,*APT] #d 
,! ,PEOPLE ,BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,VICTORIA ,PICK]+1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,CONDITION ( PEOPLE PREVI\S TO #a<i -- ,WANTON LUXURY ( >I/OCRATS -- ,POV]TY ( MAJORITY ( PEASANTS -- ,RISE & IMPORTANCE ( WELL-TO-DO PEASANT CLASS 

,IT W\LD BE WA/E ( TIME TO DESCRIBE H]E AT ANY L5G? ! CONDITION ( ! PEASANTS 9 ! C\NTRY & ( ! POOR] CLASSES 9 ! T[NS ON ! EVE ( #a#g#h#i4 

,ALL ! HI/ORIANS :O HAVE WRITT5 AB\T ! GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION HAVE DEVOT$ ELOQU5T PAGES TO ?IS SUBJECT4 ,! PEOPLE GROAN$ UND] ! BURD5 ( TAXES LEVI$ BY ! ,/ATE1 R5TS & CONTRIBUTIONS PAID TO ! LORD1 TI!S COLLECT$ BY ! CL]GY1 AS WELL AS UND] ! =C$ LABOR EXACT$ BY ALL ?REE4 ,5TIRE POPULATIONS W]E R$UC$ TO BEGG>Y & W&]$ ON ! ROADS TO ! NUMB] ( FIVE1 T5 OR TW5TY ?\S& M51 WOM5 & *ILDR5 9 EV]Y PROV9CE2 9 #a#g#g#g1 ONE MILLION ONE HUNDR$ ?\S& P]SONS W]E (FICIALLY DECL>$ TO BE BEGG>S4 ,9 ! VILLAGES FAM9E HAD BECOME *RONIC2 ITS 9T]VALS W]E %ORT1 & IT DECIMAT$ 5TIRE PROV9CES4 ,PEASANTS W]E FLOCK+ 9 HUNDR$S & ?\S&S FROM !IR [N NEI<BORHOOD1 9 ! HOPE1 SOON UNDECEIV$1 ( F9D+ BETT] CONDITIONS ELSE:]E4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! NUMB] ( ! POOR 9 ! T[NS 9CREAS$ EV]Y YE>1 & IT WAS QUITE USUAL = FOOD TO RUN %ORT4 ,AS ! MUNICIPALITIES C\LD NOT REPL5I% ! M>KETS1 BREAD RIOTS1 ALWAYS FOLL[$ BY MASSACRES1 BECAME A P]SI/5T FEATURE 9 ! EV]YDAY LIFE ( ! K+DOM4 

,ON ! O!R H& MI<T BE SE5 ! SUP]F9E >I/OCRAT ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY SQU&]+ IMM5SE =TUNES--HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S & MILLIONS ( FRANCS A YE>--9 UNBRIDL$ & ABSURD LUXURY4 ,TO-DAY A ,TA9E CAN GO 9TO RAPTURES OV] ! LIFE !Y L$ BECAUSE HE KN[S IT ONLY FROM A DI/ANCE1 A HUNDR$ YE>S AWAY1 & ?R\< BOOKS2 BUT1 9 REALITY1 !Y HID UND] !IR DANC+-MA/] MANN]S ROI/]\S DISSIPATIONS & ! CRUDE/ S5SUALITY2 !Y W]E )\T 9T]E/1 )\T ?\<T1 )\T EV5 ! SIMPLE/ HUMAN FEEL+4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 BOR$OM WAS ALWAYS TAPP+ AT ! DOORS ( ! RI*1 BOR$OM AT ! ,C\RT ( ,V]SAILLES1 BOR$OM 9 !IR *ATEAUX2 & !Y TRI$ 9 VA9 TO EVADE IT BY ! MO/ FUTILE & ! MO/ *ILDI% MEANS4 ,WE ALSO KN[ :AT !Y W]E WOR?1 !SE >I/OCRATS1 :5 ! ,REVOLUTION BROKE \T2 H[ !Y LEFT 0!IR0 ,K+1 & 0!IR0 ,QUE5 TO DEF5D !MSELVES1 & HA/5$ TO EMIGRATE1 CALL+ = A =EIGN 9VASION TO PROTECT !IR E/ATES & PRIVILEGES AGA9/ ! REVOLT$ PEOPLE4 ,!IR WOR? & !IR 0NOBILITY0 ( *>ACT] CAN BE E/IMAT$ BY ! COLONIES ( EMIGRES1 :I* !Y E/ABLI%$ AT ,COBL5TZ1 ,BRUSSELS & ,MITAU4 

