,*APT] #fa 
,! ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T--,REPRISALS 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,JOHN H>DMAN1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,COMMITTEES ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E & ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY -- ,CONDITION ( ,P>IS -- ,P[] ( OLD REGIME -- ,MIDDLE CLASSES 9 OPPOSITION TO ,REVOLUTION -- ,PAP]-MONEY =BIDD5 BY ,CONV5TION -- ,WEAK5+ ( ,COMMUNE -- ,CONV5TION & SECTIONS -- 0,LAW ( SUSPECTS0 -- ,JACOB9S OBTA9 P[] -- ,ROBESPI]RE & EXPELL$ ,GIROND9S -- ,REPORT ( ,SA9T-,JU/ -- ,C5TRAL ,GOV]NM5T E/ABLI%$ -- ,MILIT>Y SITUATION -- ,REPUBLICAN REV]SES -- ,MASSACRES ( ,REPUBLICANS -- ,ATTEMPTS TO RESCUE ,M>IE-,ANTO9ETTE -- ,H] TRIAL ORD]$1 BUT PO/PON$ -- ,H] EXECUTION -- ,CONDEMNATION ( >RE/$ ,GIROND9S -- ,O!RS FOLL[ -- ,BEG9N+ ( ,T]ROR 

,S9CE ,MAY #ca & ! >RE/ ( ! PR9CIPAL ,GIROND9 MEMB]S1 ! 0,M\NTA90 HAD PATI5TLY WORK$ DUR+ ! SUMM] ( #agic AT ! CON/ITUTION ( A /RONG ,GOV]NM5T1 CONC5TRAT$ 9 ,P>IS & CAPABLE ( GRAPPL+ ) ! =EIGN 9VASION1 ! REVOLTS 9 ! PROV9CES1 & ANY POPUL> RIS+S ?AT MI<T OCCUR 9 ,P>IS ITSELF UND] ! GUIDANCE ( ! ,5TAGES & ! COMMUNI/S4 

,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT 9 ,APRIL ! ,CONV5TION HAD 5TRU/$ ! C5TRAL P[] TO A ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E1 & AFT] ,MAY #ca IT CONT9U$ TO /R5G!N ?IS COMMITTEE ) NEW ,MONTAGN>D ELEM5TS4#a ,& :5 ! APPLICATION ( ! NEW ,CON/ITUTION WAS PUT (F TILL ! T]M9ATION ( ! W>1 ! TWO COMMITTEES--( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E & ( ,G5]AL ,SAFETY--CONT9U$ TO CONC5TRATE P[] 9 !IR H&S1 :ILE PURSU+ A MOD]ATE POLICY--?AT ( /&+ MIDWAY BETWE5 ! ADVANC$ P>TIES1 REPRES5T$ BY ! ,5RAGES & ! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS1 & ! FOLL[]S ( ,DANTON1 BEH9D :OM /OOD ! ,GIROND9S4 

,9 ?IS WORK ( CONC5TRATION ( P[] ! TWO COMMITTEES W]E /RONGLY SECOND$ BY ! ,JACOB9S1 :O W]E EXT5D+ !IR SPH]E ( ACTION 9TO ! PROV9CES & W]E CLOS+ UP !IR RANKS4 ,FROM EI<T HUNDR$ 9 #a#g#i#a1 ! NUMB] ( SOCIETIES AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB ( ,P>IS ROSE TO EI<T ?\S& 9 #a#g#i#c1 & EA* ONE ( !SE SOCIETIES BECAME A SUPPORT ( ! REPUBLICAN MIDDLE CLASSES2 !Y W]E ALSO NURS]IES :5CE ! NUM]\S (FICIALS ( ! NEW BUREAUCRACY W]E DRAWN1 & POLICE C5T]S :I* ! ,GOV]NM5T US$ = DISCOV]+ ITS 5EMIES & = GETT+ RID ( !M4 

,BESIDES1 =TY ?\S& REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES W]E =M$ 9 ! T[NS & ! VILLAGE COMMUNES1 AS WELL AS 9 ! SECTIONS1 & ALL !SE COMMUNITIES1 :I* MO/LY /OOD1 AS ,MI*ELET HAD ALREADY NOTIC$1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( $UCAT$ MIDDLE-CLASS M5--V]Y (T5 (FICIALS ( ! OLD REGIME--W]E SOON SUBORD9AT$ BY ! ,CONV5TION TO ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,G5]AL ,SAFETY1 :ILE ! SECTIONS !MSELVES1 AS ALSO ! ,POPUL> ,SOCIETIES1 W]E AS RAPIDLY TRANS=M$ 9TO ORGANS ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 SO AS TO BECOME M]E BRAN*ES ( ! REPUBLICAN HI]>*Y4 

