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,! ,RIS+ ( ! ,C\NTRY ,DI/RICTS DUR+ ! ,OP5+ ,MON?S ( #a<i 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,ROM]ITO ,PONTES1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE 

,H]OISM ( MIDDLE CLASSES AT BEG9N+ ( ,REVOLUTION OV] RAT$ -- ,ABOLITION ( S]FDOM -- ,/ATUTE LABOR & O!R IMPOSITIONS UPON PEASANTS -- ,FAILURE ( CROPS 9 #ag< -- ,RIOTS FOLL[ -- ,NATURE ( RIOTS -- 0,VIVE LA ,LIB]TE60 -- ,RIOTS AT ,AGDE -- ,CONCESSIONS GRANT$ TO PEOPLE -- ,EFFECT ( RIOTS ON ELECTIONS -- ,AGITATION 9 RURAL DI/RICTS -- ,IMPORTANCE ( PEASANT 9SURRECTION 

,NO?+ C\LD BE MORE ]RONE\S ?AN TO IMAG9E OR DESCRIBE ,FRANCE AS A NATION ( H]OES ON ! EVE ( #a#g#h#i1 & ,QU9ET WAS P]FECTLY RI<T 9 DE/ROY+ ?IS LEG5D1 :I* SOME HI/ORIANS HAD TRI$ TO PROPAGATE4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT IF WE W]E TO COLLECT 9TO A FEW PAGES ! OCCASIONAL 9/ANCES1 V]Y R>E AFT] ALL1 ( OP5 RESI/ANCE TO ! OLD REGIME ON ! P>T ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES--SU* AS D',ESPREM5IL'S OPPOSITION--WE C\LD COMPOSE A TOL]ABLY IMPRESSIVE PICTURE4 ,BUT :AT IS P>TICUL>LY APP>5T 9 MAK+ A SURVEY ( ! CONDITIONS ( ! TIME IS ! ABS5CE ( S]I\S PROTE/S1 ( ASS]TIONS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! S]VILITY ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 0,NOBODY MAKES HIMSELF KN[N10 SAYS ,QU9ET1 V]Y JU/LY4 ,!RE IS NO OPPORTUNITY EV5 TO KN[ ONESELF4#a ,& HE ASKS3 0,:AT W]E !Y DO+--,B>NAVE1 ,?\RET1 ,SIEYES1 ,V]GNIAUD1 ,GUADET1 ,ROL&1 ,DANTON1 ,ROBESPI]RE1 & ALL ! O!RS1 :O W]E SO SOON TO BECOME ! H]OES ( ! ,REVOLUTION80 

,DUMBNESS1 SIL5CE1 PREVAIL$ 9 ! PROV9CES & 9 ! T[NS4 ,! C5TRAL P[] HAD TO SUMMON M5 TO VOTE1 & 9VITE !M TO SAY AL\D :AT !Y HAD BE5 SAY+ 9 :ISP]S1 BE=E ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE ISSU$ !IR FAM\S CAHI]S4 ,& EV5 !N6 ,IF 9 SOME ( ! CAHI]S WE F9D D>+ WORDS ( REVOLT1 :AT SUBMISSIV5ESS & TIMIDITY APPE> 9 MO/ ( !M1 :AT MOD]ATION 9 !IR DEM&S6 ,=1 AFT] ! RI<T TO C>RY >MS1 & SOME LEGAL GU>ANTEES AGA9/ >BITR>Y >RE/S1 IT WAS *IEFLY A LITTLE MORE LIB]TY 9 MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS ?AT WAS ASK$ = 9 ! CAHI]S ( ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE4#b ,IT WAS LAT] ON1 :5 ! DEPUTIES ( ! ,?IRD SAW !MSELVES SUPPORT$ BY ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS1 & :5 ! MUTT]+S ( ! PEASANT 9SURRECTION BEGAN TO BE HE>D1 ?AT !Y GREW BOLD] 9 !IR ATTITUDE T[>DS ! ,C\RT4 

,=TUNATELY1 ! PEOPLE BEGAN TO REVOLT EV]Y:]E1 AFT] ! DI/URBANCES PROVOK$ BY ! P>LEM5TS DUR+ ! SUMM] & AUTUMN ( #a#g#h#h1 & ! TIDE ( REVOLT1 GA!R+ =CE1 SWEPT ONW>D TO ! RIS+ ( ! VILLAGES 9 ,JULY & ,AUGU/ ( #a#g#h#i4 

