,! ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ,READ] 

,PEOPLE 3 

,$ITOR 3 ,JANET ,BIEHL 

,AU?OR 3 ,ABDULLAH ,OCALAN 

,TEXT 3 

,WE MU/ ALWAYS BE ON A QUE/ = ! NEW1 = ! POT5TIALITIES ?AT RIP5 ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORLD & ! NEW VISIONS ?AT UNFOLD ) !M4 ,AN \TLOOK ?AT CEASES TO LOOK = :AT IS NEW & POT5TIAL 9 ! NAME ( 0REALISM0 HAS ALREADY LO/ CONTACT ) ! PRES5T1 = ! PRES5T IS ALWAYS CONDITION$ BY ! FUTURE4 ,TRUE DEVELOPM5T IS CUMULATIVE1 NOT SEQU5TIAL2 IT IS GR[?1 NOT SUCCESSION4 ,! NEW ALWAYS EMBODIES ! PRES5T & PA/1 BUT IT DOES SO 9 NEW WAYS & MORE ADEQUATELY AS ! P>TS ( A GREAT] :OLE4 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 0,ON ,SPONTANEITY & ,ORGANIZATION10 #aiga 

,ACKN[L$GM5TS 

,! IDEA = ?IS READ] 9ITIALLY CAME FROM ,DAVID ,GOODWAY1 :O1 ONE 
SUNNY AFT]NOON 9 ,MAY #a#i#i#b1 SAT D[N ) ,BOOK*91 ,GIDEON 
,KOSS(F1 & MYSELF 9 AN ATTIC 9 ,KEI<LEY1 ,WE/ ,YORK%IRE1 TO DRAFT A 
TABLE ( CONT5TS4 ,AL?\< ! PRES5T BOOK BE>S ONLY ! FA9TE/ 
RESEMBLANCE TO ! ONE WE SKET*$ ?AT AFT]NOON1 ITS ORIG9S DO LIE 
9 ?IS MEET+4 ,GOODWAY HAS MY W>M ?ANKS = SETT+ ! :EELS 
9 MOTION4 

,I AM IMM5SELY GRATEFUL TO ,DIMITRI ,R\SSOP\LOS = HIS P]MISSION 
TO REPR9T FROM WORKS ISSU$ BY HIS PRESS1 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS2 & TO 
,RAMSEY ,KANAAN = HIS P]MISSION TO USE ! MAT]IALS PUBLI%$ UND] 
! AUSPICES ( ,A4,K4 ,PRESS4 ,HE>TFELT ?ANKS AS WELL TO ,/EVE ,COOK & 
,JANE ,GRE5WOOD ( ,CASSELL = !IR SUPPORT = ?IS PROJECT4 ,PET] 
,ZEG]S COMM5T$ HELPFULLY ON ! MANUSCRIPT4 

,MY GREATE/ DEBT1 H[EV]1 IS TO ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 HIMSELF1 MY 
COMPANION1 :O 5C\RAG$ ME TO TAKE ON ?IS PROJECT4 ,R]EAD+ HIS 
WRIT+S1 = ?IS BOOK1 HAS REM9D$ ME YET AGA9 ?AT IT IS A PRIVILEGE 
TO BE ASSOCIAT$ ) HIM4 

,9TRODUCTION 

,9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! COLD W>1 9 A WORLD ?AT GLORIFIES M>KETS & 
COMMODITIES1 IT SOMETIMES SEEMS DIFFICULT TO REMEMB] ?AT G5]ATIONS 
( PEOPLE ONCE F\<T TO CREATE A V]Y DIFF]5T K9D ( WORLD4 ,TO MANY1 
! ASPIRATIONS ( ?IS GR& TRADITION ( SOCIALISM (T5 SEEM >*AIC 
TODAY1 OR UTOPIAN 9 ! PEJORATIVE S5SE1 ! /UFF ( IDLE DREAMS2 O!RS1 
MORE DISMISSIVE1 CONSID] SOCIALISM TO BE AN 9H]5TLY CO]CIVE SY/EM1 
ONE :OSE CONSIGNM5T TO ! PA/ IS WELL-DES]V$4 

,YET = A C5TURY PREC$+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 & = NE>LY A HALF C5TURY 
!REAFT]1 V>I\S K9DS ( SOCIALISM -- /ATI/ & LIB]T>IAN2 ECONOMI/IC 
& MORAL2 9DU/RIAL & COMMUNALI/IC -- CON/ITUT$ A P[]FUL 
MASS MOVEM5T = ! TRANS=MATION ( A COMPETITIVE SOCIETY 9TO A 
COOP]ATIVE ONE -- & = ! CREATION ( A G5]\S & HUMANE SY/EM 
9 :I* EMANCIPAT$ HUMAN BE+S C\LD FULFILL !IR CREATIVE & 
RATIONAL POT5TIALITIES4 ,PEOPLE >E 5DS 9 !IR [N RI<T1 ! SOCIALI/ 
TRADITION ASS]T$1 NOT MEANS = ONE ANO!R'S USE2 & !Y >E 
SUB/ANTIVE BE+S1 ) CONSID]$ OP9IONS & DEEP FEEL+S1 NOT 
MASS-PRODUC$ ?+S ) >TIFICIALLY 9DUC$ NOTIONS & WANTS4 
,PEOPLE CAN & %\LD ?R[ AWAY ! ECONOMIC %ACKLES ?AT B9D 
!M1 SOCIALI/S >GU$1 CA/ (F ! FICTIONS & UNREALITIES ?AT MY/IFY 
!M1 & PLAN & CON/RUCT1 DELIB]ATELY & CONSCI\SLY1 A TRULY 
5LI<T5$ & EMANCIPAT$ SOCIETY BAS$ ON FRE$OM & 
COOP]ATION1 REASON & SOLID>ITY4 ,MAT]IAL AIMS W\LD BE SECOND>Y 
TO E?ICAL CONC]NS1 PEOPLE W\LD HAVE RI*1 SPONTANE\S SOCIAL 
RELATION%IPS ) ONE ANO!R1 & !Y W\LD ACTIVELY & RESPONSIBLY 
P>TICIPATE 9 MAK+ ALL DECISIONS AB\T !IR LIVES1 RA!R ?AN SUBJECT 
!MSELVES TO EXT]NAL AU?ORIT>IAN CONTROL4 

,AFT] #aiag A G5]AL 5?USIASM = ! /UNN+ ACCOMPLI%M5T 
( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION P]VAD$ ALMO/ ALL SECTORS ( ! 
9T]NATIONAL LEFT1 SO MU* SO ?AT ! HUMANI/IC IDEALS ( SOCIALISM 
CAME TO BE ATTA*$ TO ! ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4 ,9 ! #a#i#cS Y\NG 
,AM]ICAN 9TELLECTUALS GR[+ UP UND] ,DEPRESSION CONDITIONS1 
ESPECIALLY 9 ! VIBRANT RADICAL POLITICAL CULTURE ( ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 CUT 
!IR TEE? ON ! V]SION ( SOCIALISM ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T 
TAU<T !M4 ,!IR M9DS BRIMM+ ) REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGIES & 
,M>XIAN DIALECTICS1 !IR HOPES & PASSIONS SPURR$ BY LIFE5DANG]+ 
BATTLES AGA9/ A CAPITALI/ SY/EM ?AT SEEM$ ON ! BR9K 
( COLLAPSE1 !Y M>%AL$ ALL !IR ABILITIES TO A*IEVE ! C5TURY-OLD 
SOCIALI/ IDEAL4 

,TRAGICALLY1 9T]NATIONAL ,COMMUNISM DEFIL$ ?AT IDEAL4 ,IT COMMITT$ 
MON/R\S ABUSES 9 ! NAME ( SOCIALISM1 & :5 !SE ABUSES 
BECAME TOO MU* TO BE> -- ! %[ TRIALS ( #a#i#c#f-#h1 ! BETRAYAL ( 
! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION1 & ! ,HITL]-,/AL9 PACT -- HOPES ?AT ! 
,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T C\LD U%] 9 A SOCIALI/ WORLD W]E 
%IPWRECK$4 ,MANY RADICALS1 REEL+ FROM !SE BL[S1 )DREW 9TO 
PRIVATE LIFE2 O!RS ACCOMMODAT$ !MSELVES TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM 
9 V>Y+ DEGREES1 EV5 TO ! PO9T ( SUPPORT+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 
! COLD W>4 ,/ILL O!RS1 :O DID REMA9 ON ! LEFT POLITICALLY1 TURN$ 
!IR ATT5TION TO MORE LIMIT$ >5AS3 ES!TICS1 OR 0NEW CLASS0 !ORY1 
OR ,FRANKFURT ,S*OOL SOCIOLOGY4 ,MEAN:ILE1 \TSIDE ! ACADEMY1 :AT 
REMA9$ ( ! ,M>XIAN LEFT P]SI/$ 9 SMALL GR\PS1 DEFY+ ! 
PREVAIL+ 0CONS5SUS0 9 FAVOR ( CAPITALISM & ACCOMMODATION4 
,AMONG ! Y\NG 9TELLECTUALS :O HAD EM]G$ FROM ! #a#i#cS 
,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T1 RELATIVELY FEW RESPOND$ TO ITS FAILURE BY 
ATTEMPT+ TO KEEP ! C5TURIES-OLD REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION ALIVE1 BY 
ADVANC+ A LIB]T>IAN ALT]NATIVE TO ,M>XISM1 ONE BETT] SUIT$ TO 
PURSUE A HUMANE SOCIALI/ SOCIETY 9 ! PO/W> ]A4 ,IT IS A DI/9CTION 
( ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 ?AT 9 !SE YE>S ( DISILLUSION1 DIS5*ANTM5T1 
& RETREAT1 HE ATTEMPT$ TO CREATE JU/ SU* AN ALT]NATIVE4 

