,*APT] #a 
,! ,WAVE & ! ,SUICIDE ,BOMB] 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,C>NE ,ROSS 

,TEXT 3 

#a4 ,! ,WAVE & ! ,SUICIDE ,BOMB] 

,:5 ,AM]ICAN TROOPS 5T]$ ,IRAQ 9 #b#c1 !Y W]E BRIEF$ TO EXPECT A CONV5TIONAL >MY CONSI/+1 AS SU* >MIES DO1 ( TANKS1 >TILL]Y & 9FANTRY4 ,SADDAM ,HUSSE9'S >MY HAD ONCE CONTA9$ MORE ,MA9 ,BATTLE ,TANKS1 A PRIM>Y UNIT ( ! CONV5TIONAL >MY1 ?AN ALL ! >MIES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE PUT TOGE!R4.<#a#f#b.> 

,! LEAD ELEM5TS ( ! ,AM]ICAN & ,BRITI% >MIES1 !N1 W]E SURPRIS$ TO F9D ?AT MO/ ( ! OPPOSITION !Y FAC$ COMPRIS$ NOT TANKS & H[ITZ]S1 BUT M5 9 PICKUP TRUCKS1 BE>+ ROCKET-PROPELL$ GR5ADES 7,R,P,GS7 & MA*9E GUNS4 ,!SE B&S W\LD ATTEMPT TO AMBU% ! ADVANC+ ALLI$ COLUMNS1 LAUN* ! ,R,P,GS1 !N FLEE4 ,!Y W]E NOT (T5 SUCCESSFUL4 ,9DE$1 SO DESP]ATE & DANG]\S TO !IR P>TICIPANTS W]E !SE ATTACKS ?AT !Y RESEMBL$ NO?+ SO MU* AS ! ,JAPANESE KAMIKAZE SUICIDE ATTACKS FAMILI> FROM ! ,PACIFIC !AT] ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,!SE F$AYE5 FI<T]S1 AS !Y CAME TO BE KN[N1 DID NOT APPE> TO BELONG TO P>TICUL> ,IRAQI >MY UNITS1 OR IF !Y DID1 !IR MEMB]S HAD AB&ON$ !IR UNI=MS & BADGES ?AT D5OT$ !IR UNIT ALLEGIANCE4 

,! ALLI$ 9VASION PROCE$$ ) REM>KABLY LITTLE SUB/ANTIAL OPPOSITION4 ,! ,AM]ICAN TANKS AT ! HEAD ( ! ADVANCE REA*$ ,BA<DAD ALMO/ AS FA/ AS !Y C\LD DRIVE4 ,! CAPITAL QUICKLY FELL1 ! /ATUES ( ! HAT$ DICTATOR W]E TOPPL$ & ! ALLIES ASSUM$ CONTROL ( ! C\NTRY1 TAK+ POSSESSION ( ! MA9 GOV]NM5T BUILD+S AB&ON$ BY ,SADDAM'S COHORTS & ?US1 !Y BELIEV$1 CONTROL4 

,IT WAS ONLY 9 ! DAYS ?AT FOLL[$ ?AT ! REAL MILIT>Y OPPOSITION TO ! 9VASION BEGAN TO ASS]T ITSELF4 ,! FIR/ SUICIDE ATTACK HAD TAK5 PLACE DUR+ ! M>* ON ,BA<DAD4 ,! ATTACK]--AN ,IRAQI >MY (FIC] DRESS$ 9 CIVILIAN CLO!S--DROVE A TAXI TO A *ECKPO9T NE> ! C5TRAL CITY ( ,NAJAF &1 AS ,AM]ICAN SOLDI]S APPROA*$1 DETONAT$ ! VEHICLE4 ,F\R SOLDI]S W]E KILL$4.<#b#d.>  ,IRAQ'S !N VICE PRESID5T1 ,TAHA ,RAMADAN1 W>N$ ?AT !RE W\LD BE MANY MORE SU* 0M>TYRDOM MISSIONS03 ,HE WAS RI<T1 ?\< ! ATTACKS ?AT FOLL[$ W]E NOT UND] GOV]NM5T ORD]S2 HIS GOV]NM5T W\LD SOON DISAPPE>4 ,A FEW DAYS LAT]1 TWO WOM5 SUICIDE BOMB]S KILL$ ?REE COALITION SOLDI]S NOR? ( ,BA<DAD4 

,OV] ! DAYS & MON?S ?AT FOLL[$1 ! NUMB] ( SUICIDE BOMB+S ROSE DRAMATICALLY4 ,9 ONE MON? 9 #b#d1 !RE W]E SEV]AL ATTACKS EV]Y DAY4 ,AS ,DEXT] ,FILK9S REPORT$ 9 ,! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES1 09 ! FIR/ FIVE YE>S1 MORE ?AN N9E HUNDR$ PEOPLE DETONAT$ !MSELVES 9 ,IRAQ1 SOMETIMES SEV]AL 9 A S+LE DAY4 ,?AT WAS BE=E Y\ C\NT$ ! C> BOMBS :5 ! DRIV] GOT \T BE=E IT EXPLOD$4 ,!RE W]E ?\S&S ( ?OSE40.<#b#e.> 

