,*APT] #c 
,ACTION 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,FR5*.-L&SCAPE.-PHOTO1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,! PEOPLE -- ,REVOLUTION & ,SOCIALISM ,EQUAL RI<TS ( ALL TO L& 0,COMMUNISM0 -- ,SITUATION NOT CLE>LY UND]/OOD BY PEOPLE -- ,HATR$ ( POOR T[>DS >I/OCRACY & CL]GY -- ,HATR$ ( FEUDALISM -- ,PEOPLE'S READ9ESS TO TAKE UP >MS 

  

,BUT :AT ( ! PEOPLE8 ,:AT WAS !IR IDEA8 

,! PEOPLE1 TOO1 HAD FELT TO A C]TA9 EXT5T ! 9FLU5CE ( ! 
 CURR5T PHILOSOPHY4 ,BY A ?\S& 9DIRECT *ANNELS ! GREAT 
 PR9CIPLES ( LIB]TY & 5FRAN*ISEM5T HAD FILT]$ D[N TO 
 ! VILLAGES & ! SUBURBS ( ! L>GE T[NS4 ,RESPECT = 
 ROYALTY & >I/OCRACY WAS PASS+ AWAY4 ,IDEAS ( EQUALITY W]E 
 P5ETRAT+ TO ! V]Y L[E/ RANKS4 ,GLEAMS ( REVOLT FLA%$ 
 ?R\< MANY M9DS4 ,! HOPE ( AN APPROA*+ *ANGE ?ROBB$ 9 
 ! HE>TS ( ! HUMBLE/4 0,SOME?+ WAS TO BE DONE BY SOME 
 GREAT FOLK = SU* POOR ONES02 %E DID NOT KN[ :O1 NOR H[2 
 0BUT ,GOD S5D US BETT]10 SAID AN OLD WOMAN1 9 #a#g#h#i1 TO ,>?UR 
 ,Y\NG1#a :O TRAVEL$ ?R\< 
 ,FRANCE ON ! EVE ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,?AT 0SOME?+0 WAS B\ND 
 TO BR+ AN ALLEVIATION ( ! PEOPLE'S MIS]Y4 

,! QUE/ION :E!R ! MOVEM5T :I* PREC$$ ! ,REVOLUTION1 & 
 ! ,REVOLUTION ITSELF1 CONTA9$ ANY ELEM5T ( ,SOCIALISM HAS 
 BE5 REC5TLY DISCUSS$4 ,! WORD 0,SOCIALISM0 WAS C]TA9LY NOT 
 9 EI!R1 BECAUSE IT DATES ONLY FROM ! MIDDLE ( ! 
 N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! IDEA ( ! ,/ATE AS ,CAPITALI/1 TO :I* 
 ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC FRACTION ( ! GREAT ,SOCIALI/ P>TY IS 
 N[ TRY+ TO R$UCE ,SOCIALISM1 WAS C]TA9LY NOT SO MU* 9 
 EVID5CE AS IT IS TO-DAY1 BECAUSE ! F\ND]S ( 
 ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC 0,COLLECTIVISM10 ,VIDAL & ,PECQUEUR1 DID NOT WRITE UNTIL ! P]IOD BETWE5 #ahd & #a#h#d#i4 ,BUT 
 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO READ ! WORKS ( ! PRE-,REVOLUTION>Y 
 WRIT]S )\T BE+ /RUCK BY ! FACT ?AT !Y >E IMBU$ 
 ) IDEAS :I* >E ! V]Y ESS5CE ( MOD]N ,SOCIALISM4 
  