,MEAN:ILE ! /ATE ( ,P>IS WAS F> FROM REASSUR+4 ,! 5]GETIC M51 ! BE/ REVOLUTIONI/S1 HAD 5LI/$ 9 #agib & #agic 9 ! >MY1 & HAD GONE TO ! FRONTI]S OR TO ,LA ,V5DEE1 :ILE ! ROYALI/S W]E BEG9N+ TO LIFT !IR HEADS4 ,TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! SLACK5$ SUP]VISION ( ! SECTIONS1 !Y RETURN$ 9 GREAT NUMB]S TO ,P>IS4 ,9 ,AUGU/1 !  EXTRAVAGANT LUXURY ( ! OLD REIME SUDD5LY MADE ITS REAPPE>ANCE4 ,! PUBLIC G>D5S & ! !AT]S W]E CR[D$ ) 0MUSCAD9S04#b ,9 ! !AT]S ROYALI/ PLAYS W]E *E]$ VOCIF]\SLY1 :ILE REPUBLICAN PLAYS W]E HISS$4 ,9 ONE ( ! =M]1 ! ,TEMPLE PRISON & ! RESCUE ( ! ,QUE5 W]E REPRES5T$1 & IT NE$$ BUT LITTLE = ! ESCAPE ( ,M>IE-,ANTO9ETTE TO BECOME AN ACCOMPLI%$ FACT4 

,! SECTIONS W]E OV]RUN BY ,GIRONDI/ & ROYALI/ C\NT]-REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,& :5 ! Y\NG WORKM5 & >TISANS1 WE>Y AFT] !IR LONG DAY'S WORK1 ASSEMBL$ 9 ! G5]AL MEET+S ( ! SECTIONS1 ! Y\NG M5 ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 >M$ ) CUDGELS1 CAME TO !SE MEET+S1 & C>RI$ ! VOT+ AT !IR WILL4 

,( C\RSE ! SECTIONS W\LD HAVE )/OOD !SE 9CURSIONS1 AS !Y HAD ALREADY DONE ONCE BE=E1 BY EA* HELP+ ! NEI<BOR+ SECTIONS1 BUT ! ,JACOB9S REG>D$ ! P[] ( ! SECTIONS ) JEAL\SY1 & MADE USE ( ! FIR/ OPPORTUNITY TO P>ALYZE !M4 ,?AT OPPORTUNITY WAS NOT LONG 9 COM+4 

,BREAD /ILL CONT9U$ SC>CE & DE> 9 ,P>IS1 & ON ,SEPTEMB] #d CR[DS BEGAN TO ASSEMBLE R\ND ! ,HOTEL DE ,VILLE1 ) CRIES ( 0,WE WANT BREAD6@&QUOT#c ,!SE CRIES W]E BECOM+ ?REAT5+1 & IT NE$$ ALL ! POPUL>ITY & GOOD-HUMOR ( ,*AUMETTE1 ! ORATOR MO/ LOV$ BY ! POOR ( ,P>IS1 TO SOO! ! CR[D4 ,*AUMETTE PROMIS$ TO PROVIDE BREAD1 & TO HAVE ! ADM9I/RATORS *>G$ ) PROVISION+ ,P>IS >RE/$4 ,BY !SE PROMISES HE /AV$ (F A RIS+1 & ! NEXT DAY ! PEOPLE ONLY S5T DEPUTATIONS TO ! ,CONV5TION4 

,! ,CONV5TION1 H[EV]1 NEI!R KNEW NOR WI%$ TO DEAL ) ! TRUE CAUSES ( ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,ALL IT DID WAS TO ?REAT5 ! C\NT]-REVOLUTIONI/S ) DRA/IC MEASURES1 & TO /R5G!N ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,9 FACT1 NEI!R ! ,CONV5TION1 NOR ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E1 NOR  EV5 ! ,COMMNNE--! EXI/5CE ( :I*1 IT MU/ BE SAID1 WAS ALREADY ?REAT5$ BY ! COMMITTEE--%[$ ANY CAPACITY = FAC+ ! SITUATION4 ,!RE WAS NO ONE TO EXPRESS ! COMMUNI/ IDEAS :I* W]E GR[+ AMONG ! PEOPLE1 ) ! SAME VIGOR1 ! SAME D>+ & PRECISION ?AT ,DANTON1 ,ROBESPI]RE1 ,B>]E1 & SO MANY O!RS HAD US$ 9 EXPRESS+ ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! E>LY DAYS ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,! ADVOCATES ( 0/RONG GOV]NM5T0--MIDDLE-CLASS M$IOCRITIES1 MORE OR LESS DEMOCRATIC 9 !IR VIEWS--W]E /EADILY GA9+ ! UPP] H&4 