,SUICIDE BOMB]S US$ C>S1 TRUCKS & MOTORBIKES2 (T5 !Y CAME ON FOOT1 SOMETIMES ON BICYCLES4 ,DUR+ ! 0SURGE0 ( ,AM]ICAN TROOPS 9 #b#h1 ATTACK]S LAUN*$ FUSILLADES ( MASSIVE 0LOB BOMBS0--EXPLOSIVE-FILL$ GAS CYL9D]S PROPELL$ BY CRUDE ROCKET 5G9ES--FROM FLATB$ TRUCKS P>K$ ALONGSIDE ,U4,S4 BASES4 ,! OP]ATORS1 !IR 9T5T CLE>LY SUICIDAL1 W]E 9EVITABLY ANNIHILAT$1 BUT ONLY AFT] UNLEA%+ H\RS ( BOMB>DM5T4 ,SU* W]E ! F]OCITY & EFFECTIV5ESS ( ! ATTACKS1 & ! ALLIES' 9ABILITY EFFECTIVELY TO /OP !M1 ?AT !Y BEGAN TO UND]M9E ! WILL ( ! ,U4,S4 TO REMA94 ,EV5 BE=E ,B>ACK ,OBAMA'S ELECTION AS PRESID5T 9 #bh :5 DUR+ ! CAMPAIGN HE HAD PROMIS$ TO )DRAW ,U4,S4 TROOPS FROM ,IRAQ1 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ,GEORGE ,W4 ,BU% HAD DECL>$ A DATE :5 ! SOLDI]S W\LD LEAVE4 

,9 ,AF<ANI/AN1 ALLI$ W> PLANN]S PREP>+ ! #bb 9VASION HAD EXPECT$ A MORE IRREGUL> RESI/ANCE4 ,! ,TALIBAN :O RAN ! C\NTRY W]E MORE MILITIA ?AN A CONV5TIONALLY ORGANIZ$ >MY1 MORE ,A,K-#d#g ?AN ,MA9 ,BATTLE ,TANK 7?\< !Y DID HAVE A FEW TANKS1 AT LEA/ BE=E ! ALLI$ AIR/RIKES BEGAN74 ,!IR TACTICS HAD BE5 HON$ 9 DECADES ( FI<T+ AGA9/ O!R ,AF<AN MILITIAS & CONV5TIONAL MILIT>Y =CES DUR+ ! ,SOVIET OCCUPATION 9 ! #a#i#hS4 

,ADEPT AT AMBU% & HIT-&-RUN ATTACKS1 ! ,TALIBAN FI<T]S W]E EXTREMELY H>DY & ABLE TO 5DURE LONG P]IODS )\T LOGI/ICAL SUPPORT4 ,AFT] TREKK+ OV] ,AF<ANI/AN'S H>% T]RA91 !Y W\LD LAUN* AN ATTACK ) ,R,P,GS & MA*9E GUNS1 & OCCASIONALLY A HEAVI] WEAPON LIKE A MORT> OR SMALL >TILL]Y PIECE1 !N MELT AWAY 9TO ! UN=GIV+ C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! ,TALIBAN W]E NOT KN[N1 H[EV]1 TO USE SUICIDE ATTACKS4 ,DUR+ ! ,SOVIET OCCUPATION ( ,AF<ANI/AN1 !RE W]E NO KN[N 9/ANCES ( SU* TACTICS1 EXCEPT V]Y OCCASIONALLY BY =EIGN MUJAHIDE5 FI<T]S1 SOME ( :OM LAT] BECAME 9FAM\S AS ,AL ,QA$A4 

,:5 ,I WAS PO/$ TO ,AF<ANI/AN AS A DIPLOMAT %ORTLY AFT] ! ALLI$ 9VASION1 ! DEF5SES ( \R EMBASSY REFLECT$ ?IS ASSESSM5T ( ! ,TALIBAN'S MILIT>Y CAPABILITIES4 ,! EMBASSY WAS LOCAT$ 9 A COMP\ND SURR\ND$ BY HI<1 ?ICK WALLS4 ,ATOP ! WALLS WAS ANO!R HI< F5CE ( /URDY NETT+1 DESIGN$ TO PREV5T ! FLI<T ( ,R,P,GS 9TO ! COMP\ND4 

,9 ! E>LY DAYS1 DUR+ & AFT] ! ALLI$ 9VASION1 ?IS MILIT>Y ASSESSM5T PROV$ CORRECT4 ,BUT AFT] A :ILE1 AS 9 ,IRAQ1 ?+S BEGAN TO *ANGE4 ,! H>B+] HAD TAK5 PLACE ON ,SEPTEMB] #i1 #b#a1 AN EV5T OV]%AD[$ BY ! ATTACKS %ORTLY AFT]W>DS 9 ,WA%+TON & ,NEW ,YORK4 ,SUICIDE BOMB]S POS+ AS A TELEVISION FILM CREW ASSASS9AT$ ! ANTI-,TALIBAN MUJAHIDE5 LEAD]1 ,AHM$ ,%AH ,MASS\D4 ,SETT+ UP ! CAM]A TO FILM HIM1 ! 0CAM]AMAN0 BLEW HIMSELF UP1 & FATALLY W\ND$ ,MASS\D1 :O DI$ A FEW H\RS LAT]4 ,9DICATIVE ( ! *ANG+ & MULT9ATIONAL NATURE ( ?AT CONFLICT1 ! BOMB]S W]E ,TUNISIAN2 ! CAM]A HAD BE5 /OL5 9 ,GR5OBLE1 ,FRANCE4 

