,! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 

,TEXT 3 

,?IS YE> M>KS ! #a? ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,ORGANIZE6 9VE/IGATES ?IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT & MU*-MISUND]/OOD EV5T4 

,MEXICO 9 #aia WAS A L& :]E AN EM]G+ WORK+ CLASS WAS ADOPT+ RADICAL =MS ( ORGANIZATION & /RUGGLE1 :]E ! 9DIG5\S PEOPLES W]E /ILL CONT9U+ !IR RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ?REE HUNDR$ YE>S ( RULE 9ITIAT$ BY ,SPA91 & :]E ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF WAS ATTEMPT+ TO DEVELOP & CONSOLIDATE ITS P[] AGA9/ ! E/ABLI%M5T 9/ITUTIONS ( ! OLD REGIMES & ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 

,! REGIME DIRECT$ BY ,PORFIRIO ,DIAZ REPRES5T$ ! 9T]E/S ( ! SMALL GR\P ( RI* [N]S ( VA/ AGRICULTURAL E/ATES1 & 9 ADDITION S]V$ ! 9T]E/S ( =EIGN CAPITAL1 9CLUD+ ?AT ( ! ,U,S,A4 ,IT WAS OPPOS$ BY V>I\S GR\PS )9 ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE :O WANT$ A NATIONAL REVOLUTION TO 9/ITUTE B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY4 ,?IS AGREEM5T WAS AT FIR/ L$ BY ,MAD]O & ,C>RANZA4 ,9 ADDITION ,C>RANZA REPRES5T$ A GR\P ( L&[N]S 9 NOR!RN ,MEXICO :O HAD BE5 EXCLUD$ FROM ! REGIME4 ,9 ADDITION !RE WAS ! MOVEM5T >\ND ! ,MAGON BRO!RS1 :I* WAS EVOLV+ 9 AN 9CREAS+LY AN>*I/ DIRECTION1 A WORK]S' MOVEM5T TO A LESS] OR GREAT] EXT5T 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,MAGONI/AS1 & /RONG RURAL MOVEM5TS1 >\ND ,EMILIANO ,ZAPATA 9 ! S\? & ,PAN*O ,VILLA 9 ! NOR?4 

,! AG+ ,DIAZ1 9 P[] = #cd YE>S1 ANN\NC$ HIS IMP5D+ RETIREM5T :I* />T$ (F ! P]IOD ( UNRE/4 ,! B\RGEOIS OPPOSITION ADVANC$ A C&IDATE TO ! ,PRESID5CY & PU%$ IT ?R\<1 RA!R ?AN GIV+ 9 TO ! CU/OM>Y COMPROMISE ) ! REGIME ?AT WAS FREQU5T 9 ,MEXICO4 ,! OPPOSITION TURN$ TO MOBILIZATION ( ! MASSES TO HELP ?IS COME AB\T4 

,?R\<\T ,MEXICO CONDITIONS W]E WILDLY DIV]G5T4 ,!RE W]E /ILL ! FREE VILLAGES BAS$ ON TRADITIONAL ,9DIAN WAYS ( ORGANIZ+1 :]E L& WAS F>M$ ON A COLLECTIVE BASIS1 !RE W]E ! LABOR]S ON ! BIG E/ATES & 9 ! TIMB] 9DU/RY 9 ! JUNGLES1 :O W]E VIRTUALLY SLAVES1 !RE W]E ! C[BOYS & RAN*&S & 9 ! NOR? & ! SMALL F>M]S 4 ,DISCONT5T HAD BE5 SL[LY BUILD+ LONG BE=E ! BID ( ,MAD]O = P[]4 ,! FREE VILLAGES W]E 9CREAS+LY UND] ?REAT1 ! BIG E/ATES W]E EXP&+1 PROPELL$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( MILLS & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SUG> CANE 9DU/RY4 

,MAD]O WAS A TYPICAL MOD]NIZ+ MEMB] ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :OSE AIMS W]E SOLELY ! DEP>TURE ( ,DIAZ & ! 9TRODUCTION ( DEMOCRACY4 ,HE N[ MADE HIMSELF POPUL> ) A PROMISE ( L& RE=M & HAD ! F9ANCIAL BACK+ ( SEV]AL ,MEXICAN & ,AM]ICAN CAPITALI/S1 AS WELL AS RELY+ ON HIS [N P]SONAL =TUNE4 