,! TRU? IS1 ?AT ! OLD REGIME /ILL RETA9$ AN IMM5SE P[]1 & ?IS P[] HAD BE5 AUGM5T$ LATELY BY ! SUPPORT IT HAD F\ND AMONG PRECISELY ?OSE ON :OM ! ,REVOLUTION HAD P\R$ ITS GIFTS4 ,TO %ATT] ?IS P[]1 A NEW1 POPUL> & EQUALIT>IAN REVOLUTION WAS NECESS>Y2 BUT ! GREAT] NUMB] ( ! REVOLUTIONI/S ( #a#g#h#i-#a#g#i#b WANT$ NO SU* ?+4 ,! MAJORITY ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 :O HAD HELD REVOLUTION>Y VIEWS 9 #a#g#h#i-#a#g#i#b1 N[ CONSID]$ ?AT ! ,REVOLUTION WAS GO+ TOO F>4 ,W\LD ?IS ,REVOLUTION BE ABLE TO PREV5T ! 0AN>*I/S0 FROM 0LEVEL+ WEAL?08 ,W\LD IT NOT MAKE ! PEASANTS TOO COM=TABLE8 SO COM=TABLE ?AT !Y W\LD REFUSE TO WORK = ! PUR*AS]S ( ! NATIONAL L&S8 ,:]E1 !N1 %\LD !Y F9D ! LABOR]S TO GET PR(ITS FROM !IR E/ATES8 ,= IF ! BUY]S HAD PUT MILLIONS 9TO ! ,TREASURY TO BUY NATIONAL L&S1 IT WAS C]TA9LY ) ! 9T5T ( GETT+ PR(ITS \T ( !M1 & :AT WAS TO BE DONE IF !RE W]E NO MORE UNEMPLOY$ PROLET>IANS 9 ! VILLAGES8 

,! ,C\RT P>TY & ! >I/OCRACY1 ?RE=E1 HAD N[ AS ALLIES A :OLE CLASS ( M5 :O HAD B\<T NATIONAL L&S1 TROOPS ( ! SO-CALL$ 0BLACK GANGS0 7,LES B&ES NOIRRS7 :O W]E SPECULAT+ 9 ! PUR*ASE & SALE ( ! NATIONAL E/ATES1 CR[DS ( CONTRACTORS SPECULAT+ 9 ! SUPPLIES = ! >MY1 & MULTITUDES ( /OCK-JOBB]S SPECULAT+ 9 ! PAP]-CURR5CY & 9 ALL ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE4 ,ALL ( !M HAD MADE !IR =TUNES1 & !Y W]E 9 A HURRY N[ TO 5JOY !M UNH9D]$--TO PUT AN 5D TO ! ,REVOLUTION1 ON ONE CONDITION ONLY1 ?AT ! PROP]TIES !Y HAD B\<T & !  =TUNES !Y HAD AMASS$ %\LD NOT BE TAK5 FROM !M4 ,A NEWLY CREAT$ CR[D ( L[] MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE BACK$ !M UP 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,& ALL ( !M C>$ BUT LITTLE AS TO ! K9D ( ,GOV]NM5T !Y W]E TO HAVE1 PROVID$ IT WAS /RONG1 PROVID$ IT C\LD KEEP ! SANS-CULOTTES 9 ORD] & )/& ,5GL&1 ,AU/RIA & ,PRUSSIA1 :I* O!RWISE1 IF VICTORI\S1 MI<T TRY TO RE/ORE TO !IR PREVI\S [N]S ! PROP]TIES TAK5 BY ! ,REVOLUTION FROM ! CL]GY & ! EMIGRANT ROYALI/S4  

,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ,CONV5TION & ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E1 SEE+ ?AT !IR AU?ORITY WAS 5DANG]$ BY ! ,COMMUNE & ! SECTIONS1 HAD EV]Y FACILITY = TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! LACK ( COHESION 9 ! MOVEM5T ( ! FIR/ DAYS ( ,SEPTEMB]1 & = GIV+ NEW P[]S TO ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 

