,*APT] #fi 
,CONCLUSION 

#aiiaii 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,ELLIOTT ,BR[N1,C,C ,B,Y-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,:5 ONE SEES ?AT T]RIBLE & P[]FUL ,CONV5TION WRECK+ ITSELF 9 #a#g#i#d-#a#g#i#e1 ?AT PR\D & /RONG ,REPUBLIC DISAPPE>+1 & ,FRANCE1 AFT] ! DEMORALIZ+ REGIME ( ! ,DIRECTORY1 FALL+ UND] ! MILIT>Y YOKE ( A ,BONAP>TE1 ONE IS IMPELL$ TO ASK3 0,:AT WAS ! GOOD ( ! ,REVOLUTION IF ! NATION HAD TO FALL BACK AGA9 UND] DESPOTISM80 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ?IS QUE/ION HAS BE5 CON/ANTLY PUT1 & ! TIMID & CONS]VATIVE HAVE WORN IT ?READB>E AS AN >GUM5T AGA9/ REVOLUTIONS 9 G5]AL4 

,! PREC$+ PAGES SUPPLY ! ANSW]4 ,?OSE :O HAVE SE5 9 ! ,REVOLUTION ONLY A *ANGE 9 ! ,GOV]NM5T1 ?OSE :O >E IGNORANT ( ITS ECONOMIC AS WELL AS ITS $UCATIONAL WORK1 ?OSE ALONE C\LD PUT SU* A QUE/ION4 

,! ,FRANCE WE SEE DUR+ ! LA/ DAYS ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 AT ! MOM5T ( ! C\P D'ETAT ON ! #a#h? ,BRUMAIRE1 IS NOT ! ,FRANCE ?AT EXI/$ BE=E #a#g#h#i4 ,W\LD IT HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE = ! OLD ,FRANCE1 WRET*$LY POOR & ) A ?IRD ( H] POPULATION SUFF]+ YE>LY FROM DE>?1 TO HAVE MA9TA9$ ! ,NAPOLEONIC ,W>S1 COM+ SO SOON AFT] ! T]RIBLE W>S ( ! ,REPUBLIC BETWE5 #agib & #a#g#i#i1 :5 ALL ,EUROPE WAS ATTACK+ H]8 

,! FACT IS1 ?AT A NEW ,FRANCE HAD BE5 CON/ITUT$ S9CE #a#g#i#b-#a#g#i#c4 ,SC>CITY /ILL PREVAIL$ 9 MANY ( ! DEP>TM5TS1 & ITS FULL HORRORS W]E FELT ESPECIALLY AFT] ! C\P D'ETAT ( ,!RMIDOR1 :5 ! MAXIMUM PRICE = ALL FOOD-/UFFS WAS ABOLI%$4 ,!RE W]E /ILL SOME DEP>TM5TS :I* DID NOT PRODUCE 5\< :EAT TO FE$ !MSELVES1 & AS ! W> W5T ON1 & ALL MEANS ( TRANSPORT W]E REQUISITION$ = ITS SUPPLIES1 !RE WAS SC>CITY 9 ?OSE DEP>TM5TS4 ,BUT EV]Y?+ T5DS TO PROVE ?AT ,FRANCE WAS EV5 !N PRODUC+ MU* MORE ( ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE ( EV]Y K9D ?AN 9 #a#g#h#i4 

,NEV] WAS !RE 9 ,FRANCE SU* 5]GETIC PL[+1 ,MI*ELET TELLS US1 AS 9 #a#g#i#b1 :5 ! PEASANT WAS PL[+ ! L&S HE HAD TAK5 BACK FROM ! LORDS1 ! CONV5TS1 ! *UR*ES1 & WAS GOAD+ HIS OX5 TO ! CRY ( 0,ALLONS ,PRUSSE6 ,ALLONS ,AUTRI*E60 ,NEV] HAD !RE BE5 SO MU* CLE>+ ( L&S -- EV5 ROYALI/ WRIT]S ADMIT ?IS -- AS DUR+ ?OSE YE>S ( REVOLUTION4 ,! FIR/ GOOD H>VE/1 9 #a#g#i#d1 BR\<T RELIEF TO TWO-?IRDS ( ,FRANCE -- AT LEA/ 9 ! VILLAGES1 = ALL ?IS TIME ! T[NS W]E ?REAT5$ ) SC>CITY ( FOOD4 ,NOT ?AT IT WAS SC>CE 9 ,FRANCE AS A :OLE1 OR ?AT ! SANS-CULOTTE MUNICIPALITIES NEGLECT$ TO TAKE MEASURES TO FE$ ?OSE :O C\LD NOT F9D EMPLOYM5T1 BUT FROM ! FACT ?AT ALL BEA/S ( BURD5 NOT ACTUALLY US$ 9 TILLAGE W]E REQUISITION$ TO C>RY FOOD & AMMUNITION TO ! F\RTE5 >MIES ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,9 ?OSE DAYS !RE W]E NO RAILWAYS1 & ALL BUT ! MA9 ROADS W]E 9 ! /ATE !Y >E TO ?IS DAY 9 ,RUSSIA -- WELL-NI< IMPASSIBLE4 

