSELVES W]E REPRES5T$ TO ! ,ASSEMBLY BY C]TA9 SPEAK]S1 AS A TAX :I* ! NATION PAID 9 SUPPORT ( ITS CL]GY2 & BY DEGREES1 DUR+ ! DISCUSSION1 ! OP9ION PREVAIL$ ?AT !RE MI<T BE A QUE/ION ( R$EEM+ ! TI!S IF ! NATION UND]TOOK TO GIVE A REGUL> SAL>Y TO ! CL]GY4 ,?IS DISCUSSION LA/$ FIVE DAYS1 UNTIL ! #a#a?1 & !N SEV]AL PRIE/S1 BACK$ BY ! >*BI%OPS1 DECL>$ ?AT !Y REL9QUI%$ ! TI!S TO ! C\NTRY1 & LEFT !MSELVES TO ! JU/ICE & G5]OSITY ( ! NATION4 

,IT WAS DECID$1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! TI!S PAID TO ! CL]GY %\LD BE ABOLI%$2 BUT :ILE MEANS W]E BE+ F\ND = PROVID+ FROM SOME O!R S\RCE ! EXP5SES = RELIGION1 ! TI!S %\LD BE PAID AS =M]LY4 ,AS TO ! 5FE(F$ TI!S1 !Y W]E TO BE PAID UNTIL !Y W]E R$EEM$4 

,IT CAN BE IMAG9$ :AT A T]RIBLE DISAPPO9TM5T ?IS WAS = ! RURAL POPULATIONS1 & :AT A CAUSE ( DI/URBANCE4 ,9 !ORY ! TI!S W]E SUPPRESS$1 BUT 9 REALITY !Y W]E TO BE COLLECT$ AS USUAL4 0,UNTIL :580 ASK$ ! PEASANTS2& ! ANSW] WAS1 0 ,UNTIL WE F9D SOME O!R MEANS ( PAY+ ! CL]GY4 ,& AS ! F9ANCES ( ! K+DOM -W]E GO+ FROM BAD TO WORSE1 ! PEASANT WAS JU/IFI$ 9 ASK+ IF ! TI!S W\LD EV] BE ABOLI%$4 ,! /OPPAGE ( WORK & ! REVOLUTION>Y AGITATION MANIFE/LY PREV5T$ 3 ! COLLECTION ( ! TAXES1 :IL/ ! CO/ ( ! NEW LAW & ! NEW ADM9I/RATION T5D$ NECESS>ILY TO 9CREASE !DIFFICULTY4 ,DEMOCRATIC RE=MS >E EXP5SIVE & IT IS ONLY ) TIME ?AT A NATION 9 REVOLUTION IS ABLE TO PAY ! CO/ ( ITS RE=MS4 ,MEAN:ILE ! PEASANT HAD TO PAY ! TI!S1 & UP TO #agia !Y W]E EXACT$ FROM HIM 9 A V]Y H>% WAY1 & AS HE DID NOT WANT TO PAY1 LAW UPON LAW & P5ALTY UPON P5ALTY W]E DECRE$ BY ! ,ASSEMBLY AGA9/ ! DEFAULT]S4 

,! SAME REM>K APPLIES TO ! GAME LAWS4 ,ON ! NI<T ( ,AUGU/ #d ! NOBLES HAD R5\NC$ !IR HUNT+ RI<TS4 ,BUT :5 IT CAME TO ! =MULATION ( :AT HAD BE5 SAID1 IT WAS P]CEIV$ ?AT ?IS W\LD GIVE ! RI<T ( HUNT+ TO EV]Y ONE4 ,:]EUPON ! ,ASSEMBLY RETRACT$1 & ONLY EXT5D$ ! RI<T ( HUNT+ TO ALL PROPRIETORS1 OR RA!R TO ! [N]S ( REAL E/ATE UPON !IR [N L&S4 ,BUT H]E AGA9 !Y LEFT RA!R VAGUE ! =MULA AT :I* !Y F9ALLY /OPP$4 ,! ,ASSEMBLY ABOLI%$ ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( HUNT+ & ?AT ( ! UN5CLOS$ W>R5S1 BUT !Y SAID ?AT EV]Y PROPRIETOR HAD ! RI<T TO DE/ROY & TO CAUSE TO BE DE/ROY$1 ONLY UPON HIS 9H]IT$ L&1 ALL K9DS ( GAME4 ,DID ?IS AU?ORIZATION APPLY TO ! F>M]S8 ,IT IS D\BTFUL4 ,! PEASANTS1 H[EV]1 DID NOT WAIT =1 NOR REQUIRE1 ! P]MISSION ( TRICKY LAWY]S4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] ,AUGU/ #d !Y BEGAN EV]Y:]E TO DE/ROY ! GAME BELONG+ TO ! LORDS4 ,AFT] HAV+ SE5 = MANY YE>S !IR CROPS DEV\R$ BY ! GAME1 !Y !MSELVES DE/ROY$ ! DEPR$ATORS )\T WAIT+ = ANY AU?ORIZATION4 

