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,! ,SPIRIT ( ,REVOLT3 ,! ,RIOTS 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY CYPHUNK 41,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,RE=MS AT BEG9N+ ( REIGN ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I -- ,TURGOT -- ,QUE/ION ( ,NATIONAL ,REPRES5TATION -- ,*>ACT] ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I -- ,REVOLUTION 9 ,AM]ICA ,RIOTS ON ACCESSION ( ,L\IS -- ,!IR CONSEQU5CES -- ,L>GE T[NS REVOLT 9 TURN -- 0,P>LIAM5TS0 & 0,PL5>Y ,C\RTS0 -- ,P>IS P>LIAM5T REFUSES TO GRANT MONEY TO ,C\RT -- ,ACTION ( ,K+ -- ,9SURRECTIONS 9 ,BRITTANY -- ,GR5OBLE -- ,QUE5'S LETT] TO ,C\NT DE ,M]CY -- ,GRADUAL AWAK5+ ( REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT -- ,L\IS COMPELL$ TO CONVOKE ,ASSEMBLY ( ,NOTABLES & ,/ATES-,G5]AL  

  
  

,AS IS USUAL 9 EV]Y NEW REIGN1 ?AT ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I BEGAN ) SOME RE=MS4 ,TWO MON?S AFT] HIS ACCESSION ,L\IS ,X,V,I SUMMON$ ,TURGOT TO ! M9I/RY1 & A MON? LAT] HE APPO9T$ HIM ,CONTROLL]-,G5]AL ( ,F9ANCE4 ,HE EV5 SUPPORT$ HIM AT FIR/ AGA9/ ! VIOL5T OPPOSITION ?AT ,TURGOT1 AS AN ECONOMI/1 A P>SIMONI\S MIDDLE-CLASS MAN & AN 5EMY ( ! EFFETE >I/OCRACY1 WAS B\ND TO MEET ) FROM ! ,C\RT P>TY4 

,FREE TRADE 9 CORN WAS PROCLAIM$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#g#g#d1#a & /ATUTE LABOR WAS ABOLI%$ 9 #a#g#g#f1 AS WELL AS ! OLD & CORPORATIONS & GUILDS 9 ! T[NS1 :I* W]E NO LONG] ( USE EXCEPT TO KEEP UP A K9D ( 9DU/RIAL >I/OCRACY1 & BY !SE MEASURES HOPES ( RE=M W]E AWAK5$ AMONG ! PEOPLE4 ,! POOR REJOIC$ TO SEE ! BREAK+ D[N ( ! TOLL-GATES1 :I* HAD BE5 PUT UP ALL OV] ,FRANCE1 & PREV5T$ ! FREE CIRCULATION ( CORN1 SALT & O!R OBJECTS ( PRIME NECESSITY4 ,= !M IT MEANT ! FIR/ BREA* 9 ! ODI\S PRIVILEGES ( ! L&[N]S2 :ILE ! PEASANTS :O W]E BETT] (F REJOIC$ TO SEE ! JO9T LIABILITY ( ! TAXPAY]S ABOLI%$4#b ,F9ALLY1 9 ! ,AUGU/ ( #a#g#g#i1 MORTMA9 & P]SONAL S]VITUDE W]E SUPPRESS$ UPON ! ,K+'S PRIVATE E/ATES1 & ! FOLL[+ YE> IT WAS DECID$ TO ABOLI% TORTURE1 :I* WAS US$ 9 ! MO/ ATROCI\S =MS E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,ORD9ANCE ( #a#f#g4#c 0,REPRES5TATIVE ,GOV]NM5T10 SU* AS WAS E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,5GLI% AFT] !IR REVOLUTION1 & WAS ADVOCAT$ 9 ! WRIT+S ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y PHILOSOPH]S1 ALSO BEGAN TO BE SPOK5 (4 ,) ?IS 5D 9 VIEW1 ,TURGOT HAD EV5 PREP>$ A S*EME ( PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES1 TO BE FOLL[$ LAT] ON BY REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T = ALL ,FRANCE 9 :I* ! PROP]TI$ CLASSES W\LD HAVE BE5 CALL$ UPON TO CON/ITUTE A P>LIAM5T4 ,L\IS ,X,V,I %RANK FROM ?IS PROPOSAL1 & DISMISS$ ,TURGOT2 BUT FROM ?AT MOM5T ALL $UCAT$ ,FRANCE BEGAN TO TALK ( A ,CON/ITUTION & NATIONAL REPRES5TATION4#d ,H[EV]1 IT WAS NO LONG] POSSIBLE TO ELUDE ! QUE/ION ( NATIONAL REPRES5TATION1 & :5 ,NECK] BECAME M9I/] 9 ,JULY #a#g#g#g1 IT CAME UP AGA9 = DISCUSSION4 ,NECK]1 :O UND]/OOD V]Y WELL ! WI%ES ( HIS MA/]1 & TRI$ TO BR+ HIS AUTOCRATIC IDEAS 9TO SOME ACCORD ) ! REQUIREM5TS ( F9ANCE1 ATTEMPT$ TO MANEUV] BY PROPOS+ ! 9TRODUCTION ( PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES ONLY & RELEGAT+ ! POSSIBILITY ( A NATIONAL REPRES5TATION TO ! DI/ANT FUTURE4 ,BUT HE1 TOO1 WAS MET BY A =MAL REFUSAL ON ! P>T ( ! ,K+4 0,W\LD IT NOT BE A HAPPY CONT+5CY10 WROTE ! CRAFTY F9ANCI]1 0?AT Y\R ,MAJE/Y1 HAV+ BECOME AN 9T]M$I>Y BETWE5 Y\R E/ATES & Y\R PEOPLE1 Y\R AU?ORITY %\LD ONLY APPE> TO M>K ! LIMITS BETWE5 SEV]ITY & JU/ICE80 ,TO :I* ,L\IS REPLI$3 0,IT IS ( ! ESS5CE ( MY AU?ORITY NOT TO BE AN 9T]M$I>Y1 BUT TO BE AT ! HEAD40 ,IT IS WELL TO REMEMB] !SE WORDS 9 VIEW ( ! S5TIM5TALITIES CONC]N+ ,L\IS ,X,V,I :I* HAVE BE5 PROPAGAT$ BY HI/ORIANS BELONG+ TO ! P>TY ( REACTION4 ,F> FROM BE+ ! C>ELESS1 9(F5SIVE1 GOOD-NATUR$ P]SON1 9T]E/$ ONLY 9 HUNT+1 ?AT !Y WI%$ TO REPRES5T HIM1 ,L\IS ,X,V,I = FIFTE5 YE>S1 UNTIL #a#g#h#i1 MANAG$ TO RESI/ ! NECESSITY1 FELT & DECL>$1 = NEW POLITICAL =MS TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ROYAL DESPOTISM & ! ABOM9ATIONS ( ! OLD REGIME4  