,?OSE EXTREMES ( LUXURY & MIS]Y ) :I* LIFE AB\ND$ 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY HAVE BE5 ADMIRABLY DEPICT$ BY EV]Y HI/ORIAN ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ONE FEATURE REMA9S TO BE ADD$1 ! IMPORTANCE ( :I* /&S \T ESPECIALLY :5 WE /UDY ! CONDITION ( ! PEASANTS AT ?IS MOM5T 9 ,RUSSIA ON ! EVE ( ! GREAT ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,! MIS]Y ( ! GREAT MASS ( ,FR5* PEASANTS WAS UND\BT$LY FRI<TFUL4 ,IT HAD 9CREAS$ BY LEAPS 5D B\NDS1 EV] S9CE ! REIGN ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V41 AS ! EXP5DITURE ( ! ,/ATE 9CREAS$ & ! LUXURY ( ! GREAT LORDS BECAME MORE EXQUISITE 9 ! EXTRAVAGANCIES REVEAL$ = US 9 C]TA9 MEMOIRS ( ?AT TIME4 ,:AT HELP$ TO MAKE ! EXACTIONS ( ! NOBILITY UN5DURABLE WAS ?AT A GREAT NUMB] ( !M1 :5 RU9$1 HILL+ !IR POV]TY UND] A %[ ( LUXURY1 RESORT$ 9 DESP]ATION TO ! EXTORTION ( EV5 ! LEA/ ( ?OSE R5TS & PAYM5TS 9 K9D1 :I* ONLY CU/OM HAD E/ABLI%$4 ,!Y TREAT$ ! PEASANTS1 ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( !IR /EW>DS1 ) ! RIGOR ( M]E BROK]S4 ,IMPOV]I%M5T TURN$ ! NOBILITY1 9 !IR RELATIONS ) !IR EX-S]FS1 9TO MIDDLE-CLASS MONEY-GRUBB]S1 9CAPABLE1 H[EV]1 ( F9D+ ANY O!R S\RCE ( REV5UE ?AN ! EXPLOITATION ( ANCI5T PRIVILEGES1 RELICS ( ! FEUDAL AGE4 ,?IS IS :Y WE F9D 9 C]TA9 DOCUM5TS1 DUR+ ! FIFTE5 YE>S ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I'S REIGN :I* PREC$$ ! ,REVOLUTION1 9DISPUTABLE TRACES ( A RECRUDESC5CE ( SEIGNEURIAL EXACTIONS4 

,BUT ?\< ! HI/ORIANS >E RI<T 9 DEPICT+ ! CONDITION ( ! PEASANTS 9 V]Y D>K COLORS1 IT W\LD BE A MI/AKE TO IMPEA* ! ,V]ACITY ( ?OSE :O1 LIKE ,TOCQUEVILLE1 M5TION SOME AMELIORATION 9 ! CONDITIONS ( ! C\NTRY DUR+ ?OSE V]Y YE>S PREC$+ ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! FACT IS1 ?AT A D\BLE PH5OM5ON BECAME APP>5T 9 ! VILLAGES AT ?AT TIME3 ! IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! GREAT MASS ( ! PEASANTS & ! BETT]+ ( ! CONDITION ( A FEW AMONG !M4 ,?IS MAY BE SE5 TO-DAY 9 ,RUSSIA S9CE ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM4 

,! GREAT MASS ( ! PEASANTS GREW POOR]4 ,YE> AFT] YE> !IR LIVELIHOOD BECAME MORE & MORE PREC>I\S3 ! LEA/ DR\<T RESULT$ 9 SC>CITY & FAM9E4 ,BUT A NEW CLASS ( PEASANT1 A LITTLE BETT] (F & ) AMBITIONS1 WAS =M+ AT ! SAME TIME1 ESPECIALLY 9 DI/RICTS :]E >I/OCRATIC E/ATES W]E DIS9TEGRAT+ RAPIDLY4 ,! VILLAGE MIDDLE CLASSES1 ! WELL-TO-DO PEASANTS1 CAME 9TO BE+1 & AS ! ,REVOLUTION DREW NE> !SE FURNI%$ ! FIR/ SPEAK]S AGA9/ FEUDAL RI<TS1 & DEM&$ !IR ABOLITION4 ,IT WAS ?IS CLASS :I*1 DUR+ ! F\R OR FIVE YE>S ! ,REVOLUTION LA/$1 MO/ FIRMLY 9SI/$ ?AT !SE FEUDAL RI<TS %\LD BE ABOLI%$ )\T COMP5SATION1 & ?AT ! E/ATES ( ! ROYALI/ NOBLES %\LD BE CONFISCAT$ & SOLD 9 SMALL P>CELS4 ,IT WAS ?IS CLASS TOO1 :I* WAS MO/ BITT]1 9 #a#g#i#c1 AGA9/ LES CIDEVANTS1 ! DISPOSSESS$ NOBLES1 ! EX-L&LORDS4 

,= ! TIME BE+1 AT ! APPROA* ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 IT WAS ?R\< ! PEASANT :O HAD BECOME ( SOME IMPORTANCE 9 HIS VILLAGE ?AT HOPE FILL$ M5'S HE>TS & 9SPIR$ ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT4 

,TRACES ( ?IS AWAK5+ >E EVID5T1 = S9CE ! ACCESSION ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I1 9 #a#g#g#d1 REVOLTS W]E CONT9UALLY ON ! 9CREASE4 ,IT MAY BE SAID1 !RE=E1 ?AT IF DESPAIR & MIS]Y IMPELL$ ! PEOPLE TO RIOT1 IT WAS ! HOPE ( OBTA9+ SOME RELIEF ?AT 9CIT$ !M TO REVOLT4 

,LIKE EV]Y O!R REVOLUTION1 ?AT ( #a<i WAS 9SPIR$ BY ! HOPE ( ATTA9+ C]TA9 IMPORTANT RESULTS4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#h1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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