,! ,MAGON BRO!RS & ! ,P,L,M 

,!RE WAS ! MOVEM5T L$ BY ,RIC>DO ,FLORES & ,JESUS ,FLORES ,MAGON1 :I* HAD A MU* LONG] RECORD ( OPPOSITION TO ,DIAZ4 ,!Y HAD F\ND$ AN OPPOSITION J\RNAL ,REG5]ACION 9 #ai & SOON =M$ ! ,P,>TIDO ,LIB]AL ,MEXICANO 7 ,MEXICAN ,LIB]AL ,P>TY7 :I* ESS5TIALLY ADVANC$ A PROGRAM ( CIVIL RI<TS4 ,GRADUALLY1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,RIC>DO1 ?IS P>TY ORI5TAT$ ITSELF T[>DS ! 9DIG5E\S FREE COMMUNITIES & ! POOR PEASANTS4 ,! ,MAGON BRO!RS W]E =C$ 9TO EXILE 9 ! ,U,S,A41 :IL/ MA9TA9+ CONTACT ) ,P,L,M MEMB]S 9 ,MEXICO4 

,9 EXILE ,RIC>DO MET ! ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & E/ABLI%$ A FRI5D%IP ) ! ,SPANI>D ,FLOR5CIO ,BAZORA1 A FRI5D ( ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ,MALATE/A4 ,L9KS W]E =M$ ) ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,AM]ICA & ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W74 ,! ,P,L,M1 DESPITE ITS CONT9U+ TO RETA9 ! SAME TITLE1 />T$ TO TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO AN AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,MAGONI/AS BEGAN TO SMUGGLE ,REG5]ACION 9TO ,MEXICO & MASSIVE AGITATION TOOK PLACE AMONG ! WORK]S & PEASANTS4 

,! ,P,L,M ATTEMPT$ TWO 9SURRECTIONS1 9 #aif & #a#i#h1 BO? REPRESS$4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! ,U,S,A 9T]N$ SOME ( ! ,P,L,M LEAD]%IP 9 #ag = CONSPIRACY & VIOLATION ( ! LAWS ( NEUTRALITY BETWE5 ,MEXICO & ! ,U,S,A4 ,:5 ,MAD]O CALL$ = AN UPRIS+ AGA9/ ,DIAZ ON #b? ,NOVEMB] #aiaa ! ,P,L,M MOBILIZ$ ITS =CES = AN UPRIS+4 ,!Y W]E 9 FAVOR ( A TACTICAL ALLIANCE ON ! GR\ND ) ! ,MAD]O =CES AGA9/ ,DIAZ1 BUT W]E CATEGORICALLY AGA9/ A POLITICAL ALLIANCE ) !M4 ,9DE$1 ! ,P,L,M HOP$ TO W9 ELEM5TS ( ! ,MAD]I/AS OV] TO MORE RADICAL POSITIONS4 ,UN=TUNATELY ! ,MA]O UPRIS+ FAIL$1 & IT WAS ONLY 9 LATE ,DECEMB] ?AT ! MOVEM5T R5EW$ ITSELF4 ,P,L,M =CES UND] ,PRAX$IS ,GU]R]O CROSS$ ! BORD] & M>*$ ?R\< ! /ATE ( ,*IHUAHUA4 ,! ,P,L,M ROSE UP 9 N9E O!R /ATES 9 ,MEXICO1 OR*E/RAT+ JO9T MILIT>Y ACTIVITY ) ! ,MAD]I/AS & 9FLICT+ BIG DEFEATS ON ! OLD REGIME4 ,9 ,BAJA ,CALI=NIA 7SEE ! SEP>ATE >TICLE7 ! ,P,L,M SEIZ$ ,MEXICALI & ?IS DEEPLY DI/URB$ ! REGIME4 ,! ,P,L,M HOP$ 9 ! LONG RUN TO EXPROPRIATE ! BIG L&[N]S !RE1 BUT 9 ! MEANTIME1 =C$ !M TO H& OV] L>GE SUMS ( MONEY4 ,! ,P,L,M 1 9 ADDITION1 HOP$ TO USE ,BAJA ,CALI=NIA AS A BASE FROM :I* TO SUPPORT O!R ,P,L,M UNITS4 