,! WEAPON US$ BY ,L\IS ,X,V,I1 9 PREF]5CE TO ALL O!RS WAS DECEIT4 ,ONLY FE> MADE HIM YIELD1 &1 US+ ALWAYS ! SAME WEAPONS1 DECEIT & HYPOCRISY1 HE RESI/$ NOT ONLY UP TO #a#g#h#i1 BUT EV5 UP TO ! LA/ MOM5T1 TO ! V]Y FOOT ( ! SCAFFOLD4 ,AT ANY RATE1 9 #a#g#g#h1 AT A TIME :5 IT WAS ALREADY EVID5T TO ALL M9DS ( MORE OR LESS P]SPICACITY1 AS IT WAS TO ,TURGOT & ,NECK]1 ?AT ! ABSOLUTE P[] ( ! ,K+ HAD HAD ITS DAY1 & ?AT ! H\R HAD COME = REPLAC+ IT BY SOME K9D ( NATIONAL REPRES5TATION1 ,L\IS ,X,V,I C\LD NEV] BE BR\<T TO MAKE ANY BUT ! FEEBLE/ CONCESSIONS4 ,HE CONV5$ ! PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES ( ! PROV9CES ( ,B]RI & ,HAUTE-,GUI5NE 7#a#g#g#h & #a#g#g#i74 ,BUT 9 FACE ( ! OPPOSITION %[N BY ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES1 ! PLAN ( EXT5D+ !SE ASSEMBLIES TO ! O!R PROV9CES WAS AB&ON$1 & ,NECK] WAS DISMISS$ 9 #a#g#h#a4 

,! REVOLUTION 9 ,AM]ICA HAD1 MEAN:ILE1 HELP$ ALSO TO AWAK5 M9DS1 & TO 9SPIRE !M ) A BREA? ( LIB]TY & REPUBLICAN DEMOCRACY4 ,ON ,JULY #d1 #a#g#g#f1 ! ,5GLI% COLONIES 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA HAD PROCLAIM$ !IR 9DEP5D5CE1& ! NEW ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W]E RECOGNIZ$ BY ,FRANCE 9 #a#g#g#h1 :I* L$ TO A W> ) ,5GL& ?AT LA/$ UNTIL #a#g#h#c4 ,ALL HI/ORIANS M5TION ! EFFECT :I* ?IS W> HAD ON M5'S M9DS4 ,!RE IS1 9 FACT1 NO D\BT ?AT ! REVOLT ( ! ,5GLI% COLONIES & ! CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES EX]CIS$ A F>-REA*+ 9FLU5CE 9 ,FRANCE1 & HELP$ P[]FULLY 9 >\S+ ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT4 ,WE KN[1 TOO1 ?AT ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,RI<TS1 DRAWN UP BY ! Y\NG ,AM]ICAN ,/ATES 9FLU5C$ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTIONI/S PR(\NDLY1 & WAS TAK5 BY !M AS A MODEL = !IR DECL>ATION4 ,IT MI<T BE SAID ALSO ?AT ! W> 9 ,AM]ICA1 DUR+ :I* ,FRANCE HAD TO BUILD AN 5TIRE FLEET TO OPPOSE ,5GL&'S1 COMPLET$ ! F9ANCIAL RU9 ( ! OLD REGIME & HA/5$ ITS D[NFALL4 ,BUT IT IS NEV]!LESS C]TA9 ?AT ?IS W> WAS ALSO ! BEG9N+ ( ?OSE T]RIBLE W>S :I* ,5GL& SOON WAG$ AGA9/ ,FRANCE1 & ! COALITIONS :I* %E ORGANIZ$ AGA9/ ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,AS SOON AS ,5GL& RECOV]$ FROM H] DEFEATS & FELT ?AT ,FRANCE WAS WEAK5$ BY 9T]NAL /RUGGLES1 %E US$ EV]Y MEANS1 OP5 & SECRET1 TO BR+ AB\T ! W>S :I* WE %ALL SEE WAG$ REL5TLESSLY FROM #a<c TILL #a#h#a#e4  