,!RE W]E O!R ANTEC$5TS4 ,! ,TAMIL ,TIG]S US$ SUICIDE ATTACKS EXT5SIVELY AGA9/ ! ,SRI ,LANKAN >MY 7&1 SOMETIMES1 CIVILIANS7 9 !IR FI<T = A SEP>ATE ,TAMIL HOMEL& 9 NOR!RN ,SRI ,LANKA4 ,HEZBOLLAH CADRES US$ BOMB-LAD5 C>S & EXPLOSIVE-BE>+ 9DIVIDUALS TO ATTACK ,ISRAELI >MY PATROLS & CONVOYS DUR+ ,ISRAEL'S OCCUPATION ( S\!RN ,LEBANON4 ,TO ?OSE WAT*+ ELSE:]E1 ! TE*NIQUE APPE>$ CRUCIAL 9 DISLODG+ AN 5EMY :I* O!RWISE 5JOY$ A MASSIVE MILIT>Y ADVANTAGE3 ,ISRAEL'S CONV5TIONAL /R5G? 9 TANKS & AIRCRAFT WAS F> SUP]IOR TO ,HEZBOLLAH'S4 ,ISRAEL )DREW FROM ,LEBANON 9 #b1 DEMORALIZ$ BY ! SUICIDE ATTACKS IT C\LD NOT EFFECTIVELY PREV5T4 

,BUT IT WAS ! SUICIDE ATTACKS 9 ,IRAQ ?AT SEEM$ TO HAVE ! MO/ 9FLU5CE4 ,AS SU* ATTACKS M\NT$ 9 ,IRAQ & 9CREAS$ ! DISCOM=T ( ! ALLIES1 SUICIDE ATTACKS BECAME MORE FREQU5T 9 ,AF<ANI/AN1 :]E BE=E !Y HAD B>ELY FEATUR$4 ,ALLI$ TROOPS1 & EV5 TRUCKS C>RY+ HUMANIT>IAN SUPPLIES1 W]E =C$ TO =M CONVOYS1 PROTECT$ BY TANKS & >MOR$ VEHICLES4 ,NOT A S+LE MAJOR ROAD WAS SAFE TO TRAVEL4 

,9 BO? ,IRAQ & ,AF<ANI/AN1 ! USE ( SUICIDE BOMB+S PRODUC$ ITS [N CONSEQU5CES4 ,AM]ICAN & ALLI$ =CES W]E =C$ TO ADOPT AGGRESSIVE DEF5SIVE TACTICS TO PREV5T ATTACKS1 9CLUD+ *ALL5G+1 %OOT+ & DE/ROY+ PEOPLE OR VEHICLES ?AT APPROA*$ ALLI$ PATROLS TOO CLOSELY & IGNOR$ 7OR FAIL$ TO HE> OR UND]/&7 ! W>N+S GIV5 !M4 

,! CONSEQU5CES ( !SE TACTICS CAN BE IMAG9$ & W]E REALIZ$ 9 CIVILIAN DEA?S & GR[+ ANTIPA?Y TO 0! OCCUPI]S40 ,ELEV5 MEMB]S ( ! SAME ,IRAQI FAMILY W]E %OT DEAD 9 !IR C> APPROA*+ COALITION TROOPS1 JU/ DAYS AFT] ! FIR/ SUICIDE ATTACK 9 ,M>* #b#c4.<#b#f.>  ,! EFFECTS ON ! TROOPS OBLIG$ TO ADOPT !SE TACTICS CAN ALSO BE IMAG9$4 ,AS 9 ,IRAQ1 DEBATES GREW AB\T ! WISDOM ( A LONG-T]M ALLI$ MILIT>Y PRES5CE 9 ,AF<ANI/AN4 ,ONE REASON = ! SPREAD ( ! TE*NIQUE ( SUICIDE ATTACKS WAS ALL TOO CLE>3 ,IT WORK$4 

,?IS WAS A NEW PH5OM5ON4 ,NORMALLY1 ! DEPLOYM5T ( P>TICUL> MILIT>Y TE*NIQUES--A]IAL BOMB+1 MASS >MOR$ ASSAULT--WAS A FUNCTION ( H>DW>E3 ! AVAILABILITY ( TANKS OR AIRCRAFT1 & C>EFULLY CON/RUCT$ /RATEGY4 ,!SE FACTORS !MSELVES >E FUNCTIONS ( O!RS3 ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T & ! DEGREE ( ORGANIZATION )9 BO? ! MILIT>Y & SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,! SPREAD ( SUICIDE BOMB+S WAS DIFF]5T4 ,!Y W]E SPREAD+ LIKE A VIRUS4 ,IF !IR APPE>ANCE WAS CORRELAT$ ) ANY?+1 IT WAS NOT ! DEGREE ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T OR MILIT>Y ORGANIZATION1 BUT !IR OPPOSITES4 

,SOME ANALY/S SUGGE/ ?AT COMMON TO SUICIDE ATTACK]S IS !IR /RATEGIC OBJECTIVE TO REMOVE OCCUPI]S FROM DESIR$ T]RITORY2.<#b#g.>  SOME ?AT RELIGI\S IDEOLOGY1 & 9 P>TICUL> ,SALAFI JIHADISM1 IS ! DRIV+ =CE4.<#b#h.>  ,:ATEV] ! DEBATE AB\T MOTIVES1 !RE IS AGREEM5T ?AT ! 9CID5CE ( SUICIDE ATTACKS HAS DRAMATICALLY 9CREAS$ EV]Y:]E OV] ! LA/ TWO DECADES1 & P>TICUL>LY ! LA/ FEW YE>S4 ,SUICIDE ATTACKS W]E NOT CONF9$ TO RELIGI\SLY MOTIVAT$ T]RORI/ GR\PS LIKE ,HEZBOLLAH1 ! ,TALIBAN OR ,AL ,QA$A2 9 ,TURKEY'S ,KURDI% REGIONS & ,SRI ,LANKA1 ! TE*NIQUE WAS US$ BY GR\PS DRIV5 PRIM>ILY BY SECUL>1 & 9DE$ NATIONALI/1 IDEOLOGY4.<#b#i.>  ,:ATEV] ! MOTIVATION1 ! EMPIRICAL RESULTS--( CASUALTIES CAUS$1 & POLITICAL EFFECTS 9 CONSEQU5CE--W]E DEMON/RABLE4 

