,*APT] #ea 
,! ,NATIONAL ,E/ATES 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,JORGE ,ELIAS1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,NATIONAL E/ATES -- ,PREVI\SLY B5EFIT$ ONLY MIDDLE CLASSES -- ,DISCONT5T AMONG PEASANTS -- ,CONV5TION ORD]S L& TO BE SUBDIVID$ -- ,DECREE CONC]N+ HEIRS -- ,EFFECT ( R$I/RIBUTION ( L& -- ,*ANG$ ASPECT ( ,FRANCE 

,! MOVEM5T ( ,MAY #ca HAD ! SAME SALUT>Y EFFECT UPON ! SALE ( ! NATIONAL E/ATES4 ,UNTIL !N !SE SALES HAD BE5 PR(ITABLE MA9LY TO ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,N[ ! ,MONTAGN>DS TOOK MEASURES = R5D]+ ! PUR*ASE ( NATIONAL E/ATES ACCESSIBLE TO ! POOR :O WI%$ TO CULTIVATE ! L& !MSELVES4 

,:5 ! E/ATES ( ! CL]GY1 & LAT] ON ?OSE ( ! EMIGRES1 HAD BE5 CONFISCAT$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION & PUT UP = SALE1 A C]TA9 P>T ( !SE E/ATES WAS DIVID$ AT ! \TSET 9TO SMALL LOTS1 & ! BUY]S W]E ALL[$ TWELVE YE>S TO PAY ! PUR*ASE-MONEY BY 9/ALLM5TS4 ,BUT 9 PROPORTION AS REACTION GREW /RONG] & /RONG] 9 #agi & #a#g#i#a1 & ! MIDDLE CLASSES CONSOLIDAT$ !IR P[]1 LESS & LESS FACILITIES W]E (F]$ TO ! POOR] CLASSES = BUY+ ! CONFISCAT$ L&S4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,/ATE1 BE+ %ORT ( FUNDS1 WAS 9 NE$ ( READY MONEY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 IT WAS F\ND PREF]ABLE NOT TO BREAK UP ! L>GE E/ATES & F>MS1 BUT TO SELL !M AS !Y W]E TO ?OSE :O B\<T !M = SPECULATION4 ,TRUE1 9 C]TA9 REGIONS ! PEASANTS COMB9$ 9TO SYNDICATES = BUY+ ! L>G] E/ATES1 BUT ! LEGISLATORS DID NOT FAVOR SU* COMB9ATIONS1 & AN IMM5SE QUANTITY ( L& W5T 9TO ! H&S ( SPECULATORS4 ,! SMALL F>M]S1 ! F>M LABOR]S1 ! >TISANS :O LIV$ 9 ! VILLAGES1 & ! POOR 9 G5]AL COMPLA9$1 ( C\RSE1 BUT ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY PAID NO ATT5TION TO !IR COMPLA9TS4#a 

,ALREADY1 9 #a#g#h#i1 ! WI% WAS EXPRESS$ 9 SEV]AL CAHI]S1 ?AT ! ,CR[N L&S & ! MORTMA9 E/ATES %\LD BE DIVID$ 9TO SMALL F>MS ( FROM F\R TO FIVE ACRES EA*4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,>TOIS W\LD EV5 HAVE NO F>MS L>G] ?AN 0?REE HUNDR$ MEASURES ( L&40#b ,BUT1 AS ,AV5EL HAD ALREADY PO9T$ \T1 0NEI!R 9 ! SPEE*ES PRON\NC$ ON ?IS SUBJECT1 NOR 9 ! DECREES ?AT W]E PASS$1 DO WE F9D ONE S+LE WORD 9 FAVOR ( ?OSE POOR] PEASANTS :O [N$ NO L&4444 ,NOBODY ADVOCAT$ 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY ! ORGANIZATION ( POPUL> CR$IT = 5ABL+ !SE FAMI%+ PEASANTS TO BUY ON EASY T]MS SMALL LOTS ( L&4444 ,NOR WAS ANY ATT5TION PAID TO ! DESIRE EXPRESS$ BY C]TA9 PAP]S1 SU* AS ! ,MONITEUR1 :I* ASK$ ?AT ONE-HALF ( ! L&S (F]$ = SALE %\LD BE DIVID$ 9TO LOTS1 WOR? AB\T #e FRANCS EA*1 SO AS TO CREATE A NUMB] ( SMALL PEASANT PROPRIETORS40#c 

