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,>RE/ ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 #agi 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,/EVE ,KAIS]1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,9SURRECTIONS NECESS>Y -- ,EXT5T ( REACTION -- ,WORK ( ,CON/ITU5T & ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLIES -- ,NEW ,CON/ITUTION-,LOCAL GOV]NM5T OPPOS$ TO C5TRALIZATION-,DIFFICULTIES 9 APPLY+ NEW LAWS -- ,DIRECTOIRES ON SIDE ( REACTION -- 0,DISORD] WANT$0 -- ,ACTIVE & PASSIVE CITIZ5S -- ,! GA9S ( 9SURRECTION -- ,EQUALITY & AGR>IAN LAW -- ,DISAPPE>ANCE ( MANORIAL C\RTS-,WORK]S' DEM&S ANSW]$ BY BULLETS -- ,MIDDLE CLASSES' LOVE ( ORD] & PROSP]ITY -- 0,9TELLECTUALS0 TURN AGA9/ PEOPLE -- ,SUCCESS ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION -- ,PLUTOCRACY -- ,OPPOSITION TO REPUBLICAN =M ( GOV]NM5T -- ,DANTON & ,M>AT P]SECUT$ & EXIL$ -- ,DISCONT5T & DI%ONE/Y 9 >MY -- ,MASSACRES AT ,NANCY -- ,B\ILLE'S 0SPL5DID BEHAVIOR0 

,WE HAVE SE5 :AT ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS 9 ! VILLAGES W]E DUR+ ! YE> #a#g#i4 ,!Y W]E SU* ?AT IF ! PEASANT 9SURRECTIONS HAD NOT GONE ON1 9 SPITE ( ALL1 ! PEASANTS1 FRE$ 9 !IR P]SONS1 W\LD HAVE REMA9$ ECONOMICALLY UND] ! YOKE ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM--AS HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA :]E FEUDALISM WAS ABOLI%$1 9 #a#h#f#a1 BY LAW1 & NOT BY A REVOLUTION4 

,BESIDES1 ALL ! POLITICAL WORK ( ! ,REVOLUTION NOT ONLY REMA9$ UNF9I%$ 9 #a#g#i1 BUT IT ACTUALLY SUFF]$ A COMPLETE SET-BACK4 ,AS SOON AS ! FIR/ PANIC1 PRODUC$ BY ! UNEXPECT$ BREAK+ \T ( ! PEOPLE1 HAD PASS$1 ! ,C\RT1 NOBLES1 ! RI* M5 & ! CL]GY PROMPTLY JO9$ TOGE!R = ! REORGANIZATION ( ! =CES ( REACTION4 ,& SOON !Y FELT !MSELVES SO WELL SUPPORT$ & SO P[]FUL ?AT !Y BEGAN TO SEE :E!R IT W\LD NOT BE POSSIBLE TO CRU% ! ,REVOLUTION1 & TO REE/ABLI% ! ,C\RT & ! NOBILITY 9 !IR RI<TS4 

,ALL ! HI/ORIANS UND\BT$LY M5TION ?IS REACTION2 BUT !Y DO NOT %[ ALL ITS DEP? & ALL ITS EXT5T4 ,! REALITY WAS ?AT = TWO YE>S1 FROM ! SUMM] ( #agi TO ! SUMM] ( #a#g#i#b1 ! :OLE WORK ( ! ,REVOLUTION WAS SUSP5D$4 ,PEOPLE W]E ASK+ IF IT WAS ! ,REVOLUTION :I* WAS GO+ TO GET ! UPP] H& OR ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 ,! BEAM ( ! BALANCE WAV]$ BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,& IT WAS 9 UTT] DESPAIR ?AT ! REVOLUTIONI/ 0LEAD]S ( OP9ION0 DECID$ AT LA/1 9 ,JUNE #a#g#i#b1 ONCE MORE TO APPEAL TO POPUL> 9SURRECTION4 

,( C\RSE IT MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT :ILE ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY1 & AFT] IT ! ,LEGISLATIVE1 OPPOS$ ! REVOLUTION>Y ABOLITION ( ! FEUDAL RI<TS & POPUL> REVOLUTION ALTOGE!R1 !Y NEV]!LESS ACCOMPLI%$ AN IMM5SE WORK = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! P[]S ( ! ,K+ & ! ,C\RT1 & = ! CREATION ( ! POLITICAL P[] ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,& :5 ! LEGISLATORS 9 BO? !SE ,ASSEMBLIES UND]TOOK TO EXPRESS1 9 ! =M ( LAWS1 ! NEW ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE1 IT MU/ BE CONFESS$ ?AT !Y W5T TO WORK ) A C]TA9 5]GY & SAGACITY4 