,?IS REC5T TR5D HAD E>LI] PREC$5TS4 ,JAPAN EMPLOY$ KAMIKAZE ATTACKS ONLY DUR+ ! LA/ /AGES ( ! ,PACIFIC W>1 :5 ALL *ANCE ( /RATEGIC VICTORY HAD EVAPORAT$4 ,! ,JAPANESE LEAD]%IP DID1 H[EV]1 5C\RAGE ! ATTACKS1 AFT] 9ITIAL EXP]IM5T1 = ! V]Y SAME REASON3 ,!Y WORK$4 ,DUR+ BATTLES SU* AS ?AT 9 ,LEYTE ,GULF1 ! ,U4,S4 ,NAVY LO/ SCORES ( VESSELS TO KAMIKAZE ATTACKS4 ,A LAT] SURVEY %[$ ?AT KAMIKAZE MISSIONS W]E F\R TO FIVE TIMES MORE LIKELY ?AN CONV5TIONAL MISSIONS TO DAMAGE OR S9K !IR T>GETS4.<#c.> 

,JU/ AS TODAY'S SUICIDE ATTACK]S >E (T5 *>ACT]IZ$ AS FANATICAL & !RE=E IRRATIONAL1 ! KAMIKAZES HAVE BE5 SIMIL>LY DISMISS$ AS ! PRODUCT ( DEA?-LOV+ SAMURAI CULTLIKE ?9K+ ?AT GRIPP$ ! ,JAPANESE MILIT>Y ELITES4 ,BUT = !M1 TOO1 !RE WAS A LOGIC3 ,! HI<] ! PRICE EXACT$ UPON ,U4,S4 =CES APPROA*+ ! ,JAPANESE HOMEL&1 ! MORE1 !Y HOP$1 ,AM]ICA W\LD HESITATE TO ATTACK ! HOME ISL&S1 & W\LD 9/EAD SUE = A PEACE MORE FAVORABLE TO ,JAPAN4 ,JU/ AS 9 ,IRAQ1 ,LEBANON & N[ ,AF<ANI/AN1 SUICIDE ATTACKS W]E P]MITT$ BY A CULTURE ?AT CELEBRAT$ DEA? 9 COMBAT1 BUT ALSO1 & ABOVE ALL1 BECAUSE !Y HAD A PALPABLE & SUCCESSFUL POLITICAL EFFECT4 

,BY #b#e1 ! USE ( SUICIDE BOMB+S HAD SPREAD TO ,BALI & ,BRITA91 :I* SUFF]$ MAJOR SUICIDE ATTACKS ON ! ,LONDON ,UND]GR\ND & BUSSES ?AT YE>4 ,! ,U4,S4 ( C\RSE HAD ALREADY SE5 SU* ATTACKS ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#a1 #b#a4 ,9 ,MUMBAI 9 #b#i1 SUICIDE ATTACK]S KILL$ NE>LY TWO HUNDR$ PEOPLE & W\ND$ MORE ?AN ?REE HUNDR$ 9 A ?REE-DAY RAMPAGE ( %OOT+ & MURD]4 ,SUICIDE ATTACKS >E N[ COMMONPLACE ACROSS ,NOR? ,AFRICA & ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 ,PAKI/AN & ! ,HORN ( ,AFRICA1 & HAVE SPREAD ELSE:]E1 9CLUD+ SUB-,SAH>AN ,AFRICA1 ,TURKEY1 ! ,CAUCASUS1 ,9DONESIA & ! ,9DIAN SUBCONT95T & EV5 ,IRAN1 :]E 9 #b#a1 SUICIDE BOMB]S KILL$ ?IRTY-N9E4 

,DESPICABLE AS SOME MAY F9D IT1 SUICIDE BOMB+ HAS BE5 P]HAPS ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL POLITICAL-MILIT>Y TE*NIQUE ( ! LATE TW5TIE? & E>LY TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURIES3 ,9 CONFLICTS ?AT >E AB\T DIFF]5T IDEOLOGIES1 T]RITORIES & RELIGIONS1 FI<T]S HAVE ADOPT$ ! TE*NIQUE )\T PREJUDICE4 ,9 ITS HORROR1 SUICIDE BOMB+ (F]S UP AN 9SI<T 9TO SOME?+ IMPORTANT1 SOME?+ AB\T H[ *ANGE HAPP5S1 & H[ WE AS PEOPLE WORK1 & ?US H[ ?+S MI<T BE *ANG$ = ! BETT]--BUT )\T KILL+ PEOPLE4 ,CURI\SLY1 ?AT LESSON IS APP>5T TOO 9 SPORTS /ADIUMS4 