,P,L,M UNITS GA9$ MANY VICTORIES1 9 CONTRA/ ) ! POOR MILIT>Y RECORD ( ! ,MAD]I/AS4 ,SUPPORT 9T]NATIONALLY BEGAN TO GR[ = ! ,P,L,M1 ) MANY SOCIALI/S1 SYNDICALI/S & AN>*I/S SUPPORT+ !IR CAUSE4 

,?ANKS TO ,SILVA1 A ,P,L,M GU]RILLA COMM&]1 ,MAD]O RETURN$ TO ,MEXICO FROM ! ,/ATES 1 BUT ON ! FOLL[+ DAY1 DECL>$ HIMSELF COMM&] 9 *IEF ( ! 9SURG5T =CES1 & AFT] ANO!R ,P,L,M COMM&] CAME OV] TO HIS SIDE1 >RE/$ ,SILVA = REFUS+ TO RECOGNIZE HIS AU?ORITY4 ,! SITUATION WAS COMP\ND$ BY ! SPLIT BETWE5 ! LEAD]%IP 9 EXILE 9 ! ,/ATES 1 CLE>LY AN>*I/ COMMUNI/1 & SOME ( ! ,P,L,M MEMB]%IP 9 ,MEXICO1 NOT AS POLITICALLY DEVELOP$1 & LEAD+ TO COMPROMISES ) ,MAD]O4 ,= HIS P>T ,MAD]O D5\NC$ ,P,L,M MILITANTS TO BO? ! ,U,S & ,MEXICAN GOV]NM5TS1 & PR(IT$ FROM LACK ( COMMUNICATION TO P$DLE ! MY? ?AT ! TWO MOVEM5TS W]E 9 ALLIANCE4 ,?IS DE/ROY$ ,P,L,M UNITY1 LEAD+ TO SPLITS T[>DS ,MAD]O4 ,MAD]O HAD #h LEAD+ ,MAGONI/AS >RE/$ 9 ,*IHUAHUA & #adg MEMB]S ( !IR UNITS W]E DIS>M$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME A CAMPAIGN ( SL&] BEGAN AGA9/ ! ,P,L,M ON BO? SIDES ( ! BORD]4 ,ON ! ,AM]ICAN SIDE !Y W]E PORTRAY$ AS M]E B&ITS1 ON ! ,MEXICAN SIDE !Y W]E PORTRAY$ AS TOOLS ( ,AM]ICAN 9T]E/S4 ,?IS SITUATION WAS FACILITAT$ BY ! L>GE NUMB] ( ,AM]ICAN VOLUNTE]S SWELL+ ,P,L,M RANKS1 BE !Y SOCIALI/S1 AN>*I/S OR ,I,W,W4 

,VICTORY OV] ,DIAZ 

,MAD]O F9ALLY CAME TO P[] ON #b#a/ ,MAY1 SIGN+ A TREATY ) ,DIAZ4 ,(FICIALLY1 ! ,REVOLUTION WAS OV] 1 & EV]YONE %\LD LAY D[N !IR >MS4 ,! ,P,L,M REFUS$ ?IS1 & SAW ?AT A SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS CONT9U+ )9 ,MEXICO4 ,H[EV]1 MANY 9SURG5TS N[ ?\<T ?AT ! ,MAD]O REGIME W\LD LEAD PROGRESSIVELY T[>DS GREAT] SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY )DREW ITS SUPPORT FROM ! ,P,L,M1 & TRANSF]R$ IT TO ,MAD]O4 ,ONLY A SECTION ( ! ,I,W,W & ! AN>*I/S CONT9U$ TO SUPPORT ! ,P,L,M4 

,DESPITE !SE SETBACKS ,REG5]ACION RELEAS$ A NEW MANIFE/O TO REPLACE ?AT ( #a#i#f1 CALL+ = /RUGGLE AGA9/ AU?ORITY1 ! ,*UR* & CAPITALISM1 & = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A FREE SOCIETY4 ,H[EV] 1 SOME 9FLU5TIAL MEMB]S ( ! ,P,L,M 1 9CLUD+ ,JESUS ,FLORES ,MAGON1 HAD RALLI$ TO ,MAD]O4 ,&1 9 ,JUNE #a#i#a#b1 ,RIC>DO & O!R IMPORTANT ,P,L,M MILITANTS W]E >RE/$ BY ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T & S5T5C$ TO #bc MON?S 9 JAIL = BREAK+ ! NEUTRALITY LAWS4 