,F9ALLY AS TO :AT CONC]N$ ! ESS5TIAL ?+1 ! GREAT QUE/ION :I* SO DEEPLY 9T]E/$ MORE ?AN TW5TY MILLIONS ( ,FR5*M5-! FEUDAL RI<TS-! ,ASSEMBLY1 :5 IT WAS =MULAT+ 9 RESOLUTIONS ! R5UNCIATIONS ( ! NI<T ( ,AUGU/ #d1 CONF9$ ITSELF SIMPLY TO ! 5UNCIATION ( A PR9CIPLE 

0,! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY DE/ROYS 5TIRELY ! FEUDAL SY/EM10 SAID ! FIR/ >TICLE ( ! RESOLUTIONS ( ,AUGU/ #e4 ,BUT ! FOLL[+ >TICLES ( ,AUGU/ #e TO #aa EXPLA9 ?AT ONLY ! P]SONAL S]VITUDE DEGRAD+ TO HONOR %\LD DISAPPE> 5TIRELY4 ,ALL ! O!R DUES1 :ATSOEV] !IR ORIG9 OR NATURE1 REMA9$4 ,!Y MI<T BE R$EEM$ ONE DAY1 BUT !RE WAS NO?+ 9 ! RESOLUTIONS ( ,AUGU/ TO 9DICATE EI!R :5 OR UND] :AT CONDITIONS ?AT C\LD BE DONE4 ,NO LIMIT WAS IMPOS$4 ,NOT ! SLI<TE/ SUGGE/ION WAS MADE AS TO ! LEGAL PROC$URE BY MEANS ( :I* ! R$EMPTION W\LD BE MADE4 ,NO?+-NO?+ BUT ! PR9CIPLE1 ! DESID]ATUM4 ,&1 MEAN:ILE1 ! PEASANT HAD TO PAY EV]Y?+1 AS BE=E4 

,!RE WAS SOME?+ WORSE 9 !SE RESOLUTIONS ( ,AUGU/ #a#g#h#i4 ,!Y OP5$ ! DOOR TO A MEASURE BY :I* R$EMPTION W\LD BE MADE IMPOSSIBLE1 & ?IS WAS PASS$ BY ! ,ASSEMBLY SEV5 MON?S LAT]4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #agi !Y MADE R$EMPTION ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE = ! PEASANT TO ACCEPT1 BY IMPOS+ ! JO9T R$EMPTION ( ALL L& R5TS1 P]SONAL & REAL4 ,M4 ,SAGNAC HAS REM>K$1 ON PAGE #i ( HIS EXCELL5T WORK ?AT ,DEMEUNI] HAD ALREADY PROPOS$ ON ,AUGU/ #f OR #g A MEASURE ( ?IS K9D4 ,& ! ,ASSEMBLY1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 MADE A LAW 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#g#i1 AFT] :I* IT BECAME IMPOSSIBLE TO R$EEM ! DUES UPON ! L& )\T R$EEM+ AT ! SAME TIME1 9 ! SAME LOT1 ! P]SONAL S]VICES1 ABOLI%$ ?\< !Y W]E S9CE ,AUGU/ #e1 #a#g#h#i4 