,! ,CONV5TION DECID$1 IT IS TRUE1 TO /OP ! TRADE 9 PAP]-MONEY1 BY =BIDD+ IT ON PA9 ( DEA?1 & A 0REVOLUTION>Y >MY0 ( #f M5 WAS ORGANIZ$1 UND] ! COMM& ( ! ,HEB]TI/ ,RONS91 = ! PURPOSE ( *ECK+ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTIONI/S & REQUISITION+ 9 ! VILLAGES VICTUALS :]E) TO FE$ ,P>IS4 ,BUT AS ?IS MEASURE WAS NOT FOLL[$ BY ANY VITAL ACT :I* W\LD HAVE GIV5 ! L& TO ?OSE :O WI%$ TO CULTIVATE IT !MSELVES1 OR W\LD HAVE HELP$ !M TO CULTIVATE IT1 ! REQUISITIONS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y >MY BECAME ANO!R CAUSE ( HATR$ 9 ! VILLAGES AGA9/ ,P>IS1 & RESULT$ ONLY 9 9CREAS+ ! DIFFICULTIES ( PROVID+ FOOD-/UFFS = ! CAPITAL4 

,= ! RE/1 ! ,CONV5TION DID NOT GO BEYOND UTT]+ ?REATS ( A 0,T]ROR10 & 5D[+ ! ,GOV]NM5T ) FRE% P[]S4 ,DANTON SPOKE ( AN 0>M$ NATION0 & M5AC$ ! ROYALI/S4 0,EV]Y DAY10 HE SAID1 0SOME >I/OCRAT1 SOME SC\NDREL \<T TO PAY ) HIS HEAD = HIS CRIMES40 ,! ,JACOB9 ,CLUB DEM&$ ! >RAIGNM5T ( ! >RE/$ ,GIROND9S4 ,HEB]T SPOKE ( AN 0IT9]ANT GUILLOT9E40 ,! REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNAL WAS GO+ TO BE R5D]$ MORE EFFICACI\S1 & SE>*ES 9 PRIVATE H\SES W]E ALL[$ TO BE MADE1 EV5 AT NI<T4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 :ILE ?REAT5+ ! NATION ) A REIGN  ( T]ROR1 MEASURES W]E TAK5 TO WEAK5 ! ,COMMUNE4 ,AS ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES ( ! SECTIONS1 :I* HELD P[]S ( JUDICIAL POLICE1 9CLUD+ ?AT ( >RE/1 HAD BE5 ACCUS$ ( V>I\S ABUSES ( !SE P[]S1 ,*AUMETTE SUCCE$$ 9 PLAC+ !M UND] ! SURVEILLANCE ( ! ,COMMUNE & 9 MAK+ !M ELIM9ATE !IR LESS RELIABLE MEMB]S2 BUT TWELVE DAYS LAT]1 ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#g1 #a#g#i#c1 ! ,CONV5TION1 BECOM+ JEAL\S ( ! ?US 9CREAS$ P[] ( ! ,COMMUNE1 TOOK AWAY ?IS FI<T FROM ITS RIVAL1 & ! REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES W]E N[ PLAC$ UND] ! DIRECT SUP]VISION ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY--?AT S9I/] =CE ( SECRET POLICE :I* GREW BY ! SIDE ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E1 ?REAT5+ SOON TO ABSORB IT4 

,AS TO ! SECTIONS1 UND] ! PRETEXT ?AT !Y W]E BE+ 9VAD$ BY C\NT]-REVOLUTIONI/S1 ! ,CONV5TION DECID$1 ON ,SEPTEMB] #i1 ?AT ! NUMB] ( !IR G5]AL MEET+S %\LD BE R$UC$ TO TWO A WEEK2 & TO GILD ! PILL1 TWO FRANCS A MEET+ W]E ALLOTT$ TO ?OSE ( ! SANS-CULOTTES :O ATT5D$ !SE ASSEMBLIES1 & :O LIV$ ONLY BY ! WORK ( !IR H&S--A MEASURE :I* HAS (T5 BE5 PUT =W>D AS V]Y REVOLUTION>Y1 BUT :I* ! SECTIONS SEEM TO HAVE JUDG$ DIFF]5TLY4 ,A FEW ( !SE 7! ,CONTRACT SOCIAL1 ! ,HALLEAUX-BLES1 ! ,DROITS DE L'HOMME1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,V>LET7 REFUS$ ! 9DEMNITY & CONDEMN$ ! PR9CIPLE2 :IL/ O!RS1 AS ,]NE/ ,MELLIE HAS %[N1 ONLY MADE V]Y MOD]ATE USE ( ?IS ALL[ANCE4 