,! RESULT WAS ?AT ! L&S ?AT W]E PUT UP = SALE BY ! NATION W]E *IEFLY B\<T BY SU* PEASANTS :O HAD ALREADY SOME PROP]TY1 OR ELSE BY MIDDLE-CLASS T[N-PEOPLE--! LA/ CIRCUM/ANCE PRODUC+ A GREAT DEAL ( DISCONT5T 9 ! VILLAGES ( ,BRITTANY & ,LA ,V5DEE4 

,!REUPON CAME ,AUGU/ #a4 ,UND] ! M5ACES ( ! REVOLT$ POOR1 ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY TRI$ TO APPEASE DISCONT5T BY ORD]+ ?AT ! L&S CONFISCAT$ FROM ! EMIGRES %\LD BE SOLD 9 SMALL LOTS ( FROM TWO TO F\R ACRES1 TO BE PAID = BY A P]PETUAL R5T 9 MONEY4 ,H[EV]1 ?OSE BUY]S :O C\LD PAY READY MONEY HAD /ILL ! PREF]5CE4 

,ON ,JUNE #c1 #a#g#i#c1 IMM$IATELY AFT] ! EXPULSION ( ! ,GIRONDI/ LEAD]S FROM ! ,CONV5TION1 ! PROMISE WAS MADE BY ! ,NATIONAL ,REPRES5TATION1 N[ UND] ,MONTAGN>D 9FLU5CE1 TO GIVE ONE ACRE ( FREEHOLD L& TO EA* PROLET>IAN FAMILY 9 ! VILLAGES2 & SOME COMMISSION]S ( ! ,CONV5TION ACTUALLY DID ?AT1 DI/RIBUT+ SMALL ALLOTM5TS TO ! POORE/ PEASANTS4 ,BUT IT WAS ONLY ON ! #bND ,FRIMAIRE1 ,YE> ,I,I4 7,NOVEMB] #b#b1 #a#g#i#c71 ?AT ! ,CONV5TION ISSU$ ORD]S TO SUBDIVIDE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE ! NATIONAL E/ATES ?AT W]E PUT UP = SALE4 ,BESIDES1 ESPECIALLY FAVORABLE CONDITIONS ( PAYM5T W]E 9TRODUC$ = ! BUY]S ( ! E/ATES ( ! EMIGRES1 & !SE CONDITIONS W]E MA9TA9$ UNTIL #a#g#i#f1 :5 ! REACTION>IES1 RETURN+ TO P[]1 ABOLI%$ !M4 

,IT MU/1 H[EV]1 BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ! F9ANCES ( ! ,REPUBLIC REMA9$ ALL ! TIME 9 A DEPLORABLE /ATE4 ,! TAXES W]E COM+ 9 V]Y IRREGUL>LY1 & ! W> ABSORB$ ?\S&S & ?\S&S ( MILLION FRANCS4 ,! PAP] CURR5CY LO/ 9 VALUE1 & 9 SU* CONDITIONS ! ESS5TIAL ?+ WAS TO GET READY MONEY AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE1 ?R\< ! SALE ( ! NATIONAL E/ATES1 SO AS TO BE ABLE TO DE/ROY A CORRESPOND+ AM\NT ( PAP]-MONEY FROM ! PREVI\S ISSUES4 ,?IS IS :Y ! ,MONTAGN>DS AS WELL AS ! ,GIROND9S C>$ LESS = ! SMALL AGRICULTURI/ ?AN = ! MEANS ( REALIZ+ AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE ! L>GE/ AM\NTS ( READY MONEY4 ,:OEV] PAID 9 CA% CONT9U$ TO HAVE PREF]5CE4 