,!Y KNEW H[ TO UND]M9E ! P[] ( ! NOBILITY & H[ TO EXPRESS ! RI<TS ( ! CITIZ5 9 A MIDDLE-CLASS ,CON/ITUTION4 ,!Y WORK$ \T A LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T :I* WAS CAPABLE ( *ECK+ ! GOV]NM5TAL C5TRALIZATION1 & !Y MODIFI$ ! LAWS ( 9H]ITANCE SO AS TO DEMOCRATIZE PROP]TY & TO DIVIDE IT UP AMONG A GREAT] NUMB] ( P]SONS4 

,!Y DE/ROY$ = EV] ! POLITICAL DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ! V>I\S 0ORD]S0-CL]GY1 NOBILITY1 ,?IRD ,E/ATE1 :I* = ?AT TIME WAS A V]Y GREAT ?+2 WE HAVE ONLY TO REMEMB] H[ SL[LY ?IS IS BE+ DONE 9 ,G]MANY & ,RUSSIA4 ,!Y ABOLI%$ ALL ! TITLES ( ! NOBILITY & ! C\NTLESS PRIVILEGES :I* !N EXI/$1 & !Y LAID ! F\NDATIONS ( A MORE EQUAL BASIS = TAXATION4 ,!Y AVOID$ ALSO ! =MATION ( AN ,UPP] ,*AMB]1 :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 A /RON<OLD = ! >I/OCRACY4 ,& BY ! DEP>TM5TAL LAW ( ,DECEMB] #a#g#h#i1 !Y DID SOME?+ :I* HELP$ ON ! ,REVOLUTION 5ORM\SLY3 !Y ABOLI%$ EV]Y REPRES5TATIVE ( ! C5TRAL AU?ORITY 9 ! PROV9CES4 

,LA/LY1 !Y TOOK AWAY FROM ! ,*UR* H] RI* POSSESSIONS1 & !Y MADE ! MEMB]S ( ! CL]GY SIMPLE FUNCTION>IES ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! >MY WAS REORGANIZ$2 SO W]E ! C\RTS ( JU/ICE4 ,! ELECTION ( JUDGES WAS LEFT TO ! PEOPLE4 ,& 9 ALL !SE RE=MS ! MIDDLE-CLASS LEGISLATORS AVOID$ TOO MU* C5TRALIZATION4 ,9 %ORT1 JUDG$ FROM ! LEGISLATIVE PO9T ( VIEW1 !Y APPE> TO HAVE BE5 CLEV]1 5]GETIC M51 & WE F9D 9 !IR WORK C]TA9 ELEM5TS ( REPUBLICAN DEMOCRATISM1 & A T5D5CY T[>DS LOCAL AUTONOMY1 :I* ! ADVANC$ P>TIES ( ! PRES5T DAY DO NOT SUFFICI5TLY APPRECIATE4 

,H[EV]1 9 SPITE ( ALL !SE LAWS1 NO?+ WAS YET DONE4 ,! REALITY WAS NOT ON ! SAME ,IEVEL AS ! !ORY1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT !RE LIES ALWAYS AN ABYSS BETWE5 A LAW :I* HAS IU/ BE5 PROMULGAT$ & ITS PRACTICAL C>RY+ \T 9 LIFE-A REASON :I* IS USUALLY OV]LOOK$ BY ?OSE :O DO NOT ?OR\<LY UND]/& FROM !IR [N EXP]I5CE ! WORK+ ( ! MA*9]Y ( ,/ATE4 

,IT IS EASY TO SAY3 0,! PROP]TY ( ! RELIGI\S BODIES %ALL PASS 9TO ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE40 ,BUT H[ IS ?AT TO BE PUT 9TO EFFECT8 ,:O WILL GO1 = EXAMPLE1 TO ! ,ABBEY ( ,SA9T ,B]N>D AT ,CLAIRVAUX1 & TELL ! ABBOT & ! MONKS ?AT !Y HAVE TO GO8 ,:O IS TO DRIVE !M \T IF !Y DO NOT GO8 ,:O IS TO PREV5T !M FROM COM+ BACK TO-MORR[1 HELP$ BY ALL ! PI\S FOLK 9 ! NEI<BOR+ VILLAGES1 & FROM *ANT+ ! MASS 9 ! ABBEY8 ,:O IS TO ORGANIZE AN EFFECTIVE SALE ( !IR VA/ E/ATES8 ,& F9ALLY1 :O WILL TURN ! F9E ABBEY BUILD+S 9TO A HOSPITAL = OLD M51 AS WAS ACTUALLY DONE LAT] ON BY ! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T8 ,WE KN[1 9DE$1 ?AT IF ! 0SECTIONS0 ( ,P>IS HAD NOT TAK5 ! SALE ( ! ,*UR* L&S 9TO !IR H&S1 ! LAW CONC]N+ !SE SALES W\LD NEV] HAVE BEGUN TO TAKE EFFECT4 