,ALL !SE CAUSES ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION MU/ BE CLE>LY 9DICAT$1 = LIKE EV]Y EV5T ( PRIMORDIAL IMPORTANCE1 IT WAS ! RESULT ( MANY CAUSES1 CONV]G+ AT A GIV5 MOM5T1 & CREAT+ ! M5 :O 9 !IR TURN CONTRIBUT$ TO /R5G!N ! EFFECT ( ?OSE CAUSES4 ,BUT IT MU/ BE UND]/OOD ?AT 9 SPITE ( ! EV5TS :I* PREP>$ ! ,REVOLUTION1 & 9 SPITE ( ALL ! 9TELLIG5CE & AMBITIONS ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 ?OSE EV]-PRUD5T PEOPLE W\LD HAVE GONE ON A LONG TIME WAIT+ = A *ANGE IF ! PEOPLE HAD NOT HA/5$ MATT]S4 ,! POPUL> REVOLTS1 GR[+ & 9CREAS+ 9 NUMB] & ASSUM+ PROPORTIONS QUITE UN=ESE51 W]E ! NEW ELEM5TS :I* GAVE ! MIDDLE CLASS ! P[] ( ATTACK !Y !MSELVES DID NOT POSSESS4 

,! PEOPLE HAD PATI5TLY 5DUR$ MIS]Y & OPPRESSION UND] ,L\IS ,X,V41 BUT AS SOON AS ?AT ,K+ DI$1 9 #a#g#g#d1 !Y BEGAN TO REVOLT1 KN[+ WELL ?AT1 ) A *ANGE ( MA/]S AT ! PALACE1 !RE COMES AN 9EVITABLE SLACK5+ ( AU?ORITY4 ,A CONT9U\S S]IES ( RIOTS BROKE \T BETWE5 #agge & #a#g#g#g4 

  

,!SE W]E ! RIOTS ( HUNG] ?AT HAD BE5 REPRESS$ UNTIL !N ONLY BY =CE4 ,! H>VE/ ( #aggd HAD BE5 BAD1 & BREAD WAS SC>CE4 ,ACCORD+LY RIOT+ BROKE \T 9 ,APRIL #a#g#g#e4 ,AT ,DIJON ! PEOPLE TOOK POSSESSION ( ! H\SES ( ! MONOPOLI/S1 DE/ROY$ !IR FURNITURE & SMA%$ UP !IR FL\R-MILLS4 ,IT WAS ON ?IS OCCASION ?AT ! GOV]NOR ( ! T[N--ONE ( ! SUP]F9E G5TLEM5 ( :OM ,TA9E HAS WRITT5 ) SO MU* COMPLAC5CE--SAID TO ! PEOPLE ?OSE FATAL WORDS :I* W]E TO BE SO (T5 REPEAT$ DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION3 0,! GRASS HAS SPR\T$1 GO TO ! FIELDS & BR[SE ON IT40 ,AUX]RE1 ,AMI5S1 ,LILLE1 FOLL[$ ,DIJON4 ,A FEW DAYS LAT] ! 0ROBB]S10 = SO ! MAJORITY ( HI/ORIANS DESIGNATE ! FAMI%$ RIOT]S1 HAV+ ASSEMBL$ AT ,PONTOISE1 ,PASSY & ,SA9T-,G]MA9 ) ! 9T5TION ( PILLAG+ ! GRAN>IES1 TURN$ !IR /EPS T[>DS ,V]SAILLES4 ,L\IS ,X,V,I1 WANT$ TO GO \T ON ! BALCONY ( ! PALACE TO SPEAK TO !M1 TO TELL !M ?AT HE W\LD R$UCE ! PRICE ( BREAD2 BUT ,TURGOT1 LIKE A TRUE ECONOMI/1 OPPOS$ ?IS4 ,! R$UCTION 9 ! PRICE ( BREAD WAS NOT MADE4 ,! 0ROBB]S10 9 ! MEANTIME1 5T]$ ,P>IS & PLUND]$ ! BAK]IES1 DI/RIBUT+ :ATEV] FOOD !Y C\LD SEIZE AMONG ! CR[D2 BUT !Y W]E DISP]S$ BY ! TROOPS1 & TWO ( ! RIOT]S W]E HANG$ AT ! ,PLACE DE LA ,GREVE1 & AS !Y W]E BE+ HANG$ !Y CRI$ \T ?AT !Y W]E DY+ = ! PEOPLE4 ,S9CE ?AT TIME ! LEG5D BEGAN TO CIRCULATE 9 ,FRANCE AB\T 0ROBB]S0 OV]RUNN+ ! C\NTRY--A LEG5D :I* HAD SU* AN IMPORTANT EFFECT 9 #a#g#h#i1 AS IT FURNI%$ ! MIDDLE CLASSES 9 ! T[NS ) A PRETEXT = >M+ !MSELVES4 ,& FROM ?AT TIME ALSO BEGAN ! PLAC>DS 9SULT+ ! ,K+ & HIS M9I/]S :I* W]E PA/$ UP AT ,V]SAILLES1 CONTA9+ ?REATS TO EXECUTE ! ,K+ ! DAY AFT] HIS CORONATION1 & EV5 TO EXT]M9ATE ! :OLE ( ! ROYAL FAMILY IF BREAD REMA9$ AT ! SAME PRICE4 ,=G$ GOV]NM5TAL $ICTS1 TOO1 BEGAN TO BE CIRCULAT$ ?R\< ! C\NTRY4 ,ONE ( !M ASS]T$ ?AT ! ,/ATE ,C\NCIL HAD R$UC$ ! PRICE ( :EAT TO TWELVE LIVRES 7FRANCS7 ! MEASURE4 