,C>RI$ AWAY BY ! 5?USIASM ) :I* ,P>IS & ,FRANCE RECEIV$ ! NEWS ( ?AT ALL- NI<T SITT+ ( ,AUGU/ #d1 ! HI/ORIANS HAVE NOT GIV5 SUFFICI5T PROM95CE TO ! EXT5T ( ! RE/RICTIONS :I* ! ,ASSEMBLY PUT AGA9/ ! FIR/ CLAUSE ( ITS DECREE BY MEANS ( CLAUSES VOT$ 9 ! SIT+S FROM ,AUGU/ #e TO #a#a4 ,EV5 ,L\IS ,BLANC1 :O FURNI%ES1 H[EV]1 9 HIS *APT]1 ,LA PROPRIETE DEVANT LA ,REVOLUTION#g1 ! IDEAS NECESS>Y = ! APPRECIATION ( ! T5OR ( ! RESOLUTIONS PASS$ 9 ,AUGU/1 SEEMS TO HESITATE AT DE/ROY+ ! BEAUTIFUL LEG5D1 & HE GLOSSES OV] ! RE/RICTIONS1 OR ELSE TRIES EV5 TO EXCUSE !M 9 SAY+ ?AT 0! LOGICAL SEQU5CE ( FACTS 9 HI/ORY IS NOT SO RAPID1 9DE$ F> FROM IT1 AS ?AT ( ! IDEAS 9 ! HEAD ( A ?9K]40 ,BUT ! FACT REMA9S ?AT ?IS VAGU5ESS1 !SE D\BTS1 !SE HESITATIONS :I* ! ,ASSEMBLY FLUNG TO ! PEASANTS :5 !Y ASK$ = MEASURES1 CLE> & PRECISE1 TO ABOLI% ! OLD ABUSES1 BECAME ! CAUSE ( ! T]RIBLE /RUGGLES :I* W]E EVOLV$1 DUR+ ! F\R FOLL[+ YE>S4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL AFT] ! EXPULSION ( ! ,GIROND9S ?AT ! QUE/ION ( ! FEUDAL RI<TS CAME UP AGA9 BOLDLY & 9 ITS 5TIRETY1 9 ! S5SE ( ,>TICLE #a ( ! RESOLUTION ( ,AUGU/ #d4#h 

,IT IS NO USE N[1 & AT A DI/ANCE ( A HUNDR$ YE>S1 TO DECLAIM AGA9/ ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,9DE$1 ! ,ASSEMBLY DID ALL ?AT C\LD HAVE BE5 HOP$ = FROM AN ASSEMBLY ( PROP]TY [N]S & WELL-TO-DO MIDDLE-CLASS M52 P]HAPS IT DID EV5 MORE4 ,IT GAVE =? A PR9CIPLE1 & BY SO DO+ IT 9VIT$1 SO TO SAY1 A FUR!R /EP4 ,BUT IT IS V]Y IMPORTANT TO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT !SE RE/RICTIONS1 = IF ! >TICLE :I* DECL>$ ! TOTAL DE/RUCTION ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM IS TAK5 LIT]ALLY1 WE CANNOT FAIL TO UND]/& COMPLETELY ! F\R YE>S ( ! ,REVOLUTION :I* FOLL[1 & /ILL MORE ! /RUGGLES :I* BROKE \T 9 ! V]Y MID/ ( ! ,CONV5TION 9 #agic 

,! RESI/ANCE TO !SE RESOLUTIONS WAS IMM5SE4 ,IF !Y C\LD NOT SATISFY ! PEASANTS & IF !Y BECAME ! SIGNAL = A P[]FUL RECRUDESC5CE ( ! PEASANT RIS+S1 TO ! NOBLES1 ! HI<] CL]GY & ! ,K+ !SE RESOLUTIONS SIGNIFI$ ! SPOLIATION ( ,*UR* & NOBILITY4 ,FROM ?AT DAY BEGAN01 ! HIDD5 AGITATION1 :I* WAS FOM5T$ UNCEAS+LY & ) AN EV]-GR[+ >DOR AGA9/ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ,ASSEMBLY BELIEV$ IT C\LD SAFEGU>D ! RI<TS ( L&$ PROP]TY1 & 9 ORD9>Y TIMES A LAW ( ?AT K9D MI<T HAVE ATTA9$ ?IS 5D4 ,BUT 9 ! VILLAGES PEOPLE UND]/OOD ?AT ! NI<T ( ,AUGU/ #d HAD DEALT A TREM5D\S BL[ AT ALL FEUDAL RI<TS1 & ?AT ! RESOLUTIONS ( ,AUGU/ #e TO #aa HAD /RIPP$ ! L&LORDS ( !M1 EV5 ?\< R$EMPTION ( !SE RI<TS WAS IMPOS$ UPON ! PEASANTS4 ,! G5]AL SPIRIT ( !SE RESOLUTIONS1 :I* 9CLUD$ ! ABOLITION ( ! TI!S1 ! RI<TS ( HUNT+ & O!R PRIVILEGES1 CLE>LY 9DICAT$ TO ! PEOPLE ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE >E SUP]IOR TO ! RI<TS :I* PROP]TY-[N]S MAY HAVE ACQUIR$ 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 ,!Y CONTA9$ ! CONDEMNATION1 9 ! NAME ( JU/ICE1 ( ALL ! H]$IT>Y PRIVILEGES ( FEUDALISM4 ,& H5CE=? NO?+ C\LD REHABILITATE ?OSE RI<TS 9 ! M9D ( ! PEASANT4 