,& YET1 NOT)/&+ ALL ?AT1 & NOT)/&+ ALL PREV>ICATIONS & SPECULATIONS1 CONSID]ABLE QUANTITIES ( L& W]E SOLD 9 SMALL LOTS4 ,:ILE !RE W]E MANY MIDDLECLASS PEOPLE :O SUDD5LY MADE SC&AL\S =TUNES BY ! ACCUMULATION ( NATIONAL PROP]TY1 CONSID]ABLE QUANTITIES ( L&1 9 C]TA9 PORTIONS ( ,FRANCE1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,EA/ 7AS HAS BE5 %[N BY ,PR(ESSOR ,LU*ITZKY ( ,KIEFF71 PASS$ 9 SMALL LOTS 9TO ! H&S ( ! POOR] PEASANTS4 ,9 ?IS REGION1 A REAL REVOLUTION WAS ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( L&$ PROP]TY4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION WAS TO /RIKE A BL[ AT ! :OLE CLASS ( GREAT L&$ PROPRIETORS1 & COMPLETELY TO BREAK UP ALL L>GE =TUNES4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE ! RI<T ( PRIMOG5ITURE 9 9H]ITANCE WAS ABOLI%$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y LEGISLATURE4 ,ALREADY1 ON ,M>* #a#e1 #a#g#i1 ! ,LEGISLATIVE ,ASSEMBLY HAD ABOLI%$ ! FEUDAL =M ( 9H]ITANCE1 ACCORD+ TO :I* ! L&LORD TRANSMITT$ HIS E/ATES TO ONE S+LE HEIR--G5]ALLY HIS ELDE/ SON4 ,NEXT YE> 7LAW ( ,APRIL #h TO #a#e1 #a#g#i#a7 ALL LEGAL 9EQUALITIES AMONG  
! DIFF]5T HEIRS W]E DONE AWAY )4 0,ALL ! 9H]ITANTS ( EQUAL DEGREE %ALL 9H]IT1 9 EQUAL P>TS1 ! PROP]TIES :I* >E ASSIGN$ TO !M BY LAW10 SAID ?IS DECREE4 ,NEXT1 ! NUMB] ( HEIRS WAS 9CREAS$-COLLAT]AL HEIRS & ILLEGITIMATE *ILDR5 BE+ PUT ON ! SAME FOOT+ AS ! DIRECT HEIRS2 & F9ALLY1 ON ,M>* #g1 #a#g#i#c1 ! ,CONV5TION ABOLI%$ ALL RI<TS 0( DISPOS+ ( ONE'S PROP]TY1 :E!R 9 CASE ( DEA?1 OR :IL/ /ILL ALIVE1 BY MEANS ( AGRE$ DONATION 9 A DIRECT L9E40 0,ALL DESC5DANTS WILL HAVE AN EQUAL P>T ( ! PROP]TIES ( !IR DECEAS$ RELATIVES 7ASC5DANTS740 

,! P>CEL+ \T ( ! E/ATES WAS ?US R5D]$ OBLIGATORY 9 ALL 9H]ITANCES4 

,:AT WAS ! EFFECT ( !SE ?REE GREAT MEASURES--! ABOLITION ( ! FEUDAL RI<TS )\T COMP5SATION1 ! RETURN ( ! COMMUNAL L&S TO ! COMMUNES1 & ! SALE ( ! E/ATES SEQUE/RAT$ FROM ! CL]GY & ! EMIGRES8 ,H[ DID !Y AFFECT ! DI/RIBUTION ( L&$ PROP]TY8 ,?IS QUE/ION CONT9UES TO BE DISCUSS$ TILL N[1 & ! OP9IONS /ILL REMA9 CONTRADICTORY4 ,IT MAY EV5 BE SAID ?AT !Y V>Y ACCORD+ TO ! PORTIONS ( ,FRANCE :I* HAVE BE5 ! MA9 OBJECT ( /UDY BY ?IS OR ?AT 9VE/IGATOR4#d 

,) ALL ?AT1 ONE FACT DOM9ATES ! O!RS4 ,L&$ PROP]TY WAS SUBDIVID$4 ,9 ALL ?OSE P>TS ( ,FRANCE :]E ! PEASANTS JO9$ ! ,REVOLUTION1 CONSID]ABLE AM\NTS ( L& PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! PEASANTS4 ,& EV]Y:]E BLACK MIS]Y--! GLOOMY MIS]Y ( ! OLD REGIME BEGAN TO DISAPPE>4 ,*RONIC FAM9E :I* =M]LY US$ TO BROOD OV] NE>LY ONE-?IRD ( ,FRANCE EV]Y YE>1 WAS KN[N NO MORE 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,PREVI\S TO ! ,REVOLUTION SOME P>TS ( ,FRANCE SUFF]$ EV]Y YE> FROM FAM9E4 ,! AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS W]E EXACTLY :AT !Y >E N[ 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,! PEASANT MI<T WORK HIMSELF TO DEA?1 BUT HE C\LD NEV] HAVE 5\< EV5 ( BREAD FROM ONE CROP TO ! NEXT4 ,HIS PL[+ WAS BAD1 HIS SE$S W]E BAD1 & HIS MEAG] CATTLE C\LD NOT GIVE HIM ! NECESS>Y MANURE4 ,FROM ONE YE> TO ANO!R ! CROPS GREW WORSE & WORSE4 0,JU/ AS IT IS N[ 9 ,RUSSIA60 ONE IS B\ND TO EXCLAIM CONT9UALLY1 :ILE /UDY+ ! DOCUM5TS & ! WORKS ?AT DEAL ) ! CONDITIONS ( ! ,FR5* PEASANTS UND] ! OLD REGIME4 