,PEACE ONLY LA/$ A FEW WEEKS AFT] ! SIGN+ ( ! TREATY & SEV]AL MOVEM5TS1 9CLUD+ ?AT ( ,ZAPATA1 TOOK UP ! CRY ( ,L& & ,LIB]TY4 ,MAD]O HIMSELF WAS MURD]$ BY ! REACTION>IES & A NEW PHASE ( UNRE/ BEGAN4 ,:5 ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON CAME \T ( JAIL 9 ,JANU>Y #aiad HE R5EW$ HIS AGITATION4 ,CRITICIZ+ ! SUCCESSIVE REGIMES1 HE D5\NC$ ! MANIPULATION ( ! MASSES BY ! DIFF]5T FACTIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,HE CA/IGAT$ ,PAN*O ,VILLA = ACT+ AS !IR S]VANT1 BUT PRAIS$ ! ,ZAPATI/AS = MA9TA9+ !IR PR9CIPLES & BEHAV+ AS AN>*I/S :IL/ NOT US+ ?IS TITLE4 

,H[EV] REPRESSION WAS FALL+ MORE & MORE UPON ! ,P,L,M4 ,RIC>DO & ,L,IBRADO ,RIV]A W]E AGA9 >RE/$ BY ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T & S5T5C$ RESPECTIVELY TO #b & #ae YE>S 9 JAIL66 ,9 #aibb ,RIC>DO DI$ 9 PRISON1 ) /RONG 9DICATIONS ?AT HE HAD BE5 MURD]$ BY ! ,U,S AU?ORITIES4 ,RELEAS$ 9 #aibc ,RIV]A RETURN$ TO ,MEXICO :]E HE WAS A LEAD+ LI<T 9 ! AN>*I/ GR\P ,H]MANOS ,ROJOS71MA9TA9+ HIS CONVICTIONS UNTIL HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#c#b4 

,ZAPATA 

,9 ! S\? ,EMILIANO ,ZAPATA ORGANIZ$ >M$ B&S TO TAKE BACK COMMUNAL L&S SEIZ$ BY ! E/ATES1 SPURR$ ON BY ! BID BY ,MAD]O TO *ALL5GE ! OLD REGIME4 ,HE REPRES5T$ A NEW G5]ATION WILL+ TO FI<T & ! VILLAGE ELD]S ACCEPT$ ?IS SITUATION1 /&+ ASIDE TO LET !M TAKE OV] ! VILLAGE C\NCILS4 ,! MOVEM5T >\ND ,ZAPATA W]E DI/+UI%$ BY !IR DET]M9ATION TO RE/ORE COMMUNAL L& 4 ,AS A RESULT !Y 9CREAS$ FROM A SMALL B& TO A L>GE MOVEM5T4 ,!Y =C$ ! ,MAD]O REGIME TO TALK AB\T WIDESPREAD L& RE=MS4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS E/ABLI%$ ! ,PLAN ( ,AYALA CALL+ = ! RETURN ( SEIZ$ L&S1 & FUR!R ?AT A ?IRD ( L& [N$ BY ! E/ATES BE DI/RIBUT$ TO ! L&LESS4 ,?IS WAS DRAFT$ BY ,ZAPATA & A LOCAL AN>*I/ TEA*]1 ,OTTILIO ,E4 ,MONTANO4 ,AFT] ,HU]TA1 REPRES5T+ ! OLD REGIME1 SEIZ$ P[] & MURD]$ ,MAD]O1 MANY ,MAGONI/AS & SYNDICALI/S FL$ S\? & MADE CONTACT ) ! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T4 ,AMONG !SE W]E ,OCTAVIO ,JAHN1 A ,FR5* AN>*I/ COMMUNI/1 & ! BRO!RS ,IGNACIO & ,ANTONIO ,DIAZ ,SOTO Y ,GAMA4 