,TWO FUNDAM5TAL IDEAS ! EQUAL RI<TS ( ALL CITIZ5S TO ! L&1 
 & :AT WE KN[ TO-DAY UND] ! NAME ( COMMUNISM F\ND DEVOT$ 
 ADH]5TS AMONG ! MORE POPUL> WRIT]S ( ?AT TIME1 ,MABLY1 
 D',>G5SON1 & O!RS ( LESS IMPORTANCE4 ,MANUFACTUR+ 
 PRODUCTION ON A L>GE SCALE WAS 9 ITS 9FANCY1 SO ?AT L& WAS 
 AT ?AT TIME ! MA9 =M ( CAPITAL & ! *IEF 9/RUM5T 
 = EXPLOIT+ HUMAN LABOR1 :ILE ! FACTORY WAS H>DLY 
 DEVELOP$ AT ALL4 ,IT WAS NATURAL1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! ?\<TS ( 
 ! PHILOSOPH]S1 & LAT] ON ! ?\<TS ( ! 
 REVOLUTIONI/S1 %\LD TURN T[>DS COMMUNAL POSSESSION ( ! 
 L&4 ,DID NOT ,MABLY1 :O MU* MORE ?AN ,R\SSEAU 9SPIR$ ! 
 M5 ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 DECL>E AB\T #a#g#f#h1 9 HIS ,D\TES SUR 
 L'ORDRE NATUREL ET ESS5TIEL DES SOCIETES1 ?AT 
 !RE %\LD BE EQUAL RI<TS TO ! L& = ALL1 & COMMUNI/ 
 POSSESSION ( IT8 ,! RI<TS ( ! NATION TO ALL L&$ 
 PROP]TY1 & TO ALL NATURAL WEAL?--=E/S1 RIV]S1 
 WAT]FALLS1 @&C4--WAS NOT ?IS ! DOM9ANT IDEA ( ! 
 PRE-,REVOLUTION>Y WRIT]S1 AS WELL AS ( ! LEFT W+ ( ! 
 REVOLUTION>Y MASSES DUR+ ! P]IOD ( UPHEAVAL8 

,UN=TUNATELY1 !SE COMMUNI/IC ASPIRATIONS W]E NOT =MULAT$ 
 CLE>LY & CONCRETELY 9 ! M9DS ( ?OSE :O DESIR$ ! 
 PEOPLE'S HAPP9ESS4 ,:ILE AMONG ! $UCAT$ MIDDLE CLASSES ! 
 IDEAS ( EMANCIPATION HAD TAK5 ! =M ( A COMPLETE PROGRAM 
 = POLITICAL & ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION1 !SE IDEAS W]E 
 PRES5T$ TO ! PEOPLE ONLY 9 ! =M ( VAGUE ASPIRATIONS4 
 ,(T5 !Y W]E M]E NEGATIONS4 ,?OSE :O ADDRESS$ ! PEOPLE 
 DID NOT TRY TO EMBODY ! CONCRETE =M 9 :I* !IR 
 DESID]ATA C\LD BE REALIZ$4 ,IT IS EV5 PROBABLE ?AT 
 !Y AVOID$ BE+ PRECISE4 ,CONSCI\SLY OR NOT1 !Y SEEM$ TO 
 SAY3 0,:AT GOOD IS !RE 9 SPEAK+ TO ! PEOPLE ( ! WAY 9 
 :I* !Y WILL BE ORGANIZ$ LAT] ON8 ,IT W\LD ONLY *ILL !IR 
 REVOLUTION>Y >DOR4 ,ALL !Y WANT IS ! /R5G? TO ATTACK & 
 TO M>* TO ! ASSAULT ( ! OLD 9/ITUTIONS4 ,LAT] ON WE 
 %ALL SEE :AT CAN BE DONE = !M40 

  

,>E !RE NOT MANY ,SOCIALI/S & ,AN>*I/S :O ACT /ILL 9 ! SAME 
 WAY8 ,9 !IR HURRY TO PU% ON TO ! DAY ( REVOLT !Y TREAT AS 
 SOPORIFIC !ORIZ+ EV]Y ATTEMPT TO ?R[ SOME LI<T ON :AT 
 \<T TO BE ! AIM ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

,IT MU/ BE SAID1 ALSO1 ?AT ! IGNORANCE ( ! WRIT]S--CITY M5 
 & BOOKM5 = ! MO/ P>T--C\NT$ = MU* 9 ?IS4 
 ,?US1 9 ! :OLE ( ?AT GA!R+ ( LE>N$ OR EXP]I5C$ 
 BUS9ESS M5 :O COMPOS$ ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY--LAWY]S1 
 J\RNALI/S1 TRADESM51 & SO =?--!RE W]E ONLY TWO OR 
 ?REE LEGAL MEMB]S :O HAD /UDI$ ! FEUDAL LAWS1 & WE KN[ 
 !RE W]E AMONG !M BUT V]Y FEW REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 
 PEASANTS :O W]E FAMILI> BY P]SONAL EXP]I5CE ) ! NE$S 
 ( VILLAGE LIFE4 