,IT HAS ALREADY BE5 SAID ?AT ! CONDITION ( ! PEASANTS & WORK]S 9 ! T[NS WAS SU* ?AT A S+LE BAD H>VE/ SUFFIC$ TO BR+ AB\T AN AL>M+ 9CREASE 9 ! PRICE ( BREAD 9 ! T[NS & %E] FAM9E 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,! PEASANTS W]E NO LONG] S]FS1 S]FDOM HAV+ LONG BE5 ABOLI%$ 9 ,FRANCE1 AT LEA/ ON PRIVATE E/ATES4 ,AFT] ,L\IS ,X,V,I HAD ABOLI%$ IT )9 ! ROYAL DOMA9S 9 #a#g#g#i1 !RE REMA9$ 9 #a<h ONLY AB\T ,SO1OOO P]SONS HELD BY MORTMA9 9 ! ,JURA1 AT MO/ AB\T #a1#e1 9 ! :OLE ( ,FRANCE1 P]HAPS EV5 LESS ?AN A MILLION2 EV5 ?OSE SUBJECT TO MORTMA9 W]E NOT S]FS 9 ! /RICT MEAN+ ( ! T]M4 ,AS TO ! MAJORITY ( ! ,FR5* PEASANTS1 !Y HAD LONG CEAS$ TO BE S]FS4 ,BUT !Y W5T ON PAY+ 9 MONEY1 & 9 WORK+ = !IR P]SONAL LIB]TY ) /ATUTE LABOR AS WELL AS ) WORK ( O!R K9DS4 ,!SE DUES W]E EXTREMELY HEAVY & V>IABLE1 BUT !Y W]E NOT >BITR>Y1 & !Y W]E CONSID]$ AS REPRES5T+ PAYM5TS = ! RI<T ( HOLD+ L&1 :E!R COLLECTIVELY BY ! COMMUNITY OR PRIVATELY AS F>M-L&4 ,& EA* P>CEL ( L& OR F>M HAD ITS DUES1 AS V>I$ AS !Y W]E NUM]\S1 C>EFULLY RECORD$ 9 ! FEUDAL REGI/]S1 ! T]RI]S4 

,BESIDES1 ! RI<T ( MANORIAL JU/ICE HAD BE5 RETA9$1 & OV] L>GE DI/RICTS ! LORD WAS /ILL JUDGE1 OR ELSE HE NOM9AT$ ! JUDGES2 & 9 VIRTUE ( ?IS ANCI5T PR]OGATIVE HE RETA9$ ALL K9DS ( P]SONAL RI<TS OV] HIS EX-S]FS4#c ,:5 AN OLD WOMAN BEQUEA!D TO H] DAU<T] ONE OR TWO TREES & A FEW OLD CLO!S--= EXAMPLE1 0MY BLACK QUILT$ PETTICOAT10 A BEQUE/ SU* AS ,I HAVE SE5--0! NOBLE & G5]\S LORD OR ! NOBLE & G5]\S LADY ( ! CA/LE LEVI$ SO MU* ON ! BEQUE/4 ,! PEASANT PAID ALSO = ! RI<T ( M>RIAGE1 ( BAPTISM1 ( BURIAL2 HE PAID LIKEWISE ON EV]Y?+ HE B\<T OR SOLD1 & ! V]Y RI<T ( SELL+ HIS CROPS OR HIS W9E WAS RE/RICT$4 ,HE C\LD NOT SELL BE=E ! LORD HAD SOLD HIS [N4 ,LA/LY1 !RE W]E ALL MANN] ( TOLLS 7BANALIE'S7--= ! USE ( ! MILL1 ( ! W9E-PRESS1 ! PUBLIC BAKEH\SE1 ! WA%+-PLACES1 ON C]TA9 ROADS OR P>TICUL> =DS-ALL MA9TA9$ S9CE ! DAYS ( S]FDOM1 AS WELL AS CONTRIBUTIONS ( NUTS1 MU%ROOMS1 L951 ?READ1 =M]LY CONSID]$ AS GIFTS = FE/IVE OCCASIONS40 

,AS TO /ATUTE LABOR1 IT TOOK AN 9F9ITE V>IETY ( =MS WORK 9 ! FIELDS ( ! LORD1 WORK 9 HIS P>KS & HIS G>D5S1 WORK TO SATISFY ALL SORTS ( :IMS4 ,9 SOME VILLAGES !RE WAS EV5 AN OBLIGATION TO BEAT ! POND DUR+ ! NI<T 9 ORD] ?AT ! FROGS %\LD NOT PREV5T HIS LORD%IP FROM SLEEP+4 

,P]SONALLY ! MAN WAS FREE1 BUT ALL ?IS NETWORK ( DUES & EXACTIONS1 :I* HAD BE5 WOV5 BIT BY BIT ?R\< ! CRAFT ( ! LORDS & !IR /EW>DS 9 ! C5TURIES ( S]FDOM--ALL ?IS NETWORK /ILL CLUNG R\ND ! PEASANT4 