,! PEASANTS UND]/OOD ?AT ?OSE RI<TS W]E CONDEMN$ & !Y RI<TLV DECL9$ TO BUY !M \T4 ,!Y JU/ SIMPLY CEAS$ TO PAY4 ,BUT ! ,ASSEMBLY1 HAV+ NEI!R ! C\RAGE TO ABOLI% ! FEUDAL RI<TS ALTOGE!R1 NOR ! 9CL9ATION TO WORK \T A ME?OD ( R$EMPTION ?AT W\LD BE ACCEPTABLE TO ! PEASANTS1 CREAT$ 9 ?AT WAY ! EQUIVOCAL CONDITIONS :I* W]E TO BR+ =? CIVIL W> ?R\<\T ,FRANCE4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! PEASANTS UND]/OOD ?AT !Y NE$ NOT BUY ANY?+1 NOR PAY ANY?+2 ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION HAD ONLY TO GO ON 9 ORD] TO ABOLI% ! FEUDAL RI<TS )\T R$EMPTION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! RI* PEOPLE UND]/OOD ?AT ! RESOLUTIONS ( ,AUGU/ HAD AS YET ABOLI%$ NO?+ EXCEPT ! MORTMA9 & ! SACRIFIC$ HUNT+ RI<TS2 SO ?AT1 BY RALLY+ !MSELVES TO ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 & TO ! ,K+ AS ITS REPRES5TATIVE1 !Y W\LD P]HAPS SUCCE$ 9 MA9TA9+ !IR FEUDAL RI<TS & 9 KEEP+ ! L& ?AT !Y & !IR ANCE/ORS HAD1 UND] V>I\S PRETEXTS1 ROBB$ FROM TILE VILLAGE COMMUNES4 

,! ,K+1 PROBABLY BY ! ADVICE ( HIS C\NSELORS1 HAD ?OR\<LY UND]/OOD ! P>T ASSIGN$ TO HIM 9 ! C\NT] REV\TION AS A RALLY+-PO9T = ! DEF5SE ( FEUDAL PRIVILEGES1 & HE HA/5$ TO WRITE TO ! ,>*BI%OP ( ,>LES TO TELL HIM ?AT HE W\LD NEV] GIVE1 EXCEPT UND] COMPULSION1 HIS SANCTION TO ! RESOLUTIONS ( ,AUGU/4 0,! SACRIFICE ( ! TWO FIR/ ORD]S ( ! ,/ATE IS F9E10 HE SAID2 0BUT ,I CAN ONLY ADMIRE IT2 ,I WILL NEV] CONS5T TO ! SPOLIATION ( MY CL]GY & MY NOBILITY4 ,I WILL NOT GIVE MY SANCTION TO DECREES :I* W\LD DESPOIL !M40 

,& HE CONT9U$ TO REFUSE HIS ASS5T UNTIL HE WAS L$ A PRISON] TO ,P>IS BY ! PEOPLE4 ,& EV5 :5 HE GAVE IT1 HE DID EV]Y?+1 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! PROP]TY-[N+ CL]GY1 NOBLES & MIDDLE CLASSES1 TO C\* HIS SANCTION 9 SU* A =M AS TO R5D] ! RESOLUTIONS ( ! ,ASSEMBLY DEAD LETT]S4 

,MY FRI5D1 ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 :O HAS BE5 SO K9D AS TO READ MY MANUSCRIPT1 HAS MADE A NOTE ON ! QUE/ION ( ! SANCTION ( ! RESOLUTIONS 7>RETES7 ( ,AUGU/ #d1 :I* ,I H]E REPRODUCE 9 5TIRETY3 