,!SE RIOTS W]E ( C\RSE SUPPRESS$1 BUT !Y HAD F>-REA*+ CONSEQU5CES4 ,/RIFE WAS LET LOOSE AMONG ! V>I\SP>TIES4 IT RA9$ PAMPHLETS4 ,SOME ( !SE ACCUS$ ! M9I/]1 :ILE O!RS SPOKE ( A PLOT ( ! PR9CES AGA9/ ! ,K+1 OR MADE FUN ( ! ROYAL AU?ORITY4 ,9 %ORT1 ) M5'S M9DS ALREADY 9 A /ATE ( F]M5T1 ! POPUL> \T BREAKS W]E ! SP>KS :I* IGNIT$ ! P[D]4 ,CONCESSIONS TO ! PEOPLE1 NEV] DREAM$ ( BE=E1 W]E OP5LY DISCUSS$2 PUBLIC WORKS W]E SET ON FOOT2 TAXES ON MILL+ W]E ABOLI%$1 & ?IS MEASURE L$ ! PEOPLE ( ,R\5 TO DECL>E ?AT ALL MANORIAL DUES HAD BE5 ABOLI%$1 SO ?AT !Y ROSE 9 ,JULY TO PROTE/ AGA9/ EV] PAY+ !M AGA94 ,! MALCONT5TS EVID5TLY LO/ NO TIME & PR(IT$ BY ! OCCASION TO EXT5D ! POPUL> RIS+S4  

,WE HAVE NOT ! NECESS>Y DOCUM5TS = GIV+ A FULL ACC\NT ( ! POPUL> 9SURRECTIONS DUR+ ! REIGN ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I -- ! HI/ORIANS DID NOT TR\BLE AB\T !M2 ! >*IVES HAVE NOT BE5 EXAM9$1 & IT IS ONLY BY ACCID5T ?AT WE LE>N ?AT 9 SU*-&-SU* A PLACE !RE W]E 0DISORD]S40 ,?US1 !RE W]E RIOTS ( A SOME:AT S]I\S NATURE 9 ,P>IS1 AFT] ! ABOLITION ( ! TRADE-GUILDS 9 #a#g#g#f--& ALL OV] ,FRANCE1 9 ! C\RSE ( ! SAME YE> AS A RESULT ( ! FALSE REPORTS RESPECT+ ! ABOLITION ( ALL OBLIGATIONS 9 ! MATT] ( /ATUTE LABOR & DUES CLAIM$ BY ! L&[N]S4 ,BUT1 ACCORD+ TO ! PR9T$ DOCUM5TS1 IT W\LD APPE> ALSO ?AT !RE WAS A DECREASE 9 ! RIOT+ 9 ! YE>S #aggg TO #a#g#h#c1 ! ,AM]ICAN W> HAV+ P]HAPS SOME?+ TO DO ) ?IS4 

,H[EV]1 9 #a<b & #a#g#h#c1 ! RIOTS RECOMM5C$1 & FROM ?AT TIME W5T ON 9CREAS+ UNTIL ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,POITI]S REVOLT$ 9 #a#g#h#b2 9 #a<f IT WAS ,VIZILLE'S TURN2 FROM #a<c TO #a<i RIOT+ BROKE \T 9 ! ,CEV5NES1 ! ,VIV>AIS & ! ,GEVAUDAN4 ,! MALCONT5TS1 :O W]E NICKNAM$ MASC>ATS1 WANT+ TO PUNI% ! 0PRACTITION]S0 :O S[$ DISS5SION AMONG ! PEASANTS TO 9CITE !M TO GO TO LAW1 BROKE 9TO ! LAW C\RTS & 9TO ! H\SES ( ! NOT>IES & ATTORNEY & BURN$ ALL ! DE$S & CONTRACTS4 ,?REE ( ! LEAD]S W]E HANG$1 O!RS W]E S5T TO P5AL S]VITUDE1 BUT ! DISORD]S BROKE \T AFRE%1 AS SOON AS ! CLOS+ ( ! P>LEM5TS 7,C\RTS ( ,JU/ICE7 FURNI%$ !M ) A NEWPRETEXT4#e ,9 #a<f IT WAS ,LYONS ?AT REVOLT$4#f ,! SILK-WEAV]S W5T ON /RIKE2 !Y W]E PROMIS$ AN 9CREASE ( WAGES1 BUT TROOPS W]E CALL$ \T1 :]EUPON !RE WAS A FI<T & ?REE ( ! LEAD]S W]E HANG$4 ,FROM ?AT MOM5T1 UP TO ! ,REVOLUTION1 ,LYONS BECAME A HOTB$ ( REVOLT1 & 9 #a<i IT WAS ! RIOT]S ( #a<f :O W]E *OS5 AS ELECTORS4  

,SOMETIMES !SE RIS+S HAD A RELIGI\S *>ACT]2 SOMETIMES !Y W]E TO RESI/ MILIT>Y 5LI/M5T--EV]Y LEVY ( SOLDI]S L$ TO A RIOT1 SAYS ,TURGOT2 OR IT MI<T BE ! SALT TAX AGA9/ :I* ! PEOPLE REBELL$1 OR ! EXACTIONS ( ! TI!S4 ,BUT REVOLTS W5T ON )\T 9T]MISSION1 & IT WAS ! EA/1 S\?-EA/ & NOR?-EA/--FUTURE HOTB$S ( ! ,REVOLUTION--?AT !SE REVOLTS BROKE \T 9 ! GREATE/ NUMB]4 ,!Y W5T ON /EADILY GR[+ 9 IMPORTANCE1-& _? AT LA/1 9 #a#g#h#h1 AFT] ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,C\RTS ( ,JU/ICE1 :I* W]E CALL$ P>LEM5TS & W]E REPLAC$ BY 0,PL5>Y ,C\RTS10 9SURRECTIONS BROKE \T 9 EV]Y P>T ( ,FRANCE4  