,MORE ?AN ?AT1 ! ,/ATE WAS !RE ) ITS TAXES1 ITS F9ES1 ITS TW5TIE?S1 ITS /ATUTE LABORS EV] 9CREAS+1 TOO1 & ! ,/ATE1 AS WELL AS ! /EW>D ( MY LORD1 WAS ALWAYS READY TO EX]CISE +5UITY 9 DEVIS+ SOME NEW PRETEXT = 9TRODUC+ SOME NEW =M ( TAXATION4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT1 S9CE ,TURGOT'S RE=MS1 ! PEASANTS HAD CEAS$ PAY+ C]TA9 FEUDAL TAXES1 & SOME PROV9CIAL GOV]NORS HAD EV5 REFUS$ TO RESORT TO =CE TO LEVY C]TA9 DUES1 :I* !Y CONSID]$ TO BE 9JURI\S EXACTIONS4 ,BUT ! PR9CIPAL FEUDAL DUES ATTA*+ TO ! L& W]E EXACT$ 9 FULL1 & !Y BECAME ALL ! HEAVI] AS ! ,/ATE & PROV9CIAL TAXES1 TO :I* !Y W]E ADD$1 CONT9UALLY 9CREAS$4 ,!RE IS1 !RE=E1 NOT A WORD ( EXAGG]ATION 9 ! GLOOMY PICTURES ( LIFE 9 ! VILLAGES DRAWN BY EV]Y HI/ORIAN ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,BUT NEI!R IS !RE ANY EXAGG]ATION 9 SAY+ ?AT 9 EA* VILLAGE !RE W]E SOME PEASANTS :O HAD CREAT$ = !MSELVES A C]TA9 AM\NT ( PROSP]ITY1 & ?AT !SE W]E ! M5 :O ESPECIALLY WI%$ TO %AKE (F ALL FEUDAL OBLIGATIONS1 & TO W9 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY4 ,! TWO TYPES DEPICT$ BY ,]CKMANN & ,*ATRIAN 9 !IR ,HI/OIRE D'UN PAYSAN--! MIDDLE-CLASS MAN ( ! VILLAGE1 & ! PEASANT CRU%$ B5EA? ! BURD5 ( HIS POV]TY-->E TRUE TO LIFE4 ,BO? ( !M EXI/$4 ,! =M] GAVE POLITICAL /R5G? TO ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE2 :ILE ! B&S ( 9SURG5TS ?AT1 S9CE ! W9T] ( #a#g#h#h-#a#g#h#i HAD BEGUN TO =CE ! NOBLES TO REL9QUI% ! FEUDAL DUES 9SCRIB$ 9 ! T]RI]S1 W]E RECRUIT$ FROM AMONG ! />V+ POOR 9 ! VILLAGES1 :O HAD ONLY MUD CAB9S TO LIVE 91 & A FEW *E/NUTS OR ! GLEAN+S ( ! FIELDS = FOOD4 

,! SAME REM>K APPLIES ALSO TO ! T[NS1 TO :I* ! FEUDAL RI<TS EXT5D$1 AS WELL AS TO ! VILLAGES4 ,! POOR] CLASSES 9 ! T[NS W]E JU/ AS MU* CRU%$ B5EA? FEUDAL TAXES AS ! PEASANTS4 ,! RI<T ( SEIGNEURIAL JU/ICE REMA9$ TO ITS FULL EXT5T 9 MANY A GR[+ CITY1 & ! HOVELS ( ! >TISANS & ME*ANICS PAID ! SAME DUES1 9 CASES ( SALES OR 9H]ITANCE1 AS ! HUTS ( ! PEASANTS4 ,SEV]AL T[NS HAD EV5 TO PAY A P]PETUAL TRIBUTE AS R$EMPTION FROM !IR =M] FEUDAL SUBJECTION4 ,BESIDES ?IS1 ! MAJORITY ( ! T[NS PAID ! DON GRATUIT--! VOLUNT>Y GIFT--TO ! ,K+1 JU/ TO MA9TA9 A %AD[ ( MUNICIPAL 9DEP5D5CE1 & ! BURD5 ( !SE TAXES PRESS$ H>DE/ ON ! POOR4 ,IF WE ADD TO ALL ?IS ! HEAVY ROYAL TAXES1 ! PROV9CIAL CONTRIBUTIONS1 ! F9ES1 ! SALT TAX & ! RE/1 AS WELL AS ! CAPRICES ( ! FUNCTION>IES1 ! HEAVY EXP5SES 9CURR$ 9 ! LAW C\RTS1 & ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( A M]E COMMON]'S OBTA9+ JU/ICE AGA9/ A NOBLE1 EV5 IF HE W]E A RI* MEMB] ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 & IF WE TAKE 9TO CONSID]ATION ! MANY =MS ( OPPRESSION1 9SULT & HUMILIATION TO :I* ! L[] CLASSES W]E SUBJECT1 WE %ALL BE ABLE TO =M SOME IDEA ( ! CONDITION ( ! POOR ON ! EVE ( #a#g#h#i4 

,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 !SE POOR] CLASSES :O1 BY REVOLT+ 9 ! T[NS & VILLAGES1 GAVE ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE 9 ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL C\RAGE TO OPPOSE ! ,K+ & TO DECL>E ! ,ASSEMBLY A CON/ITU5T BODY4 