,9 #a#g#i1 #a#g#i#a1 #a#g#i#b1 ! OLD REGIME WAS /ILL !RE1 9TACT1 & READY TO BE RECON/ITUT$ 9 ITS 5TIRETY-) BUT SLI<T MODIFICATIONS-JU/ AS ! ,SECOND ,EMPIRE ( ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I4 ,WAS READY TO COME BACK TO LIFE AT ANY MOM5T 9 ! DAYS ( ,?I]S & ,MAC,MAHON4 ,! CL]GY1 ! NOBILITY1 ! OLD (FICIALISM1 & ABOVE ALL ! OLD SPIRIT1 W]E ALL READY TO LIFT UP !IR HEADS AGA91 & TO CLAP 9TO JAIL ?OSE :O HAD D>$ TO PUT ON ! TRI-COLOR SA%4 ,!Y W]E WAT*+ = ! OPPORTUNITY2 !Y W]E PREP>+ = IT4 ,MOREOV] ! NEW ,DIRECTORIES 7DIRECTOIRES7 ( ! DEP>TM5TS1 E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION1 BUT DRAWN FROM ! WEAL?Y CLASS1 W]E ! FRAMEWORK1 ALWAYS READY = ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! OLD REGIME4 ,!Y W]E ! CITADELS ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 

,BO? ! ,CON/ITU5T & ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY HAD C]TA9LY DRAWN UP A NUMB] ( LAWS1 ( :I* PEOPLE ADMIRE ! LUCIDITY & /YLE TO ?IS DAY2 BUT NEV]!LESS1 ! GREAT] MAJORITY ( !SE LAWS REMA9$ A DEAD LETT]4 ,IT MU/ NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT = MORE ?AN TWO-?IRDS ( ! FUNDAM5TAL LAWS MADE BETWE5 #a<i & #agic NO ATTEMPT WAS EV5 MADE TO PUT !M 9TO EXECUTION4 

,! FACT IS1 ?AT IT IS NOT 5\< TO MAKE A NEW LAW4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y ALSO1 NE>LY ALWAYS1 TO CREATE ! ME*ANISM = ITS APPLICATION2 & AS SOON AS ! NEW LAW /RIKES AT ANY VE/$ 9T]E/1 SOME SORT ( REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION IS USUALLY REQUIR$ 9 ORD] TO APPLY ?IS LAW TO LIFE1 ) ALL ITS CONSEQU5CES4 ,WE HAVE ONLY TO ?9K ( ! SMALL RESULTS PRODUC$ BY ! LAWS ( ! ,CONV5TION CONC]N+ $UCATION1 :I* ALL REMA9$ A DEAD LETT]4 

,TO-DAY EV51 9 SPITE ( ! PRES5T BUREAUCRATIC CONC5TRATION & ! >MIES ( (FICIALS :O CONV]GE T[>DS !IR C5T] AT ,P>IS1 WE SEE ?AT EV]Y NEW LAW1 H[EV] TRIFF+ IT MAY BE1 TAKES YE>S BE=E IT PASSES 9TO LIFE4 ,& AGA91 H[ (T5 IT BECOMES COMPLETELY MUTILAT$ 9 ITS APPLICATION6 ,BUT AT ! TIME ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION ?IS BUREAUCRATIC ME*ANISM DID NOT EXI/2 IT TOOK MORE ?AN FIFTY YE>S = ITS ACTUAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,H[ !N C\LD ! LAWS ( ! ,ASSEMBLY 5T] 9TO EV]YDAY LIFE )\T A REVOLUTION BY DE$ BE+ ACCOMPLI%$ 9 EV]Y T[N1 9 EV]Y1 VILLAGE1 9 EA* ( ! ?IRTY-SIX ?\S& COMMUNES ALL OV] ,FRANCE4 

,YET SU* WAS ! BL9DNESS ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS REVOLUTIONI/S ?AT1 ON ! ONE H&1 !Y TOOK EV]Y PRECAUTION TO PREV5T ! PEOPLE-! POOR PEOPLE1 :O ALONE W]E ?R[+ !MSELVES ) ALL !IR HE>T 9TO ! ,REVOLUTION-FROM HAV+ TOO MU* %>E 9 ! DIRECTION ( COMMUNAL AFFAIRS1 & ON ! O!R H&1 !Y OPPOS$ ) ALL !IR MI<T ! BREAK+\T & ! SUCCESSFUL C>RY+-?R\< ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 EV]Y T[N & VILLAGE4 