,BORN 9 ,JANU>Y #aiba 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY TO ,RUSSIAN ,JEWI% 
IMMIGRANTS1 ,BOOK*9 WAS RAIS$ UND] ! V]Y %AD[ ( ! ,RUSSIAN 
,REVOLUTION1 P>TAK+ ( ! EXCITEM5T ?AT IT >\S$ AMONG HIS 
IMMIGRANT & WORK+-CLASS NEI<BORS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 FROM HIS 
E>LIE/ YE>S1 HE IMBIB$ LIB]T>IAN IDEAS FROM HIS MAT]NAL GR&MO!R1 
:O HAD BE5 A MEMB] ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>IES1 A 
QUASI-AN>*I/IC POPULI/ MOVEM5T1 9 CZ>I/ ,RUSSIA4 ,9 ! E>LY 
#a#i#cS1 AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES PLUNG$ DEEP] 9TO ! ,DEPRESSION1 HE 
5T]$ ! ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T'S Y\? ORGANIZATIONS1 SPEAK+ AT 
/REETCORN] MEET+S1 P>TICIPAT+ 9 R5T /RIKES1 & HELP+ TO 
ORGANIZE ! UNEMPLOY$1 EV5 AS AN ADOLESC5T1 EV5TUALLY RUNN+ 
! $UCATIONAL PROGRAM = HIS BRAN* ( ! ,Y\NG ,COMMUNI/ 
,LEAGUE4 ,AFT] BREAK+ ) ,/AL9ISM -- 9ITIALLY1 9 #a#i#c#e1 BECAUSE ( 
ITS CLASS-COLLABORATIONI/ POLICIES 7! SO-CALL$ ,POPUL> ,FRONT71 !N 
CONCLUSIVELY 9 #aicg DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> -- HE TURN$ TO 
,TROTSKYISM & LAT] TO LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM1 JO9+ A GR\P 
SURR\ND+ ! EXIL$ ,G]MAN ,TROTSKYI/ ,JOSEF ,WEB] 9 ! MID -- #a#i#dS2 HIS E>LIE/ WORKS W]E PUBLI%$ 9 ?IS GR\P'S P]IODICAL1 
,CONTEMPOR>Y ,ISSUES4 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 ,BOOK*9 WAS DEEPLY 9VOLV$ 9 TRADE UNION 
ORGANIZ+ 9 NOR!RN ,NEW ,J]SEY1 :]E HE WORK$ = YE>S AS A 
F\NDRYMAN & AN AUT[ORK]4 7,DUE TO HIS FAMILY'S POV]TY1 HE W5T 
TO WORK 9 HEAVY 9DU/RY DIRECTLY AFT] HI< S*OOL47 ,9 :ATEV] 
FACTORY HE WORK$1 HE 5GAG$ 9 UNION ACTIVITIES AS A MEMB] ( ! 
BURGEON+ & 9T5SELY MILITANT ,CONGRESS ( ,9DU/RIAL ,ORGANIZATIONS1 
P>TICUL>LY ! ,UNIT$ ,AUTOMOBILE ,WORK]S4 

,DUR+ ! #a#i#cS1 ,M>XIAN PRECEPTS HAD SEEM$ TO EXPLA9 
CONCLUSIVELY ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION & ! TURBUL5T LABOR 9SURG5CY 
?AT >OSE DUR+ ! DECADE1 SEEM+ TO *ALL5GE ! V]Y F\NDATIONS 
( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,BUT ,M>XI/ PROGNOSES AB\T ! #a#i#dS W]E 
GL>+LY UNFULFILL$4 ,!SE PR$ICTIONS HAD IT ?AT ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 LIKE 
,WORLD ,W> ,I1 W\LD 5D 9 PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS AMONG ! 
BELLIG]5T C\NTRIES4 ,BUT ! PROLET>IAT1 F> FROM MAK+ A REVOLUTION 
9 ANY ,WE/]N C\NTRY UND] ! BANN] ( 9T]NATIONALISM1 F\<T 
\T ! W> UND] ! BANN] ( NATIONALISM4 ,EV5 ! ,G]MAN WORK+ 
CLASS AB&ON$ ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ( ITS E>LI] SOCIALI/ HI/ORY 
& F\<T ON BEHALF ( ,HITL] TO ! V]Y 5D4 ,F> FROM COLLAPS+1 
CAPITALISM EM]G$ FROM ! W> UNSCA!D & /R5G!N$1 ) 
MORE /ABILITY ?AN EV] BE=E4 

,! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 = ITS P>T1 WAS CLE>LY F> FROM A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 
LET ALONE A COMMUNI/ ONE4 ,F> FROM PLAY+ A REVOLUTION>Y ROLE DUR+ 
! W>1 IT WAS ACTIVELY 9VOLV$ 9 SUPPRESS+ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 
9 ITS [N NATIONAL 9T]E/S4 ,F9ALLY1 ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RIAL 
WORK]S1 F> FROM *ALL5G+ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 W]E BECOM+ 
ASSIMILAT$ 9TO IT4 ,:5 A MAJOR ,G5]AL ,MOTORS /RIKE 9 #aidf 5D$ 
) HIS C[ORK]S PLACIDLY ACCEPT+ COMPANY P5SION PLANS & 
UNEMPLOYM5T B5EFITS1 ,BOOK*9'S DISILLUSIONM5T ) ! WORK]S' 
MOVEM5T AS A UNIQUELY REVOLUTION>Y =CE WAS COMPLETE1 & HIS 
YE>S AS A UNION ACTIVI/ CAME TO AN 5D4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION1 
HE CONCLUD$1 W\LD HAVE TO DISP5SE ) ! NOTION ( PROLET>IAN 
HEGEMONY AS ! COMPELL+ =CE = BASIC SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,) ! 
CONSOLIDATION ( CAPITALISM ON A MASSIVE 9T]NATIONAL SCALE1 ! IDEA 
?AT CONFLICT BETWE5 WAGE LABOR & CAPITAL W\LD BR+ CAPITALISM 
TO AN 5D HAD TO BE CALL$ 9TO S]I\S QUE/ION4 

,TO HIS CR$IT1 ,BOOK*91 FAC$ ) !SE DISPIRIT+ CONDITIONS1 
NONE!LESS REFUS$ TO REL9QUI% HIS COMMITM5T TO REVOLUTION4 ,RA!R1 
! REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION1 HE FELT1 HAD TO EXPLORE NEW POSSIBILITIES = 
CREAT+ A FREE COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY & RECLAIM NONAU?ORIT>IAN 
SOCIALISM 9 A NEW =M4 ,AN>*ISM1 :OSE HI/ORY HAD LONG 
9T]TW9$ ) ?AT ( ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM1 >GU$ ?AT PEOPLE C\LD 
MANAGE !IR [N AFFAIRS )\T B5EFIT ( A /ATE1 & ?AT ! OBJECT 
( REVOLUTION %\LD BE NOT ! SEIZURE ( /ATE P[] BUT ITS DISSOLUTION4 
,9 #a#i#eS ,AM]ICA1 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,MC,C>?Y P]IOD1 ! LEFT 
G5]ALLY -- ESPECIALLY ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T -- WAS SMALL1 FRAGM5T$1 
& SEEM+LY ON ! WANE4 ,YET AN>*ISM'S LIB]T>IAN IDEALS -- 0A 
/ATELESS1 DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY1 BAS$ ON ! COMMUNAL [N]%IP ( 
! MEANS ( PRODUCTION0.<#a.>  -- SEEM$ TO BE ! BASIS1 9 ,BOOK*9'S M9D1 
= A VIABLE REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE 9 ! PO/W> ]A4 

,MOV+ DECISIVELY T[>D ?IS LEFT-LIB]T>IAN TRADITION 9 ! MIDDLE 
( ! DECADE1 ,BOOK*9 TRI$ TO FREE AN>*ISM ( ITS MORE DAT$ 
N9ETE5?-C5TURY ASPECTS & RECA/ ITS HONORABLE PR9CIPLES 9 
CONTEMPOR>Y T]MS4 0,! FUTURE ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WILL 
DEP5D UPON ITS ABILITY TO APPLY BASIC LIB]T>IAN PR9CIPLES TO NEW 
HI/ORICAL SITUATIONS10 HE WROTE 9 #aifd 4 

444 ,LIFE ITSELF COMPELS ! AN>*I/ TO CONC]N HIMSELF 9CREAS+LY ) 
! QUALITY ( URBAN LIFE1 ) ! REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY ALONG 
HUMANI/IC L9ES1 ) ! SUBCULTURES CREAT$ BY NEW1 (T5 9DEF9ABLE 
/RATA -- /UD5TS1 UNEMPLOYABLES1 AN IMM5SE BOHEMIA ( 9TELLECTUALS1 
& ABOVE ALL A Y\? :I* BEGAN TO GA9 SOCIAL AW>5ESS ) ! 
PEACE MOVEM5T & CIVIL RI<TS /RUGGLES ( ! E>LY #a#i#fS4.<#b.> 