,AT MANY A BASEBALL GAME1 IT TAKES ONLY ONE1 OR A SMALL GR\P1 TO /&1 RAISE !IR >MS 9 AN ATTEMPT TO />T A WAVE 7!Y MAY :OOP OR *E] AT ?AT PO9T74 ,SOMETIMES ! ATTEMPT IS IGNOR$1 BUT AT O!R TIMES IT MI<T 9ITIATE A COORD9AT$ YET SPONTANE\S MOTION ( T5S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE >\ND ! /ADIUM4 ,IT'S FRIVOL\S1 FUN1 BUT ALSO ODDLY MOV+3 0,WE'RE 9 ?IS TOGE!R40 

,9 HIS BOOK ,H]D1 M>KET+ GURU ,M>K ,E>LS EXPLA9S :Y PEOPLE BUY :AT !Y DO1 OR RA!R H[ !Y >E 9FLU5C$ BY ! P]SON SITT+--OR :OOP+--NEXT TO !M4 ,E>LS CITES ! SALES PH5OM5ON ( ! ,APPLE I,POD4 ,HE DESCRIBES H[ ! COLOR ( ! HEADPHONE CABLE WAS A CRUCIAL FACTOR 9 ! DEVICE'S DRAMATIC SALES SUCCESS4 ,! UNUSUAL :ITE COLOR ( ! CORDS ATTRACT$ PEOPLE'S ATT5TION--& 5ABL$ !M = ONCE TO SEE ! BR& *OICES ( !IR PE]S EV5 ?\< ! PRODUCT ITSELF REMA9$ HIDD53 ,! CABLES MADE ! O!RWISE PRIVATE *OICE VISIBLE4 ,! 9NOVATIVE FEATURES ( ! PRODUCT W]E ( C\RSE A VITAL FACTOR 9 ! ULTIMATE DECISION TO BUY ! I,POD1 BUT IT WAS ! :ITE CORDS ?AT TRIGG]$ ! *A9 ( EV5TS ?AT L$ TO ! PUR*ASE4 

,E>LS SUGGE/S ?AT MO/ ( \R LIVES >E 0QUOTATIONS FROM ! LIVES ( O!RS10 AS ,OSC> ,WILDE PUT IT1 A PH5OM5ON EVID5T 9 ! SPREAD ( AGRICULTURAL ME*ANIZATION ACROSS ,AM]ICA'S ,MIDWE/ 9 ! LATE N9ETE5? & E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 :5 F>M]S B\<T TRACTORS :5 !Y SAW !IR NEI<BORS HAD !M2 OR ! NAMES WE GIVE \R *ILDR5 & ! MUSIC WE LI/5 TO4 ,ALL ( !SE TR5DS1 ,E>LS ASS]TS1 >E %AP$ BY SOCIAL 9FLU5CE FIR/ & =EMO/1 & NOT BY \R [N 9DEP5D5T DECISIONS OR ! 9H]5T APPEAL ( ! ?+ BE+ *OS54 

,HI!RTO1 ECONOMIC !ORY HAS SUGGE/$ ?AT RATIONAL *OICE--A WEI<+ UP ( ! CO/S & B5EFITS--IS ! PRIM>Y BASIS = DECISION MAK+1 & P>TICUL>LY PUR*ASE DECISIONS4 ,BUT IT TURNS \T ?AT NO?+ MORE COMPLICAT$ ?AN MIMICRY MAY BE A BETT] EXPLANATION ( :Y PEOPLE BUY :AT !Y DO4 ,AS ONE CORRESPOND5T TO ! ,NEW ,SCI5TI/ PUT IT1 MAN %\LD NOT BE NAM$ ,HOMO SAPI5S1 0WISE MAN10 BUT ,HOMO MIMICUS1 0COPY+ MAN40 

,CONV5TIONAL ECONOMIC !ORY CLAIMS ?AT HUMANS CALCULATE BY NUMB]S1 ASSESS+ RATIONALLY ! PR(IT & LOSS ( ANY TRANSACTION4 ,BUT IT APPE>S ?AT EV5 9 DECID+ \R F9ANCES1 LIKE TAK+ ON OR AB&ON+ A MORTGAGE1 ! BEHAVIOR ( O!RS IS 9FLU5TIAL4 ,! H]DLIKE POPUL>ITY ( SUBPRIME MORTGAGES IS ALREADY WELL DOCUM5T$4 ,MORE REC5TLY1 ! PRACTICE ( AB&ON+ PROP]TIES :OSE MORTGAGES CO/ MORE ?AN ! VALUE ( ! H\SE HAS SPREAD 0LIKE A CONTAGION10 ACCORD+ TO A REC5T /UDY1 AS BO? ITS ECONOMIC RATIONALE BUT ALSO1 CRUCIALLY1 ITS SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY HAVE GR[N3 0,IT'S OKAY TO WALK AWAY40.<#c#a.>  ,RESE>*]S F\ND ?AT BORR[]S W]E #bc P]C5T MORE LIKELY TO DEFAULT ON !IR MORTGAGE ONCE !IR NEI<BORS HAD DONE ! SAME4 