,BE=E ANY VITAL WORK C\LD RESULT FROM ! DECREES ( ! ,ASSEMBLY1 DISORD] WAS WANT$4 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT 9 EV]Y LITTLE HAMLET1 M5 ( ACTION1 ! PATRIOTS :O HAT$ ! OLD REGIME1 %\LD SEIZE UPON ! MUNICIPALITY2 ?AT A REVOLUTION %\LD BE MADE 9 ?AT HAMLET2 ?AT ! :OLE ORD] ( LIFE %\LD BE TURN$ UPSIDE D[N2 ?AT ALL AU?ORITY %\LD BE IGNOR$2 ?AT ! REVOLUTION %\LD BE A SOCIAL ONE1 IF !Y WI%$ TO BR+ AB\T ! POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 

,IT WAS NECESS>Y = ! PEASANT TO TAKE ! L& & BEG9 TO PL[ IT )\T WAIT+ = ! ORD]S ( SOME AU?ORITY1 :I* ORD]S EVID5TLY W\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 GIV54 ,IT WAS NECESS>Y = AN 5TIRELY NEW LIFE TO BEG9 9 ! VILLAGE4 ,BUT )\T DISORD]1 )\T A GREAT DEAL ( SOCIAL DISORD]1 ?IS C\LD NOT BE DONE4 

,N[ IT WAS PRECISELY ?IS DISORD] ! LEGISLATORS WANT$ TO PREV5T4 

,NOT ONLY HAD !Y ELIM9AT$ ! PEOPLE FROM ! ADM9I/RATION1 BY MEANS ( ! MUNICIPAL LAW ( ,DECEMB] #a#g#h#i1 :I* PLAC$ ! ADM9I/RATIVE P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! ACTIVE CITIZ5S ONLY1 & UND] ! NAME ( PASSIVE CITIZ5S EXCLUD$ FROM IT ALL ! POOR PEASANTS & NE>LY ALL ! WORK]S 9 T[NS4 ,& NOT ONLY DID !Y H& OV] ALL ! PROV9CIAL AU?ORITY TO ! MIDDLE CLASSES3 !Y ALSO >M$ !SE MIDDLE CLASSES ) ! MO/ T]RIFY+ P[]S TO PREV5T ! POOR FOLK FROM CONT9U+ !IR 9SURRECTIONS4 

,& YET IT WAS ONLY !SE 9SURRECTIONS ( ! POOR PEOPLE :I* LAT] ON P]MITT$ !M TO DEAL MORTAL BL[S AT ! OLD REGIME 9 #agib & #a#g#i#c4#a 

.<MISS+ #b#a#h-#b#a#i.> 

IT BECAME SO P[]FUL ?AT 9 #agia ! :OLE ,REVOLUTION WAS SET BACK1 ?IS WAS BECAUSE ! MIDDLE CLASSES HAD JO9$ H&S ) ! NOBILITY & ! CL]GY :O HAD RALLI$ R\ND ! BANN] ( ROYALTY4 ,! NEW =CE CON/ITUT$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION ITSELF-! MIDDLE CLASSES-BR\<T !IR BUS9ESS ABILITY1 !IR LOVE ( 0ORD]0 & ( PROP]TY1 & !IR HATR$ ( POPUL> TUMULT TO L5D SUPPORT TO ! =CES ( ! OLD REGIME4 ,MOREOV]1 ! MAJORITY ( ! 09TELLECTUALS10 9 :OM ! PEOPLE HAD PUT !IR TRU/1 AS SOON AS !Y P]CEIV$ ! FIR/ GLIMM] ( A RIS+1 TURN$ !IR BACKS ON ! MASSES1 & HURRI$ 9TO ! RANKS ( ! DEF5D]S ( 0ORD]0 TO JO9 !M 9 KEEP+ D[N ! PEOPLE & 9 OPPOS+ ! POPUL> T5D5CIES T[>DS EQUALITY4 

,RE9=C$ 9 ?IS FA%ION1 ! C\NT]-REVOLUTIONI/S SUCCE$$ SO WELL1 ?AT IF ! PEASANTS HAD NOT CONT9U$ !IR RIS+S 9 ! PROV9CES1 & IF ! PEOPLE 9 ! T[NS1 ON SEE+ ! =EIGN]S 9VAD+ ,FRANCE1 HAD NOT RIS5 AGA9 DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #a#g#i#b1 ! PROGRESS ( ! ,REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE BE5 /OPP$1 )\T ANY?+ LA/+ HAV+ BE5 EFFECT$4 

,ALTOGE!R1 ! SITUATION WAS V]Y GLOOMY 9 #a#g#i4 0,A PLUTOCRACY IS ALREADY E/ABLI%$ %AMELESSLY10 WROTE ,L\/ALLOT ON ,NOVEMB] #b#h1 #a#g#h#i1 9 ! ,REVOLUTION DE ,P>IS4 ,:O KN[S IF IT IS NOT ALREADY A TREASONABLE CRIME TO SAY1 0,! NATION IS ! SOV]EIGN40 #b ,BUT S9CE !N REACTION HAD GA9$ A GOOD DEAL ( GR\ND1 & IT WAS /ILL VISIBLY PROGRESS+4 