,EV5 AS HE EMBRAC$ ! AN>*I/ TRADITION1 H[EV]1 ,BOOK*9 NEV] 
5TIRELY AB&ON$ ,M>X'S BASIC IDEAS4 ,9 EFFECT1 HE DREW ON ! BE/ 
( BO? ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM TO SYN!SIZE A COH]5T HYBRID 
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY ( FRE$OM & COOP]ATION1 ONE ?AT DREW ON 
BO? 9TELLECTUAL RIGOR & CULTURAL S5SIBILITY1 ANALYSIS & 
RECON/RUCTION4 ,HE W\LD CALL ?IS SYN!SIS SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 

,EV5 AS ,BOOK*9 WAS MOV+ T[>D AN AN>*I/ \TLOOK1 ! 
,AM]ICAN ECONOMY ( ! E>LY #a#i#eS WAS UND]GO+ 5ORM\S 
EXPANSION1 ) UNPREC$5T$ ECONOMIC ADVANCES ?AT CATAPULT$ EV5 
9DU/RIAL WORK]S 9TO ! BOOM+ MIDDLE CLASS4 ,IT WAS NOT ONLY 
MILIT>Y SP5D+ ?AT PROPELL$ ?IS GR[?3 ) GOV]NM5T SUPPORT1 
SCI5CE & 9DU/RY HAD COMB9$ TO SPAWN A WIDE >RAY ( NEW 
TE*NOLOGIES1 SUITABLE = CIVILIAN AS WELL AS MILIT>Y USE4 ,!SE NEW 
TE*NOLOGIES1 SO IT WAS SAID1 SEEM$ POIS$ TO CURE ALL SOCIAL ILLS ( ! 
TIME1 IF NOT 5G9E] AN 5TIRELY NEW CIVILIZATION4 

,AUTOMOBILES1 FA/ BECOM+ A /&>D CONSUM] ITEM1 W]E 
PROMIS+ MOBILITY1 SUBURBS1 & JOBS -- GIV+ PLAUSIBILITY1 9 ! EYES 
( MANY ,AM]ICANS1 TO ! SLOGAN1 0,:AT'S GOOD = ,G,M IS GOOD = 
,AM]ICA40 ,NUCLE> P[]1 IT WAS AV[$1 W\LD MEET ,U,S 5]GY NE$S 
MORE OR LESS = FREE2 9DE$1 ,LEWIS ,/RAUSS1 ! =M] ,WALL ,/REET 
9VE/M5T BANK] :O FIR/ *AIR$ ! ,ATOMIC ,5]GY ,COMMISSION1 
PR$ICT$ ?AT ELECTRICITY FROM NUCLE> P[] PLANTS W\LD BECOME 0TOO 
*EAP TO MET]40 ,MIRACLE GRA9S W\LD FE$ HUMANITY1 & NEW PH>MACEUTICALS 
W\LD CONTROL =M]LY 9TRACTABLE DISEASES4 ,PETRO*EMICALS 
& PETRO*EMICAL PRODUCTS  -- 9CLUD+ PLA/ICS1 FOOD ADDITIVES1 
DET]G5TS1 SOLV5TS1 & ABRASIVES -- W\LD MAKE LIFE COM=TABLE & 
PROVIDE LABOR-SAV+ CONV5I5CE = EV]YONE4 ,AS = PE/ICIDES1 AS 
5VIRONM5TAL HI/ORIAN ,ROB]T ,GOTTLIEB OBS]VES1 !Y W]E 0BE+ 
T\T$ AS A K9D ( MIRACLE PRODUCT1 SUPPORT$ BY ADV]TIS+ CAMPAIGNS 
7',BETT] ,?+S = ,BETT] ,LIV+ ,?R\< ,*EMI/RY'71 BY GOV]NM5T 
POLICIES DESIGN$ TO 9CREASE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY1 & A M$IA 
CELEBRATION ( ! WOND]S ( ! NEW TE*NOLOGY40 ,MO/ ( ! 
,AM]ICAN PUBLIC WELCOM$ !SE NEW TE*NOLOGIES1 SEEM+ TO AGREE 
) ! DIRECTOR ( ! ,U,S ,GEOLOGICAL ,SURVEY1 ,?OMAS ,NOLAN1 ?AT ! 
NEW TE*NOLOGICAL RES\RCES W]E 09EXHAU/IBLE40.<#c.> 

,IT WAS JU/ AT ?IS MOM5T ( COLLECTIVE ANTICIPATION ?AT ,BOOK*9 
AUDACI\SLY SUGGE/$ ?AT AN ECOLOGICAL CRISIS LAY ON ! HORIZON4 
0,)9 REC5T YE>S10 HE WROTE 9 A LONG #aieb ESSAY1 0! RISE ( LITTLE 
KN[N & EV5 UNKN[N 9FECTI\S DISEASES1 ! 9CREASE ( 
DEG5]ATIVE ILLNESSES & F9ALLY ! HI< 9CID5CE ( CANC] SUGGE/S 
SOME CONNECTION BETWE5 ! GR[+ USE ( *EMICALS 9 FOOD & 
HUMAN DISEASES40.<#d.> ,! *EMICALS BE+ US$ 9 FOOD ADDITIVES1 HE 
9SI/$ 9 0,! ,PROBLEM ( ,*EMICALS 9 ,FOOD10 C\LD WELL BE 
C>C9OG5IC4 ,! NEW ECONOMIC & TE*NOLOGICAL BOOM1 DESPITE ALL 
ITS ROSY PROMISES1 C\LD ALSO HAVE H>MFUL 5VIRONM5TAL CONSEQU5CES4 

,LITTLE 5VIRONM5TALI/ WRIT+ EXI/$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 !SE 
YE>S1 AP>T FROM NEO-,MAL?USIAN TRACTS ?AT ISSU$ DIRE W>N+S AB\T 
OV]POPULATION1 LIKE ,FAIRFIELD ,OSBORN'S ,\R ,PLUND]$ ,PLANET & 
,WILLIAM ,VOGT'S ,! ,ROAD TO ,SURVIVAL 7BO? PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#d#h74 
,AL?\< A CONS]VATION MOVEM5T EXI/$1 IT WORK$ PRIM>ILY = 
! PRES]VATION ( WILD]NESS >EAS 9 NATIONAL P>KS & %[$ LITTLE 
9T]E/ 9 SOCIAL OR POLITICAL ANALYSIS4 ,! EXI/+ LIT]ATURE ON *EMICAL 
POLLUTION1 = ITS P>T1 WAS SIL5T ON ! DRIV+ ROLE ?AT MOD]N 
CAPITALISM WAS PLAY+ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T & APPLICATION ( *EMICALS4 

,SO IT WAS ?AT BE=E MO/ ,AM]ICANS EV5 REALIZ$ ?AT AN 
5VIRONM5TAL CRISIS WAS 9 ! (F+1 ,BOOK*9 WAS TELL+ !M IT 
WAS4 ,EV5 MORE /RIK+1 HE WAS ALREADY PROB+ ITS S\RCES4 0,! 
PR9CIPAL MOTIVES = *EMICALS10 HE W>N$1 & ! 0DEM&S 
IMPOS$ UPON .<F>M.> L&0 >E 0%AP$ NEI!R BY ! NE$S ( ! 
PUBLIC NOR BY ! LIMITS ( NATURE1 BUT BY ! EXIG5CIES ( PR(IT & 
COMPETITION40.<#e.> ,! USE ( C>C9OG5IC *EMICALS WAS ROOT$ 9 A PR(ITORI5T$ 
SOCIETY2 0PR(IT-M9D$ BUS9ESSM50 HAVE PRODUC$ 
0ECOLOGICAL DI/URBANCES 444 ?R\<\T ! ,AM]ICAN C\NTRYSIDE4 ,= 
DECADES1 LUMB] COMPANIES & RAILROADS W]E P]MITT$ A FREE H& 
9 DE/ROY+ VALUABLE =E/ L&S & WILDLIFE40.<#f.> ,BOOK*9 HAD NOT 
ONLY ROOT$ 5VIRONM5TAL DISLOCATIONS 9 MOD]N CAPITALISM -- HE HAD 
F\ND A NEW LIMIT TO CAPITALI/ EXPANSION1 ONE ?AT HELD ! POT5TIAL 
TO SUP]S$E ! MIS]Y ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A S\RCE ( FUNDAM5TAL 
SOCIAL *ANGE3 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION4 

,AMID ! ,MC,C>?YITE 9TOL]ANCE ( ALL SOCIAL RADICALISM 9 #a#i#e#b1 
IT REQUIR$ CONSID]ABLE C\RAGE TO WRITE & PUBLI% A RADICAL SOCIAL 
ANALYSIS ( 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS4 ,YET NOT ONLY DID ,BOOK*9 WRITE 
SU* AN ANALYSIS1 HE ADVANC$1 ALBEIT 9 RUDIM5T>Y T]MS1 AN AN>*I/ 
SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEMS HE EXPLOR$1 CALL+ = ! DEC5TRALIZATION 
( SOCIETY TO C\NT]VAIL ! LOOM+ ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 9 PASSAGES ?AT 
PRESAGE ! M>RIAGE ( AN>*ISM & ECOLOGY ?AT HE W\LD EXP\ND 
MORE FULLY TWELVE YE>S LAT]3 