,DR\<T HAD CAUS$ A FAILURE ( ! CROPS 9 #a#g#h#h1 & ! W9T] WAS V]Y SEV]E4 ,BE=E ?AT !RE HAD C]TA9LY BE5 W9T]S AS SEV]E1 & CROPS QUITE AS BAD1 & EV5 RIOTS AMONG ! PEOPLE4 ,EV]Y YE> !RE WAS SC>CITY 9 SOME P>T ( ,FRANCE1 & (T5 IT AFFECT$ A F\R? OR A ?IRD P>T ( ! K+DOM4 ,BUT ?IS TIME HOPES HAD BE5 AWAK5$ BY PREC$+ EV5TS--! PROV9CIAL ASSEMBLIES1 ! ,CONVOCATION ( ,NOTABLES1 ! DI/URBANCES CONNECT$ ) ! P>LEM5TS 9 ! T[NS1 :I* SPREAD1 AS WE HAVE SE51 AT LEA/ 9 ,BRITTANY1 TO ! VILLAGES ALSO4 ,& !SE 9SURRECTIONS 9 #a<i SOON BECAME AL>M+ BO? 9 EXT5T & *>ACT]4 

,I LE>N ?R\< ,PR(ESSOR ,K>EEFF1 :O HAS /UDI$ ! EFFECT ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION UPON ! ,FR5* PEASANTS1 ?AT 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,>*IVES !RE IS A HUGE BUNDLE ( DOCUM5TS BE>+ ON ! RIS+S ( ! PEASANTS :I* PREC$$ ! TAK+ ( ! ,BA/ILLE4#d ,= MY [N P>T1 NEV] HAV+ BE5 ABLE TO /UDY ! >*IVES 9 ,FRANCE1 BUT HAV+ CONSULT$ MANY PROV9CIAL HI/ORIES ( ?AT P]IOD1#e ,I HAD ALREADY1 9 =M] WORKS1 >RIV$ AT ! CONCLUSION#f ?AT A GREAT NUMB] ( RIOTS HAD BROK5 \T 9 ! VILLAGES AFT] ,JANU>Y #a#g#h#i1 & EV5 AFT] ,DECEMB] #a#g#h#h4 ,9 C]TA9 PROV9CES ! SITUATION WAS T]RIBLE ON ACC\NT ( ! SC>CITY1 & EV]Y:]E A SPIRIT ( REVOLT1 UNTIL !N BUT LITTLE KN[N1 WAS TAK+ POSSESSION ( ! PEOPLE4 ,9 ! SPR+1 ! 9SURRECTION BECAME MORE & MORE FREQU5T 9 ,POIT\1 ,BRITTANY1 ,T\RA9E1 ,ORLEANAIS1 ,NORM&Y1 ,ILE DE ',FRANCE1 ,PIC>DY1 ,*AMPAGNE1 ,ALSACE1 ,BURGUNDY1 ,NIV]NAIS1 ,AUV]GNE1 ,LANGU$OC & ,PROV5CE4 

,NE>LY ALL !SE RIOTS W]E ( ! SAME *>ACT]4 ,! PEASANTS1 >M$ ) KNIVES1 SCY!S1 CUDGELS1 FLOCK$ 9 A BODY TO ! T[N1 & COMPELL$ ! LABOR]S & F>M]S :O HAD BR\<T ! CORN TO ! M>KET TO SELL IT AT A C]TA9 0HONE/0 PRICE1 SU* AS ?REE LIVRES ! BU%EL2 OR ELSE !Y W5T TO ! CORN M]*ANTS1 TOOK \T ! :EAT & 0DIVID$ IT AMONG !MSELVES AT A R$UC$ PRICE10 PROMIS+ TO PAY = IT AFT] ! NEXT H>VE/4 ,9 O!R PLACES !Y =C$ ! L&[N] TO =EGO HIS DUES UPON FL\R = A C\PLE ( MON?S1 OR !Y COMPELL$ ! MUNICIPALITY TO TAX BREAD1 & SOMETIMES 0TO 9CREASE BY F\R S\S ! DAILY WAGE40 ,:]E FAM9E WAS SEV]E/1 AS AT ,?I]S1 ! T[N WORK]S W5T TO COLLECT :EAT 9 ! C\NTRY DI/RICTS4 ,(T5 !Y BROKE OP5 ! GRAN>IES BELONG+ TO RELIGI\S COMMUNITIES & M]*ANT MONOPOLI/S1 OR EV5 ?OSE BELONG+ TO PRIVATE P]SONS1 & PROVID$ ! BAK]S ) FL\R4 ,MOREOV]1 FROM ?IS TIME1 TOO1 DAT$ ! =MATION ( B&S COMPOS$ ( PEASANTS1 WOOD-CUTT]S1 SOMETIMES EV5 ( CONTRAB&I/S1 :O W5T FROM VILLAGE TO VILLAGE SEIZ+ ! CORN4 ,BY DEGREES !Y BEGAN ALSO TO BURN ! L& REGI/]S & TO =CE ! L&LORDS TO ABDICATE !IR FEUDAL RI<TS--!SE W]E ! SAME B&S :I* GAVE ! MIDDLE CLASSES ! PRETEXT = >M+ !IR MILITIAS 9 #a#g#h#i4 