,9 HIS GREAT WORK UPON ! POLITICAL HI/ORY ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 ,M4 ,AUL>D HAS DESCRIB$ AT SOME L5G? ! OPPOSITION ?AT ! IDEA ( A REPUBLICAN =M ( GOV]NM5T 5C\NT]$ AMONG ! MIDDLE CLASSES & ! 09TELLECTUALS0 ( ! P]IOD-EV5 :5 ! ABOLITION ( MON>*Y WAS T5D]$ UNAVOIDABLE BY ! TREA*]IES ( ! ,C\RT & ! MON>*I/S4 ,9 FACT1 :ILE 9 #a<i ! REVOLUTIONI/S HAD ACT$ AS IF !Y WI%$ TO GET RID ( ROYALTY ALTOGE!R1 A DECID$LY MON>*ICAL MOVEM5T BEGAN N[1 AMONG !SE V]Y REVOLUTIONI/S1 9 PROPORTION AS ! CON/ITUTIONAL P[] ( ! ,ASSEMBLY WAS ASS]T$4#c ,EV5 MORE MAY BE SAID4 ,AFT] ,OCTOB] #e & #f1 #a#g#h#i1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! FLI<T ( ! ,K+ 9 ,JUNE #a#g#i#a1 EV]Y TIME ?AT ! PEOPLE DISPLAY$ !MSELVES AS A REVOLUTION>Y =CE1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES AN ! 0LEAD]S ( OP9ION0 ( ! ,REVOLUTION BECAME MORE & MORE MON>*ICAL4 

,?AT IS A V]Y IMPORTANT FACT2 BUT NEI!R MU/ IT BE =GOTT5 ?AT ! ESS5TIAL ?+ = BO? MIDDLE CLASS & 9TELLECTUALS WAS ! 0PRES]VATION ( PROP]TY10 AS !Y USE TO SAY 9 ?OSE DAYS4 ,WE SEE1 9 REALITY1 ?IS QUE/ION ( ! MA9T5ANCE ( PROP]TY RUNN+ LIKE A BLACK ?READ ALL ?R\< ! ,REVOLUTION UP TO ! FALL ( ! ,GIROND9S4#d ,IT IS ALSO C]TA9 ?AT IF ! IDEA ( A ,REPUBLIC SO GREATLY FRI<T5$ ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 & EV5 ! >D5T ,JACOB9S 7:ILE ! ,CORDELI]S ACCEPT$ IT WILL+LY71 IT WAS BECAUSE ! POPUL> MASSES L9K$ IT ) ?AT ( EQUALITY1 & ?IS MEANT = !M EQUALITY ( =TUNE & ! AGR>IAN LAW-?AT IS1 ! IDEAL ( ! ,LEVEL]S1 ! ,COMMUNI/S1 ! ,EXPROPRIATORS1 ! 0,AN>*I/S0 ( ! P]IOD4 

,IT WAS !RE=E *IEFLY TO PREV5T ! PEOPLE FROM ATTACK+ ! SACROSANCT PR9CIPLE ( PROP]TY ?AT ! MIDDLE CLASSES W]E ANXI\S TO PUT A *ECK ON ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,AFT] ,OCTOB] #a#g#h#i1 ! ,ASSEMBLY HAD PASS$ ! FAM\S M>TIAL LAW :I* P]MITT$ ! %OOT+ ( ! PEASANTS 9 REVOLT1 & LAT] ON1 9 ,JULY #a#g#i#a1 ! MASSACRE ( ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS4 ,!Y PUT OB/ACLES ALSO 9 ! WAY ( ! M5 ( ! PEOPLE COM+ TO ,P>IS = ! ,FETE ( ! ,F$]ATION1 ON ,JULY #a#d1 #a#g#i4 ,& !Y TOOK A S]IES ( MEASURES AGA9/ ! LOCAL REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETIES :I* GAVE /R5G? TO ! POPUL> REVOLUTION1 EV5 AT ! RISK ( KILL+1 9 SO DO+1 :AT HAD BE5 ! G]M ( !IR [N P[]4 

,S9CE ! FIR/ \TBREAKS ( ! ,REVOLUTION SOME ?\S&S ( POLITICAL ASSOCIATIONS HAD SPRUNG 9TO BE+ ?R\<\T ,FRANCE4 ,IT WAS NOT ONLY ! PRIM>Y OR ELECTORAL ASSEMBLIES CONT9U+ TO MEET2 IT WAS NOT ONLY ! NUM]\S ,JACOB9 SOCIETIES1 BRAN*ES ( ! P>5T SOCIETY AT ,P>IS-IT WAS ! SECTIONS *IEFLY1 ! ,POPUL> ,SOCIETIES & ! ,FRAT]NAL ,SOCIETIES1 :I* CAME 9TO EXI/5CE SPONTANE\SLY & (T5 )\T ! LEA/ =MALITY2 IT WAS ! ?\S&S ( COMMITTEES & LOCAL P[]S-ALMO/ 9DEP5D5T-SUB/ITUT+ !MSELVES = ! ROYAL AU?ORITY1 :I* ALL HELP$ TO SPREAD AMONG ! PEOPLE ! IDEA ( SOCIAL EQUALITY BY MEANS ( A REVOLUTION4 