,A NEW ,FRANCE WAS BORN DUR+ ?OSE F\R YE>S ( REVOLUTION4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 C5TURIES ! PEASANT ATE HIS FILL1 /RAI<T5$ HIS BACK & D>$ TO SPEAK \T4 ,READ ! DETAIL$ REPORTS CONC]N+ ! RETURN ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I TO ,P>IS1 :5 BE WAS BR\<T BACK A PRISON] FROM ,V>5NES1 9 ,JUNE #a#g#i#a1 BY ! PEASANTS1 & SAY3 0,C\LD SU* A ?+1 SU* AN 9T]E/ 9 ! PUBLIC WELF>E1 SU* A DEVOTION TO IT1 & SU* 9 9DEP5D5CE ( JUDGM5T & ACTION HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE BE=E #a#g#h#i80 ,A NEW NATION HAD BE5 BORN 9 ! MEANTIME1 JU/ AS WE SEE TO-DAY A NEW NATION COM+ 9TO LIFE 9 ,RUSSIA & 9 ,TURKEY4 

,IT WAS [+ TO ?IS NEW BIR? ?AT ,FRANCE WAS ABLE TO MA9TA9 H] W>S UND] ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,NAPOLEON1 & TO C>RY ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION 9TO ,SWITZ]L&1 ,ITALY1 ,SPA91 ,BELGIUM1 ,HOLL&1 ,G]MANY1 & EV5 TO ! BORD]S ( ,RUSSIA4 ,& :51 AFT] ALL ?OSE W>S1 AFT] HAV+ M5TALLY FOLL[$ ! ,FR5* >MIES AS F> AS ,EGYPT & ,MOSC[1 WE EXPECT TO F9D ,FRANCE 9 #ahae R$UC$ TO AN APPALL+ MIS]Y & H] L&S LAID WA/E1 WE F9D1 9/EAD1 ?AT EV5 IS ITS EA/]N PORTIONS & 9 ! ,JURA1 ! C\NTRY IS MU* MORE PROSP]\S ?AN IT WAS AT ! TIME :5 ,PETION1 PO9T+ \T TO ,L\IS ,X,V,I ! LUXURIANT BANKS ( ! ,M>NE1 ASK$ HIM IF !RE WAS ANY:]E 9 ! WORLD A K+DOM MORE BEAUTIFUL ?AN ! ONE ! ,K+ HAD NOT WI%$ TO KEEP4 

,! SELF-CONTA9$ 5]GY WAS SU* 9 VILLAGES REG5]AT$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION1 ?AT 9 A FEW YE>S ,FRANCE BECAME A C\NTRY ( WELL-TO-DO PEASANTS1 & H] 5EMIES SOON DISCOV]$ ?AT 9 SPITE ( ALL ! BLOOD %E HAD %$ & ! LOSSES %E HAD SU/A9$1 ,FRANCE1 9 RESPECT ( H] PRODUCTIVITY1 WAS ! RI*E/ C\NTRY 9 ,EUROPE4 ,H] WEAL?1 9DE$1 IS NOT DRAWN FROM ! ,9DIES OR FROM H] =EIGN COMM]CE3 IT COMES FROM H] [N SOIL1 FROM H] LOVE ( ! SOIL1 FROM H] [N SKILL & 9DU/RY4 ,%E IS ! RI*E/ C\NTRY1 BECAUSE ( ! SUBDIVISION ( H] WEAL?1 & %E IS /ILL RI*] BECAUSE ( ! POSSIBILITIES %E (F]S = ! FUTURE4 