,! ,HU]TA C\P MEANT ?AT OPPOSITION WAS COM+ FROM ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE1 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T & ! RURAL MOVEM5TS4 ,9 ! NOR? ! MOVEM5T ( C[BOYS & RAN* H&S >\ND ,VILLA ADOPT$ ! ,PLAN ( ,AYALA1 EFFECTIVELY UNIT+ ! MOVEM5TS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,HU]TA WAS DEFEAT$4 ,9 ! PROCESS ! PEASANT GR\PS DISMANTL$ MANY BIG E/ATES & KILL$ OR EXPELL$ MANY (FICIALS ( ! OLD REGIME4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS F\<T A CLASSIC GU]RILLA CAMPAIGN1 MAK+ SUDD5 APPE>ANCES1 & !N DISAPPE>+ AWAY4 ,! MOVEM5T BUILT UP TO 9CLUDE T5S ( ?\S&S4 ,:5 ,HU]TA WAS SMA%$ ! ,ZAPATI/AS CONTROLL$ ! S\?4 ,! ,CONV5TION ( ,AGUASCALI5TES 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aiad :]E ! DIFF]5T =CES 9VOLV$ 9 ! SMA%+ ( ,HU]TA MET UP4 ,PEASANTS & WORK]S FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y UNITS =C$ ?R\< ! ,PLAN ( ,AYALA4 ,C>RANZA & HIS GR\P REFUS$ TO ACCEPT ?IS & SET UP !IR [N GOV]NM5T4 ,HE ! ,C>RANZI/AS N[ BEGAN TO CO-OPT 9SURG5T LEAD]S4 ,ONE ( !SE1 A ,ZAPATI/A LEAD] CALL$ ,JOSE ,R\AIX1 :O HAD BECOME GOV]NOR ( ,DURANGO1 JO9$ ,C>RANZA & TOGE!R !Y SET UP A COMMITTEE ON AGR>IAN RE=M4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ,C>RANZA S\<T TO BUY (F ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T BY PROMIS+ LABOR LEGISLATION & ORGANIZ+ RI<TS 7SEE ! SEP>ATE >TICLE ,A ,GRAVE ,]ROR74 

,! ,C>RANZI/AS SMA%$ ,VILLA 9 ! NOR? & 9 ! S\? ISOLAT$ ! ,ZAPATI/AS4 ,! 9TELLIG5TSIA & MANY WORK]S' LEAD]S MADE !IR PEACE ) ,C>RANZA4 ,! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T CONT9U$ 9 ! S\? 1 ) ,ZAPATA ISSU+ MANY D5UNCIATIONS ( ! NEW REGIME1 BUT BY N[ HE HAD LO/ MO/ ( HIS 9TELLECTUAL SUPPORT]S SOME ( ! 9SURG5T LEAD]S :O HAD BE5 WON OV] BY PROMISES ( NON9T]F]5CE 9 ,ZAPATI/A T]RITORY4 

,ON ,APRIL #i?1 #aiai ,ZAPATA WAS LUR$ 9TO A TRAP & GUNN$ D[N4 

,! F9AL PHASE ( ! REVOLUTION TOOK PLACE :5 SOME ( ,C>RANZA'S G5]ALS1 :O REPRES5T$ A MORE RADICAL APPROA* ( A SECTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 REVOLT$ & 9 ! FOLL[+ HO/ILITIES1 F9ALLY DEFEAT$ HIM4 ,9 ?IS CONFLICT ! NEW CONT5D] = P[]1 ,G5]AL ,OBREGON1 RECEIV$ ! SUPPORT ( MANY REMA9+ ,ZAPATI/AS & ?OSE :O HAD E>LI] JO9$ ,C>RANZA4 

,! TRIUMPH ( ,OBREGON MEANT ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ! REVOLUTION REFLECT$ 9 ! TITLE ( ! NEW RUL+ P>TY1 ,! ,9/ITUTIONAL ,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY4 ,! HOPES & ASPIRATIONS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS HAD BE5 DA%$4 