,BUT !N COMES ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! /ORM IS T]RIBLE4 ,! SUFF]+S 9FLICT$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION & ESPECIALLY BY ! W> >E UNP>ALLEL$2 !Y >E TRULY TRAGICAL4 ,AT C]TA9 MOM5TS ONE SEES ! ABYSS OP5+ ?AT WILL SWALL[ ,FRANCE4 ,AFT] ?AT COMES ! ,DIRECTORY1 FOLL[$ BY ! W>S ( ! ,NAPOLEONIC ,EMPIRE4 ,& F9ALLY COMES ! REACTION ( ! ,B\RBONS1 :O >E REPLAC$ UPON ! ?RONE ( ,FRANCE 9 #a#h#a#d1 BY ! COALITION ( ,K+S & ,EMP]ORS2 & ) !M COMES ! ,:ITE ,T]ROR1 EV5 MORE T]RIBLE ?AN ! ,R$ ,T]ROR ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,:]EUPON SUP]FICIAL PEOPLE TRIUMPHANTLY SAY3 0,Y\ SEE1 REVOLUTIONS >E ( NO USE60 

,!RE >E1 H[EV]1 TWO LEGACIES ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION :I* NO REACTION C\LD WIPE \T4 ,FRANCE WAS DEMOCRATIZ$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT ?OSE :O KN[ ,FRANCE CANNOT /AY = A :ILE 9 ANY O!R C\NTRY ( ,EUROPE )\T SAY+ TO !MSELVES3 0,ONE SEES H]E AT EV]Y /EP ?AT ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION HAS NOT PASS$ OV] ?IS C\NTRY4 ,! PEASANT1 9 ,FRANCE1 HAS BECOME A MAN4 ,HE IS NO LONG] 0! WILD ANIMAL0 ( :OM ,LA ,BRUY]E SPOKE 9 HIS ,C>ACT]ES4 ,HE IS A ?9K+ BE+4 ,& ! V]Y ASPECT ( ,FRANCE HAS BE5 *ANG$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,FRANCE HAS BECOME A C\NTRY ( RELATIVELY WEAL?Y PEASANTS4 ,EV5 ! ,:ITE ,T]ROR ITSELF WAS NOT CAPABLE ( ?RU/+ BACK ! ,FR5* PEASANT UND] ! OLD YOKE ( MIS]Y4 ,( C\RSE !RE /ILL REMA9S TOO MU* POV]TY 9 ! VILLAGES1 9 ,FRANCE AS ELSE:]E4 ,BUT ?IS POV]TY IS WEAL? 9 COMP>ISON ) :AT ,FRANCE WAS A HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S AGO1 & ) :AT WE /ILL SEE :]EV] ! ,REVOLUTION HAS NOT YET C>RI$ ITS TOR*4 

#a,PH4 ,SAGNAC1 ,LA LEGISLATION CIVILE DE LA ,REVOLUTION FRANCAISE1 P4 #a#g#g4 

#b,IBID4 P4 #h4 

#c,G4 ,AV5EL1 ,LUNDIS REVOLUTIONNAIRES PP4 #c-#d2 ,PR(4 ,K>EIEV P4 #e#a#i4 

#d,9 ! ,COTE-D',OR1 ! E/ATES ( ! CL]GY W]E B\<T MORE BY ! MIDDLE CLASSES ?AN BY ! PEASANTS4 ,BUT IT WAS ! REV]SE ) ! E/ATES ( ! EMIGRES1 :I* W]E B\<T 9 ! SAME REGION MA9LY BY ! PEASANTS4 ,9 ! ,LAONNAIS1 ! PEASANTS HAVE B\<T MORE E/ATES ( ! CL]GY ?AN ! MIDDLE CLASSES DID1 :ILE ! E/ATES ( ! EMIGRANTS W]E EQUALLY DI/RIBUT$ BETWE5 !SE TWO CLASSES4 ,9 ! ,NOR?1 CONSID]ABLE >EAS ( L& W]E B\<T BY SMALL ASSOCIATIONS ( PEASANTS 7,SAGNAC1 LOC4 CIT4 P4 #a#h#h74 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #ea -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #ea -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/