,SU* WAS ! EFFECT ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,& IF ! CASUAL OBS]V] SEES 9 ,NAPOLEONIC ,FRANCE ONLY A LOVE ( GLORY1 ! HI/ORIAN REALIZES ?AT EV5 ! W>S ,FRANCE WAG$ AT ?AT P]IOD W]E UND]TAK5 TO SECURE ! FRUITS ( ! ,REVOLUTION -- TO KEEP ! L&S ?AT HAD BE5 RETAK5 FROM ! LORDS1 ! PRIE/S & ! RI*1 & ! LIB]TIES ?AT HAD BE5 WON FROM DESPOTISM & ! ,C\RT4 ,IF ,FRANCE WAS WILL+ 9 ?OSE YE>S TO BLE$ H]SELF TO DEA?1 M]ELY TO PREV5T ! ,G]MANS1 ! ,5GLI%1 & ! ,RUSSIANS FROM =C+ A ,L\IS ,X,V,I,I,I4 UPON H]1 IT WAS BECAUSE %E DID NOT WANT ! RETURN ( ! EMIGRANT NOBLES TO MEAN ?AT ! CI-DEVANTS W\LD TAKE BACK ! L&S :I* HAD BE5 WAT]$ ALREADY ) ! PEASANT'S SWEAT1 & ! LIB]TIES :I* HAD BE5 SANCTIFI$ ) ! PATRIOTS' BLOOD4 ,& ,FRANCE F\<T SO WELL = TW5TY-?REE YE>S1 ?AT :5 %E WAS COMPELL$ AT LA/ TO ADMIT ! ,B\RBONS1 IT WAS %E :O IMPOS$ CONDITIONS ON !M4 ,! ,B\RBONS NI<T REIGN1 BUT ! L&S W]E TO BE KEPT BY ?OSE :O HAD TAK5 !M FROM ! FEUDAL LORDS1 SO ?AT EV5 DUR+ ! ,:ITE ,T]ROR ( ! ,B\RBONS !Y D>$ NOT T\* ?OSE L&S4 ,! OLD REGIME C\LD NOT BE REE/ABLI%$4 

,?AT IS :AT IS GA9$ BY MAK+ A REVOLUTION4 

,!RE >E O!R ?+S TO BE PO9T$ \T4 ,9 ! HI/ORY ( ALL NATIONS A TIME COMES :5 FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES >E B\ND TO TAKE PLACE 9 ! :OLE ( ! NATIONAL LIFE4 ,ROYAL DESPOTISM & FEUDALISM W]E DY+ 9 #a#g#h#i2 IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO KEEP !M ALIVE2 !Y HAD TO GO4 

,BUT !N1 TWO WAYS W]E OP5$ \T BE=E ,FRANCE2 RE=M OR REVOLUTION4 

,AT SU* T9ES !RE IS ALWAYS A MOM5T :5 RE=M IS /ILL POSSIBLE2 BUT IF ADVANTAGE HAS NOT BE5 TAK5 ( ?AT MOM5T1 IF AN OB/9ATE RESI/ANCE HAS BE5 OPPOS$ TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! NEW LIFE1 UP TO ! PO9T :5 BLOOD HAS FL[$ 9 ! /REETS1 AS IT FL[$ ON ,JULY #a#d1 #a#g#h#i1 !N !RE MU/ BE A ,REVOLUTION4 ,& ONCE ! ,REVOLUTION HAS BEGUN1 IT MU/ NECESS>ILY DEVELOP TO ITS LA/ CONCLUSIONS -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 TO ! HI<E/ PO9T IT IS CAPABLE ( ATTA9+ -- W]E IT ONLY TEMPOR>ILY1 BE+ GIV5 A C]TA9 CONDITION ( ! PUBLIC M9D AT ?IS P>TICUL> MOM5T4 