,! ,ASSEMBLY AT ! TIME EX]CIS$ BO? CON/ITU5T & LEGISLATIVE P[]3 & IT HAD SEV]AL TIMES DECL>$ ?AT ITS 5ACTM5TS1 AS A CON/ITU5T P[]1 W]E 9DEP5D5T ( ! ROYAL AU?ORITY2 ONLY ! LAWS HAD NE$ ( ! ,K+'S SANCTION 7!Y W]E CALL$ DECREE BE=E ! SANCTION1 LAW AFT] IT74 

,! ACTS ( ,AUGU/ #d W]E ( A CON/ITU5T NATURE3 ! ,ASSEMBLY HAD WORD$ !M AS RESOLUTIONS 7>RETES71 BUT IT DID NOT ?9K = A MOM5T ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO OBTA9 A P]MISSION FROM ! ,K+ TO /ATE ?AT ! PRIVILEG$ P]SONS HAD R5\NC$ !IR PRIVILEGES4 ,! *>ACT] ( !SE RESOLUTIONS-OR ( ?IS RESOLUTION1 = SOMETIMES !Y SPEAK ( IT 9 ! PLURAL & SOMETIMES 9 ! S+UL>-IS 9DICAT$ 9 ! #a#i? & LA/ ,>TICLE1 :I* SAYS3 0,! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY WILL OCCUPY ITSELF1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ! CON/ITUTION1 ) DRAW+ UP ! LAWS NECESS>Y = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PR9CIPLES :I* IT HAS DET]M9$ BY ! PRES5T RESOLUTIAN1 :I* WILL BE =?) S5T BY ,MESSIEURS ! ,DEPUTIES 9TO ALL ! PROV9CES10 @&C4 ,IT WAS ON ,AUGU/ #aa ?AT ! PUBLICATION ( ! RESOLUTIONS WAS DEF9ITELY ADOPT$2 AT ! SAME TIME ! ,ASSEMBLY ACCORD$ TO ! ,K+ ! TITLE ( 0,RE/OR] ( ,FR5* ,LIB]TY10 & ORD]$ ?AT A ,TE ,DEUM %\LD BE SUNG 9 ! *APEL ( ! PALACE4 

,ON ! #a#b? ! PRESID5T 7,LE ,*APELI]7 W5T TO ASK ! ,K+ :54 HE W\LD RECEIVE ! ,ASSEMBLY = ! ,TE ,DEUM2 ! ,K+ REPLI$ ?AT IT W\LD BE ON ! #a#c? AT NOON4 ,ON ! #a#c? ! :OLE ( ! ,ASSEMBLY W5T TO ! PALACE2 ! PRESID5T MADE A SPEE*2 HE DID NOT 9 ! LEA/ ASK = SANCTION2 HE EXPLA9$ TO ! ,K+ :AT ! ,ASSEMBLY HAD DONE1 & ANN\NC$ TO HIM ! TITLE ?AT HAD BE5 ACCORD$ TO HIM3 ,L\IS ,X,V,I REPLI$ ?AT HE ACCEPT$ ! TITLE ) GRATITUDE2 HE CONGRATULAT$ ! ,ASSEMBLY & EXPRESS$ HIS CONFID5CE 9 IT4 ,!N ! ,TE ,DEUM WAS SUNG 9 ! *APEL4 

,IT MATT]$ LITTLE ?AT ! ,K+ HAD WRITT5 SECRETLY TO ! >*BI%OP TO EXPRESS A DIFF]5T S5TIM5T3 JU/ !N ONLY PUBLIC ACTIONS MATT]$4 

,!RE=E !RE WAS NOT ! LEA/ PUBLIC OPPOSITION FROM ! ,K+ DUR+ ! E>LY DAYS1 AGA9/ ! RESOLUTIONS ( ,AUGU/ #d4 

,BUT ON ,SATURDAY1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#b1 CONC]N$ AT ! DI/URBANCES :I* W]E AGITAT+ ALL ,FRANCE1 ! P>TY ( ! 0PATRIOTS0 JUDG$ ?AT1 PUT AN 5D TO !M1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO MAKE A SOLEMN PROCLAMATION ( ! RESOLUTIONS ( ,AUGU/ #d1 & TO ?IS 5D ! MAJORITY DECID$ ?AT ! RESOLUTIONS %\LD HE PRES5T$ = ! ,K+'S SANCTION1 9 SPITE ( ! OPPOSITION MADE TO ?IS DECISION BY ! C\NT]-REVOLUTIONI/S1 :O W\LD HAVE PREF]R$ NOT TO M5TION !M FUR!R4 