,9 DEC5TRALIZATION EXI/S A REAL POSSIBILITY = DEVELOP+ ! BE/ 
TRADITIONS ( SOCIAL LIFE & = SOLV+ AGRICULTURAL & NUTRITIONAL 
DIFFICULTIES ?AT HAVE ?US F> BE5 DELIV]$ TO *EMI/RY4 ,MO/ ( ! 
FOOD PROBLEMS ( ! WORLD W\LD BE SOLV$ TODAY BY WELL-BALANC$ 
& R\ND$ COMMUNITIES1 9TELLIG5TLY URBANIZ$1 WELL-EQUIPP$ ) 
9DU/RY & ) EASY ACCESS TO ! L&4444 ,! PROBLEM HAS BECOME 
A SOCIAL PROBLEM  -- AN ISSUE CONC]N+ ! MISUSE ( 9DU/RY AS A 
:OLE4.<#g.> 

,= ALMO/ HALF A C5TURY1 ?IS ASS]TION ( ! SOCIAL CAUSES ( 
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS1 & ! 9SI/5CE ON !IR SOLUTION BY A REVOLUTION>Y 
DEC5TRALIZATION ( SOCIETY HAVE REMA9$ CONSI/5T 9 
,BOOK*9'S WRIT+S4 ,HE ELABORAT$ !SE IDEAS FUR!R 9 ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T1 A PIONE]+ #aifb WORK ?AT WAS PUBLI%$ FIVE MON?S 
BE=E ,RA*EL ,C>SON'S ,SIL5T ,SPR+2 UNLIKE ,C>SON'S BOOK1 ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T DID NOT LIMIT ITS FOCUS TO PE/ICIDES4 ,A COMPREH5SIVE 
OV]VIEW ( ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION1 IT ADDRESS$ NOT ONLY ! 
CONNECTIONS BETWE5 FOOD ADDITIVES & CANC] BUT ! IMPACT ( ,X-RADIATION1 
RADIONUCLIDES FROM FALL\T1 & ! /RESSES ( URBAN LIFE1 
GIV+ A SOCIAL ELABORATION ( :AT 9 ?OSE DAYS WAS CALL$ 0HUMAN 
ECOLOGY40.<#h.> 

,! FRE] POLITICAL ATMOSPH]E ( ! #a#i#fS ALL[$ ,BOOK*9 TO 
EXPRESS MORE CLE>LY HIS REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVE4 ,HIS #aifd ESSAY 
0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T10 ! FIR/ MANIFE/O ( RADICAL 
ECOLOGY1 OV]TLY CALL$ = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE AS A SOLUTION TO ! 
ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,IT ADVANC$ A CONJUNCTION ( AN>*ISM & ECOLOGY 
TO CREATE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ?AT W\LD BE HUMANE & FREE1 
LIB]T>IAN & DEC5TRALIZ$1 MUTUALI/IC & COOP]ATIVE4 

,9 ITS RANGE & DEP?1 ,BOOK*9'S DIALECTICAL SYN!SIS ( AN>*ISM 
& ECOLOGY1 :I* HE CALL$ SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 HAD NO EQUAL 9 ! PO/W> 
9T]NATIONAL ,LEFT4 ,! FIR/ MAJOR EF=T TO FUZE ECOLOGICAL AW>5ESS 
) ! NE$ = FUNDAM5TAL SOCIAL *ANGE1 & TO L9K A PHILOSOPHY 
( NATURE ) A PHILOSOPHY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 IT REMA9S ! MO/ 
IMPORTANT SU* EF=T TO ?IS DAY4 

,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 DRAW+ ON MULTIPLE DOMA9S ( KN[L$GE1 TRACES 
! ROOTS ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS TO DISLOCATIONS 9 SOCIETY4 ,AS ,BOOK*9 
PUT IT 9 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T03 0,! IMBALANCES MAN 
HAS PRODUC$ 9 ! NATURAL WORLD >E CAUS$ BY ! IMBALANCES HE HAS 
PRODUC$ 9 ! SOCIAL WORLD40.<#i.> ,?IS 9EXTRICABLE RELATION BETWE5 
SOCIETY & ECOLOGY REMA9S A PILL> ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 

,BUT SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAS NOT ONLY A CRITICAL DIM5SION BUT A 
RECON/RUCTIVE ONE AS WELL4 ,S9CE ! CAUSES ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS >E 
SOCIAL 9 NATURE1 WE CAN AV]T ! PRES5T DANG] ( ECOLOGICAL DISA/] 
ONLY BY FUNDAM5TALLY TRANS=M+ ! PRES5T SOCIETY 9TO A RATIONAL 
& ECOLOGICAL ONE4 ,9 ?IS SAME #aifd >TICLE1 9 0,T[>D A ,LIB]ATORY 
,TE*NOLOGY0 7WRITT5 ! FOLL[+ YE>71 & 9 MANY SUBSEQU5T 
WORKS1 ,BOOK*9 DESCRIB$ HIS V]SION ( ! TRULY LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/ 
SOCIETY4 ,IT W\LD BE A DEC5TRALIZ$ & MUTUALI/IC ONE1 FREE ( 
HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION4 ,T[N & C\NTRY W\LD NO LONG] BE 
OPPOS$ TO EA* O!R BUT W\LD 9/EAD BE 9TEGRAT$4 ,SOCIAL LIFE W\LD 
BE SCAL$ TO HUMAN DIM5SIONS4 ,POLITICS W\LD BE DIRECTLY DEMOCRATIC 
AT ! COMMUNITY LEVEL1 SO ?AT CITIZ5S CAN MANAGE !IR [N SOCIAL 
& POLITICAL AFFAIRS ON A FACE-TO-FACE BASIS1 =M+ CONF$]ATIONS TO 
ADDRESS L>G]-SCALE PROBLEMS4 ,ECONOMIC LIFE W\LD BE COOP]ATIVE & 
COMMUNAL1 & TE*NOLOGY W\LD ELIM9ATE ON]\S & T$I\S LABOR4 
,BOOK*9 W\LD ELABORATE & REF9E MANY ASPECTS ( ?IS SOCIETY& 
! MEANS TO A*IEVE IT -- OV] SUBSEQU5T DECADES4 ,BUT ITS E>LIE/ 
\TL9ES W]E SKET*$ AS E>LY AS #aifb & DEVELOP$ 9 #aifd & 
#a#i#f#e4 ,H]E ,BOOK*9 ALSO PROPOS$ ?AT AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY C\LD 
MAKE USE ( SOL> & W9D P[] AS S\RCES ( 5]GY1 REPLAC+ FOSSIL 
FUELS4 ,AT ?AT TIME R5EWABLE 5]GY S\RCES -- SOL> & W9D P[]W]E 
SUBJECTS ( SOME RESE>* & EXP]IM5TATION1 BUT !Y HAD 
ESS5TIALLY BE5 AB&ON$ AS PRACTICAL ALT]NATIVES TO FOSSIL & NUCLE> 
FUELS2 NOR DID ! EXI/+ 5VIRONM5TAL LIT]ATURE PAY MU* ATT5TION 
TO !M4 ,NOT ONLY DID ,BOOK*9 %[ !IR RELEVANCE TO ! SOLUTION 
( ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS1 HE /OOD ALONE 9 DEMON/RAT+ !IR 9TEGRAL 
IMPORTANCE TO ! CREATION ( AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY3 

,TO MA9TA9 A L>GE CITY REQUIRES IMM5SE QUANTITIES ( COAL & 
PETROLEUM4 ,BY CONTRA/1 SOL>1 W9D1 & TIDAL 5]GY CAN REA* US MA9LY 
9 SMALL PACKETS2 EXCEPT = SPECTACUL> TIDAL DAMS1 ! NEW DEVICES 
SELDOM PROVIDE MORE ?AN A FEW ?\S& KIL[ATT-H\RS ( 
ELECTRICITY4444 ,TO USE SOL>1 W9D1 & TIDAL P[] EFFECTIVELY1 ! 
MEGALOPOLIS MU/ BE DEC5TRALIZ$4 ,A NEW TYPE ( COMMUNITY1 C>EFULLY 
TAILOR$ TO ! *>ACT]I/ICS & RES\RCES ( A REGION1 MU/ REPLACE 
! SPRAWL+ URBAN BELTS ?AT >E EM]G+ TODAY4.<#a.> 

,!SE R5EWABLE S\RCES ( 5]GY1 9 EFFECT1 HAD F>-REA*+ 
AN>*I/IC AS WELL AS ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS4 

,! LI/ ( ,BOOK*9'S 9NOVATIONS 9 ECOLOGICAL POLITICS DOES NOT /OP 
H]E4 ,TO TAKE ANO!R EXAMPLE -- W>N+S ( A GRE5H\SE EFFECT W]E 
H>DLY COMMON 9 ! E>LY #a#i#fS1 YET ,BOOK*9 ISSU$ JU/ SU* A 
W>N+ 9 #a#i#f#d3 

,IT CAN BE >GU$ ON V]Y S\ND !ORETICAL GR\NDS ?AT ?IS GR[+ 
BLANKET ( C>BON DIOXIDE1 BY 9T]CEPT+ HEAT RADIAT$ FROM ! E>?1 
WILL LEAD TO RIS+ ATMOSPH]IC TEMP]ATURES1 A MORE VIOL5T CIRCULATION 
( AIR1 MORE DE/RUCTIVE /ORM PATT]NS1 & EV5TUALLY A MELT+ ( ! 
POL> ICE CAPS 7POSSIBLY 9 TWO OR ?REE C5TURIES71 RIS+ SEA LEVELS1 & 
! 9UNDATION ( VA/ L& >EAS4.<#a#a.> 