,IF WE REPRES5T ! SL[ PROGRESS ( A P]IOD ( EVOLUTION BY A L9E DRAWN ON PAP]1 WE %ALL SEE ?IS L9E GRADUALLY ?\< SL[LY1 RIS+4 ,!N !RE COMES A ,REVOLUTION1 & ! L9E MAKES A SUDD5 LEAP UPW>DS4 ,9 ,5GL& ! L9E W\LD BE REPRES5T$ AS RIS+ TO ! ,PURITAN ,REPUBLIC ( ,CROMWELL2 9 ,FRANCE IT RISES TO ! ,SANS-CULOTTE ,REPUBLIC ( #a#g#i#c4 ,H[EV]1 AT ?IS HEI<T PROGRESS CANNOT BE MA9TA9$2 ALL ! HO/ILE =CES LEAGUE TOGE!R AGA9/ IT1 & ! ,REPUBLIC GOES D[N4 ,\R L9E1 AFT] HAV+ REA*$ ?AT HEI<T1 DROPS1 ,REACTION FOLL[S4 ,= ! POLITICAL LIFE ( ,FRANCE ! L9E DROPS V]Y L[ 9DE$1 BUT BY DEGREES IT RISES AGA91 & :5 PEACE IS RE/OR$ 9 #ahae 9 ,FRANCE1 & 9 #afhh 9 ,5GL& -- BO? C\NTRIES >E F\ND TO HAVE ATTA9$ A LEVEL MU* HI<] ?AN !Y W]E ON PRIOR TO !IR ,REVOLUTIONS4 

,AFT] ?AT1 EVOLUTION IS RESUM$3 \R L9E AGA9 BEG9S TO RISE SL[LY3 BUT1 BESIDES TAK+ PLACE ON A V]Y MU* HI<] LEVEL1 ! RIS+ ( ! L9E WILL1 9 NE>LY EV]Y CASE BE ALSO MU* MORE RAPID ?AN BE=E ! P]IOD ( DI/URBANCE4 

,?IS IS A LAW ( HUMAN PROGRESS1 & ALSO A LAW ( 9DIVIDUAL PROGRESS4 ,! MORE REC5T HI/ORY ( ,FRANCE CONFIRMS ?IS V]Y LAW BY %[+ H[ IT WAS NECESS>Y TO PASS ?R\< ! ,COMMUNE TO >RIVE AT ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC4 

,! WORK ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION IS NOT CONF9$ M]ELY TO :AT IT OBTA9$ & :AT WAS RETA9$ ( IT 9 ,FRANCE4 ,IT IS TO BE F\ND ALSO 9 ! PR9CIPLES BEQUEA!D BY IT TO ! SUCCE$+ C5TURY -- 9 ! L9E ( DIRECTION IT M>K$ \T = ! FUTURE4 

,A RE=M IS ALWAYS A COMPROMISE ) ! PA/1 BUT ! PROGRESS ACCOMPLI%$ BY REVOLUTION IS ALWAYS A PROMISE ( FUTURE PROGRESS4 ,IF ! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS ! SUMM+ UP ( A C5TURY'S EVOLUTION1 IT ALSO M>K$ \T 9 ITS TURN ! PROGRAM ( EVOLUTION TO BE ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,IT IS A LAW 9 ! WORLD'S HI/ORY ?AT ! P]IOD ( A HUNDR$ OR A HUNDR$ & ?IRTY YE>S1 MORE OR LESS1 :I* PASSES BETWE5 TWO GREAT REVOLUTIONS1 RECEIVES ITS *>ACT] FROM ! REVOLUTION 9 :I* ?IS P]IOD BEGAN4 ,! NATIONS 5DEAVOR TO REALIZE 9 !IR 9/ITUTIONS ! 9H]ITANCE BEQUEA!D TO !M BY ! LA/ REVOLUTION4 ,ALL ?AT ?IS LA/ C\LD NOT YET PUT 9TO PRACTICE1 ALL ! GREAT ?\<TS :I* W]E ?R[N 9TO CIRCULATION DUR+ ! TURMOIL1 & :I* ! REVOLUTION EI!R C\LD NOT OR DID NOT KN[ H[ TO APPLY1 ALL ! ATTEMPTS AT SOCIOLOGICAL RECON/RUCTION1 :I* W]E BORN DUR+ ! REVOLUTION1 WILL GO TO MAKE UP ! SUB/ANCE ( EVOLUTION DUR+ ! EPO* ?AT FOLL[S ! REVOLUTION1 ) ! ADDITION ( ?OSE NEW IDEAS TO :I* ?IS EVOLUTION WILL GIVE BIR?1 :5 TRY+ TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE ! PROGRAM M>K$ \T BY ! LA/ UPHEAVAL4 ,!N1 A NEW REVOLUTION WILL BE BR\<T AB\T 9 SOME O!R NATION1 & ?IS NATION 9 ITS TURN WILL SET ! PROBLEMS = ! FOLL[+ C5TURY4 ,SU* HAS HI!RTO BE5 ! TR5D ( HI/ORY4 