,H[EV]1 ON ,MONDAY ! #a#d? ! PATRIOTS P]CEIV$ ?AT !RE MI<T BE SOME MISUND]/&+ OV] ?IS WORD 0SANCTION40 JU/ AT ?AT PO9T ! ,ASSEMBLY DISCUSS$ ! 0 SUSP5SIVE VETO 0 ( ! ,K+1 & ,B>NAVE REM>K$ ?AT ! VETO C\LD NOT BE APPLI$ TO ! RESOLUTIONS ( ,AUGU/ #d ,MIRABEAU SPOKE TO ! SAME EFFECT4 0,! RESOLUTIONS ( ,AUGU/ #d10 HE SAID1 W]E 5ACT$ BY ! CON/ITU5T P[]1 S9CE :5 !Y CANNOT BE SUBJECT$ TO SANCTION4 ,! RESOLUTIONS ( ,AUGU/ #d >E NOT LAWS1 BUT PR9CIPLES & CON/ITUTIONAL BASES4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 :5 Y\ S5T = SANCTION ! ACTS ( ,AUGU/ #d1 IT WAS = PROMULGATION ONLY ?AT Y\ %\LD HAVE =W>D$ !M40 ,LE ,*APELI]1 9DE$1 PROPOS$ TO REPLACE ! WORD 0 SANCTION 0 9 ALL CONC]N+ !SE RESOLUTIONS BY ! WORD 0 PROMULGATION10 & ADD$ 3 0 ,I MA9TA9 ?AT IT IS USELESS TO RECEIVE ROYAL SANCTION = :AT HIS ,MAJE/Y HAS ALREADY GIV5 AU!NTIC APPROBATION TO1 AS MU* BY ! LETT]1 :I* HE S5T ME :5 ,I HAD ! HONOR TO BE ! SPOKESMAN ( ! ,ASSEMBLY4 7:5 PRESID5T71 AS BY ! ,SOLEMN ACTS ( GRACE & ! ,TE ,DEUM SUNG 9 ! ,K+'S ,*APEL40 

,IT WAS PROPOS$1 !RE=E1 TO DECREE ?AT ! ,ASSEMBLY %\LD SUSP5D ITS ORD] ( ! DAY 7! QUE/ION ( ! VETO7 UNTIL ! PROMULGATION ( ! RESOLUTIONS ( ,AUGU/ #d HAD BE5 MADE BY ! ,K+4 7,GREAT NOISE & DISORD]47 ,! SITT+ WAS 5D$ )\T >RIV+ AT ANY DECISION4 

,ON ! #a#e? !RE WAS A FRE% DISCUSSION1 )\T RESULTS4 ,ON ! #a#f? & #a#g? O!R ?+S W]E DISCUSS$1 ! SUCCESSION TO ! ,?RONE OCCUPY+ ATT5TION4 

,AT LA/1 ON ! #a#h?1 ! ,K+'S REPLY >RIV$4 ,HE APPROV$ ! G5]AL SPIRIT ( ! >TICLES ( ,AUGU/ #d1 BUT !RE W]E SOME ( !M TO :I* HE C\LD ONLY GIVE A CONDITIONAL ASS5T2 & HE CONCLUD$ 9 !SE T]MS3 0,!RE=E1 ,I APPROVE ! GREAT] NUMB] ( !SE >TICLES1 & ,I WILL SANCTION !M :5 !Y %ALL BE WORD$ AS LAWS40 ,?IS DILATORY REPLY PRODUC$ GREAT DISCONT5T2 IT WAS REPEAT$ ?AT ! ,K+ HAD BE5 ASK$ ONLY TO PROMULGATE1 :I* HE C\LD NOT REFUSE TO DO4 ,IT WAS DECID$ ?AT ! PRESID5T %\LD GO TO ! ,K+ TO BEG HIM TO ORD] ! PROMULGATION AT ONCE4 ,CONFRONT$ BY ! ?REAT5+ LANGUAGE ( ! SPEAK]S 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY1 ,L\-IS ,X,V,I KNEW ?AT HE MU/ YIELD2 BUT :ILE YIELD+ HE CAVIL$ OV] ! WORDS3 HE S5T BACK TO ! PRESID5T 7,CL]MONT ,TONN]RE7 ON ! EV5+ ( ,SEPTEMB] #b #b REPLY SAY+3 0,Y\ HAVE ASK$ ME TO 9VE/ ) MY SANCTION ! RESOLUTIONS ( ,AUGU/ #d444 ,I HAVE COMMUNICAT$ TO Y\ ! CRITICISMS TO :I* !Y SEEM TO ME TO BE SUSCEPTIBLE444 ,Y\ ASK ME N[ TO PROMULGATE !SE SAME DECREES2 PROMULGATION BELONGS TO LAWS4444 ,BUT ,I HAVE ALREADY SAID ?AT ,I APPROV$ ( ! G5]AL SPIRIT ( !SE RESOLUTIONS4444 ,I AM GO+ TO ORD] !IR PUBLICATION ?R\<\T ! K+DOM4444 ,I DO NOT D\BT BUT ?AT ,I %ALL BE ABLE TO 9VE/ ) MY SANCTION ALL ! LAWS :I* Y\ WILL DECREE UPON ! V>I\S MATT]S CONTA9$ 9 !SE RESOLUTIONS40 

