,*APT] #bb 
,F9ANCIAL ,DIFFICULTIES-,SALE ( ,*UR* ,PROP]TY 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,JOAQU9 ,M>T9EZ1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE  
,NECESSITY ( AVOID+ BANKRUPTCY -- ,ASSEMBLY DET]M9E TO SEIZE ,*UR* PROP]TY -- ,VALUE ( ,*UR* REV5UE -- ,ITS UNEQUAL DI/RIBUTION -- ,PROPOSALS ( ,BI%OP ( ,AUTUN -- ,AL>M ( WEAL?Y CL]GY -- ,DELI<T ( MIDDLE CLASSES -- ,EXPROPRIATION VOT$ -- ,SUPPRESSION ( MONA/IC ORD]S -- ,PAP] CURR5CY -- ,ADM9I/RATION ( ,*UR* PROP]TY TRANSF]R$ TO MUNICIPALITIES -- ,CL]GY H5CE=W>D DEADLY 5EMIES ( ,REVOLUTION -- ,ORGANIZATION ( ,FR5* ,*UR* -- ,EFFECTS ( NEW ORGANIZATION -- ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY WORKS ESS5TIALLY = MIDDLE CLASS -- ,NE$ ( 0W9D FROM ! /REET0 

,! GREATE/ DIFFICULTY = ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ?AT IT HAD TO MAKE ITS WAY 9 ! MID/ ( FRI<TFUL ECONOMIC CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,/ATE BANKRUPTCY WAS /ILL HANG+ ?REAT5+LY OV] ! HEADS ( ?OSE :O HAD UND]TAK5 TO GOV]N ,FRANCE1 & IF ?IS BANKRUPTCY CAME 9DE$1 IT W\LD BR+ ) IT ! REVOLT ( ! :OLE ( ! UPP] MIDDLE CLASSES AGA9/ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,IF ! DEFICIT HAD BE5 ONE ( ! CAUSES :I* =C$ ROYALTY TO MAKE ! FIR/ CON/ITUTIONAL CONCESSIONS1 & GAVE ! MIDDLE CLASSES C\RAGE TO DEM& S]I\SLY !IR %>E 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T1 ?IS SAME DEFICIT WEI<$1 LIKE A NI<TM>E1 ALL ?R\< ! ,REVOLUTION UPON ?OSE :O W]E SUCCESSIVELY PU%$ 9TO P[]4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT1 AS ! ,/ATE LOANS W]E NOT 9T]NATIONAL ,9 ?OSE TIMES1 ,FRANCE HAD NOT ! FE> ( =EIGN NATIONS COM+ D[N UPON H] 9 ! GUISE ( CR$ITORS1 TO SEIZE UPON H] PROV9CES1 AS W\LD BE DONE TO-DAY IF A ,EUROPEAN ,/ATE 9 REVOLUTION WAS DECL>$ BANKRUPT4 ,BUT !RE W]E ! HOME MONEY-L5D]S TO BE CONSID]$1 & IF ,FRANCE HAD SUSP5D$ PAYM5T1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 ! RU9 ( SO MANY MIDDLE-CLASS =TUNES ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE HAD AGA9/ IT ALL ! MIDDLE CLASS1 BO? UPP] & L[]-9 FACT EV]Y ONE EXCEPT ! WORK]S & ! POORE/ ( ! PEASANTRY4 ,SO IT WAS ?AT ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY1 ! ,CONV5TION1 &1 LAT] ON1 ! ,DIRECTORY1 HAD TO MAKE UNHE>D-( EF=TS DUR+ A SUCCESSION ( YE>S TO AVOID BANKRUPTCY4 