,:Y ,WAS ,! ,REVOLUTION ,DEFEAT$8 

,! ,P,L,M PUT ! MILIT>Y & 9SURRECTIONAL QUE/ION BE=E ! POLITICAL $UCATION ( ITS MILITANTS4 ,AS A RESULT !RE WAS A LACK ( IDEOLOGICAL UNITY1 AS SE5 9 ! SUCCESSION ( SPLITS & DEFECTIONS4 ,! #aif & #aih 9SURRECTIONS HAD RESULT$ 9 ! DEA?S OR IMPRISONM5T ( MANY ( ! MO/ ACTIVE & POLITICALLY ADVANC$ MILITANTS4 ,! ,P,L,M 9 ITS PROGRESSION T[>DS AN>*ISM1 BEGAN TO ACC5TUATE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! WORK+ CLASS OV] ?AT ( ! PEASANTRY4 ,H[EV]1 ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,MEXICO WAS /ILL 9 DEVELOPM5T & TOO WEAK & NUM]ICALLY SMALL TO HAVE A DECISIVE 9FLU5CE4 ,= ITS P>T PROPAGATION ( ,P,L,M IDEAS AMONG ! PEASANTS WAS H9D]$ TO A C]TA9 EXT5T BY WIDESPREAD ILLIT]ACY4 ,RECRUITM5T TO ! ,P,L,M HAD BE5 DIFFICULT1 & ! 9FLUX ( =EIGN VOLUNTE]S HAD DI/ORT$ ! SITUATION4 ,! LEAD+ LI<TS 9 ! ,P,L,M HAD 9 ! MA9 REMA9$ 9 ,LOS ,ANGELES :5 !Y %\LD HAVE BE5 ON ! GR\ND 9 ,MEXICO4 ,!Y HAD BELIEV$ ?AT ! PRODUCTION ( ,REG5]ACION1 5ABL$ BY BE+ 9 ! ,/ATES1 WAS ( FIR/ IMPORTANCE4 ,?IS REMOVAL FROM ! SC5E CL\D$ !IR JUDGM5T & !IR LACK ( CL>ITY L$ TO A DEBATE ON ! 9T]NATIONAL LEVEL AS TO :E!R OR NOT !Y W]E TRULY AN>*I/1 7 !Y C]TA9LY W]E7 ROBB+ !M ( A C]TA9 AM\NT ( 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY4 ,! ,P,L,M SUFF]$ FROM LACK ( F9ANCES1 :]EAS ,MAD]O1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS ABLE TO CALL ON MILLIONS ( DOLL>S4 

,F9ALLY1 TO 5D POSITIVELY ON ! ,P,L,M1 !Y HAD 9FLU5C$ ! /RUGGLES ( BO? WORK]S & PEASANTS ) !IR ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN IDEAS1 RADICALIZ+ !M FROM ! ,ZAPATI/AS 9 ! SU? TO ! =MATION ( UNIONS HEAVILY UND] ! 9FLU5CES ( AN>*ISM4 ,TODAY /ILL 9 ,OAXACA1 ! ,P,L,M HAS 9SPIR$ ! PRES5T-DAY ,MAGONI/AS4 

,AS TO ! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T1 :IL/ MO/ EFFECTIVE 9 ITS MILIT>Y ACTIVITY & ITS L& OCCUPATIONS1 IT FAIL$ TO ACTIVELY =M AN ALLIANCE ) URBAN WORK]S1 ONLY GA9+ ! SUPPORT ( A SMALL NUMB] ( AN>*I/ WORK]S & 9TELLECTUALS4 ,LIKE ! ,P,L,M 1 ITS LACK ( POLITICAL $UCATION1 L$ TO ! DEFECTION ( PEOPLE LIKE ,R\AIX & O!RS4 ,:5 ! =CES ( ,VILLA & ,ZAPATA >RIV$ 9 ,MEXICO ,CITY !Y FAIL$ TO TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE4 ,!Y FAIL$ TO =M AN EFFECTIVE & LA/+ ALLIANCE AMONG !MSELVES1 FAIL$ TO E/ABLI% L9KS ( SOLID>ITY ) URBAN WORK]S1 & FAIL$ TO CONFRONT ,C>RANZA & TO ATTEMPT TO DISMANTLE ,/ATE P[]4 ,NEV]!LESS ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS E*OES D[N TO ! PRES5T DAY4 

,AS TO ! WORK]S MOVEM5T1 LACK ( EXP]I5CE & NUM]ICAL WEAKNESS DOES NOT EXCUSE AN 9ABILITY TO L9K UP ) ! AGR>IAN MOVEM5TS1 & ! SUPPORT GIV5 TO ,C>RANZA AGA9/ ?OSE MOVEM5TS 4 ,REVOLUTION>IES1 BO? 9 ,MEXICO & ELSE:]E1 NE$ TO REFLECT ON ALL !SE MI/AKES1 & BE PREP>$ TO FI<T AGA9/ COOPTION & COMPROMISE 9 FUTURE SOCIAL /RUGGLES4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #a#d1 #bb 3 ,! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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