,TWO GREAT CONQUE/S1 9 FACT1 *>ACT]IZE ! C5TURY :I* HAS PASS$ S9CE #a#g#h#i-#a#g#i#c4 ,BO? [E !IR ORIG9 TO ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 :I* HAD C>RI$ ON ! WORK ( ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION :ILE 5L>G+ & 9VIGORAT+ IT ) ALL ! PROGRESS ?AT HAD BE5 MADE S9CE ! ,5GLI% MIDDLE CLASSES BEHEAD$ !IR ,K+ & TRANSF]R$ HIS P[] TO ! ,P>LIAM5T4 ,!SE TWO GREAT TRIUMPHS >E3 ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM & ! ABOLITION ( ABSOLUTISM1 BY :I* P]SONAL LIB]TIES HAVE BE5 CONF]R$ UPON ! 9DIVIDUAL1 UNDREAM$ ( BY ! S]F ( ! LORD & ! SUBJECT ( ! ABSOLUTE K+1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME !Y HAVE BR\<T AB\T ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES & ! CAPITALI/ REGIME4 

,!SE TWO A*IEVEM5TS REPRES5T ! PR9CIPAL WORK ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 BEGUN 9 ,FRANCE 9 #a<i & SL[LY SPREAD OV] ,EUROPE 9 ! C\RSE ( ?AT C5TURY4 

,! WORK ( 5FRAN*ISEM5T1 BEGUN BY ! ,FR5* PEASANTS 9 #a#g#h#i1 WAS CONT9U$ 9 ,SPA91 ,ITALY1 ,SWITZ]L&1 ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA BY ! >MIES ( ! SANS-CULOTTES4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ?IS WORK H>DLY P5ETRAT$ 9TO ,POL& & DID NOT REA* ,RUSSIA AT ALL4 

,! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM 9 ,EUROPE W\LD HAVE BE5 ALREADY COMPLET$ 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY IF ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE1 COM+ 9TO P[] 9 #agid OV] ! DEAD  BODIES ( ,AN>*I/S1 ,CORDELI]S1 & ,JACOB9S1 HAD NOT *ECK$ ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPULSE1 RE/OR$ MON>*Y1 & H&$ OV] ,FRANCE TO ! IMP]IAL JUGGL]1 ! FIR/ ,NAPOLEON4 ,?IS EX-SANS-CULOTTE1 N[ A G5]AL ( ! SANS-CULOTTES1 SPE$ILY BEGAN TO PROP UP >I/OCRACY2 BUT ! IMPULSION HAD BE5 GIV51 ! 9/ITUTION ( S]FDOM HAD ALREADY RECEIV$ A MORTAL BL[4 ,IT WAS ABOLI%$ 9 ,SPA9 & ,ITALY 9 SPITE ( ! TEMPOR>Y TRIUMPH ( REACTION4 ,IT WAS CLOSELY PRESS$ 9 ,G]MANY AFT] #a#h#a#a1 & DISAPPE>$ 9 ?AT C\NTRY DEF9ITIVELY 9 #a#h#d#h4 ,9 #a#h#f#a1 ,RUSSIA WAS COMPELL$ TO EMANCIPATE H] S]FS1 & ! ,I W> ( #ah< PUT AN 5D TO S]FDOM 9 ! ,BALKAN P59SULA4 

,! CYCLE IS N[ COMPLETE4 ,! RI<T ( ! LORD OV] ! P]SON ( ! PEASANT NO LONG] EXI/S 9 ,EUROPE1 EV5 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES :]E ! FEUDAL DUES HAVE /ILL TO BE R$EEM$4 

,?IS FACT IS NOT SUFFICI5TLY APPRECIAT$ BY HI/ORIANS4 ,ABSORB$ AS !Y >E 9 POLITICAL QUE/IONS1 !Y DO NOT P]CEIVE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM1 :I* IS1 H[EV]1 ! ESS5TIAL FEATURE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! RIVALRIES BETWE5 NATIONS & ! W>S RESULT+ FROM !M1 ! POLICIES ( ! ,GREAT ,P[]S :I* OCCUPY SO MU* ( RISE HI/ORIAN'S ATT5TION1 HAVE ALL SPRUNG FROM ?AT ONE GREAT FACT -- ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! WAGE-SY/EM :I* HAS TAK5 ITS PLACE4 