,BOOK*9 UND]E/IMAT$ ONLY ! TIME FRAME -- & IT IS TE/IMONY TO 
! 5ORMITY ( ! ECOLOGICAL PROBLEM ?AT ! DAMAGE ?AT HE 
ANTICIPAT$ W\LD TAKE C5TURIES TO DEVELOP HAS ACTUALLY DEVELOP$ 9 
ONLY A MATT] ( DECADES4 

,BOOK*9 SP5T MU* ( ! #a#i#fS CRISS-CROSS+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 
& ,CANADA1 9DEFATIGABLY $UCAT+ ! C\NT]CULTURE & ,NEW ,LEFT 
AB\T ECOLOGY & ITS REVOLUTION>Y SIGNIFICANCE4 ,! FIR/ ,E>? ,DAY 9 
#a#i#g1 FOLL[$ BY ! PUBLICATION ( ,! ,LIMITS TO ,GR[? 9 #a#i#g#b1 
SIGNAL$ ! >RIVAL ( ECOLOGY AS A POPUL> ISSUE4 ,BUT 9 ! FOLL[+ 
YE>S A LESS RADICAL1 MORE TE*NOCRATIC APPROA* TO ECOLOGICAL ISSUES 
CAME TO ! =E1 ONE ?AT1 9 ,BOOK*9'S VIEW1 REPRES5T$ M]E 5VIRONM5TAL 
T9K]+3 9/EAD ( PROPOS+ TO TRANS=M SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 
IT LOOK$ = TE*NOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS TO SPECIFIC 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS4 

,CALL+ ?IS APPROA* RE=MI/IC RA!R ?AN REVOLUTION>Y1 ,BOOK*9 
LABEL$ IT 05VIRONM5TALISM10 9 CONTRADI/9CTION TO HIS MORE RADICAL 
0ECOLOGY40 ,AL?\< SOME HI/ORIES ( ! ECOLOGICAL & 5VIRONM5TAL 
MOVEM5TS N[ ASS]T ?AT ,NORWEGIAN PHILOSOPH] ,>NE ,NAESS WAS 
! FIR/ TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 5VIRONM5TALISM & ECOLOGY 79 A 
PAP] ON DEEP ECOLOGY1 PRES5T$ AS A LECTURE 9 #a#i#g#b.<#a#b.>71 ,BOOK*9 MADE 
?IS DI/9CTION 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#g#a1 9 0,SPONTANEITY & ,ORGANIZATION10 
AN*OR+ IT1 AS ALWAYS1 9 A SOCIAL & POLITICAL MATRIX3 

,I SPEAK1 H]E1 ( ECOLOGY1 NOT 5VIRONM5TALISM4 ,5VIRONM5TALISM DEALS 
) ! S]VICEABILITY ( ! HUMAN HABITAT1 A PASSIVE HABITAT ?AT PEOPLE 
USE1 9 %ORT1 AN ASSEMBLAGE ( ?+S CALL$ 0NATURAL RES\RCES0 & 
0URBAN RES\RCES40 ,TAK5 BY !MSELVES1 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES REQUIRE 
! USE ( NO GREAT] WISDOM ?AN ! 9/RUM5TALI/ MODES ( ?\<T 
& ME?ODS ?AT >E US$ BY CITY PLANN]S1 5G9E]S1 PHYSICIANS1 
LAWY]S -- & SOCIALI/S4 

,ECOLOGY1 BY CONTRA/1 444 IS AN \TLOOK ?AT 9T]PRETS ALL 
9T]DEP5D5CIES 7SOCIAL & PSY*OLOGICAL AS WELL AS NATURAL7 
NONHI]>*ICALLY4 ,ECOLOGY D5IES ?AT NATURE CAN BE 9T]PRET$ FROM 
A HI]>*ICAL VIEWPO9T4 ,MOREOV]1 IT AFFIRMS ?AT DIV]SITY & 
SPONTANE\S DEVELOPM5T >E 5DS 9 !MSELVES1 TO BE RESPECT$ 9 
!IR [N RI<T4 ,=MULAT$ 9 T]MS ( ECOLOGY'S 0ECOSY/EM APPROA*10 
?IS MEANS ?AT EA* =M ( LIFE HAS A UNIQUE PLACE 9 ! BALANCE ( 
NATURE & ITS REMOVAL FROM ! ECOSY/EM C\LD IMP]IL ! /ABILITY 
( ! :OLE4.<#a#c.> 

,BOOK*9'S CORE POLITICAL PROGRAM REMA9$ F> TOO RADICAL TO GA9 
G5]AL SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE 9 ?OSE DECADES4 ,BUT MANY ( HIS REM>KABLY 
PRESCI5T 9SI<TS HAVE BY N[ BECOME COMMONPLACES1 NOT ONLY 9 
ECOLOGICAL ?\<T BUT 9 MA9/REAM POPUL> CULTURE1 :ILE !IR 
ORIG9AT+ S\RCE HAS BE5 =GOTT5 OR OBSCUR$4 ,BY ADVANC+ !SE 
IDEAS :5 HE DID1 ,BOOK*9 EX]CIS$ A /RONG & /EADY 9FLU5CE 
ON ! 9T]NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ( RADICAL ECOLOGICAL ?\<T4 

,AS SIGNIFICANT AS ,BOOK*9'S PRESCI5T 9SI<TS >E1 !Y >E ONLY P>T 
( :AT IS ACTUALLY A L>GE !ORETICAL CORPUS4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( FIVE 
DECADES1 ! IDEAS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY HAVE GR[N /EADILY 9 RI*NESS4 
,5COMPASS+ AN?ROPOLOGY & HI/ORY1 POLITICS & SOCIAL CRITICISM1 
PHILOSOPHY & NATURAL SCI5CE1 ,BOOK*9'S WORKS EVOKE ! GR& 
TRADITION ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY G5]ALI/S1 :O C\LD WRITE KN[L$GEABLY 
ON A MULTIPLICITY ( SUBJECTS -- A TRADITION ?AT IS1 LAM5TABLY1 
FA/ DISAPPE>+ 9 ! PRES5T AGE ( S*OL>LY SPECIALIZATION & 
PO/MOD]NI/ FRAGM5TATION4 

,DRAW+ ON AN?ROPOLOGY & HI/ORY1 ,BOOK*9 EXPLOR$ ! 
LIB]T>IAN & DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS ?AT C\LD CONTRIBUTE TO ! 
CREATION ( AN ECOLOGICAL & RATIONAL SOCIETY4 ,A 0LEGACY ( FRE$OM10 
HE BELIEVES1 HAS RUN LIKE AN UND]CURR5T )9 ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION 
& 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD1 ) C]TA9 SOCIAL VIRTUES & PRACTICES 
?AT >E RELEVANT TO ! SOCIALI/ IDEAL4 ,9 ITS NASC5T =M ?IS LEGACY 
APPE>S 9 ! 0ORGANIC SOCIETY0 ( PREHI/ORIC ,EUROPE1 ) A CON/ELLATION 
( RELATIVELY EGALIT>IAN SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,!SE SOCIETIES W]E 
DE/ROY$ BY ! RISE ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION & ULTIMATELY BY 
! EM]G5CE ( /ATES & ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION1 IT %\LD BE NOT$1 >E KEY CONCEPTS 9 
,BOOK*9'S POLITICAL WORK1 = AL?\< 9 HIS VIEW ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS 
HAS /EMM$ PROXIMATELY FROM A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 ITS ULTIMATE ROOTS 
LIE 9 SOCIAL HI]>*IES4 ,! IDEOLOGY ( DOM9AT+ ! NATURAL WORLD1 
HE HAS LONG MA9TA9$1 IS AN AN?ROPOMORPHIC PROJECTION ( HUMAN 
SOCIAL DOM9ATION ONTO ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,IT C\LD ONLY HAVE /EMM$ 
HI/ORICALLY FROM ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN1 & NOT ! O!R 
WAY >\ND4 ,DUR+ ! LATE #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS ,BOOK*9'S AN?ROPOLOGICAL1 
HI/ORICAL1 & POLITICAL EXPLORATIONS ( ! 0LEGACY ( 
FRE$OM0 & ! 0LEGACY ( DOM9ATION10 AS HE CALL$ IT1 P]COLAT$ 
?R\< RADICAL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS  -- NOT ONLY ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T 
BUT ! FEM9I/1 COMMUNIT>IAN1 & AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS AS WELL4 
,! CONCEPT ( HI]>*Y 9 P>TICUL>1 ASSIMILAT$ BY ! C\NT]CULTURE 
9TO CONV5TIONAL WISDOM1 HAS BECOME ESS5TIAL TO RADICAL ?\<T DUE 
L>GELY TO ,BOOK*9'S 9SI/5CE ON ITS NATURE & IMPORTANCE 9 MANY 
LECTURES 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS4 