,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#i1 ! ,CONV5TION 9CREAS$ ! >S5AL ( REPRESSIVE LAWS BY ! T]RIBLE 0LAW ( SUSPECTS40 ,?IS LAW MADE POSSIBLE ! >RE/ AS SUSPECTS ( ALL CI-DEVANTS--DISPOSSESS$ NOBLES--( ALL ?OSE :O MI<T %[ !MSELVES 0P>TISANS ( TYRANNY OR F$]ALISM10 ( ALL :O 0DO NOT FULFILL !IR CIVIL DUTIES0--:OSOEV]1 9 FACT1 HAD NOT CONT9UALLY %[N DEVOTION TO ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,L\IS ,BLANC & ALL ! ADMIR]S ( ! ,/ATE DESCRIBE ?IS LAW AS A MEASURE ( 0TREM5D\S POLICY0 7=MIDABLE POLITIQUE71 :]EAS 9 REALITY IT SIMPLY REVEAL$ ! 9CAPACITY ( ! ,CONV5TION TO CONT9UE 9 ! DIRECTION ?AT HAS BE5 OP5$ & TRAC$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT ALSO PREP>$ ! WAY = ! T]RIBLE OV]CR[D+ ( !  PRISONS1 :I* L$ LAT] ON TO ! DR[N+ 7NOYADES7 ( PRISON]S BY ,C>RI] 9 ,NANTES1 TO ! :OLESALE %OOT+ BY ,COLLOT 9 ,LYONS1 TO ! F\RNEES 7BAT*ES7 ( ,JUNE & ,JULY #agid 9 ,P>IS1 & MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE PREP>$ ! D[NFALL ( ! ,MONTAGN>D REGIME4 

,AS A =MIDABLE GOV]NM5T ?US GREW UP 9 ,P>IS1 T]RIBLE /RUGGLES 9EVITABLY >OSE BETWE5 ! V>I\S POLITICAL FACTIONS1 TO DECIDE 9 :OSE H&S ?IS P[]FUL WEAPON %\LD BE4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#e1 A FREE FI<T TOOK PLACE AT ! ,CONV5TION BETWE5 ALL ! P>TIES1 ! VICTORY REMA9+ ) ?OSE :O REPRES5T$ ! P>TY ( ! GOLD5 MEAN AMONG ! REVOLUTIONI/S--) ! ,JACOB9S & ,ROBESPI]RE !IR FAI?FUL REPRES5TATIVE4 ,UND] !IR 9FLU5CE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNAL WAS CON/ITUT$ FROM !IR NOM9EES4 

,EI<T DAYS LAT]1 ON ,OCTOB] #c1 ! NEW P[] ASS]T$ ITSELF4 ,ON ?AT DAY1 ,AM>1 MEMB] ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY1 WAS =C$ TO MAKE1 AFT] MU* HESITATION1 HIS REPORT AB\T ! ,GIROND9S :O HAD BE5 EXPELL$ ON ,JUNE #b FROM ! ,CONV5TION1 9 :I* HE DEM&$ ?AT !Y %\LD BE S5T BE=E ! REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNAL2 & EI!R FROM FE> OR FROM SOME O!R CONSID]ATION1 HE N[ W5T A GOOD DEAL FUR!R ! O!R WAY1 & DEM&$1 BESIDES ! ?IRTY-ONE M5 :OM HE ACCUS$1 ! PROSECUTION ALSO ( SEV5TY-?REE ,GIRONDI/ DEPUTIES :O HAD PROTE/$ 9 ,JUNE AGA9/ ! VIOLATION ( ! NATIONAL REPRES5TATION 9 ! ,CONV5TION1 BUT HAD CONT9U$ TO SIT4 ,TO EV]Y ONE'S GREAT A/ONI%M5T ,ROBESPI]RE VIOL5TLY OPPOS$ ?IS PROPOSITION4 ,IT WAS NOT ! RANK & FILE1 SAID HE1 :O %\LD BE PUNI%$2 IT SUFFIC$ TO PUNI% !IR LEAD]S4 ,SUPPORT$ AS HE WAS BY BO? ! ,RI<T & BY ! ,JACOB9S1 HE C>RI$ HIS PO9T ) ! ,CONV5TION1 & ?US GA9$ ! AUREOLE ( A CONCILIATOR1 CAPABLE ( DOM9AT+ BO? ! ,CONV5TION & ! TWO COMMITTEES4 

,A FEW DAYS MORE & HIS FRI5D ,SA9T-,JU/ READ BE=E ! ,CONV5TION A REPORT1 9 :I*1 AFT] COMPLA9+ ( CORRUPTION1 & ( ! TYRANNY ( ! NEW BUREAUCRACY1 HE MADE ALLUSIONS TO ! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS--,*AUMETTE & HIS P>TY--& CONCLUD$ ) A DEM& ?AT 0! REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T BE MA9TA9$ TILL PEACE BE CONCLUD$40 

,! ,CONV5TION ACCEPT$ HIS CONCLUSIONS4 ,! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T WAS ?US DEF9ITIVELY CON/ITUT$4 