,IT IS EVID5T ?AT = ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE !RE WAS NOT MU* TO *OOSE BETWE5 A P>LEM5T & A 0,PL5>Y ,C\RT40 ,IF ! P>LEM5TS HAD REFUS$ SOMETIMES TO REGI/] $ICTS MADE BY ! ,K+ & HIS M9I/]1 !Y HAD ON ! O!R H& DISPLAY$ NO SOLICITUDE = ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT ! P>LEM5TS HAD %[N OPPOSITION TO ! ,C\RT1 ?AT WAS 5\<2 & :5 EMISS>IES ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES S\<T POPUL> SUPPORT = RIOT+1 !Y W]E GIV5 IT WILL+LY1 BECAUSE IT WAS A WAY ( DEMON/RAT+ AGA9/ ! ,C\RT & ! RI*4 

,9 ! ,JUNE ( #a<g ! ,P>IS P>LEM5T HAD MADE ITSELF V]Y POPUL> BY REFUS+ A GRANT ( MONEY TO ! ,C\RT4 ,! LAW ( ! C\NTRY WAS ?AT ! $ICTS ( ! ,K+ %\LD BE REGI/]$ BY ! P>LEM5T1 & ! ,P>IS P>LEM5T UNHESITAT+LY REGI/]$ C]TA9 $ICTS CONC]N+ ! CORN TRADE1 ! CONVOCATION ( PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES & /ATUTE LABOR4 ,BUT IT REFUS$ TO REGI/] ! $ICT :I* WAS TO E/ABLI% FRE% TAXES--A NEW 0T]RITORIAL SUBV5TION10 & A NEW /AMP DUTY4 ,UPON ?IS ! ,K+ CONVOK$ :AT WAS CALL$ A 0,B$ ( ,JU/ICE10 & COMPELL$ HIS $ICTS TO BE REGI/]$4 ,! P>LEM5T PROTE/$1 & SO WON ! SYMPA?Y ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES & ! PEOPLE4 ,!RE W]E CR[DS R\ND ! ,C\RTS AT EV]Y SITT+2 CL]KS1 CURI\S IDL]S & COMMON M5 COLLECT$ !RE TO APPLAUD ! MEMB]S4 ,TO ,/OP ?IS1 ! ,K+ BANI%$ ! P>LEM5T TO ,TROYES1 & !N RIOT\S DEMON/RATIONS BEGAN 9 ,P>IS4 ,! POPUL> HATR$ WAS !N BE+ DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! PR9CES *IEFLY1 ESPECIALLY AGA9/ ! ,DUKE D',>TOIS & ! ,QUE51 :O WAS NICKNAM$ 0,MADAME ,DEFICIT40  

,! ,EX*EQU] ,C\RT ( ,P>IS 7,C\R DES ,AIDES71 SUPPORT$ BY ! POPUL> \TBUR/1 AS WELL AS BY ! PROV9CIAL P>LEM5TS & ! ,C\RT ( ,JU/ICE1 PROTE/$ AGA9/ ?IS ACT ( ROYAL P[]1 &1 AS ! AGITATION WAS GR[+1 ! ,K+ WAS COMPELL$ TO RECALL ! EXIL$ P>LEM5T4 ,?IS WAS DONE ON ,SEPTEMB] #i1 & EVOK$ FRE% DEMON/RATIONS 9 ,P>IS1 DUR+ :I* ! M9I/] ,CALONNE WAS BURNT 9 EFFIGY4 

,!SE DI/URBANCES W]E *IEFLY CONF9$ TO ! L[] MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,BUT 9 O!R LOCALITIES !Y ASSUM$ A MORE POPUL> *>ACT]4 

,9 #a<h 9SURRECTIONS BROKE \T 9 ,BRITTANY4 ,:5 ! MILIT>Y ,COMM&] ( ,R5NES & ! ,GOV]NOR ( ! PROV9CE W5T TO ! ,BRETON P>LEM5T TO ANN\NCE ! $ICT BY :I* ?AT BODY WAS ABOLI%$1 ! :OLE T[N TURN$ \T IMM$IATELY4 ,! CR[D 9SULT$ & HU/L$ ! TWO FUNCTION>IES4 ,! PEOPLE 9 !IR HE>TS HAT$ ! ,GOV]NOR1 ,B]TR& DE ,MOLEVILLE1 & ! MIDDLE CLASSES PR(IT$ BY ?IS TO SPREAD A RUMOR ?AT ! $ICT WAS ALL [+ TO ! ,GOV]NOR4 0,HE IS A MON/] ?AT DES]VES TO BE /RANGL$10 SAID ONE ( ! LEAFLETS DI/RIBUT$ AMONG ! CR[D4 ,:5 HE CAME \T ( ! PALACE1 !RE=E1 !Y PELT$ HIM ) /ONES1 & AFT] SEV]AL ATTEMPTS SOME ONE ?REW A CORD ) A SLIP-KNOT OV] HIM4 ,FI<T+ WAS AB\T TO BEG9--! Y\NG M5 9 ! CR[D BREAK+ ?R\< ! RANKS ( ! SOLDI]S--:5 AN (FIC] ?REW D[N HIS SWORD & FRAT]NIZ$ ) ! PEOPLE4 