,EV] S9CE ,JANU>Y !RE WAS HE>D1 TOO1 9 !SE RIOTS ! CRY ( 0,VIVE ,IA ,LIB]TE6 & FROM ?AT TIME1 & /ILL MORE M>K$LY AFT] ! MON? ( ,M>*1 WE F9D ! PEASANTS H]E & !RE REFUS+ TO PAY ! TI!S & FEUDAL DUES1 OR1 9DE$1 EV5 ! TAXES4 ,\TSIDE ! ?REE PROV9CES1 ,BRITTANY1 ,ALSACE & ,DAUPH9E1 :I* >E CIT$ BY ,TA9E1 TRACES >E TO BE F\ND ( SIMIL> MOVEM5TS NE>LY ALL OV] ! EA/]N P>T ( ,FRANCE4 

,9 ! S\?1 AT ,AGDE1 AFT] ! RIOTS ( ,APRIL #a#i1 #b & #b#a1 0! PEOPLE FOOLI%LY P]SUAD$ !MSELVES ?AT !Y W]E EV]Y?+10 WROTE ! MAYOR & ! CONSULS1 0& !Y MAY DO EV]Y?+ ACCORD+ TO ! PRET5D$ WILL ( ! ,K+ CONC]N+ ! EQUALITY ( RANK40 ,! PEOPLE ?REAT5$ TO SACK ! T[N IF ! PRICE ( ALL PROVISIONS WAS NOT L[]$1 & ! PROV9CIAL DUES ON W9E1 FI% & MEAT SUPPRESS$2 FUR!RMORE--& H]E WE SEE ALREADY ! COMMUNALI/ GOOD S5SE ( ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE 9 ,FRANCE-0 !Y WI%$ TO NOM9ATE CONSULS1 SOME ( :OM W\LD BE DRAWN FROM !IR [N CLASS10 & !SE DEM&S W]E ACC$$ TO ! 9SURG5TS4 ,?REE DAYS AFT] ! PEOPLE DEM&$ ?AT ! DUTY ON MILL+ %\LD BE R$UC$ BY ONE-HALF1 & ?IS ALSO WAS GRANT$4#g 

,?IS 9SURRECTION WAS ! C\NT]P>T ( HUNDR$ O!RS4 ,TO OBTA9 BREAD WAS ! PRIME CAUSE ( ! MOVEM5T1 BUT SOON !RE W]E ALSO DEM&S 9 ! DIRECTION :]E ECONOMIC CONDITIONS & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION MEET1 ! DIRECTION 9 :I* POPUL> AGITATION ALWAYS GOES =W>D ) ! GREATE/ CONFID5CE & OBTA9S SOME IMM$IATE RESULTS4 

,9 ,PROV5CE1 AT LEA/ 9 ,M>* & ,APRIL ( #a#g#h#i1 MORE ?AN =TY L>GE VILLAGES & T[NS1 AMONG !M ,AIX1 ,M>SEILLES & ,T\LON1 ABOLI%$ ! TAX ON FL\R1 & H]E & !RE ! MOB PILLAG$ ! H\SES ( (FICIALS :OSE DUTY WAS TO LEVY ! TAXES ON FL\R1 HIDES1 BUT*]'S MEAT1 @&ETC24 ,! PRICES ( PROVISIONS W]E R$UC$ & A MAXIMUM E/ABLI%$ = ALL PROVISIONS1 & :5 ! G5TLEM5 ( ! UPP] MIDDLE CLASSES PROTE/$1 ! MOB REPLI$ BY /ON+ !M1 OR ELSE A TR5* WAS DUG BE=E !IR EYES :I* MI<T S]VE = !IR GRAVE4 ,SOMETIMES EV5 A C(F9 WAS BR\<T \T ! BETT] TO IMPRESS ! REFRACTORY :O APP>5TLY HA/5$ TO COMPLY4 ,ALL ?IS TOOK PLACE 9 ,APRIL #a#g#h#i1 )\T ! %$D+ ( A DROP ( BLOOD4 ,IT IS 0A K9D ( W> DECL>$ ON PROPRIETORS & PROP]TY10 SAY ! REPORTS FROM ! GOV]NORS & MUNICIPALITIES4 0,! PEOPLE /ILL DECL>E ?AT !Y WILL PAY NO?+1 NEI!R TAXES1 NOR DUES1 NOR DEBTS40#h 

,BE=E ?AT1 S9CE ,APRIL1 ! PEASANTS BEGAN TO PLUND] ! DOCUM5T BY :I* HE R5\NC$ HIS SEIGNEURIAL RI<TS ( EV]Y K9D40#i ,AT ,PE9I]1 !Y WANT$ ! BI%OP TO BURN ! RECORDS4 ,AT ,HYE]ES & ELSE:]E !Y BURN$ ! OLD PAP]S CONC]N+ ! FEUDAL R5TS & TAXES4 ,9 %ORT1 9 ,PROV5CE1 FROM ! MON? ( ,APRIL1 WE CAN ALREADY SEE ! BEG9N+ ( ! GREAT RIS+ ( ! PEASANTS :I* =C$ ! NOBILITY & CL]GY TO MAKE !IR FIR/ CONCESSIONS ON ,AUGU/ #d1 #a#g#h#i4 