,IF ! RESOLUTIONS ( ,AUGU/ #d CONTA9$ ONLY PR9CIPLES1 OR !ORIES1 IF WE SEEK 9 !M VA9LY = PRACTICABLE MEASURES1 @&C41 IT IS SO1 BECAUSE SU* MU/ BE ! *>ACT] ( !SE RESOLUTIONS1 SO CLE>LY M>K$ BY ! ,ASSEMBLY 9 ,>TICLE #a#i4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #d ! ,ASSEMBLY HAD PROCLAIM$1 9 PR9CIPLE1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM2 & IT WAS ADD$ ?AT ! ,ASSEMBLY W\LD MAKE ! LAWS1 = ! APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLE1 & ?AT !Y W\LD MAKE !SE LAWS :5 ! ,CON/ITUTION %\LD BE COMPLET$4 ,WE MAY REPROA* ! ,ASSEMBLY = ?IS ME?OD IF WE WI%2 BUT WE MU/ ACKN[L$GE ?AT IT DECEIV$ NO ONE1 & 9 NO WAY BROKE ITS WORD BY NOT MAK+ ! LAWS IMM$IATELY1 S9CE IT HAD PROMIS$ TO MAKE !M AFT] ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,BUT1 ONCE ! ,CON/ITUTION WAS COMPLET$1 ! ,ASSEMBLY HAD TO DISSOLVE & BEQUEA? ITS WORK TO ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY4 

,?IS NOTE BY ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME ?R[S A NEW LI<T UPON ! TACTICS ( ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY4 ,:5 ! W> AGA9/ ! *ATEAUX HAD RAIS$ ! QUE/ION ( FEUDAL RI<TS ! ,ASSEMBLY HAD TWO C\RSES BE=E IT4 ,EI!R IT C\LD ELABORATE SOME S*EME ( LAWS UPON FEUDAL RI<TS1 S*EMES :I* W\LD HAVE TAK5 MON?S1 OR RA!R YE>S1 TO DISCUSS1 &1 SEE+ ! DIV]SITY ( OP9IONS HELD BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ON ?IS SUBJECT W\LD HAVE 5D$ ONLY 9 DIVID+ ! ,ASSEMBLY4 R ELSE1 ! ,ASSEMBLY MI<T HAVE CONF9$ ITSELF TO PROPOS+ ONLY SOME PR9CIPLES1 :I* %\LD S]VE AS BASES = ! 5ACTM5T ( FUTURE LAWS4 

,IT WAS ?IS SECOND ALT]NATIVE :I* WAS ORDA9$ BY ! ,ASSEMBLY4 ,IT HA/5$ TO COMPILE 9 SEV]AL SITT+S ! RESOLUTIONS :I* ! ,K+ WAS F9ALLY OBLIG$ TO PUBLI%4 ,& 9 ! PROV9CES !SE DECL>ATIONS ( ! ,ASSEMBLY HAD ! EFFECT ( SO %AK+ ! FEUDAL SY/EM ?AT1 F\R YE>S AFT]1 ! ,CONV5TION WAS ABLE TO VOTE = ! COMPLETE ABOLITION ( ! FEUDAL RI<TS )\T R$EMPTION4 ,:E!R ?IS =ESE5 OR NOT WE DO NOT KN[1 BUT ?IS ALT]NATIVE WAS1 AFT] ALL1 PREF]ABLE TO ! FIR/4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a ,! COMMON OV51 MILL1 PRESS @&C41 BELONG+ TO ! LORD1 = ! USE ( :I* ! PEASANTS HAD TO PAY1 BESIDES SUFF]+ MU* LOSS ( FOOD1 GRA9 & W9E4 