,! ,FR5* PEASANT1 9 REVOLT+ A HUNDR$ & TW5TY YE>S AGO AGA9/ ! LORD :O MADE HIM BEAT ! PONDS LE/ CROAK+ FROGS %\LD DI/URB HIS MA/]'S SLEEP1 HAS ?US FRE$ ! PEASANTS ( ALL ,EUROPE4 ,9 F\R YE>S1 BY BURN+ ! DOCUM5TS :I* REGI/]$ HIS SUBJECTION1 BY SETT+ FIRE TO ! *ATEAUX1 & BY EXECUT+ ! [N]S ( !M :O REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE HIS RI<TS IS A HUMAN BE+1 ! ,FR5* PEASANT SO /IRR$ UP ALL ,EUROPE ?AT IT IS TO-DAY ALTOGE!R FREE FROM ! DEGRADATION ( S]FDOM4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ABOLITION ( ABSOLUTE P[] HAS ALSO TAK5 A LITTLE OV] A HUNDR$ YE>S TO MAKE ! T\R ( ,EUROPE4 ,ATTACK$ 9 ,5GL& 9 #a#f#d#h1 & VANQUI%$ 9 ,FRANCE 9 #a#g#h#i1 ROYAL AU?ORITY BAS$ ON DIV9E RI<T IS NO LONG] EX]CIS$ SAVE 9 ,RUSSIA1 BUT !RE1 TOO1 IT IS AT ITS LA/ GASP4 ,EV5 ! LITTLE ,BALKAN ,/ATES & ,TURKEY HAVE N[ !IR REPRES5TATIVE ASSEMBLIES1 & ,RUSSIA IS 5T]+ ! SAME CYCLE4 

,9 ?IS RESPECT ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#g#h#i-#a#g#i#c HAS ALSO ACCOMPLI%$ ITS WORK4 ,EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW & REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T HAVE N[ !IR PLACE 9 ALMO/ ALL ! CODES ( ,EUROPE4 ,9 !ORY1 AT LEA/1 ! LAW MAKES NO DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 M51 & EV]Y ONE HAS ! RI<T TO P>TICIPATE1 MORE LESS1 9 ! GOV]NM5T4 

,! ABSOLUTE MON>*-MA/] ( HIS SUBJECTS -- & ! LORD-MA/] ( ! SOIL & ! PEASANTS1 BY RI<T ( BIR? -- HAVE BO? DISAPPE>$4 ,! MIDDLE CLASSES N[ GOV]N ,EUROPE4 

,BUT AT ! SAME TIME ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION HAS BEQUEA!D TO T> SOME O!R PR9CIPLES ( AN 9F9ITELY HI<] IMPORT2 ! PR9CIPLES ( COMMUNISM4 ,WE HAVE SE5 H[ ALL ?R\< ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION ! COMMUNI/ IDEA KEPT COM+ TO ! FRONT1 & H[ AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,GIROND9S NUM]\S ATTEMPTS & SOMETIMES GREAT ATTEMPTS W]E MADE 9 ?IS DIRECTION4 ,F\RI]ISM DESC5DS 9 A DIRECT L9E FROM ,L',ANGE ON ONE SIDE & FROM ,*ALI] ON ! O!R4 ,BABEUF IS ! DIRECT DESC5DANT ( IDEAS :I* /IRR$ ! MASSES TO 5?USIASM 9 #a#g#i#c2 HE1 ,BUON>OTTI1 & ,SYLVA9 ,M>E*AL HAVE ONLY SY/EMIZ$ !M A LITTLE OR EV5 M]ELY PUT !M 9TO LIT]>Y =M4 ,BUT ! SECRET SOCIETIES ORGANIZ$ BY ,BABEUF & ,BUON>OTTI W]E ! ORIG9 ( ! COMMUNI/ES MAT]IALI/ES SECRET SOCIETIES ?R\< :I* ,BLANQUI & ,B>BES CONSPIR$ UND] ! B\RGEOIS MON>*Y ( ,L\IS-,PHILIPPE4 ,LAT] ON1 91 #a#h#f#f1 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION APPE>$ 9 ! DIRECT L9E ( DESC5T FROM !SE SOCIETIES4 ,AS 0SOCIALISM0 WE KN[ N[ ?AT ?IS T]M CAME 9TO VOGUE AVOID ! T]M 0COMMUNISM10 :I* AT ONE TIME WAS DANG]\S BECAUSE ! SECRET COMMUNI/ SOCIETIES BECAME SOCIETIES = ACTION1 & W]E RIGOR\SLY SUPPRESS$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE !N 9 P[]4 