,IT IS EASY TO DISC]N ! 9FLU5CE ?AT !SE RIOTS & ?IS EXCITEM5T EX]CIS$ UPON ! ELECTIONS = ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,*ASS91 9 HIS ,G5IE DE LA ,REVOLUTION1 SAYS ?AT 9 SOME LOCALITIES ! NOBILITY EX]CIS$ A GREAT 9FLU5CE ON ! ELECTIONS1 & ?AT 9 !SE LOCALITIES ? PEASANT ELECTORS D>$ NOT MAKE ANY COMPLA9TS4 ,ELSE:]E1 ESPECIALLY AT ,R5NES1 ! NOBLES TOOK ADVANTAGE EV5 ( ! SITT+ ( ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL ( ,BRITTANY AT ! 5D ( ,DECEMB] #a#g#h#h1 & 9 ,JANU>Y #a#g#h#i1 TO TRY TO /IR UP ! />V+ PEOPLE AGA9/ ! MIDDLE CLASSES4 ,BUT :AT C\LD !SE LA/ CONVULSIVE EF=TS ( ! NOBLES DO AGA9/ ! P\PL> TIDE1 :I* ROSE /EADILY8 ,! PEOPLE SAW MORE ?AN HALF ! L& LY+ IDLE 9 ! H&S ( ! NOBILITY & CL]GY1 & !Y UND]/OOD BETT] ?AN IF /ATI/ICIANS HAD DEMON/RAT$ IT TO !M1 ?AT SO LONG AS ! PEASANTS DID NOT TAKE POSSESSION ( ! L& TO CULTIVATE IT FAM9E W\LD BE ALWAYS PRES5T AMONG !M4 

,! V]Y NE$ TO LIVE MADE ! PEASANT RISE AGA9/ ! MONOPOLIZ]S ( ! SOIL4 ,DUR+ ! W9T] ( #a#g#h#h-#a#g#h#i1 SAYS ,*ASS91 NO DAY PASS$ 9 ! ,JURA )\T CONVOYS ( :EAT BE+ PLUND]$4#a ,! MILIT>Y AU?ORITIES C\LD ?9K ( NO?+ BUT 0,SUPPRESSION ( ! RIOTS02 BUT ! TRIBUNALS REFUS$ TO S5T5CE OR EV5 TO JUDGE ! FAMI%$ NOT]S4 ,SIMIL> RIOTS BROKE \T EV]Y:]E1 NOR?1 S\?1 EA/ & WE/1 SAYS ,*ASS94#a#a 

,! ELECTIONS BR\<T ) !M A R5EWAL ( LIFE & ( HOPE 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,! LORDLY 9FLU5CE WAS GREAT EV]Y:]E1 BUT N[ 9 EV]Y VILLAGE !RE WAS TO BE F\ND SOME MIDDLE-CLASS MAN1 A DOCTOR OR LAWY]1 :O HAD READ HIS ,VOLTAIRE1 OR ,SIEYES1 OR ! FAM\S PAMPHLET--,QU'E/ QUE LE TI]S ELAT8 ,EV]Y?+ WAS *ANG+ :]EV] !RE WAS A WEAV] OR A MASON :O C\LD READ & WRITE1 W]E IT ONLY ! PR9T$ LETT]S4 ,! PEASANTS W]E EAG] TO PUT 0!IR GRIEVANCES0 ON PAP]4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT !SE GRIEVANCES W]E CONF9$ = ! GREAT] P>T TO ?+S ( SECOND>Y IMPORTANCE2 BUT ?R\<\T WE SEE CROPP+ UP1 AS 9 ! 9SURRECTION ( ! ,G]MAN PEASANTRY 9 #a#e#b#c1 ! DEM& ?AT ! LORDS %\LD PROVE !IR RI<T TO ! FEUDAL EXACTIONS4#a#b ,:5 ! PEASANTS S5T 9 !IR CAHI]S1 !Y WAIT$ PATI5TLY = ! RESULT4 ,BUT ! T>D9ESS ( ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL & ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY EXASP]AT$ !M1 & AS SOON AS ?AT T]RIBLE W9T] ( #a#g#h#h-#a#g#h#i CAME TO AN 5D1 AS SOON AS ! SUN %ONE AGA91 & BR\<T ) IT HOPE ( A COM+ H>VE/1 ! RIOTS BROKE \T AFRE%1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! SPR+ WORK 9 ! FIELDS WAS OV]4 