#b ,! FACT ( BE+ ATTA*$ TO ! L& IS :AT CON/ITUTES ! ESS5CE ( S]FDOM4 ,:]EV] S]FDOM HAS EXI/$ = SEV]AL C5TURIES1 ! LORDS HAVE ALSO OBTA9$ FROM ! ,/ATE RI<TS OV] ! P]SON ( ! S]F1 :I* MADE S]FDOM 79 ,RUSSIA1 = EXAMPLE1 AT ! BEG5N+ ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY7 A /ATE CLOSELF AK9 TO SLAV]Y1 & 9 ! CURR5T LANGUAGE ( ! DAY ALL[$ S]FDOM TO BE CONF\ND$ ) SLAV]Y4 

 #c ,SAGNAC1 ,LA LEGISLATION CIVILE DE LA ,REVOLTUION FRANCAISE P #e#i1 #f4 

#d ,>?UR ,Y\NG WRIT+ !SE VEXATI\S & RU9I\S DUES SAYS 0,:AT >E !SE TORTURES ( ! PEASANTRY 9 ,BRETAGNE1 :I* !Y CALL *EVAN*ES1 QU9TA9ES1 S\LE1 SAUT1 DE POISSON1 BAIS] DE M>IEES1 *ANSONS2 TRANSPORTE D'OEUF SUR UN *>ETTE2 SIL5CE DES GR5\ILLES1 CORVEE A MIS]ICORDE2 MILODE2 LEIDE2 C\PONAGE2 CATILAGE2 B>RAGE2 =AGE2 M>E*AUSSE2 BAUV92 BAN D'A\T2 TR\SSE2 GEL9AGE2 CIV]AGE2 TAILLABILITE2 V9TA92 /]LAGE2 BORGALAG2 M9AGE2 BAN DE V5DAGES2 DROIT D'ACCAPT4448 ,! V]Y T]MS444 >E UNKN[N 9 ,5GL&1 & CONSEQU5TLY UNTRANSLATABLE0 7,TRAVELS ,9 ,FRANCE1 P4 #c#a#i2 ,LONDON1 #a#h#i#b74 

#e 0,REAL0 OPPOS$ TO 0P]SONAL0 MEANS H]E AN OBLIGATION ATTA*$ TO ?+S1 ?AT ITS TO SAY1 TO ! POSSESSION ( ! L&4 

#f ,P4 #e#b4 

#g ,BOOK ,I,I4 *AP I 

#h ,BU*EZ & ,R\X 7,HI/OIRE P>LEM5TAIRE DE LA ,REVOLUTION FRANCAISE VOL4 II4 ,P4 #b#d#c7 SEE 9 ! ABDICATIONS ( ,AUGU/ #d ONLY CONCESSIONS R5D]$ NECESS>Y BY ! DEBATES ON ! 0 ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN40 ,! MAJORITY BE+ 9 FAVOR ( ?IS DECL>ATION1 !IR VOTE W\LD HAVE 9FALLIBLY C>RI$ ) IT ! ABOLITION ( PRIVILEGES4 ,IT IS ALSO 9T]E/+ TO NOTE H[ ,MADAME ,ELISABE? ANN\NC$ ! NI<T ( ,AUGU/ #d TO H] FRI5D1 ,MADAME DE ,MOMBELLES3 0,! NOBILITY10 %E WRITES1 0) AN 5?USIASM WOR?Y ( ! ,FR5* HE>T1 HAVE R5\NC$ EV]Y?+1 ! FEUDAL RI<TS & !IR HUNT+ RI<TS4 ,FI%+ WILL ALSO BE COMPRIS$1 ,I BELIEVE4 ,! CL]GY HAVE LIKEWISE R5\NC$ ! TI!S & P]QUISITES & ! POSSIBILITY ( HOLD+ SEV]AL B5EFICES4 ,?IS DECREE HAS BE5 S5T 9TO ALL ! PROV9CES4 ,I HOPE ?IS WILL PUT AN 5D TO ! BURN+ ( ! *ATEAUX ,!Y HAVE BURN$ SEV5TY40 7,CON*ES1 LOC4 CIT4 P4 #b#c#h47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #ah -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#h1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #ah -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/