,! SOLUTION >RIV$ AT BY ! ,ASSEMBLY AT ! CLOSE ( #a<i WAS ?AT ( SEIZ+ ! PROP]TY ( ! ,*UR*1 PUTT+ IT UP = SALE1 & 9 RETURN PAY+ ! CL]GY BY FIX$ SAL>IES4 ,! ,*UR* REV5UES W]E VALU$ 9 #a<i AT A HUNDR$ & TW5TY MILLION LIVRES = ! TI!S1 EI<TY MILLIONS 9 O!R REV5UES BR\<T 9 BY V>I\S PROP]TIES 7H\SES & L&$ PROP]TY1 ( :I* ! VALUE WAS E/IMAT$ AT A LITTLE MORE ?AN TWO ?\S& MILLIONS71 & ?IRTY MILLIONS OR !REAB\T FROM ! SUBSIDY ?AT WAS ADD$ EV]Y YE> BY ! ,/ATE2 A TOTAL1 LET US SAY1 ( AB\T TWO HUNDR$ & ?IRTY MILLIONS A YE>4 ,!SE REV5UES W]E EVID5TLY %>$ 9 A MO/ UNJU/ WAY AMONG ! DIFF]5T MEMB]S ( ! CL]GY4 ,! BI%OPS LIV$ 9 ! MO/ REF9$ LUXURY1 & RIVAL$ 9 !IR EXP5DITURE ! RI*E/ LORDS & PR9CES1 :IL/ ! PRIE/S 9 ! T[NS & VILLAGES 0R$UC$ TO A SUITABLE PORTION10 LIV$ 9 POV]TY4 ,IT WAS PROPOS$1 !RE=E1 BY ,TALLEYR&1 ,BI%OP ( ,AUTUN1 AFT] ,OCTOB] #a1 TO TAKE POSSESSION ( ALL ,*UR* PROP]TY 9 ! NAME ( ! ,/ATE1 TO SELL IT1 TO 5D[ ! CL]GY ADEQUATELY1 BY GIV+ #a1#b LIVRES A YE> TO EA* PRIE/1 PLUS HIS LODG+1 & ) ! RE/ TO COV] P>T ( ! PUBLIC DEBT1 :I* HAD M\NT$ TO FIFTY MILLIONS 9 LIFE-9T]E/S1 & TO SIXTY MILLIONS 9 R5TS = EV]4 ,?IS MEASURE 5ABL$ ! DEFICIT TO BE FILL$ 91 ! REMA9D] ( ! SALT TAX 7GABELLE7 TO BE ABOLI%$1 & A /OP PUT TO ! SELL+ ( ! *>GES OR PO/S ( (FICIALS & FUNCTION>IES1 :I* US$ TO BE SOLD TO CONTRACTORS BY ! ,/ATE4 

,?IS S*EME1 ( C\RSE1 DID NOT FAIL TO EVOKE GREAT AL>M ON ! P>T ( ?OSE :O W]E L&$ PROPRIETORS4 0,Y\ >E LEAD+ US ON TO AN AGR>IAN LAW60 !Y TOLD ! ,ASSEMBLY4 0,EV]Y TIME Y\ GO BACK TO ! ORIG9 ( PROP]TY1 ! NATION WILL GO BACK ) Y\60-:I* MEANT RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ! F\NDATION ( ALL L&$ PROP]TY LAY 9 9JU/ICE1 USURY1 FRAUD OR !FT4 

,BUT ! MIDDLE CLASSES :O DID NOT [N L& W]E DELI<T$ ) ?IS S*EME4 ,BANKRUPTCY WAS AVOID$ BY IT1 & ! B\RGEOIS W\LD BE 5ABL$ TO BUY PROP]TY4 ,BUT AS ! WORD 0EXPROPRIATION0 FRI<T5$ ! PI\S S\LS ( ! L&[N]S1 MEANS W]E F\ND TO AVOID IT4 ,IT WAS SAID ?AT ! ,*UR* PROP]TY WAS 0PUT AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! NATION10 & IT WAS DECID$ TO PUT IT UP = PUBLIC SALE TO ! VALUE ( F\R HUNDR$ MILLIONS4 ,NOVEMB] #b1 #a#g#h#i1 WAS ! MEMORABLE DATE :5 ?IS IMM5SE EXPROPRIATION WAS VOT$ 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY BY FIVE HUNDR$ & SIXTY-EI<T VOICES AGA9/ ?REE HUNDR$ & =TY-SIX4 ,?REE HUNDR$ & =TY-SIX W]E AGA9/ IT4 ,& !SE OPPOS]S BECAME1 H5CE=?1 ! BITT] 5EMIES ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ALWAYS AGITAT+ TO DO ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE & IMAG9ABLE H>M TO ! CON/ITUTIONAL REGIME & LAT] ON TO ! ,REPUBLIC4 