,!RE=E ! MIDDLE CLASSES EAG]LY APPLI$ !MSELVES TO ! TASK ( CRU%+1 P>ALYZ+1 OR AT LEA/ DEMORALIZ+ !SE ?\S&S ( LOCAL C5T]S1 & !Y SUCCE$$ SO WELL ?AT ! MON>*I/S1 ! CL]GY1 & ! NOBLES BEGAN ONCE MORE TO GET ! UPP] H& 9 ! T[NS & BOR\<S ( MORE ?AN HALF ( ,FRANCE4 

,PRES5TLY !Y RESORT$ TO JUDICIAL PROSECUTIONS1 & 9 ,JANU>Y #a#g#i1 ,NECK] OBTA9$ AN ORD] ( >RE/ AGA9/ ,M>AT1 :O HAD OP5LY ESP\S$ ! CAUSE ( ! PEOPLE1 ! POORE/ CLASSES4 ,FE>+ A POPUL> \TBREAK1 !Y DISPAT*$ BO? 9FANTRY & CAVALRY TO >RE/ ! PEOPLE'S TRIBUNE2 HIS PR9T+ PRESS WAS SMA%$1 & ,M>AT1 AT ! HI<-TIDE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 WAS =C$ TO TAKE REFUGE 9 ,5GL&4 ,:5 HE RETURN$1 F\R MON?S AFT]1 HE HAD TO REMA9 HIDD5 ALL ! TIME1 & 9 ,DECEMB] #agia HE HAD TO CROSS ! ,*ANNEL ONCE MORE4 

,9 %ORT1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES & ! 09TELLECTUALS10 BO? DEF5D]S ( PROP]TY1 DID SO MU* TO CRU% ! POPUL> MOVEM5T ?AT !Y /OPP$ ! ,REVOLUTION ITSELF4 ,ACCORD+ AS MIDDLE-CLASS AU?ORITY CON/ITUT$ ITSELF1 ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,K+ WAS SE5 TO RECOV] ITS Y\?FUL VIGOR4 

0,! TRUE ,REVOLUTION1 AN 5EMY TO LIC5SE1 GR[S /RONG] EV]Y DAY10 WROTE ! MON>*I/1 ,MALLET DU ,PAN1 9 ,JUNE #a#g#i4 ,& SO IT WAS4 ,?REE MON?S LAT]1 ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION FELT ITSELF ALREADY SO P[]FUL ?AT IT /REW$ ! /REETS ( ,NANCY ) CORPSES4 

,AT FIR/1 ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT HAD T\*$ ! >MY BUT LITTLE1 COMPOS$1 AS IT !N WAS1 ( M]C5>IES1 P>TLY =EIGN-EI!R ,G]MANS OR ,SWISS4 ,BUT IT P5ETRAT$ BY DEGREES4 ,! ,FETE ( ! ,F$]ATION1 TO :I* DELEGATES FROM ! SOLDI]S HAD BE5 9VIT$ TO TAKE P>T AS CITIZ5S1 HELP$ 9 ?IS1 & 9 ! C\RSE ( ! MON? ( ,AUGU/1 A SPIRIT ( DISCONT5T BEGAN TO %[ ITSELF A LITTLE EV]Y:]E1 BUT ESPECIALLY 9 ! EA/]N G>RISONS1 9 A S]IES ( MOVEM5TS AMONG ! SOLDI]S4 ,!Y WANT$ TO COMPEL !IR (FIC]S TO GIVE AN ACC\NT ( ! SUMS :I* HAD PASS$ ?R\< !IR H&S1 & TO MAKE RE/ITUTION ( :AT HAD BE5 )HELD FROM ! SOLDI]S4 ,!SE SUMS W]E 5ORM\S4 ,9 ! REGIM5T ( ,BEAUCE !Y AM\NT$ TO MORE ?AN #b#d1 LIVRES1 & FROM #a1 EV5 TO TWO MILLIONS 9 O!R G>RISONS4 ,! F]M5T W5T ON GR[+2 BUT1 AS MI<T BE EXPECT$ ( M5 BRUTALIZ$ BY LONG S]VICE1 P>T ( !M REMA9$ FAI?FUL TO ! (FIC]S1 & ! C\NT]-REVOLUTIONI/S TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS TO PROVOKE CONFLICTS & SANGU9>Y QU>RELS BETWE5 ! SOLDI]S !MSELVES4 ,?US1 AT ,LILLE1 F\R REGIM5TS F\<T AMONG !MSELVES-ROYALI/S AGA9/ PATRIOTS-& LEFT FIFTY DEAD & W\ND$ ON ! SPOT4 