,BY DEGREES TR\BLES ( ! SAME K9D BROKE \T 9 SEV]AL O!R T[NS 9 ,BRITTANY1 & ! PEASANTS ROSE 9 !IR TURN :5 GRA9 WAS BE+ %IPP$ AT ,QUIMP]1 ,SA9T-,BRIEUC1,MORLAIX1 ,PONT-L',ABBE1 ,LAMBALLE & O!R PLACES4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE ! ACTIVE P>T TAK5 9 !SE DISORD]S BY ! /UD5TS AT ,R5NES1 :O FROM ?AT TIME FRAT]NIZ$ ) ! RIOT]S4#g ,9 ,DAUPH9E1 ESPECIALLY AT ,GR5OBLE1 ! 9SURRECTION ASSUM$ A /ILL MORE S]I\S *>ACT]4 ,AS SOON AS ! MILIT>Y COMM&]1 ,CL]MONT-,TONN]RE1 HAD PROMULGAT$ ! $ICT :I* DISSOLV$ ! P>LEM5T ! PEOPLE ( ,GR5OBLE ROSE4 ,! TOCS9 WAS RUNG1 & ! AL>M SPREAD+ QUICKLY TO ! NEI<BOR+ VILLAGES1 ! PEASANTS HA/5$ 9 CR[DS ! T[N4 ,!RE WAS A SANGU9>Y AFFRAY & MANY W]E KILL$4 ,! COMM&]'S GU>D WAS HELPLESS & HIS PALACE WAS SACK$4 ,CL]MONT-,TONN]RE1 ) AN AX HELD OV] HIS HEAD1 HAD TO REVOKE ! ROYAL $ICT4  

,IT WAS ! PEOPLE1 & *IEFLY ! WOM51 :O ACT$ ON ?IS OCCASION4 ,AS TO ! MEMB]S ( ! P>LEM5T1 ! PEOPLE HAD A GOOD DEAL ( TR\BLE TO F9D !M4 ,!Y HID !MSELVES1 & WROTE TO ,P>IS ?AT ! PEOPLE HAD RIS5 AGA9/ !IR WILL1 & :5 ! PEOPLE LAID H&S ON !M !Y W]E KEPT PRISON]S--!IR PRES5CE GIV+ AN AIR ( LEGALITY TO ! 9SURRECTION4 ,! WOM5 M\NT$ GU>D OV] !SE >RE/$ MEMB]S1 UNWILL+ TO TRU/ !M EV5 TO ! M51 LE/ !Y %\LD BE ALL[$ TO ESCAPE4 

,! MIDDLE CLASSES ( ,GR5OBLE W]E 9 A /ATE ( T]ROR4 ,DUR+ ! NI<T !Y ORGANIZ$ A MILITIA ( CITIZ5S ?AT TOOK POSSESSION ( ! T[N GATES AS WELL AS ( SOME MILIT>Y PO/S1 :I* !Y YIELD$ TO ! TROOPS SOON AFT]4 ,CANNON W]E TRA9$ ON ! REBELS1 :ILE ! P>LEM5T TOOK ADVANTAGE ! D>KNESS TO DISAPPE>4 ,FROM ,JUNE #i TO #ad REACTION TRIUMPH$1 BUT ON ! #a#d? NEWS CAME ?AT !RE HAD BE5 A RIS+ AT ,BESANCON & ?AT ! ,SWISS SOLDI]S HAD REFUS$ TO FIRE ON ! PEOPLE4 ,UPON ?IS ! PEOPLE'S SPIRIT REVIV$1 & IT WAS PROPOS$ TO CONVOKE ! ,E/ATES ( ! PROV9CE4 ,BUT FRE% RE9=CEM5TS ( TROOPS HAV+ BE5 S5T FROM ,P>IS ! DI/URBANCE SUBSID$ BY DEGREES4 ,! AGITATION1 H[EV]1 KEPT UP *IEFLY BY ! WOM51 LA/$ SOME TIME LONG]4 #h 

  

,BESIDES !SE TWO RIS+' M5TION$ BY ! MAJORITY ( ! HI/ORIANS4 MANY O!RS BROKE \T AT ! SAME TIME 9 ,PROV5CE1 ,LANGU$OC1 ,R\SILLON1 ,BE>N1 ,FL&]S1 ,FRAN*E-,COMTE & ,BURGUNDY4 ,EV5 :]E NO S]I\S RIOTS OCCURR$ ADVANTAGE WAS TAK5 ( ! PREVAIL+ EXCITEM5T TO KEEP UP ! DISCONT5T & TO MAKE DEMON/RATIONS4 