,BUT ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 TAU<T BY ! ,5CYCLOP$I/S ON ! ONE H&1 & HAUNT$ ON ! O!R H& BY ! 9ELUCTABILITY ( ! BANKRUPTCY1 DID NOT ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE DAUNT$4 ,:5 ! 5ORM\S MAJORITY ( ! CL]GY & ESPECIALLY ( ! MONA/IC ORD]S BEGAN TO 9TRIGUE AGA9/ ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! ,*UR* PROP]TY1 ! ,ASSEMBLY VOT$1 ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#b1 #a#g#i1 = ! SUPPRESSION ( P]PETUAL V[S & ( ! MONA/IC ORD]S ( BO? SEXES4 ,ONLY IT DID NOT D>E TO T\* = ! TIME BE+ ! RELIGI\S BODIES 5TRU/$ ) PUBLIC $UCATION & ! C>E ( ! SICK4 ,!SE W]E NOT ABOLI%$ UNTIL ,AUGU/ #a#h1 #a#g#i#b1 AFT] ! TAK+ ( ! ,TUIL]IES4 

,WE CAN UND]/& ! HATR$ !SE DECREES EXCIT$ 9 ! BREA/S ( ! CL]GY1 AS WELL AS ( ?OSE-& 9 ! PROV9CES !Y W]E V]Y NUM]\S-UPON :OM ! CL]GY HAD A HOLD4 ,SO MU*1 H[EV]1 DID ! CL]GY & ! RELIGI\S ORD]S HOPE TO RETA9 ! ADM9I/RATION  ( !IR 5ORM\S PROP]TIES1 :I* W\LD BE CONSID]$ 9 SU* CASE M]ELY AS GU>ANTEES = ! ,/ATE LOANS1 ?AT !Y DID NOT AT FIR/ DISPLAY ALL !IR HO/ILITY4 ,BUT ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS C\LD NOT LA/4 ,! ,TREASURY WAS EMPTY1 ! TAXES W]E NOT COM+ 94 ,A LOAN ( ?IRTY MILLIONS1 VOT$ ON ,AUGU/ #i1 #a#g#h#i1 WAS NOT SUCCESSFUL2 ANO!R1 ( EI<TY MILLIONS1 VOT$ ON ! #b#g? ( ! SAME MON?1 HAD BR\<T 9 EV5 MU* LESS4 ,F9ALLY1 AN EXTRAORD9>Y TAX ( A F\R? ( ! REV5UE HAD BE5 VOT$ ON ,SEPTEMB] #bf AFT] ONE ( ,MIRABEAU'S FAM\S SPEE*ES4 ,BUT ?IS TAX WAS IMM$IATELY SWALL[$ UP 9 ! GULF ( 9T]E/S ON OLD LOANS1 & !N FOLL[$ ! IDEA ( A =C$ PAP] CURR5CY1 ( :I* ! VALUE W\LD BE GU>ANTE$ BY ! NATIONAL PROP]TY CONFISCAT$ FROM ! CL]GY1 & :I* %\LD BE R$EEM$ ACCORD+ AS ! SALE ( ! L&S BR\<T 9 MONEY4 