,:IL/ !SE /RUGGLES W]E TAK+ PLACE 9 ,P>IS1 ! MILIT>Y SITUATION (F]$ A MO/ GLOOMY PROSPECT4 ,9 ,AUGU/1 AN ORD] = A LEVY HAD BE5 ISSU$1 & ,DANTON HAV+ AGA9 RECOV]$ HIS 5]GY & HIS P5ETRATION ( ! PEOPLE'S M9D1 HAD ! SPL5DID 9SPIRATION ( PUTT+ ! 5TIRE WORK ( 5LI/M5T 9TO ! H&S1 NOT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y BUREAUCRACY1 BUT ( ! EI<T HUNDR$ CONF$]ATES :O HAD BE5 S5T TO ,P>IS BY ! PRIM>Y ELECTORAL ASSEMBLIES TO SIGNIFY !IR ACCEPTANCE ( ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,?IS PLAN WAS ADOPT$ ON ,AUGU/ #b#e4 

,H[EV]1 AS ONE-HALF ( ,FRANCE HAD NO DESIRE = W>1 ! LEVY PROGRESS$ BUT SL[LY2 BO? >MS & AMMUNITION W]E LACK+4 

,!RE WAS A S]IES ( REV]SES AT FIR/1 9 ,AUGU/ & ,SEPTEMB]4 ,T\LON WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! ,5GLI%1 ,M>SEILLES & ,PROV5CE W]E 9 REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,CONV5TION2 ! SIEGE ( ,LYONS WAS /ILL GO+ ON--IT CONT9U$ TILL ,OCTOB] #h--& 9 ,LA ,V5DEE ! SITUATION WAS NOT IMPROV+4 ,IT WAS ONLY ON ,OCTOB] #af ?AT ! >MIES ( ! ,REPUBLIC GA9$ !IR FIR/ VICTORY1 AT ,WATTIGNIES1 & ON ! #a#h? ?AT ! ,V5DEANS1 BEAT5 AT ,*OLLET1 CROSS$ ! ,LOIRE TO M>* NOR?W>DS4 ,BUT /ILL ! MASSACRES ( ! REPUBLICANS DID NOT CEASE1 & AT ,NOIRM\TI]S1 ,*>ETTE %OT ALL :O SURR5D]$ TO HIM4 

,IT IS EASY TO UND]/& ?AT AT ! SI<T ( ALL ?IS BLOOD%$1 ( ! SUP]HUMAN EF=TS MADE BY ,FRANCE TO LIB]ATE ITS T]RITORY FROM ! 9VAD]S1 & ! 9CR$IBLE SUFF]+S ( ! GREAT MASS ( ! ,FR5* PEOPLE1 ! CRY ( 0,/RIKE ! 5EMIES ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 HI< OR L[60 CAME FROM ! HE>TS ( ! REVOLUTIONI/S4 ,A NATION CANNOT BE OPPRESS$ BEYOND 5DURANCE )\T AWAK5+ REVOLT4 

,ON ,OCTOB] #c ! ORD] WAS GIV5 TO ! REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNAL = ! TRIAL ( ,M>IE-,ANTO9ETTE4 ,S9CE ,FEBRU>Y !RE HAD BE5 CONT9UAL TALK ( ATTEMPT$ RESCUES ( ! ,QUE54 ,SEV]AL ( !SE1 AS WE KN[ TO-DAY1 V]Y NE>LY SUCCE$$4 ,! MUNICIPAL (FIC]S :OM ! ,COMMUNE PUT 9 *>GE ( ! ,TEMPLE W]E CONT9UALLY BE+ WON OV] BY P>TISANS ( !  ROYAL FAMILY4 ,F\LON1 ,BRUNOT1 ,MOELLE1 ,V9C5T1 & ,MI*ONIS W]E AMONG !M4 ,LEPITRE1 AN >D5T ROYALI/1 WAS 9 ! S]VICE ( ! ,COMMUNE & ATTRACT$ ATT5TION 9 ! SECTIONS BY HIS ADVANC$ OP9IONS4 ,ANO!R ROYALI/1 ,BAULT1 HAD OBTA9$ ! PO/ ( W>D] 9 ! ,CONCI]G]IE PRISON1 :]E ! ,QUE5 WAS N[ KEPT4 ,AN ATTEMPT$ ESCAPE HAD FALL5 ?R\< 9 ,FEBRU>Y2 BUT ANO!R ATTEMPT1 ORGANIZ$ BY ,MI*ONIS & ! ,B>ON DE ,BATZ1 CAME V]Y NE> SUCCE$+4 ,AFT] ! DISCOV]Y ( ?IS ATTEMPT 7,JULY #a#a7 ,M>IE-,ANTO9ETTE WAS FIR/ SEP>AT$ FROM H] SON1 :O WAS PLAC$ 9 ! KEEP+ ( ! COBBL] ,SIMON4 ,! ,QUE5 WAS !N TRANSF]R$ 7,AUGU/ #h7 TO ! ,CONCI]G]IE4 ,BUT ! ATTEMPTS TO RESCUE H] CONT9U$1 & A ,KNI<T ( ,SA9T-,L\IS1 ,R\GEVILLE1 EV5 SUCCE$$ 9 P5ETRAT+ TO H]1 :IL/ ,BAULT1 AS W>D]1 KEPT UP RELATIONS ) ! \T] WORLD4 ,EV]Y PLAN = H] LIB]ATION PRODUC$ GREAT EXCITEM5T AMONG ! ROYALI/S1 :O ?REAT5$ A C\P D'ETAT & ! IMM$IATE MASSACRE ( ! CONV5TIONALS & ALL PATRIOTS 9 G5]AL4 