,= !SE REASONS ! IDEAS ( ! MASSES W]E EXPRESS$ *IEFLY BY 
 SIMPLE NEGATIONS4 0,LET US BURN ! REGI/]S 9 :I* ! FEUDAL 
 DUES >E RECORD$6 ,D[N ) ! TI!S6 ,D[N ) ',MADAME ,VETO'6 
 ,HANG ! >I/OCRATS60 ,BUT TO :OM WAS ! FRE$ L& TO GO8 ,:O 
 W]E TO BE ! HEIRS ( ! GUILLOT9$ NOBLES8 ,:O WAS TO GRASP 
 ! POLITICAL P[] :5 IT %\LD FALL FROM ! H&S ( 
 0,MONSIEUR ,VETO10 ! P[] :I* BECAME 9 ! H&S ( ! 
 MIDDLE CLASSES A MU* MORE =MIDABLE WEAPON ?AN IT HAD BE5 
 UND] ! OLD REGIME8 

,?IS WANT ( CLE>NESS 9 ! M9D ( ! PEOPLE AS TO :AT !Y %\LD 
 HOPE FROM ! ,REVOLUTION LEFT ITS IMPR9T ON ! :OLE MOVEM5T4 
 ,:ILE ! MIDDLE CLASSES W]E M>*+ ) FIRM & DECID$ 
 /EPS T[>DS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( !IR POLITICAL P[] 9 A 
 ,/ATE :I* !Y W]E TRY+ TO MOLD1 ACCORD+ TO !IR 
 PRECONCEIV$ IDEAS1 ! PEOPLE W]E HESITAT+4 ,9 ! T[NS1 
 ESPECIALLY1 !Y DID NOT SEEM TO KN[ H[ TO TURN TO !IR [N 
 ADVANTAGE ! P[] !Y HAD CONQU]$4 ,& LAT]1 :5 IDEAS 
 CONC]N+ AGR>IAN LAWS & ! EQUALIZ+ ( 9COMES BEGAN TO 
 TAKE DEF9ITE =M1 !Y RAN F\L ( A MASS ( PROP]TY 
 PREJUDICES1 ) :I* EV5 ?OSE S9C]ELY DEVOT$ TO ! CAUSE 
 ( ! PEOPLE W]E IMBU$4 

,A SIMIL> CONFLICT WAS EVOK$ BY ! CONCEPTIONS ( ! POLITICAL 
 ORGANIZATION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,WE SEE IT *IEFLY 9 !ANTAGONISM :I* >OSE BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5TAL 
 PREJUDICES ( ! DEMOCRATS ( ?AT TIME & ! IDEAS ?AT 
 DAWN$ 9 ! HE>TS ( ! PEOPLE AS TO POLITICAL 
 DEC5TRALIZATION1 & ! PROM95T PLACE :I* ! PEOPLE WI%$ 
 !IR MUNICIPALITIES TO TAKE BO? 9 ! DIVISION ( ! L>GE 
 T[NS & 9 ! VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES4 ,?IS WAS ! />T+-PO9T 
 ( ! :OLE S]IES ( FI]CE CONTE/S :I* BROKE \T 9 ! 
 ,CONV5TION4 ,!NCE1 TOO1 >OSE ! 9DEF9IT5ESS ( ! RESULTS 
 OBTA9$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION = ! GREAT MASS ( ! PEOPLE 9 
 ALL DIRECTIONS1 EXCEPT 9 ! RECOV]Y ( P>T ( ! L& FROM 
 ! LORDS1 LAY & CL]ICAL1 & ! FREE+ ( ALL L& FROM ! 
 FEUDAL TAXES IT =M]LY HAD TO PAY4 
  