,BOOK*9'S IDEAS HAVE RETA9$ AN UND]LY+ CONT9UITY OV] ! 
DECADES1 & IT IS PRECISELY BY UPHOLD+ HIS ORIG9AL PR9CIPLES ?AT HE 
HAS MA9TA9$ HIS /ALW>T OPPOSITION TO ! EXI/+ CAPITALI/ & 
HI]>*ICAL SY/EM4 ,AS C\LD BE EXPECT$ ( ANY WRIT] 5GAG$ 9 
CONCRETE POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 HIS IDEAS HAVE ALSO *ANG$ OV] TIME2 YET !Y 
HAVE DONE SO NOT TO EFFECT A COMPROMISE ) ! EXI/+ SOCIAL ORD] 
BUT TO SU/A9 A REVOLUTION>Y POSITION 9 RESPONSE TO REGRESSIVE 
DEVELOPM5TS BO? 9 ! L>G] SOCIETY & )9 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS = 
*ANGE4 ,(T5 HE HAS 9ITIAT$ 9TRAMURAL DEBATES BY OBJECT+ TO 
T5D5CIES ?AT HE CONSID]$ \T ( PLACE 9 A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 
DUE TO !IR OPPORTUNISM1 !IR ACCOMMODATION TO ! SY/EM1 OR !IR 
QUIETISM2 HIS FREQU5TLY POLEMICAL /YLE /EMS FROM AN E>NE/ ATTEMPT TO 
PRES]VE ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPULSE 9 MOVEM5TS ?AT HOLD POT5TIAL = 
RADICAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,TO HIS CR$IT1 HE RAIS$ SU* OBJECTIONS EV5 
:5 ! T5D5CIES TO :I* HE OBJECT$ W]E ! MORE POPUL> ONES 
& :5 ACQUIESC5CE W\LD HAVE 5HANC$ HIS [N POPUL>ITY4 ,/ILL1 
EV5 AS ! KEY CONCEPTS ( SOCIAL ECOLOGY REMA9 FUNDAM5TALLY 
UN*ANG$ S9CE ! #a#i#fS1 ! MANY DEBATES 9 :I* HE HAS BE5 
5GAG$ HAVE PRIM>ILY DEF9$ & %>P5$ !M4 ,IF ANY?+1 HIS IDEAS 
HAVE BECOME MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ OV] TIME AS A RESULT ( !SE DEBATES4 

,IT IS TYPICAL ( ,BOOK*9 ?AT HIS IDEAS %\LD BECOME HON$ AS A 
RESULT ( PRACTICAL MOVEM5T EXP]I5CE4 ,DESPITE HIS L>GE BODY ( 
!ORETICAL WRIT+1 HE IS NO M]E >M*AIR !ORI/4 ,?R\<\T HIS 
LIFE HE HAS CONSI/5TLY MA9TA9$ AN ACTIVE POLITICAL PRACTICE3 HIS UNION 
& PROTE/ ACTIVITIES 9 ! ,DEPRESSION DECADE1 HIS LIB]T>IAN ACTIVITIES 
( ! #a#i#eS & #a#i#fS1 HIS MOBILIZATION ( OPPOSITION TO A NUCLE> 
P[] PLANT PROPOS$ = ,QUE5S 9 #a#i#f#d1 HIS CIVIL RI<TS ACTIVITIES1 HIS 
P>TICIPATION 9 5DLESS DEMON/RATIONS & ACTIONS 9 ! #a#i#fS AGA9/ 
! ,VIETNAM W> & 9 SUPPORT ( ECOLOGY & AN>*ISM1 HIS #a#i#gS 
9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ANT9UCLE> ,CLAM%ELL ,ALLIANCE1 HIS EF=TS TO PRES]VE 
& EXP& DEMOCRACY 9 HIS ADOPT$ /ATE ( ,V]MONT1 & F9ALLY HIS 
9FLU5CE1 9 ! #a#i#hS1 ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,GRE5 MOVEM5TS 9 
! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ABROAD1 TRY+ -- (T5 UNSUCCESSFULLY -- TO KEEP 
!M ON A RADICAL C\RSE4 ,ONLY 9 HIS EI<? DECADE HAVE PHYSICAL 
9FIRMITIES  -- ESPECIALLY A NE>LY CRIPPL+ >?RITIS  -- OBLIG$ HIM TO 
)DRAW FROM ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 

,YET )DRAWAL FROM ACTIVE POLITICAL WORK HAS NOT MEANT ?AT 
,BOOK*9 HAS PUT D[N HIS P54 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 9 AN ]A ( REACTION1 
HE CONT9UES TO D5\NCE T5D5CIES ?AT COMPROMISE ! RADICALISM 
( ! ECOLOGICAL & AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS1 BE IT A MY/ICAL 0DEEP 
ECOLOGY0 OR AN 9DIVIDUALI/IC 0LIFE/YLE AN>*ISM10 BO? ( :I* HE 
SEES AS P]SONALI/IC & IRRATIONALI/IC DEP>TURES FROM ! SOCIAL1 
RATIONAL1 & DEMOCRATIC ECO-AN>*ISM & SOCIALISM HE HAS 
*AMPION$ = DECADES4 ,) ! EM]G5CE ( ECOLOGICAL-POLITICAL 
T5D5CIES ?AT EMBRAC$ IRRATIONALISM1 HE EMPHASIZ$ ?AT AN 
ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY W\LD NEI!R R5\NCE NOR D5IGRATE REASON1 SCI5CE1 
& TE*NOLOGY4 ,SO CRUCIAL IS ?IS PO9T ?AT HE TODAY PREF]S ! PHRASE 
0RATIONAL SOCIETY0 TO O!R LABELS = A FREE SOCIETY1 S9CE A RATIONAL 
SOCIETY W\LD NECESS>ILY BE ONE ?AT IS ECOLOGICAL4 ,HIS COMMITM5T TO 
LONG/&+ SOCIALI/ IDEALS1 9=M$ BY ,M>X AS WELL AS BY SOCIAL 
AN>*I/ ?9K]S1 REMA9S FIRM3 = ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ! SOCIALI/ 
UTOPIA IS /ILL1 AS HE ONCE SAID1 0! ONLY REALITY ?AT MAKES ANY S5SE40 

,TO ALL HIS WRIT+1 ,BOOK*9 BR+S A PASSIONATE HATR$ ( ! CAPITALI/ 
SOCIAL ORD]1 EXPRESS$ 9 ! CAD5CES ( SIX DECADES ( RADICAL ORATORY4 
,HE BR+S ! GRIM HATR$ ( ! GRUEL+ TOIL ?AT HE EXP]I5C$ 9 
FACTORIES1 & ! AC]BIC 9T5SITY ( ONE :O HAS LOOK$ D[N ! 
B>REL ( A GUN DUR+ #a#i#cS LABOR PROTE/S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE BR+S 
! ORIG9ALITY & CREATIVITY ( A ?9K] :O IS L>GELY SELF-TAU<T1 
& ! LOVE ( COH]5CE ( ONE :O /UDI$ DIALECTICS ) ,M>XI/S 
AS A Y\?4 ,HE BR+S TO IT1 9 ?IS AGE ( DIM9I%$ EXPECTATIONS1 ! 
\TRAGE ( ONE :O CONSI/5TLY *OOSES MORALITY OV] REALPOLITIK1 & 
HE S]VES AS ! LAC]AT+ CONSCI5CE ( ?OSE :O ONCE HELD REVOLUTION>Y 
S5TIM5TS BUT HAVE S9CE AB&ON$ !M4 

,A ?OR\< UND]/&+ ( HIS PROJECT W\LD REQUIRE A READ+ ( 
HIS MO/ IMPORTANT BOOKS4 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM 7#a#i#g#a7 CONTA9S 
! TWO PIVOTAL MID-#a#i#fS ESSAYS M5TION$ 9 ?IS 9TRODUCTION1 :I* 
5CAPSULATE SO MANY IDEAS ?AT HE LAT] DEVELOP$ MORE FULLY & ?AT1 
9 !IR UNCOMPROMIS+ 9T5SITY1 REMA9 FRE% TO ?IS DAY4 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM 7#a#i#h#b7 IS AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL & HI/ORICAL ACC\NT NOT 
ONLY ( ! RISE ( HI]>*Y & DOM9ATION BUT ( ! 0LEGACY ( 
FRE$OM10 9CLUD+ ! CULTURAL1 PSY*OLOGICAL1 & EPI/EMOLOGICAL 
COMPON5TS ( BO?4 ,AL?\< ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM HAS BE5 
H]ALD$ 9 SOME QU>T]S AS ,BOOK*9'S MAGNUM OPUS1 IT HAS BE5 
FOLL[$ BY SEV]AL BOOKS ( AT LEA/ EQUAL IMPORTANCE4 ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY1 ESPECIALLY ITS REVIS$ $ITION 7#a#i#i#e71 IS A COLLECTION 
( FIVE PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS ON DIALECTICAL NATURALISM1 ! NATURE 
PHILOSOPHY ?AT UND]P9S HIS POLITICAL & SOCIAL ?\<T2 HE HIMSELF 
REG>DS IT AS HIS MO/ IMPORTANT WORK TO DATE4 ,REMAK+ ,SOCIETY 7 #a#i#h#i7 
IS A SUMM>Y OV]VIEW ( HIS IDEAS1 ) EMPHASIS ON !IR AN>*I/ 
ROOTS4 ,FROM ,URBANIZATION TO ,CITIES 7:I* HAS PREVI\SLY APPE>$ 
UND] ! TITLES ,URBANIZATION )\T ,CITIES & ,! ,RISE ( ,URBANIZATION & ! ,DECL9E ( ,CITIZ5%IP7 IS A WIDE-RANG+ EXPOSITION ( 
LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 ,BOOK*9'S POLITICAL PROGRAM1 GIV+ MU* 
ATT5TION TO POPUL> DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONAL =MS 9 ,EUROPEAN & 
,AM]ICAN HI/ORY4 ,RE-5*ANT+ ,HUMANITY 7#a#i#i#e7 IS HIS DEF5SE ( ! 
,5LI<T5M5T AGA9/ A V>IETY ( ANTIHUMANI/IC & IRRATIONALI/IC 
TR5DS 9 POPUL> CULTURE TODAY4 ,F9ALLY1 HIS ?REE-VOLUME ,! ,?IRD ,REVOLUTION 7( :I* ! FIR/ VOLUME IS ALREADY 9 PR9T AT ! TIME ( 
WRIT+7 TRACES ! HI/ORY ( POPUL> MOVEM5TS )9 ,EURO,AM]ICAN 
REVOLUTIONS1 BEG9N+ ) ! PEASANT REVOLTS ( ! 
F\RTE5? C5TURY & CLOS+ ) ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#g4 