,IT IS HI<LY PROBABLE ?AT1 ! ROYALI/ PLOTS HAV+ R$\BL$ 9 ACTIVITY S9CE ! 5D ( #a#g#h#i1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ! (FIC]S ( ! ,>MY ( ! ,EA/1 COMM&$ BY ,B\ILLE1 IT FELL 9 ) ! PLANS ( ! CONSPIRATORS TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! FIR/ \TBREAK ( ! SOLDI]S BY DR[N+ IT 9 BLOOD1 ?US HELP+ ! ROYALI/ REGIM5TS TO REMA9 FAI?FUL TO !IR COMM&]S4 

,! OCCASION WAS SOON F\ND AT ,NANCY4 

,! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 ON HE>+ ( ! AGITATION AMONG ! SOLDI]S1 PASS$1 ON ,AUGU/ #f1 #a#g#i1 A LAW1 :I* DIM9I%$ ! EFFECTIVES 9 ! >MY & =BADE ! 0DELIB]ATE ASSOCIATIONS0 ( ! SOLDI]S 9 ! S]VICE1 BUT AT ! SAME TIMEORD]$ ALSO ! MONEY ACC\NTS TO BE R5D]$ )\T DELAY BY ! (FIC]S TO !IR RESPECTIVE REGIM5TS4 

,AS SOON AS ?IS DECREE BECAME KN[N AT ,NANCY ON ! #i?1 ! SOLDI]S1 *IEFLY ! ,SWISS ( ! ,*ATEAUVIEUX REGIM5T1 MADE UP MA9LY ( M5 FROM ! CANTONS ( ,VAUD & ,G5EVA1 DEM&$ ! ACC\NTS FROM !IR (FIC]S4 ,!Y C>RI$ (F ! PAY-*E/ ( !IR REGIM5T & PLAC$ IT 9 ! SAFE KEEP+ ( !IR [N S5T9ELS2 !Y ?REAT5$ !IR (FIC]S ) VIOL5CE1 & S5T EI<T DELEGATES TO ,P>IS TO PLEAD !IR CAUSE BE=E ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,! MASS+ ( ,AU/RIAN TROOPS1 ON ! FRONTI] HELP$ TO 9CREASE ! DI/URBANCE4 

,! ,ASSEMBLY1 MEAN:ILE1 ACT+ ON FALSE REPORTS S5T FROM ,NANCY1 & 9CIT$ BY ! ,COMM&ANT ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D1 ,LAFAYETTE1 9 :OM ! MIDDLE CLASS HAD FULL CONFID5CE1 VOT$ ON ! #a#f? A DECREE CONDEMN+ ! SOLDI]S = !IR BREA* ( DISCIPL9E1 & ORD]+ ! G>RISONS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>D ( ! ,MEUR! DEP>TM5T TO 0REPRESS ! AU?ORS ( ! REBELLION40 ,!IR DELEGATES W]E >RE/$1 & ,LAFAYETTE1 ON HIS P>T1 SSU$ A CIRCUL> SUMMON+ ! ,NATIONAL ,GU>DS FROM ! T[NS NE>E/ ,NANCY TO TAKE >MS AGA9/ ! REVOLT$ G>RISON 9 ?AT T[N4 

,AT ,NANCY ITSELF1 H[EV]1 EV]Y?+ SEEM$ AS IF IT W]E GO+ TO PASS (F PEACEABLY1 ! MAJORITY ( ! M5 :O HAD REBELL$ HAV+ EV5 SIGN$ 0A DE$ ( REP5TANCE40 ,BUT APP>5TLY ?AT WAS NOT :AT ! ROYALI/S WANT$4#e 

,B\ILLE SET \T FROM ,METZ ON ! #b#h?1 AT ! HEAD ( ?REE ?\S& FAI?FUL SOLDI]S1 ) ! FIRM 9T5TION ( DEAL+ ! REBELS ! CRU%+ BL[ DESIR$ BY ! ,C\RT1 

,! D\BLE-DEAL+ ( ! ,DIRECTORY ( ! DEP>TM5T HELP$ ,B\ILLE1 & :ILE EV]Y?+ C\LD YET BE >RANG$ PEACEFULLY1 ,B\ILLE (F]$ ! G>RISON QUITE IMPOSSIBLE CONDITIONS1 & IMM$IATELY ATTACK$ IT4 ,HIS SOLDI]S COMMITT$ ! MO/ FRI<TFUL C>NAGE1 !Y KILL$ ! CITIZ5S AS WELL AS ! REBELLI\S SOLDI]S1 & PLUND]$ ! H\SES4 