,?IS ME*ANISM IS EVID5T ELSE:]E4 ,! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T COMMISSION$ RESE>* TO F9D \T H[ TO P]SUADE PEOPLE TO ADOPT MORE PRO-5VIRONM5T BEHAVIOR1 = EXAMPLE TO LIMIT !IR C>BON EMISSIONS4 ,! RESE>* F\ND ?AT GOV]NM5T WAS ITSELF AN 9EFFECTIVE DEVICE TO 5C\RAGE BEHAVIORAL *ANGE3 ,PEOPLE DID NOT TRU/ GOV]NM5T & BELIEV$ IT WAS US+ CLIMATE >GUM5TS AS AN EXCUSE SIMPLY TO RAISE TAXES4.<#c#b.>  7,9DE$1 ?IS DI/RU/ IS ONE REASON :Y GOV]NM5T MAY BE 9EFFECTIVE 9 PROMOT+ ! *ANGE NECESS>Y TO PROTECT ! 5VIRONM5T47 ,9/EAD1 ! RESE>* F\ND1 ! GOV]NM5T W\LD NE$ TO RECRUIT MORE 9FLU5TIAL AG5TS TO P]SUADE PEOPLE TO ACT4 ,!SE W]E NOT SCI5TI/S1 (FICIALS OR EXP]TS1 ALL ( :OM W]E NEV]!LESS MORE TRU/$ ?AN GOV]NM5T4 ,?OSE ) ! MO/ POT5TIAL TO 9FLU5CE O!RS' BEHAVIOR W]E1 ! RESE>*]S CONCLUD$1 \R NEXT-DOOR NEI<BORS4 ,9DE$1 IT APPE>S FROM ANO!R /UDY ?AT PEOPLE TAKE MORE NOTICE ( EA* O!R'S ACTIONS ?AN !Y DO ( =MAL RULES4 

,RESE>*]S AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,GRON+5 9 ! ,NE!RL&S TRI$ TO SEE :E!R ! WELL-KN[N 0BROK5W9D[S !ORY0 ( POLIC+ ACTUALLY WORK$3 ! CONCEPT ?AT IF POLICE AGGRESSIVELY T>GET M9OR CRIME1 SU* AS LITT]+ & V&ALISM1 !Y WILL R$UCE OV]ALL LAWLESSNESS1 9CLUD+ MAJOR CRIME1 LIKE ASSAULT & MUGG+4.<#c#c.>  ,! RESE>*]S RAN V>I\S EXP]IM5TS TO F9D \T H[ CONTEXT--! 5VIRONM5T PEOPLE 5C\NT]--AFFECTS BEHAVIOR1 9CLUD+ LAW-BREAK+4 ,! RESE>*]S W]E TRY+ TO UND]/& H[ DISORD]LY BEHAVIOR SPREADS4 

,9 ONE EXP]IM5T1 !Y TE/$ :E!R PEOPLE TOOK MORE NOTICE ( A CLE> LEGAL PROHIBITION--A POLICE SIGN TELL+ PEOPLE NOT TO LOCK !IR BICYCLES AT A P>TICUL> SPOT--OR ( :E!R O!R PEOPLE W]E VIOLAT+ ! RULE BY LOCK+ !IR [N BICYCLES !RE4 ,TO TE/ ?IS1 !Y RAN SC5>IOS ) & )\T ! SIGN1 & ! PRES5CE OR ABS5CE ( O!R RULE-VIOLATORS3 PEOPLE ILLEGALLY LOCK+ !IR BIKES4 

,! /UDY'S RESULTS W]E CLE>4 ,PEOPLE W]E MORE 9CL9$ TO VIOLATE ! RULE & LOCK !IR BICYCLES ILLEGALLY IF !Y SAW O!RS DO+ ! SAME ?+1 REG>DLESS ( :AT ! POLICE SIGN SAID4 ,! /UDY'S AU?ORS SUGGE/ ?AT !IR EVID5CE !RE=E CONFIRMS ! BROK5W9D[S !ORY4 ,AS SU*1 ! /UDY C\LD BE TAK5 AS AFFIRMATION ( AN ASS]TIVE POLIC+ MODEL :]E POLICE ACT QUICKLY & ROBU/LY TO DEAL ) M9OR VIOLATIONS1 & ?US DET] MORE S]I\S CRIME4 ,BUT ! /UDY ALSO IMPLIES A MORE SUBV]SIVE MESSAGE4 ,! ,GRON+5 EXP]IM5TS %[ ?AT NORMS >E MORE IMPORTANT ?AN RULES3 ,IT IS ! ACTIONS ( O!R PEOPLE ?AT HAVE ! MO/ 9FLU5CE ON :AT WE DO4 

,E>LS (F]S ! WAVE AS A METAPHOR = ?IS MODEL ( *ANGE--IT IS ALSO 9 ITS WAY AN EXAMPLE4 ,IT TAKES NO 9/RUCTION OR AU?ORITY TO 9ITIATE ! ROLL+ WAVE ( SPECTATORS /&+ UP & LIFT+ !IR >MS AT A SPORTS /ADIUM4 ,ONE OR TWO PEOPLE MI<T TRY TO />T A WAVE4 ,IF O!RS >\ND !M FOLL[1 ! WAVE CAN QUICKLY RIPPLE >\ND ! /ADIUM1 9VOLV+ T5S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE 9 AN UTT]LY SPONTANE\S YET COORD9AT$ ACT4 ,! PO9T IS A CLE> ONE3 ,! P]SON MO/ IMPORTANT 9 9FLU5C+ *ANGE MAY BE ! P]SON /&+ RI<T NEXT TO Y\4 

,SUICIDE BOMB+ & ! WAVE ?US (F] /RIK+LY SIMIL> LESSONS 9 H[ TO AFFECT O!RS4 ,9TRIGU+LY1 BO? SUGGE/ ?AT IT IS ACTION 9 ! MICROCOSMOS1 \R [N LITTLE UNIV]SE1 ?AT MATT]S MO/3 :AT WE DO4 ,?IS IS NOT ! ONLY P>ALLEL4 