,AT ,P>IS1 AFT] ! DISMISSAL ( ! ,>*BI%OP ( ,S5S1 !RE W]E NUM]\S DEMON/RATIONS4 ,! ,PONT ,NEUF WAS GU>D$ BY TROOPS1 & SEV]AL CONFLICTS OCCURR$ BETWE5 !M & ! PEOPLE1 ( :OM ! LEAD]S W]E1 AS ,B]TR& DE ,MOLEVILLE REM>KS1#i 0?OSE :O LAT] ON TOOK P>T 9 ALL ! POPUL> MOVEM5TS ( ! ,REVOLUTION40 ,M>IE-,ANTO9ETTE'S LETT] TO ! ,C\NT DE ,M]CY %\LD ALSO BE READ 9 ?IS CONNECTION4 ,IT IS DAT$ ,AUGU/ #b#d1 #a#g#h#h1 & 9 IT %E TELLS HIM ( H] FE>S1 & ANN\NCES ! RETIREM5T ( ! ,>*BI%OP ( ,S5S & ! /EPS %E HAD TAK5 TO RECALL ,NECK]2 ! EFFECT PRODUC$ ON ! ,C\RT BY ?OSE RIOT\S CR[DS CAN !RE=E BE UND]/OOD4 ,! ,QUE5 =ESAW ?AT ?IS RECALL ( ,NECK] W\LD LESS5 ! ,K+'S AU?ORITY2 %E FE>$ 0?AT !Y MAY BE COMPELL$ TO NOM9ATE A PRIME M9I/]10 BUT 0! MOM5T IS PRESS+4 ,IT IS V]Y ESS5TIAL ?AT ,NECK] %\LD ACCEPT40 #a 

,?REE WEEKS LAT]1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#d1 #a#g#h#h1 :5 ! RETIREM5T ( ,LAMOIGNON BECAME KN[N1 ! RIOT+S W]E R5EW$4 ,! MOB RU%$ TO SET FIRE TO ! H\SES ( ! TWO M9I/]S1 ,LAMOIGNON & ,BRI5NE1 AS WELL AS TO ?AT ( ,DUBOIS4 ,! TROOPS W]E CALL$ \T1 & 9 ! ,RUE ,MELEE & ! ,RUE DE ,GR5ELLE !RE WAS A HORRIBLE SLAU<T] ( POOR FOLK :O C\LD NOT DEF5D !MSELVES4 ,DUBOIS FL$ FROM ,P>IS4 0,! PEOPLE !MSELVES W\LD EXECUTE JU/ICE10 SAID ,LES DEUX AMIS DE LA LIB]TE4 ,LAT] /ILL1 9 ,OCTOB] #a#g#h#h1 :5 ! P>LEM5T ?AT HAD BE5 BANI%$ TO ,TROYES WAS RECALL$1 0! CL]KS & ! POPULACE0 ILLUM9AT$ ! ,PLACE ,DAUPH9E = SEV]AL EV5+S 9 SUCCESSION4 ,!Y DEM&$ MONEY FROM ! PASS]SBY TO EXP5D ON FIREWORKS1 & =C$ G5TLEM5 TO ALI<T FROM !IR C>RIAGES TO SALUTE ! /ATUE ( ,H5RI ,QUATRE4 ,FIGURES REPRES5T+ ,CALONNE1 ,BRETEUIL & ! ,DU*ESS DE ,POLIGNAC W]E BURN$4 ,IT WAS ALSO PROPOS$ TO BURN ! ,QUE5 9 EFFIGY4 ,!SE RIOT\S ASSEMBLIES GRADUALLY SPREAD TO O!R QU>T]S1 & TROOPS W]E S5T TO DISP]SE !M4 ,BLOOD WAS %$ & MANY W]E KILL$ & W\ND$ 9 ! ,PLACE DE LA ,GREE4 ,?OSE :O W]E >RE/$1 H[EV]1 W]E TRI$ BY ! P>LEM5T JUDGES1 :O LET !M (F ) LI<T P5ALTIES4  

,9 ?IS WAY ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT AWOKE & DEVELOP$ 9 ! VAN ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4#a#a ,! 9ITIATIVE CAME FROM ! MIDDLE CLASSES C]TA9LY--*IEFLY FROM ! L[] MIDDLE C,IASSES--BUT1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 ! MIDDLE CLASSES TOOK C>E NOT TO COMPROMISE !MSELVES1 & ! NUMB] ( !M :O OPPOS$ ! ,C\RT1 MORE OR LESS OP5LY1 BE=E ! CONVOK+ ( ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL WAS V]Y LIMIT$4 ,IF !RE HAD BE5 ONLY !IR FEW ATTEMPTS AT RESI/ANCE ,FRANCE MI<T HAVE WAIT$ MANY YE>S = ! OV]?R[ ( ROYAL DESPOTISM4 ,=TUNATELY A ?\S& CIRCUM/ANCES IMPELL$ ! MASSES TO REVOLT4 ,& 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT AFT] EV]Y \TBREAK !RE W]E SUMM>Y HANG+S1 :OLESALE >RE/S & EV5 TORTURE = ?OSE >RE/$1 ! PEOPLE DID REVOLT1 PRESS$ ON ONE SIDE BY !IR DESP]ATE MIS]Y' & SPURR$ ON ! O!R BY ?OSE VAGUE HOPES ( :I* ! OLD WOMAN SPORE TO ,>?UR ,Y\NG4 ,!Y ROSE 9 NUMB]S AGA9/ ! GOV]NORS ( PROV9CES1 TAX-COLLECTORS1 SALT-TAX AG5TS & EV5 AGA9/ ! TROOPS1 & BY SO DO+ COMPLETELY DISORGANIZ$ ! GOV]NM5TAL MA*9E4 

,FROM #a<h ! PEASANT RIS+S BECAME SO G5]AL ?AT IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO PROVIDE = ! EXP5SES ( ! ,/ATE1 & ,L\IS ,X,V,I1 AFT] HAV+ REFUS$ = F\RTE5 YE>S TO CONVOKE ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! NATION1 LE/ HIS K+LY AU?ORITY %\LD SUFF]1 AT LA/ F\ND HIMSELF COMPELL$ TO CONVOKE1 FIR/ ! TWO ,ASSEMBLIES ( ,NOTABLES1 & F9ALLY ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL4 