,IT IS V]Y LIKELY ?AT ! ,CONV5TION W\LD NOT HAVE PO/PON$ ! TRIAL ( ,M>IE-,ANTO9ETTE TILL ,OCTOB] HAD IT NOT HOP$ TO /OP ! 9VASION ( ! ALLI$ MON>*S AS A CONDITION ( ! ,QUE5'S LIB]ATION4 ,IT IS KN[N1 9DE$1 ?AT ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E HAD GIV5 79 ,JULY7 9/RUCTIONS 9 ?IS S5SE TO ITS COMMISSION]S1 ,SEMONVILLE & ,M>ET1 :O W]E >RE/$ 9 ,ITALY BY ! GOV]NOR ( ,MILAN2 & IT IS ALSO KN[N ?AT ! NEGOTIATIONS = ! LIB]ATION ( ! ,CR[N ,PR9CESS W]E C>RI$ ON /ILL LAT]4 

,! EF=TS ( ,M>IE-,ANTO9ETTE TO CALL 9TO ,FRANCE A ,G]MAN 9VASION1 & H] BETRAYALS TO FACILITATE ! VICTORY ( ! 5EMY1 >E TOO WELL KN[N--N[ ?AT H] CORRESPOND5CE ) ,F]S5 HAS BE5 PUBLI%$--= IT TO BE WOR? :ILE TO REFUTE ! FABLES ( H] MOD]N DEF5D]S :O WI% TO PROVE ?AT %E WAS ALMO/ A SA9T4 ,PUBLIC OP9ION WAS NOT MI/AK5 9 #a#g#i#c1 :5 IT ACCUS$ ! DAU<T] ( ,M>IE-,!RESE ( BE+ EV5 MORE GUILTY ?AN ,L\IS ,X,V,I4 ,%E DI$ ON ! SCAFFOLD ON ,OCTOB] #a#f4 

,! ,GIROND9S SOON FOLL[$ H]4 ,IT WILL BE REMEMB]$ ?AT :5 ?IRTY-ONE ( !M W]E >RE/$ ON ,JUNE #b1 !Y HAD BE5 ALL[$ ! LIB]TY ( MOV+ AB\T 9 ,P>IS1 UND] !  CONDITION ( BE+ ESCORT$ BY A G5D>ME4 ,!RE WAS SO LITTLE IDEA ( TAK+ !IR LIVES ?AT SEV]AL WELL-KN[N ,MONTAGN>DS HAD (F]$ TO GO TO ! DEP>TM5TS ( ! >RE/$ ,GIROND9S1 TO BE KEPT !RE AS HO/AGES4 ,BUT MO/ ( ! >RE/$ ,GIROND9S HAD ESCAP$ FROM ,P>IS & HAD GONE TO PREA* CIVIL W> 9 ! PROV9CES4 ,SOME R\S$ ,NORM&Y & ,BRITTANY1 O!RS URG$ ,BORDEAUX1 ,M>SEILLES1 & ,PROV5CE TO REVOLT1 & EV]Y:]E !Y BECAME ! ALLIES ( ROYALI/S4 

,AT ?IS TIME1 ( ! ?IRTY-ONE >RE/$ ON ,JUNE #b1 ONLY TWELVE REMA9$ 9 ,P>IS4 ,T5 MORE ,GIROND9S W]E ADD$ TO !SE1 & ! CASE WAS BR\<T 9TO ,C\RT ON ! #cRD ,BRUMAIRE 7,OCTOB] #b#b74 ,! ,GIROND9S DEF5D$ !MSELVES ) C\RAGE1 & AS !IR SPEE*ES SEEM$ LIKELY TO 9FLU5CE EV5 ! PICK$ JURY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNAL1 ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E HURRI$LY OBTA9$ FROM ! ,CONV5TION A LAW ON ! 0ACCEL]ATION ( ! PLEAD+S0 9 ,C\RT4 ,ON ! #i? ,BRUMAIRE 7,OCTOB] #b#i71 ,F\QUI]-,T9VILLE HAD ?IS NEW LAW READ BE=E ! ,C\RT1 ! CASE WAS CLOS$1 & ! TW5TY-TWO ,GIROND9S1 W]E CONDEMN$4 ,VALAZE /ABB$ HIMSELF1 ! O!RS W]E EXECUT$ ON ! MORR[4 