,FIR/1 NEI!R SUICIDE BOMB] NOR WAV] LOOKS TO ANYONE ELSE1 LET ALONE !IR GOV]NM5T1 TO PRODUCE ! DESIR$ EFFECT4 ,SIMPLY1 IF Y\ WANT TO />T A WAVE1 Y\ DO NOT WAIT = SOMEONE ELSE TO /& UP4 ,MORE />KLY1 ! SUICIDE BOMB] IS PREP>$ TO SACRIFICE !IR [N BODY & EXI/5CE TO ATTACK !IR 5EMY4 ,HORRIBLE ?\< IT MAY BE1 IT IS TRULY A POLITICS ( P]SONAL & DIRECT ACTION4 

,SECOND1 ! ACTION IS DIRECTLY L9K$ TO ! DESIR$ EFFECT--9 FACT1 ! ACTION IS ?AT EFFECT4 ,/&+ UP 9 Y\R /ADIUM SEAT1 ?\< A SMALL ACTION 9 A CR[D ( ?\S&S1 CON/ITUTES ! />T ( A WAVE4 ,9 CONTRA/1 VOT+ = A WAVE TO BE />T$ MO/ EMPHATICALLY DOES NOT CON/ITUTE ! />T ( A WAVE4 ,DETONAT+ A BOMB ?AT KILLS Y\R ATTACK]S1 AS WELL AS Y\RSELF AS ! NECESS>Y ADJUNCT1 MAY BE VIEW$ BY MANY ( US AS UNCONSCIONABLE BUT IT DOES CON/ITUTE RESI/ANCE 9 A V]Y MAT]IAL &--(T5--EFFECTIVE MANN]4 ,ACTION & CONSEQU5CE >E CONNECT$ )\T 9T]M$IATION4 

,?IRD1 BO? SUICIDE BOMB+ & WAVES CAN PLAUSIBLY BE REPLICAT$ BY O!RS1 9DE$ 9 ! CASE ( ! WAVE1 ?AT IS ! V]Y PO9T4 ,ONE REASON :Y SUICIDE BOMB+ HAS PROV5 SO EFFECTIVE IS ?AT IT REQUIRES V]Y LITTLE TRA9+ TO UND]TAKE & IS RELATIVELY *EAP COMP>$ TO O!R MILIT>Y TACTICS3 ,O!RS CAN EASILY IMITATE ! TACTIC4 ,AN UN$UCAT$ PEASANT CAN SUICIDE-BOMB AS EFFECTIVELY AS AN EXP]I5C$ 9FANTRYMAN4 ,9DE$1 IT W\LD BE A WA/E ( A TRA9$ SOLDI] TO EXP5D HIM SO4 

,F\R?1 ! ACTION (F]S ! POSSIBILITY ( REAL & IMM$IATE *ANGE4 ,! WAVE1 IF 9ITIAT$ AT ALL1 IS 9ITIAT$ IMM$IATELY4 ,?IS MU/ BE V]Y SATISFY+ TO ! P]SON :O /&S UP TO />T IT 7,I HAVE NEV] DONE ?IS74 ,! SUICIDE BOMB]1 IF SUCCESSFUL1 WILL DE/ROY ! 5EMY VEHICLE OR ! PEOPLE HE OR %E IS T>GET+4 ,?\< !Y WILL DIE 9 ! PROCESS1 ! EFFECT !Y SEEK IS AS IMM$IATELY =?COM+ AS !IR [N DEA?4 

,& 9 ONE CRUCIAL RESPECT1 ( C\RSE1 SUICIDE BOMB]S & WAV]S >E V]Y DIFF]5T4 ,UNLESS CO]C$1 :I* !Y SOMETIMES >E1 SUICIDE BOMB]S >E MOTIVAT$ BY A BELIEF 7SOME W\LD CALL IT FANATICISM7 SO GREAT ?AT !Y >E WILL+ TO SACRIFICE !IR LIVES4 ,?IS TOO HELPS EXPLA9 ! UNIQUELY P]SUASIVE P[] ( SUICIDE BOMB+4 ,ALONG ) ! BOMB BELTS PORT5D+ ! DEA?S ( !MSELVES & !IR VICTIMS1 SUICIDE BOMB]S C>RY SOME?+ ELSE1 UND5IABLY3 CONVICTION4 

,& H]E IS :]E WE MU/ AB&ON ! EXAMPLE ( ! WAVE AS TOO SUP]FICIAL1 = H[EV] FUN1 FEW W\LD BE MU* IMPRESS$ BY ! CONVICTION ( ?OSE P>TICIPAT+ 9 A WAVE4 ,& IT IS CONVICTION ?AT CONV9CES4 

,SUICIDE BOMB]S ILLU/RATE ?IS TRU? ) HORRIFIC VIOL5CE1 BUT O!RS--,G&HI1 ,AM]ICAN CIVIL RI<TS PROTE/]S--HAVE %[N ! UNIQUELY P]SUASIVE =CE ( NONVIOL5CE4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 IT WAS CONVICTION ?AT PROPELL$ ! ACTION2 IT WAS ! ACTION ?AT RECRUIT$ O!RS TO ! CAUSE4 ,?US1 AN ESS5TIAL FIR/ /EP TO PRODUCE ANY LA/+ 9FLU5CE & *ANGE IS ! DISCOV]Y ( CONVICTION4 