,FOOTNOTES 

  

 #a  ,BE=E ?AT ! F>M] C\LD NOT SELL HIS CORN = ?REE MON?S AFT] ! H>VE/1 ! LORD ( ! MANOR ALONE BE+ 5TITL$ TO DO ?AT4 ,IT WAS ONE ( ! FEUDAL PRIVILEGES1 :I* 5ABL$ ! LORD TO SELL IT AT A HI< PRICE4 

 #b  ,?IS HAS BE5 ABOLI%$ 9 ,RUSSIA ALSO4 

 #c  ,/ATUTE ( ,AUGU/ #b#d1 #a#g#h4 ,BREAK+ ON ! :EEL EXI/$ /ILL 9 #a#g#h#e4 ,! P>LIAM5TS1 9 SPITE ( ! ,YOLTAIREANISM ( ! P]IOD1 & ! G5]AL REF9EM5T 9 ! CONCEPTION ( LIFE1 5?USIA/ICALLY DEF5D$ ! USE ( TORTURE1 :I* WAS ABOLI%$ DEF9ITELY ONLY BY ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO F9D 7,E4 ,SELIGMAN1 ,LA JU/ICE 5 ,FRANCE P5DANT LA ,REVOLUTION1 P4 #i#g7 ?AT ,BNSSOT1 ,M>AT & ,ROBESPI]RE BY !IR WRIT+S CONTRIBUT$ TO ! AGITATION = ! RE=M ( ! P5AL CODE4 

 #d  ,! >GUM5TS UPON :I* ,L\IS ,X,V,I TOOK HIS /& >E ( ! HI<E/ 9T]E/4 ,I SUM !M UP H]E ACCORD+ TO ,E4 ,SAMI*ON'S ,LES RE=MES S\S ,L\IS ,X,V,I3 ASSEMBLIES PROV9CIALES ET P>LEM5TS4 ,! ,K+ F\ND ,TURGOT'S S*EMES DANG]\S1 & WROTE3 0,?\< COM+ FROM A MAN :O HAS GOOD IDEAS1 HIS CON/ITUTION W\LD OV]?R[ ! EXI/+ ,/ATE40 ,& AGA91 FUR!R ON3 0,! SY/EM ( A R5T-PAY+ ELECTORATE W\LD T5D TO MAKE MALCONT5TS ( ! NON-PROP]TI$ CLASSES1 & IF !SE W]E ALL[$ TO ASSEMBLE !Y W\LD =M A HOTB$ ( DISORD]4444 ,! TRANSITION FROM ! ABOLI%$ SY/EM TO ! SY/EM ,M4 ,TURGOT N[ PROPOSES \<T TO BE CONSID]$2 WE SEE WELL 5\< :AT IS1 BUT ONLY 9 \R ?\<TS DO WE SEE :AT DOES NOT YET EXI/1 & WE MU/ NOT MAKE DANG]\S EXP]IM5TS IF WE DO NOT SEE :]E !Y WILL 5D40 ,VIDE ALSO1 9 ,SAMI*ON'S ,APP5DIX ,A1 ! V]Y 9T]E/+ LI/ ( ! *IEF LAWS UND] ,L\IS ,X,V,I BETWE5 #aggd & #a#g#h#i4 

 #e  ,C4 DE ,VIC & ,J4 DE ,VAISSETE1 ,HI/OIRE G5]ALE DU ,LANGU$OC1 CONT9U$ BY DU ,MEGE #a VOLE41 #a#h#d-#a#h#d#f4 

 #f  ,*ASS91 ,G5IE DE LA ,REVOLUTION4 

 #g  ,DU ,*ATELLI]1 ,HI/OIRE DE LA ,REVOLUTION DANS LES DEP>TEM5TS DE L'ANCI5NE ,BRETAGNE1 #f VOLE41 #a#h#c#f2 VOL4 II4 PP4 #f #g1 #a#f#a1 @&C4 

 #h  ,VIC & ,VAISSETE4 VOL4 X4 P4 #f#c#g4 

 #i  ,VIC & ,VAISSETE1 P4 ,I #c#f4 

 #a  ,J4 ,FEUILLET DE ,CON*ES1 ,LETTRES DE ,L\IS ,X,V,I1 ,M>IE-,ANTO9ETTE ET ,MADAME ,ELISABE? 7,P>IS1 #a#h#f#d71 VOL4 I4 PP4 #b#a#d-#b#a#f2 0,! ,ABBE HAS0 WRITT5 TO Y\ ?IS EV5+1 SIR1 & HAS NOTIFI$ MY WI% TO Y\10 WROTE ! ,QUE54 0,I ?9K MORE ?AN EV] ?AT ! MOM5T IS PRESS+1 & ?AT IT IS V]Y ESS5TIAL ?AT HE 7,NECK]7 %\LD ACCEPT4 ,! ,K+ FULLY AGREES ) ME1 & HAS JU/ BR\<T ME A PAP] ) HIS [N H& CONTA9+ HIS IDEAS1 ( :I* ,I S5D Y\ A COPY40 ,! NEXT DAY %E WROTE AGA9 0,WE MU/ NO LONG] HESITATE4 ,IF HE CAN GET TO WORK TO-MORR[ ALL ! BETT]4 ,IT IS MO/ URG5T4 ,I FE> ?AT WE MAY BE COMPELL$ TO NOM9ATE A PRIME M9I/]40 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#h1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/