,!RE IS1 !RE=E1 A DIRECT FILIATION FROM ! ,5RAGES ( #agic & ! ,BABEUF CONSPIRACY ( #agie TO ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ 
,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION ( #a#h#f#f-#a#h#g#h4      

,!RE IS ALSO A DIRECT DESC5T ( IDEAS4 ,UP UNTIL N[1 MOD]N SOCIALISM HAS ADD$ ABSOLUTELY NO?+ TO ! IDEAS :I* W]E CIRCULAT+ AMONG ! ,FR5* PEOPLE BETWE5 #a<i & #a#g#i#d1 & :I* IT WAS TRI$ TO PUT 9TO PRACTICE 9 ! ,YE> ,I,I ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,MOD]N SOCIALISM HAS ONLY SY/EMIZ$ ?OSE IDEAS & F\ND >GUM5TS 9 !IR FAVOR1 EI!R BY TURN+ AGA9/ ! MIDDLE-CLASS ECONOMI/S C]TA9 ( !IR [N DEF9ITIONS1 OR BY G5]ALIZ+ C]TA9 FACTS NOTIC$ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM1 9 ! C\RSE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,BUT ,I P]MIT MYSELF TO MA9TA9 ALSO ?AT1 H[EV] VAGUE IT MAY HAVE BE51 H[EV] LITTLE SUPPORT IT 5DEAVOR$ TO DRAW FROM >GUM5TS DRESS$ 9 A SCI5TIFIC G>B1 & H[EV] LITTLE USE IT MADE ( ! PSEUDO-SCI5TIFIC SLANG ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS ECONOMI/S1 ! POPUL> COMMUNISM ( ! FIR/ TWO YE>S ( ! ,REPUBLIC SAW CLE>]1 & W5T MU* DEEP] 9 ITS ANALYZES1 ?AN MOD]N SOCIALISM4 

,FIR/ ( ALL1 IT WAS COMMUNISM 9 ! CONSUMPTION ( ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE -- NOT 9 PRODUCTION ONLY2 IT WAS ! COMMUNALIZATION & ! NATIONALIZATION ( :AT ECONOMI/S KN[ AS CONSUMPTION -- TO :I* ! /]N REPUBLICANS ( #agic TURN$1 ABOVE ALL1 !IR ATT5TION1 :5 !Y TRI$ TO E/ABLI% !IR /ORES ( GRA9 & PROVISIONS 9 EV]Y COMMUNE1 :5 !Y SET ON FOOT A GIGANTIC 9QUIRY TO F9D & FIX ! TRUE VALUE ( ! OBJECTS ( PRIME & SECOND>Y NECESSITY1 & :5 !Y 9SPIR$ ,ROBESPI]RE TO DECL>E ?AT ONLY ! SUP]FLUITY ( FOOD-/UFFS %\LD BECOME >TICLES ( COMM]CE1 & ?AT :AT WAS NECESS>Y BELONG$ TO ALL4 

,BORN \T ( ! PRESS+ NECESSITIES ( ?OSE TR\BL$ YE>S1 ! COMMUNISM ( #a#g#i#c1 ) ITS AFFIRMATION ON ( ! RI<T ( ALL TO SU/5ANCE & TO ! L& = ITS PRODUCTION1 ITS D5IAL ( ! RI<T ( ANY ONE TO HOLD MORE L& ?AN HE & HIS FAMILY C\LD CULTIVATE -- ?AT IS1 MORE ?AN A F>M ( #ab ACRES -- & ITS ATTEMPT TO COMMUNALIZE ALL TRADE & 9DU/RY -- ?IS COMMUNISM W5T /RAI<T] TO ! HE>T ( ?+S ?AN ALL ! M9IMUM PROGRAMS ( \R [N TIME1 OR EV5 ALL ! MAXIMUM PREAMBLES ( SU* PROGRAMS4"9 