,ONE CAN IMAG9E ! COLOSSAL SPECULATIONS TO :I* !SE MEASURES = ! SALE ( ! NATIONAL PROP]TY UPON A L>GE SCALE GAVE RISE4 ,ONE CAN EASILY GUESS ! ELEM5T :I* !Y 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 EV5 N[ ! ECONOMI/S & ! HI/ORIANS ASK :E!R !RE WAS ANY O!R ME?OD = MEET+ ! PRESS+ DEM&S ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! CRIMES1 ! EXTRAVAGANCE1 ! !FTS & ! W>S ( ! OLD REGIME  WEI<$ HEAVILY UPON ! ,REVOLUTION2 & />T+ ) ?IS 5ORM\S BURD5 ( DEBT1 BEQUEA!D TO IT BY ! OLD REGIME1 IT HAD TO BE> ! CONSEQU5CES4 ,UND] M5ACE ( A CIVIL W>1 /ILL MORE T]RIBLE ?AN ?AT :I* WAS ALREADY BREAK+ \T1 UND] ! ?REAT ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES TURN+ !IR BACKS UPON IT-! CLASSES :I*1 AL?\< PURSU+ !IR [N 5DS1 W]E NEV]!LESS ALL[+ ! PEOPLE TO FREE !MSELVES FROM !IR LORDS1 BUT W\LD HAVE TURN$ AGA9/ ALL ATTEMPTS AT 5FRAN*ISEM5T IF ! CAPITAL !Y HAD 9VE/$ 9 ! LOANS WAS 5DANG]$1 SET BETWE5 !SE TWO DANG]S1 ! ,REVOLUTION ADOPT$ ! S*EME = A PAP] CURR5CY 7LES ASSIGNATS71 GU>ANTE$ BY ! NATIONAL PROP]TY4 

,ON ,DECEMB] #b#a1 #a#g#h#i1 ON ! PROPOSITION ( ! DI/RICTS ( ,P>IS1#a ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,*UR* PROP]TY WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ! MUNICIPALITIES1 :I* W]E COMMISSION$ TO PUT UP = SALE F\R HUNDR$ MILLIONS' WOR? ( ?IS PROP]TY4 ,! GREAT BL[ WAS /RUCK4 ,& H5CE=? ! CL]GY1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( SOME VILLAGE PRIE/S :O W]E REAL FRI5DS ( ! PEOPLE1 V[$ A DEADLY HATR$ TO ! ,REVOLUTION-A CL]ICAL HATR$1 :I* ! ABOLITION ( MONA/IC V[S HELP$ FUR!R TO 5V5OM4 ,H5CE=W>D ALL OV] ,FRANCE WE SEE ! CL]GY BECOM+ ! C5T]S ( CONSPIRACIES MADE TO RE/ORE ! OLD REGIME & FEUDALISM4 ,!Y W]E ! HE>T & S\L ( ! REACTION1 :I* WE %ALL SEE BUR/+ =? 9 #agi & 9 #a#g#i#a1 ?REAT5+ TO PUT AN 5D TO ! ,REVOLUTION BE=E IT HAD REALIZ$ ANY?+ SUB/ANTIAL4 

,BUT ! MIDDLE CLASSES RESI/$ IT1 & DID NOT ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE DIS>M$4 ,9 ,JUNE & ,JULY #agi ! ,ASSEMBLY OP5$ ! DISCUSSION UPON A GREAT QUE/ION-! 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,*UR* ( ,FRANCE4 ,! CL]GY BE+ N[ PAID BY ! ,/ATE1 ! LEGISLATORS CONCEIV$ ! IDEA ( FREE+ !M FROM ,ROME1 & PUTT+ !M ALTOGE!R UND] ! ,CON/ITUTION1 ,! BI%OPRICS W]E ID5TIFI$ ) ! NEW DEP>TM5TS3 !IR NUMB] WAS ?US R$UC$1 & ! TWO B\ND>IES1 ?AT ( ! DIOCESE & ?AT ( ! DEP>TM5T1 BECAME ID5TICAL4 ,?IS MI<T HAVE BE5 ALL[$ TO PASS2 BUT ! ELECTION ( ! BI%OPS WAS BY ! NEW LAW 5TRU/$ TO ! ,ASSEMBLIES ( ELECTORS-TO ?OSE SAME ,ASSEMBLIES :I* W]E ELECT+ ! DEPUTIES1 ! JUDGES & ! (FIC]S ( ! ,/ATE4 