,! PRES5T ,READ] BR+S TOGE!R SELECTIONS FROM ,BOOK*9'S MAJOR 
WRIT+S1 ORGANIZ$ !MATICALLY4 ,EV5 AS ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( HIS IDEAS OV] TIME1 ,I HAVE EMPHASIZ$ ?OSE WORKS 
?AT HAVE /OOD ! TE/ ( TIME & ?AT >E MO/ 9 ACCORDANCE ) 
HIS VIEWS TODAY1 AT ! EXP5SE ( WORKS ?AT1 G5]AT$ 9 ! HEAT ( 
POLEMIC1 SOMETIMES V]G$ ON ONE-SID$NESS4 ,ALL ( ! SELECTIONS >E 
EXC]PT$ FROM L>G] WORKS1 & ALL HAVE BE5 PRUN$ 9 SOME WAY1 
BE IT TO A*IEVE CONCIS5ESS1 TO ELIM9ATE REPETITION AMONG ! SELECTIONS 
9 ?IS BOOK1 OR TO PRODUCE A !MATIC BALANCE AMONG !M4 ,I HAVE V]Y 
LI<TLY $IT$ A FEW ( ! SELECTIONS1 BUT ONLY :]E ! NE$ = IT WAS 
DI/RACT+4 ,REGRETTABLY1 BUT NECESS>ILY = REASONS ( SPACE1 ,I HAVE HAD 
TO CUT ALL TEXTUAL FOOTNOTES1 RETA9+ ONLY ?OSE ?AT CITE A SPECIFIC 
S\RCE4 ,EXCEPT = !SE NOTES1 ,I HAVE 9DICAT$ ALL CUTS 9 ! TEXT ) 
ELLIPSIS PO9TS4 ,I HAVE PROVID$ ! S\RCES = ALL ! SELECTIONS 9 ! 
LI/+ ?AT APPE>S BE=E ?IS 9TRODUCTION4 

,JANET ,BIEHL 

,*APT] #a3 ,AN ,ECOLOGICAL ,SOCIETY 

,9TRODUCTION 

,BOOK*9'S 9T]E/ 9 ECOLOGY >OSE PRIM>ILY FROM HIS BOYHOOD 
CURIOSITY AB\T NATURAL PH5OM5A1 FROM HIS /UDIES ( BIOLOGY 9 
HI< S*OOL4 & FROM HIS LOVE ( GRE5 SPACES 9 ! 5VIRONS ( 
HIS NATIVE ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 AS WELL AS FROM HIS DISMAY AT !IR 
DIM9UTION ) ! BUILDUP ( URBAN /REETS & BUILD+S4 

,YET ANO!R S\RCE ( 9SPIRATION = HIS ?9K+ AB\T ECOLOGY 
W]E ! WRIT+S ( ,K>L ,M>X & ,FRI$RI* ,5GELS4 ,9 SCATT]$ 
PASSAGES ! TWO PROG5ITORS ( ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM HAD ALLUD$ 
PROVOCATIVELY TO A CONFLICT$ RELATION%IP BETWE5 T[N & 
C\NTRY4 0,! GREATE/ DIVISION ( MAT]IAL & M5TAL LABOR10 !Y 
WROTE1 0IS ! SEP>ATION ( T[N & C\NTRY4 ,! ANTAGONISM 
BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY BEG9S ) ! TRANSITION FROM 
B>B>ISM TO CIVILIZATION1 FROM TRIBE TO ,/ATE1 FROM LOCALITY TO NATION1 
& RUNS ?R\< ! :OLE HI/ORY ( CIVILIZATION TO ! PRES5T 
DAY40.<#a#d.> ,5GELS1 WRIT+ ALONE1 LAM5T$ ! SPREAD ( 9DU/RIAL 
CAPITALI/ T[NS 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 0,! PRES5T POISON+ ( ! 
AIR1 WAT] & L& CAN BE PUT TO AN 5D ONLY BY ! FUSION0 ( T[N 
& C\NTRY3 

& ONLY SU* FUSION WILL *ANGE ! SITUATION ( ! MASSES N[ 
LANGUI%+ 9 ! T[NS4444 ,! ABOLITION ( ! SEP>ATION 
BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY IS 444 NOT UTOPIAN1 EV5 9 SO F> AS IT 
PRESUPPOSES ! MO/ EQUAL DI/RIBUTION POSSIBLE ( L>GE-SCALE 
9DU/RY OV] ! :OLE C\NTRY4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT 9 ! HUGE T[NS 
CIVILIZATION HAS BEQUEA!D US A H]ITAGE TO RID \RSELVES ( :I* 
WILL TAKE MU* TIME & TR\BLE4 ,BUT ?IS H]ITAGE MU/ & WILL 
BE GOT RID (1 H[EV] PROTRACT$ ! PROCESS MAY BE4.<#a#e.> 

,SU* UNSY/EMATIC BUT SUGGE/IVE /ATEM5TS1 RE9=C$ BY 
DISCUSSIONS 9 ! ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,ISSUES GR\P1 GAVE ,BOOK*9 A 
R\< FRAMEWORK = 9T]PRET+ ! 5VIRONM5TAL *ANGES ?AT 
HE WAS OBS]V+4 ,HE BEGAN TO EXPLORE ! ORIG9S ( ?IS CLEAVAGE 
BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 BETWE5 HUMAN SOCIETY & ! NATURAL 
WORLD1 & HE SPECULAT$ AB\T H[ IT C\LD BE ANNULL$ -- ?AT IS1 
H[ T[N & C\NTRY C\LD BE RE9TEGRAT$4 

,IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT FROM HIS E>LIE/ WRIT+S ON 5VIRONM5TAL 
ISSUES1 ,BOOK*9 DID NOT 9T]PRET ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS AS ! 
CONSEQU5CE ( A RIFT BETWE5 PRI/9E NATURAL WORLD & HUMAN 
CULTURE AS SU*1 OR AS A BASIC ANTI!SIS ?AT C\LD BE OV]COME ONLY 
BY EXALT+ WILD]NESS OV] CIVILIZATION4 ,RA!R1 FROM ! \TSET HE 
?\<T 9 T]MS ( ATTA9+ A RECONCILIATION BETWE5 HUMAN & 
NONHUMAN NATURE 9 A P>TICUL> K9D ( SOCIETY1 9 :I* 
0R\ND$0 HUMAN COMMUNITIES W\LD BE S5SITIVELY EMB$D$ 9 
NONHUMAN NATURE4 ,?IS 9TEGRATIVE APPROA* CONTRA/S M>K$LY 
) ! ROMANTIC NATURE-WOR%IP ( LAT] MY/ICAL ECOLOGIES ?AT 
W\LD REJECT CIVILIZATION ) A MILITANCY ?AT SOMETIMES PASSES OV] 
9TO ANTIHUMANISM & MISAN?ROPY4 ,FROM !IR /&PO9T ! V]Y 
NOTION ( AN 0ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY0 W\LD BE A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS3 
! ANTIDOTE TO ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IS1 = !M1 ! V5]ATION ( 
NATURE1 UND]/OOD AS WILD]NESS4 ,BOOK*9'S 9TEGRATIVE APPROA*1 
BY CONTRA/1 HAS BE5 FUNDAM5TAL TO HIS ?\<T FROM ! \TSET4 
,A LEGACY ( ,5LI<T5M5T HUMANISM1 :I* HE E>LY ABSORB$ 
FROM ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM1 IT COMPELL$ HIM TO LOOK = ECOLOGICAL 
SOLUTIONS ?AT W\LD 5HANCE HUMAN CREATIVITY1 NOT D5Y IT4 

,! SOCIETY CAPABLE ( P]=M+ SU* AN 9TEGRATION1 ,BOOK*9 
>GU$1 W\LD BE NOT A /RICTLY ,M>XI/ ONE1 FOCUS$ PRIM>ILY ON 
ECONOMIC FACTS1 BUT AN AN>*I/ ONE1 DEC5TRALIZ$ & MUTUALI/IC1 
NONHI]>*ICAL & COOP]ATIVE4 ,OV] ! DECADES HE W\LD FLE% 
\T ?IS CONCEPT MORE FULLY1 ) A SOCIAL-POLITICAL PROGRAM AS WELL 
AS A NATURE PHILOSOPHY4 ,YET EV5 HIS E>LIE/ WRIT+S EXPRESS ITS 
MAJOR PO9TS3 ITS ECOLOGICAL HUMANISM1 ITS TE*NOLOGICAL 9FRA/RUCTURE1 
& ESPECIALLY ITS E?ICAL \TLOOK1 BAS$ ON PR9CIPLES 
B5EFICIAL TO BO? ! SOCIAL & NATURAL WORLDS1 LIKE UNITY 9 
DIV]SITY & COMPLEM5T>ITY1 DIFF]5TIATION1 & DEVELOPM5T4 
,& HE HAS CONSI/5TLY HELD TO ! IDEA ?AT A*IEV+ ! 
9TEGRATION ( HUMAN & NONHUMAN NATURE REQUIRES1 AS A 
PRECONDITION1 *ANG+ HUMAN SOCIAL RELATIONS -- CREAT+ A SOCIETY 
( FRE$OM & COOP]ATION4 