,! 9TELLECTUAL MIDDLE CLASSES EVID5TLY TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! ELECTIONS TO PROPAGATE REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS4 0,A ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,CLUB0 WAS =M$1 & ITS NUM]\S BRAN*ES SPREAD !MSELVES EV5 9TO ! SMALLE/ T[NS4 ,! APA?Y :I* HAD /RUCK ,>?UR ,Y\NG 9 ! EA/]N T[NS NO D\BT EXI/$2 BUT 9 SOME ( ! O!R PROV9CES ! MIDDLE CLASSES EXTRACT$ ALL ! PR(IT !Y DESIR$ FROM ! ELECTORAL AGITATION4 ,WE CAN EV5 SEE H[ ! EV5TS :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ,JUNE AT ,V]SAILLES 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY W]E PREP>$ SEV]AL MON?S BE=E 9 ! PROV9CES4 ,?US ! UNION ( ! ,?REE ,E/ATES & ! VOTE BY HEAD HAD BE5 AGRE$ TO 9 ,DAUPH9E S9CE ! MON? ( ,AUGU/ #a<h BY ! ,/ATES ( ! PROV9CE1 UND] PRESSURE ( ! LOCAL 9SURRECTIONS4 

,IT MU/ NOT BE ?\<T1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! MIDDLE-CLASS PEOPLE :O TOOK A PROM95T P>T 9 ! ELECTIONS W]E 9 ! LEA/ DEGREE REVOLUTION>Y4 ,!Y W]E MOD]ATES1 0PEACEFUL REBELS10 AS ,*ASS9 SAYS4 ,AS REG>DS REVOLUTION>Y MEASURES1 IT WAS USUALLY ! PEOPLE :O SPOKE ( !M1 S9CE SECRET SOCIETIES W]E F\ND AMONG ! PEASANTS1 & UNKN[N P]SONS BEGAN TO GO AB\T APPEAL+ TO ! PEOPLE TO PAY TAXES NO LONG]1 BUT TO MAKE ! NOBLES PAY !M4 ,OR ELSE EMISS>IES W5T AB\T DECL>+ ?AT ! NOBLES HAD ALREADY AGRE$ TO PAY ! TAXES1 BUT ?AT ?IS WAS ONLY A CUNN+ TRICK ON !IR P>T4 0,! PEOPLE ( ,G5EVA W]E EMANCIPAT$ 9 A DAY4444 ,TREMBLE1 YE NOBLES60 ,!RE W]E ALSO PAMPHLETS ADDRESS$ TO ! PEASANTS & SECRETLY DI/RIBUT$1 SU* AS ,L',AVIS AUX HABITANTS DES CAMPAGNES1 DI/RIBUT$ AT ,*>TRES4 ,9 %ORT1 AS ,*ASS9 SAYS1 & NO ONE HAS MORE C>EFULLY /UDI$ ?IS ASPECT ( ! ,REVOLUTION3 0,SU* WAS ! AGITATION 9 ! RURAL DI/RICTS ?AT EV5 IF ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS HAD BE5 VANQUI%$ ON ,JULY #d1 IT WAS NO LONG] POSSIBLE TO RE/ORE ! CONDITION 9 :I* ! C\NTRY HAD BE5 PREVI\S TO ,JANU>Y #a#g#h#i40 ,TO DO ?AT1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y TO CONQU] EA* VILLAGE SEP>ATELY4 ,AFT] ! MON? ( ,M>* ! FEUDAL TAXES W]E NO LONG] PAID BY ANY ONE4#a#c 

,! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS PR(\ND AGITATION 9 ! C\NTRY DI/RICTS CAN BE EASILY UND]/OOD4 ,AL?\< ! $UCAT$ MIDDLE CLASSES DID UND\BT$LY PR(IT BY ! CONFLICTS ) ! ,C\RT & ! P>LEM5TS TO >\SE POLITICAL F]M5T1 & AL?\< !Y WORK$ H>D TO DISSEM9ATE DISCONT5T1 IT IS NEV]!LESS C]TA9 ?AT ! PEASANT 9SURRECTION1 W9N+ OV] ! T[NS ALSO1 MADE ! REAL BASIS ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 & GAVE ! DEPUTIES ( ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE ! DET]M9ATION1 PRES5TLY TO BE EXPRESS$ BY !M AT ,V]SAILLES1 TO RE=M ! 5TIRE SY/EM ( ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,FRANCE1 & TO 9ITIATE A COMPLETE REVOLUTION 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?4 

,)\T ! PEASANT 9SURRECTION1 :I* BEGAN 9 W9T] & W5T ON1 EV] GR[+1 UNTIL #a#g#i#c1 ! OV]?R[ ( ROYAL DESPOTISM W\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 EFFECT$ SO COMPLETELY1 NOR W\LD IT HAVE BE5 ACCOMPANI$ BY SO 5ORM\S A *ANGE1 POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC & SOCIAL4 ,FRANCE MI<T1 9DE$1 HAVE HAD A %AM P>LIAM5T1 EV5 AS ,PRUSSIA HAD 9 #a#h#d#h2 BUT ?IS 9NOVATION W\LD NOT HAVE ASSUM$ ! *>ACT] ( A REVOLUTION3 IT W\LD HAVE REMA9$ SUP]FICIAL1 AS IT DID 9 ! ,G]MAN ,/ATES AFT] #a#h#d#h4 