,?REE ?\S& CORPSES /REW$ ! /REETS ( ,NANCY AS \TCOME ( ! FI<T1 & AFT] ?AT CAME ! 0LEGAL0 REPRISALS4 ,?IRTY-TWO REBELS W]E EXECUT$ BY BE+ BROK5 ON ! :EEL1 & =TY-ONE W]E S5T TO P5AL S]VITUDE4 

,! ,K+ AT ONCE EXPRESS$ HIS APPROVAL BY LETT] ( 0! SPL5DID BEHAVIOR ( ,M4 ,B\ILLE02 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY ?ANK$ ! ASSASS9S2 & ! MUNICIPALITY ( ,P>IS HELD A FUN]AL S]VICE 9 HONOR ( ! CONQU]ORS :O HAD FALL5 9 ! BATTLE4 ,NO ONE D>$ TO PROTE/1 ,ROBESPI]RE NO ?AN ! O!RS4 ,?US 5D$ ! YE> #a#g#i4 ,>M$ REACTION WAS UPP]MO/4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO READ 9 ,M4 ,AUL>D'S ,HISLTOIRE POLITIQUE DE LA ,REVOLUTION FRANCAISE 7#bND $ITION1 ,P>IS1 #a#i#c7 ! PAGES #ee TO #f1 9 :I* HE %[S H[ ! ,ASSEMBLY LABOR$ TO PREV5T ! P[] FALL+ 9TO ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! REM>KS ( ?IS WRIT]1 CONC]N+ ! LAW ( ,OCTOB] #a#d1 #a#g#i1 PROHIBIT+ ! ASSEMBL+ ( ! CITIZ5S ( ! COMMUNES TO DISCUSS !IR AFFAIRS MORE ?AN ONCE A YE> = ! ELECTIONS1 >E V]Y TRUE4 

#a4 ,AUL>D1 ,HI/OIRE POLITIQUE DE LA ,R@&EACTUE2VOLUTION FRANCAISE1 P4 #g#b4 ,A DETAIL$ ANALYSIS ( :AT HAD BE5 DONE BY ! ,ASSEMBLY AGA9/ ! SPIRIT ( DEMOCRACY WILL BE F\ND 9 ,AUL>D4 

#b4 ,AMONG O!RS1 A V]Y 9T]E/+ 9/ANCE ( ?IS MAY BE F\ND 9 ! LETT]S ( ,MADAME ,JULLI5 7DE LA ,DROME73 0 ,I AM CUR$1 !RE=E ( MY ,ROMAN FEV]1 :I* DID NOT1 H[EV]1 GO AS F> AS REPUBLICANISM = FE> ( CIVIL W>4 ,I AM %UT UP ) ANIMALS ( ALL SORTS 9 ! SACR$ ,>K ( ! ,CON/ITUTION4444 ,ONE IS SOME:AT ( A ,HURON SQUAW 7,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN7 :5 PLAY+ ! ,SP>TAN OR ,ROMAN WOMAN 9 ,P>IS40 ,ELSE:]E %E ASKS H] SON3 0,TELL ME IF ! ,JACOB9S HAVE BECOME ,FEUILLANTS0 7! ,CLUB ( ! ,FEUILLANTS WAS ! MON>*I/ CLUB74 ,J\RNAL D'UNE B\RGEOISE P5DANT LA ,REVOLUTION1 PUBLI%$ BY ,$\>D ,LOCKROY1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#h#a1 #bND $ITION1 ,P,P4 #c#a1 #c#b1 #c#e4 

#c4  ,M>AT ALONE HAD D>$ TO PUT 9 HIS NEWSPAP] ! FOLL[+ EPIGRAPH3 0,UT R$EAT MIS]IS ABEAT =TUNA SUP]BIS40 7,MAY =TUNE DES]T ! RI* & COME BACK TO ! POOR47 

#d4 ,VIDE ,GR&S DETAILS P> PIECES AU!NTIQUES DE L'AFFAIRE DE ,NANCY 7,P>IS1 #a#g#i7 ,DETAIL TRES EXA/ DES RAVAGES COMMIS444 A ,NANCY 7,P>IS1 #a#g#i7 ,RELATION EXACTE DE CE QUI S'E/ PASSE A ,NANCY LE #ca A\T #a#g#i2 ,LE S5S COMMUN DU BANHOMME ,RI*>D SUR L'AFFAIRE DE ,NANCY 7,PHILADELPHIE 78771 L'AN SECOND DE LA LIB]TE FRAMCAISE1 & O!R PAMPHLET1 9 ! RI* COLLECTION AT ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM1 VOL4 VII4 ,PP4 #c#b#f1 #c#b#g1 #cbh #i#f#b4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #bh -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#h1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #bh -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/