,9 ANY CASE1 :AT WE LE>N TO-DAY FROM ! /UDY ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION IS1 ?AT IT WAS ! S\RCE & ORIG9 ( ALL ! PRES5T COMMUNI/1 AN>*I/1 & SOCIALI/ CONCEPTIONS4 ,WE HAVE BUT BADLY UND]/OOD \R COMMON MO!R1 BUT N[ WE HAVE F\ND H] AGA9 9 ! MID/ ( ! SANS-CULOTTES1 & WE SEE WE HAVE TO LE>N FROM H]4 

,HUMANITY ADVANCES BY /AGES & !SE /AGES HAVE BE5 M>K$ = SEV]AL HUNDR$ YE>S BY GREAT REVOLUTIONS4 ,AFT] ! ,NE!RL&S CAME ,5GL& ) H] REVOLUTION 9 #a#f#d#h-#a#f#e#g1 & !N IT WAS ! TURN ( ,FRANCE4 ,EA* GREAT REVOLUTION HAS 9 IT1 BESIDES1 SOME?+ SPECIAL & ORIG9AL4 ,5GL& & ,FRANCE BO? ABOLI%$ ROYAL ABSOLUTISM4 ,BUT 9 DO+ SO ,5GL& WAS *IEFLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! P]SONAL RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL P>TICUL>LY 9 MATT]S ( RELIGION1 AS WELL AS ! LOCAL RI<TS ( EV]Y P>I% & EV]Y COMMUNITY4 ,AS TO ,FRANCE1 %E TURN$ H] *IEF ATT5TION TO ! L& QUE/ION1 & 9 /RIK+ A MORTAL BL[ TO ! FEUDAL SY/EM %E /RUCK ALSO AT ! GREAT =TUNES1 & S5T =? 9TO ! WORLD ! IDEA ( NATIONALIZ+ ! SOIL1 & ( SOCIALIZ+ COMM]CE & ! *IEF 9DU/RIES4 

"9 ,:I* ( ! NATIONS WILL TAKE UPON H]SELF ! T]RIBLE BUT GLORI\S TASK ( ! NEXT GREAT REVOLUTION8 ,ONE MAY HAVE ?\<T = A TIME ?AT IT W\LD BE ,RUSSIA4 ,BUT IF %E %\LD PU% H] REVOLUTION FUR!R ?AN ! M]E LIMITATION ( ! IMP]IAL P[]2 IF %E T\*ES ! L& QUE/ION 9 REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT -- H[ F> WILL %E GO8 ,WILL %E KN[ H[ TO AVOID ! MI/AKE MADE BY ! ,FR5* ,ASSEMBLIES1 & WILL %E SOCIALIZE ! L& & GIVE IT ONLY TO ?OSE :O WANT TO CULTIVATE IT ) !IR [N H&S8 ,WE KN[ NOT3 ANY ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION W\LD BELONG TO ! DOMA9 ( PROPHECY4 

,! ONE ?+ C]TA9 IS1 ?AT :ATSOEV] NATION 5T]S ON ! PA? ( REVOLUTION 9 \R [N DAY1 IT WILL BE HEIR TO ALL \R =EFA!RS HAVE DONE 9 ,FRANCE4 ,! BLOOD !Y %$ WAS %$ = HUMANITY -- ! SUFF]+S !Y 5DUR$ W]E BORNE = ! 5TIRE HUMAN RACE2 !IR /RUGGLES1 ! IDEAS !Y GAVE TO ! WORLD1 ! %OCK ( ?OSE IDEAS1 >E ALL 9CLUD$ 9 ! H]ITAGE ( MANK9D4 ,ALL HAVE BORNE FRUIT & WILL BE> MORE1 /ILL F9]1 AS WE ADVANCE T[>DS ?OSE WIDE HORIZONS OP5+ \T BE=E US1 :]E1 LIKE SOME GREAT BEACON TO PO9T ! WAY1 FLAME ! WORDS3 ,L,I,B,],T,Y1 ,E,Q,U,A,L,I,T,Y1 ,F,R,A,T,],N,I,T,Y4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #fi -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#i1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #fi -- ,ADD$4 

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