,?IS DISCOV]Y IS SOMETIMES A P]SONAL REALIZATION2 SOMETIMES IT IS CONDUCT$ ) O!RS4 ,= ,G&HI1 IT BEGAN 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA :5 AS A 0COLOR$0 HE WAS ?R[N (F A :ITES-ONLY TRA94 ,9 ,ALABAMA 9 #a#i#e#e1 FIFTE5-YE>-OLD ,CLAUDETTE ,COLV9 WAS RID+ ! BUS HOME FROM S*OOL :5 ! DRIV] DEM&$ ?AT %E GIVE UP H] SEAT = A MIDDLE-AG$ :ITE WOMAN1 EV5 ?\< ?REE O!R SEATS 9 ! R[ W]E EMPTY4 ,CLAUDETTE ,COLV9 REFUS$ TO BUDGE4 ,AS %E PUT IT1 0,IF %E SAT D[N 9 ! SAME R[ AS ME1 IT MEANT ,I WAS AS GOOD AS H]40.<#c#d.> 

,COLV9 WAS >RE/$4 ,TWO POLICE (FIC]S1 ONE ( !M KICK+ H]1 DRAGG$ H] (F ! BUS & H&CUFF$ H]4 ,ON ! WAY TO ! POLICE /ATION1 !Y TOOK TURNS TRY+ TO GUESS H] BRA SIZE4 ,COLV9'S ACTION TOOK PLACE SIX MON?S BE=E ! SAME WAS DONE BY ,ROSA ,P>KS1 :OSE REFUSAL & >RE/ >E ! MORE CELEBRAT$1 BUT TOGE!R !IR ACTIONS TRIGG]$ A BUS BOYCOTT4 ,! C\RT CASE OCCASION$ BY ! BOYCOTT1 AT :I* ,CLAUDETTE ,COLV9 TE/IFI$1 EFFECTIVELY 5D$ BUS SEGREGATION4 ,AS ,DAVID ,G>R[1 A BIOGRAPH] ( ,M>T9 ,LU!R ,K+1 ,JR41 COMM5T$1 0,IT'S AN IMPORTANT REM9D] ?AT CRUCIAL *ANGE IS (T5 IGNIT$ BY V]Y PLA91 UNREM>KABLE PEOPLE :O !N DISAPPE>40.<#c#e.> 

,9T]E/+LY1 NETWORK RESE>*]S HAVE F\ND SIMIL> EFFECTS4 ,CONTR>Y TO SOME REC5T POPUL> BOOKS1 SU* AS ,! ,TIPP+ ,PO9T1 IT IS NOT NECESS>ILY A FEW KEY 9FLU5C]S :O CREATE VIRAL TR5DS2 IT CAN BE ANYONE4.<#a#f#c.> ,9 FACT1 ,DUNCAN ,WATTS HAS F\ND ?AT PR$ICT+ :O IS 9FLU5TIAL 9 />T+ OR %AP+ ANY P>TICUL> TR5D IS MORE OR LESS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,?IS MAY BE BAD NEWS = ADV]TIZ]S TRY+ TO SAVE MONEY BY T>GET+ !IR CAMPAIGNS TO A FEW KEY 9FLU5C]S1 BUT 9 T]MS ( POLITICAL *ANGE1 IT IS V]Y EXCIT+4 ,ANYONE CAN 9ITIATE A PR(\ND SOCIAL *ANGE4 

,:ATEV] ! 9SI<TS ( NETWORK !ORY OR M>KET+ GURUS1 POLITICAL *ANGE IS RA!R DIFF]5T FROM BUY+ I,PODS OR D[NLOAD+ ! LATE/ ,LADY ,GAGA S+LE4 ,\R BELIEFS AB\T RI<T & WRONG >E P[]FULLY HELD2 TO %IFT ! CONVICTIONS ( O!RS REQUIRES PR(\ND EXP]I5CE OR EQUAL IF NOT MORE P[]FUL CONVICTION1 SOME?+ RA!R MORE SUB/ANTIAL ?AN CLICK+ 0LIKE0 ON A ,FACEBOOK PAGE4 ,9 A WORD1 ACTION4 

,!SE =CES >E RA!R H>D] TO MEASURE1 ?\< SOMEH[ WE CAN TELL :5 SU* EXP]I5CE /RIKES OR :5 WE >E MOV$ BY ! ACTIONS ( O!RS3 ,Y\ KN[ IT :5 Y\ SEE IT4 ,CONVICTION CAN BE F\ND 9 MYRIAD DIFF]5T WAYS1 BUT IT CAN R>ELY BE TOLD3 ,AS 9 ALL GOOD !AT]1 IT IS BETT] %[N4 

,TO F9D TRUE POLITICAL CONVICTION1 BELIEFS ?AT MOVE US & O!RS MU/ BE TE/$1 LIV$1 EMBODI$1 JU/ AS SUICIDE BOMB]S1 HORRIBLY1 EMBODIES !IRS4 ,& = ?IS TO HAPP51 IT'S NECESS>Y FIR/ TO CONFRONT A PA9FUL REALITY4 

,IT IS COM=T+ TO BELIEVE ?AT GOV]NM5TS CAN PROVIDE = US1 & PROTECT US4 ,GOV]NM5TS WANT US TO BELIEVE IT1 & WE WANT TO BELIEVE !M4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 IT IS EV] MORE EVID5T ?AT ?IS COM=TABLE PACT BETWE5 US RE/S UPON WEAK F\NDATIONS 9DE$4 

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