,NOTES 

#a4 ,QU9ET1 ,LA ,REVOLUTION1 $4 #a#h#f#i1 VOL4 I4 P4 #a#e4 

#b4 ,) REG>D TO ! DEM&S :I* AFT]W>DS EXCIT$ ! FURY ( ! L&[N]S1 IT IS WELL TO NOTE !SE3 ,! TAX ON BREAD & MEAT TO BE FIX$ ACCORD+ TO ! AV]AGE PRICES1 DEM&$ BY ,LYONS1 ,TROYES1 ,P>IS & ,*ALONS3 ?AT 0WAGES %\LD BE REGULAT$ P]IODICALLY ACCORD+ TO ! DAILY NE$S10 DEM&$ BY ,R5NES2 ?AT WORK %\LD BE GU>ANTE$ TO ALL ABLE-BODI$ POOR4 DEM&$ BY SEV]AL T[NS4 ,AS TO ! ,ROYALI/-,CON/ITUTIONALI/S1 :O W]E NUM]\S1 IT CAN BE SE5 BY ! PROPOSALS ( ! 0,CAHI] G5]AL10 ANALYZ$ BY ,*ASS9 7,LES ELECTIONS ET LES CAHI]S DE ,P>IS 5 #a#g#h#i1 VOL4 III41 #a#h#h#i1 P4 #a#h#e71 ?AT !Y WI%$ TO LIMIT ! DELIB]ATIONS ( ! ,/ATES ,G5]AL TO QUE/IONS ( F9ANCE & ( RETR5*M5TS 9 ! H\SEHOLD EXP5DITURES ( ! ,K+ & ! PR9CES4 

#c4 ,9 AN EXCELL5T PAMPHLET4 ,LES FLEAUX DE L'AGRICULTURE1 \VRAGE P\R S]VIR D L'APPUI DES CAHI]S DES DOLEANCES DES CAMPAGNES1 BY ,D4444 7,APRIL #a1 #a#g#h#i71 WE F9D ?IS /ATEM5T ( CAUSES PREV5T+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( AGRICULTURE3 ,! 5ORM\S TAXES1 ! TI!S1 JO9T & 9DIVIDUAL1 0SOLITES'1 & 09SOLITES10 & !SE ALWAYS 9CREAS+2 ! L>GE QUANTITIES ( GAME PRES]V$ ?R\< ABUSE ( PRIVILEGES & SPORT2 & ! VEXATION & ABUSE ( ! SEIGNEURIAL LAW C\RTS4 ,IT IS H]E %[N ?AT 0IT WAS BY MEANS ( ! ATTA*M5T ( MANORIAL LAW C\RTS TO ! FIEF ?AT ! L&LORDS HAD MADE !MSELVES DESPOTS & HELD ! 9HABITANTS ( ! C\NTRY DI/RICTS 9 ?@9 *A9S ( SLAV]Y0 7P4 #i#e74 

#d4 ,IT IS N[ KN[N ?AT ,TA9E1 :O PRET5D$ ?AT HE HAD /UDI$ ! REPORTS ( ! ,GOV]NORS ( ! PROV9CES CONC]N+ !SE 9SURRECTIONS1 HAD ONLY GLANC$ ?R\< TW5TY-SIX REF]R+ TO #a#g#g1 AS ,M4 ,AUL>D HAS %[N 7,TA9E HI/ORI5 DE LA ,REVOLUTION FRANCAISE1 ,P>IS1 #a#i#g74 

#e4 ,LA ,JURA1 BY ,SOMMI]2 ,LE ,LANGU$OC1 BY ,VIC & ,VAISSETE2 ,CA/RES1 BY ,COMBES2 ,LA ,BRETAGNE1 BY DU ,*ATELLI]2 ,LA ,FRAN*E-,COMT@&EACUTE21 BY ,CL]C2 ,L',AUV]GNE1 BY ,DULAURE2 ,LE ,B]RY1 BY ,REGNAL2 ,LE ,LIM\S91 BY ,LEYM>IE2 ,L',ALSACE1 BY ,/ROBEL2 @&ETC24 

#f4 ,LA ,GR&E ,REVOLUTION 7PAMPHLET71 ,P>IS1 #ahic 0,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION & ITS ,LESSON10 ANNIV]S>Y >TICLE 9 ,! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 ,JUNE #a#h#h#i2 >TICLES ON ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ,LA ,RE4 

#g4 ,TA9E1 VOL4 II4 #b#b1 #b#c4 

#h4 ,LETT]S 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,>*IVES1 #a#d#e#c1 CIT$ BY ,TA9E1 VOL4 II4 P4#b#d4 

#i4 ,LETT] 9 ! ,>*IVES4 

#a4 ,*ASS91 P4 #a#f#b4 

#a#a4 ,*ASS91 P4 #a#f#c4 

#a#b4 ,DONIOL1 ,LA ,REVOLUTION FRANCAISE ET LA FEODALITE4 

#a#c4 ,*ASS91 P4#a#f#g ET SEQ4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aih 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#h1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #g -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/