,MADAME ,ROL&1 ! REAL 9SPIR] ( ! ,GIRONDI/ P>TY1 WAS EXECUT$ ON ! #a#h? ,BRUMAIRE 7,NOVEMB] #h72 ! EX-MAYOR ( ,P>IS1 ,BAILLY1 ( :OSE CONNIVANCE ) ,LAFAYETTE 9 ! MASSACRE ,( ,JULY #a#g1 #a#g#i#a1 !RE WAS NO D\BT1 ,GIREY-,DUPRE FROM ,LYONS1 ! ,FEUILLANT ,B>NAVE1 WON OV] BY ! ,QUE5 :ILE HE ACCOMPANI$ H] FROM ,V>5NES TO ,P>IS1 SOON FOLL[$ !M1 & 9 ,DECEMB] ! ,GIROND9 ,K]SA9T & ,RABAUT ,SA9T-,ETI5NE M\NT$ ! SCAFFOLD1 AS ALSO DID ,MADAME ,DUB>RY ( ROYAL FAME4 ,ROL& & ,CONDORCET COMMITT$ SUICIDE4 

,?US BEGAN ! ,T]ROR1 & ONCE BEGUN1 IT HAD TO FOLL[ ITS 9EVITABLE C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T4 

#a,! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,WELF>E :I* AT FIR/ HAD BE5 ,DANTONI/1 BECAME AFT] ,MAY #ca MORE & MORE ,ROBESPI]RI/4 ,SA9T-,JU/ & ,C\?ON HAD ALREADY BECOME MEMB]S ON ,MAY #c2 & ,JEANBON ,SA9T-,&RE JO9$ ON ,JUNE #a#b2 ,ROBESPI]RE 5T]$ IT ON ,JULY #b#g4 ,C>NOT & ,PRIEUR 7( ! ,COTE-D',OR7 W]E ADMITT$ ON ,AUGU/ #a#d1 & ,COLLOT D',H]BOIS & ,BILLAUD-,V>5NE ON ,SEPTEMB] #f1 AFT] ! RIS+ ( ! #d? & #e? ( ?AT MON?4 ,?REE P>TIES C\LD BE DI/+UI%$ 9 ?IS COMMITTEE3 ! T]RORI/S1 ,COLLOT D',H]BOIS & ,BILLAUD-,V>5NE2 ! WORK]S1 ,C>NOT = ! W>1 ,PRIEUR = MILIT>Y 5G9E]+ & >MAM5T1 & ,L9DET = ! PROVISION+ ( ! >MY2 & 0! M5 ( ACTION10 ,ROBESPI]RE1 ,SA9T-JU/ & ,C\?ON4 ,! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY1 :I* REPRES5T$ ! ,/ATE POLICE1 CONSI/$ *IEFLY ( FUNCTION>IES ( ! OLD REGIME4 ,ONE IS EV5 TEMPT$ TO ASK ONESELF :E!R MANY ( !SE M5 HAD NOT RETA9$ !IR =M] SYMPA?IES4 ,! ,PUBLIC ,PROSECUTOR ( ! REVOLUTION>Y TRIBUNAL1 ,F\QUI]-,T9VILLE1 WAS 5TIRELY SUBS]VI5T TO ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,PUBLIC ,SAFETY1 :OSE ORD]S HE CAME TO RECEIVE EV]Y EV5+4 

#b,A NICKNAME GIV5 TO EXTRAVAGANTLY DRESS$ D&IES ( ! WEAL?I] CLASSES4 

#c,IT IS POSSIBLE1 EV5 PROBABLE1 ?AT ROYALI/S1 TOO 7LIKE ,LEPITRE71 WORK$ 9 ! SECTIONS TO FOM5T ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,IT WAS AN OLD RUSE ( ! REACTIONI/S4 ,BUT TO SAY ?AT ?IS MOVEM5T WAS ! WORK ( REACTION>IES WAS AS ABSURD & AS JESUITICAL AS TO SAY1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT ! MOVEM5TS ( #a<i W]E ! WORK ( ! ,DUKE ( ,ORLEANS4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #fa -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #fa -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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