,?IS WAS TO DESPOIL ! BI%OP ( HIS SAC]DOTAL *>ACT] & TO MAKE A ,/ATE FUNCTION>Y ( HIM4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 ! ,E>LY ,*UR*ES ! BI%OPS & PRIE/S W]E NOM9AT$ BY ! PEOPLE2 BUT ! ELECTORAL ,ASSEMBLIES :I* MET = ! ELECTIONS ( POLITICAL REPRES5TATIVES & (FICIALS W]E NOT ! ANCI5T ASSEMBLIES ( ! PEOPLE-( ! BELIEV]S4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! BELIEV]S SAW 9 IT AN ATTEMPT MADE UPON ! ANCI5T DOGMAS ( ! ,*UR*1 & ! PRIE/S TOOK EV]Y POSSIBLE ADVANTAGE ( ?IS DISCONT5T4 ,! CL]GY DIVID$ 9TO TWO GREAT P>TIES3 ! CON/ITUTIONAL CL]GY :O SUBMITT$1 AT LEA/ = =M'S SAKE1 TO ! NEW LAWS & TOOK ! OA? TO ! ,CON/ITUTION1 & ! UNSWORN CL]GY :O REFUS$ ! OA? & OP5LY PLAC$ !MSELVES AT ! HEAD ( A C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,SO IT CAME AB\T ?AT 9 EV]Y PROV9CE1 9 EA* T[N1 VILLAGE & HAMLET1 ! QUE/ION PUT TO ! 9HABITANTS WAS-:E!R !Y W]E = ! ,REVOLUTION OR AGA9/ IT8 ,! MO/ T]RIBLE /RUGGLES SPRANG1 !RE=E1 9TO EXI/5CE 9 EV]Y LOCALITY1 TO DECIDE :I* ( ! TWO P>TIES %\LD GET ! UPP] H&4 ,! ,REVOLUTION WAS TRANSPORT$ FROM ,P>IS 9TO EV]Y VILLAGE3 FROM BE+ P>LIAM5T>Y IT BECAME POPUL>4 

,! WORK DONE BY ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY WAS UND\BT$LY MIDDLE-CLASS WORK4 ,BUT TO 9TRODUCE 9TO ! CU/OMS ( ! NATION ! PR9CIPLE ( POLITICAL EQUALITY1 TO ABOLI% ! RELICS ( ! RI<TS ( ONE MAN OV] ! P]SON ( ANO!R1 TO AWAK5 ! S5TIM5T ( EQUALITY & ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT AGA9/ 9EQUALITIES1 WAS NEV]!LESS AN IMM5SE WORK4 ,ONLY IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$1 AS ,L\IS ,BLANC HAS REM>K$1 ?AT TO MA9TA9 & TO K9DLE ?AT FI]Y SPIRIT 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY1 0! ?AT WAS BL[+ FROM ! /REET WAS NECESS>Y40 0,EV5 RIOT+10 HE ADDS1 09 ?OSE UNP>ALLEL$ DAYS1 PRODUC$ FROM ITS TUMULT MANY WISE 9SPIRATIONS6 ,EV]Y RIS+ WAS SO FULL ( ?\<TS60 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT WAS ! /REET1 ! MAN 9 ! /REET1 ?AT EA* TIME =C$ ! ,ASSEMBLY TO GO =W>D ) ITS WORK ( RECON/RUCTION4 ,EV5 A REVOLUTION>Y ,ASSEMBLY1 OR ONE AT LEA/ ?AT =C$ ITSELF UPON MON>*Y 9 A REVOLUTION>Y WAY1 AS ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY DID1 W\LD HAVE DONE NO?+ IF ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE HAD NOT IMPELL$ IT TO M>* =W>D1 & IF !Y HAD NOT CRU%$1 BY !IR 9SURRECTIONS1 ! ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y RESI/ANCE4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a ,VIDE *AP4 XXIV4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #bb -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#h1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #bb -- ,ADD$4 

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