,BUT IF ! PEOPLE'S IDEAS W]E CONFUS$ ON CON/RUCTIVE L9ES1 !Y 
 W]E1 ON ! O!R H&1 EXTREMELY CLE> ON C]TA9 PO9TS 9 
 !IR NEGATIONS4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! HATR$ FELT BY ! POOR = ! :OLE ( ! IDLE1 
 LAZY1 P]V]T$ >I/OCRACY :O RUL$ !M1 :ILE BLACK MIS]Y 
 REIGN$ 9 ! VILLAGES & 9 ! D>K LANES ( ! GREAT T[NS4 
 ,NEXT1 HATR$ T[>DS ! CL]GY1 :O BY SYMPA?Y BELONG$ MORE TO 
 ! >I/OCRACY ?AN TO ! PEOPLE :O F$ !M4 ,!N1 HATR$ ( 
 ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS UND] ! OLD REGIME1 :I* 
 MADE POV]TY /ILL H>D] TO BE> BECAUSE !Y D5I$ ! RI<TS 
 ( HUMANITY TO ! POOR4 ,HATR$ = ! FEUDAL SY/EM & ITS 
 EXACTIONS1 :I* KEPT ! LABOR] 9 A /ATE ( S]VITUDE TO ! 
 L&[N]S LONG AFT] P]SONAL S]FDOM HAD CEAS$ TO EXI/4 
 ,LA/LY1 ! DESPAIR ( ! PEASANT :O 9 ?OSE YE>S ( SC>CITY 
 SAW L& LY+ UNCULTIVAT$ 9 ! H&S ( ! LORD1 OR S]V+ 
 M]ELY AS A PLEASURE-GR\ND = ! NOBILITY :ILE FAM9E PRESS$ 
 H>D ON ! VILLAGES4 

,IT WAS ALL ?IS HATR$1 COM+ TO A HEAD AFT] LONG YE>S AS ! 
 SELFI%NESS ( ! RI* BECAME MORE & MORE APP>5T 9 ! 
 C\RSE ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,& IT WAS ?IS NE$ ( L& 
 --?IS L& HUNG]1 ! CRY ( ! />V+ 9 REVOLT AGA9/ 
 ! LORD :O REFUS$ !M ACCESS TO IT--?AT AWOKE ! SPIRIT 
 ( REVOLT EV] S9CE #a#g#h#h4 ,& IT WAS ! SAME HATR$1 & ! 
 SAME NE$1 M+L$ ) ! HOPE ( SUCCESS1 :I* /IMULAT$ ! 
 9CESSANT REVOLTS ( ! PEASANTS 9 ! YE>S #a#g#h#i-#a#g#i#c1 REVOLTS 
 :I* 5ABL$ ! MIDDLE CLASSES TO OV]?R[ ! OLDREGIME & TO ORGANIZE ITS [N P[] 
 UND] ! NEW ONE1 ?AT REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T4 
  

,)\T ?OSE RIS+S1 )\T ?AT DISORGANIZATION ( AU?ORITY 9 ! 
 PROV9CES :I* RESULT$ 9 NEV]-CEAS+ JACQU]IES1 
 %\T ?AT PROMPTITUDE ( ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS & O!R T[NS 9 
 TAK+ UP >MS1 & 9 M>*+ AGA9/ ! /RON<OLDS ( 
 ROYALTY :5EV] AN APPEAL TO ! PEOPLE WAS MADE BY ! 
 REVOLUTION>IES1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES W\LD C]TA9LY NOT HAVE 
 ACCOMPLI%$ ANY?+4 ,BUT IT IS TO ?IS TRUE F\NT & ORIG9 ( 
 ! ,REVOLUTION--! PEOPLE'S READ9ESS TO TAKE UP 
 >MS--?AT ! HI/ORIANS ( ! ,REVOLUTION HAVE NOT YET DONE 
 JU/ICE--! JU/ICE [$ TO IT BY ! HI/ORY ( 
 CIVILIZATION4 

,FOOTNOTES 

  

 #a 
  
 ,>?UR ,Y\NG1 ,TRAVELS 9 ,FRANCE4 P4 #afg 7,LONDON1 #a#h#i#b74 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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