,DEC5TRALIZATION 

7FROM ,\R ,SYN!TIC ,5VIRONM5T1 #a#i#f#b7 

,)\T HAV+ READ ANY BOOKS OR >TICLES ON HUMAN ECOLOGY1 MILLIONS 
( ,AM]ICANS HAVE S5S$ ! OV]ALL DET]IORATION ( MOD]N URBAN 
LIFE4 ,!Y HAVE TURN$ TO ! SUBURBS & 0EXURBS0 AS A REFUGE FROM 
! BURD5S ( ! METROPOLITAN MILIEU4 ,FROM ALL ACC\NTS ( SUBURBAN 
LIFE1 MANY ( !SE BURD5S HAVE FOLL[$ !M 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 
,SUBURBANITES HAVE NOT ADAPT$ TO ! L&2 !Y HAVE M]ELY ADAPT$ 
A METROPOLITAN MANN] ( LIFE TO SEMIRURAL SURR\ND+S4 ,! 
METROPOLIS REMA9S ! AXIS >\ND :I* !IR LIVES TURN4 ,IT IS ! 
S\RCE ( !IR LIVELIHOOD1 !IR FOOD /APLES1 & 9 L>GE P>T !IR 
T5SIONS4 ,! SUBURBS HAVE BRAN*$ AWAY FROM ! CITY1 BUT !Y /ILL 
BELONG TO ! METROPOLITAN TREE4 

,IT W\LD BE WISE1 H[EV]1 TO /OP RIDICUL+ ! EXODUS TO ! 
SUBURBS & TO TRY TO UND]/& :AT LIES BEH9D ?IS PH5OM5ON4 
,! MOD]N CITY HAS REA*$ ITS LIMITS4 ,MEGALOPOLITAN LIFE IS BREAK+ 
D[N -- PSY*ICALLY1 ECONOMICALLY1 & BIOLOGICALLY4 ,MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 
HAVE ACKN[L$G$ ?IS BREAKD[N BY 0VOT+ ) !IR FEET03 !Y 
HAVE PICK$ UP !IR BELONG+S & LEFT4 ,IF !Y HAVE NOT BE5 ABLE TO 
SEV] !IR CONNECTIONS ) ! METROPOLIS1 AT LEA/ !Y HAVE TRI$4 ,AS 
A SOCIAL SYMPTOM1 ! EF=T IS SIGNIFICANT4 ,! RECONCILIATION ( MAN 
) ! NATURAL WORLD IS NO LONG] M]ELY DESIRABLE2 IT HAS BECOME A 
NECESSITY4 ,IT IS A COMPELL+ NE$ ?AT IS S5D+ MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 9TO 
! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! NE$ HAS CREAT$ A NEW 9T]E/ 9 CAMP+1 
H&ICRAFTS1 & HORTICULTURE4 ,9 EV]-9CREAS+ NUMB]S1 ,AM]ICANS 
>E ACQUIR+ A PASSIONATE 9T]E/ 9 !IR NATIONAL P>KS & =E/S1 
9 !IR RURAL L&SCAPE1 & 9 !IR SMALL-T[N AGR>IAN H]ITAGE4 

,DESPITE ITS MANY %ORTCOM+S1 ?IS TR5D REFLECTS A BASICALLY S\ND 
ORI5TATION4 ,! AV]AGE ,AM]ICAN IS MAK+ AN ATTEMPT1 H[EV] 
CONFUS$LY1 TO R$UCE HIS 5VIRONM5T TO A HUMAN SCALE4 ,HE IS TRY+ 
TO RECREATE A WORLD ?AT HE CAN COPE ) AS AN 9DIVIDUAL1 A WORLD ?AT 
HE CORRECTLY ID5TIFIES ) ! FRE$OM1 G5TL] RHY?MS1 & QUIETUDE 
( RURAL SURR\ND+S4 ,HIS ATTEMPTS AT G>D5+1 L&SCAP+1 C>P5TRY1 
HOME MA9T5ANCE1 & O!R SO-CALL$ SUBURBAN 0VISES0 REFLECT 
A NE$ TO FUNCTION )9 AN 9TELLIGIBLE1 MANIPULABLE1 & 9DIVIDUALLY 
CREATIVE SPH]E ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,! SUBURBANITE1 LIKE ! CAMP]1 
S5SES ?AT HE IS WORK+ ) BASIC1 ABID+ ?+S ?AT HAVE SLIPP$ 
FROM HIS CONTROL 9 ! METROPOLITAN WORLD  -- %ELT]1 ! H&IWORK 
?AT 5T]S 9TO DAILY LIFE1 VEGETATION1 & ! L&4 ,HE IS =TUNATE1 TO 
BE SURE1 IF !SE ACTIVITIES DO NOT DESC5D TO ! LEVEL ( C>ICATURE4 
,NEV]!LESS1 !Y >E IMPORTANT1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE !Y REFLECT BASIC 
NE$S ( MAN BUT BECAUSE !Y ALSO REFLECT BASIC NE$S ( ! ?+S 
) :I* HE IS WORK+4 ,! HUMAN SCALE IS ALSO ! NATURAL SCALE4 
,! SOIL1 ! L&1 ! LIV+ ?+S ON :I* MAN DEP5DS = HIS 
NUTRIM5T & RECREATION >E DIRELY 9 NE$ ( 9DIVIDUAL C>E4 

,= ONE ?+1 PROP] MA9T5ANCE ( ! SOIL NOT ONLY DEP5DS UPON 
ADVANCES 9 \R KN[L$GE ( SOIL *EMI/RY & SOIL F]TILITY2 IT ALSO 
REQUIRES A MORE P]SONALIZ$ APPROA* TO AGRICULTURE4 ,?US F>1 ! 
TR5D HAS BE5 ! O!R WAY2 AGRICULTURE HAS BECOME DEP]SONALIZ$ 
& OV]9DU/RIALIZ$4 ,MOD]N F>M+ IS SUFF]+ FROM GIGANTISM4 
,! AV]AGE AGRICULTURAL UNIT IS GETT+ SO BIG ?AT ! F9] ASPECTS ( 
SOIL P]=MANCE & SOIL NE$S >E BE+ OV]LOOK$4 ,IF DIFF]5CES 9 
! QUALITY & P]=MANCE ( V>I\S K9DS ( SOIL >E TO RECEIVE MORE 
ATT5TION1 ,AM]ICAN F>M+ MU/ BE R$UC$ TO A MORE HUMAN SCALE4 
,IT WILL BECOME NECESS>Y TO BR+ AGRICULTURE )9 ! SCOPE ( ! 
9DIVIDUAL1 SO ?AT ! F>M] & ! SOIL CAN DEVELOP TOGE!R1 EA* 
RESPOND+ AS FULLY AS POSSIBLE TO ! NE$S ( ! O!R4 

,! SAME IS TRUE = ! MANAGEM5T ( LIVE/OCK4 ,TODAY FOOD ANIMALS 
>E BE+ MANIPULAT$ LIKE A LIFELESS 9DU/RIAL RES\RCE4 ,NORMALLY1 L>GE 
NUMB]S ( ANIMALS >E COLLECT$ 9 ! SMALLE/ POSSIBLE >EA & >E 
ALL[$ ONLY AS MU* MOVEM5T AS IS NECESS>Y = M]E SURVIVAL4 ,\R 
MEAT ANIMALS HAVE BE5 PLAC$ ON A DIET COMPOS$ = ! MO/ P>T ( 
M$ICAT$ FE$ HI< 9 C>BOHYDRATES4 ,BE=E !Y >E SLAU<T]$1 !SE 
OBESE1 RAPIDLY MATUR$ CREATURES SELDOM SP5D MORE ?AN SIX MON?S 
ON ! RANGE & SIX MON?S ON F>MS1 :]E !Y >E KEPT ON 
CONC5TRAT$ RATIONS & GA9 AB\T TWO P\NDS DAILY4 ,\R DAIRY H]DS 
>E H&L$ LIKE MA*9ES2 \R P\LTRY FLOCKS1 LIKE HO?\SE TOMATOES4 
,! NE$ TO RE/ORE ! TIME-HONOR$ 9TIMACY BETWE5 MAN & HIS 
LIVE/OCK IS JU/ AS PRON\NC$ AS ! NE$ TO BR+ AGRICULTURE )9 
! HORIZON ( ! 9DIVIDUAL F>M]4 ,AL?\< MOD]N TE*NOLOGY HAS 
5L>G$ ! ELEM5TS ?AT 5T] 9TO ! AGRICULTURAL SITUATION1 GIV+ 
EA* MAN A WID] >EA ( SOV]EIGNTY & CONTROL1 MA*9ES HAVE NOT 
LESS5$ ! IMPORTANCE ( P]SONAL FAMILI>ITY ) ! L&1 ITS 
VEGETATION1 & ! LIV+ ?+S IT SUPPORTS4 ,UNLESS PR9CIPLES ( GOOD 
L& USE P]MIT O!RWISE1 A F>M %\LD NOT BECOME SMALL] OR L>G] 
?AN ! 9DIVIDUAL F>M] CAN COMM&4 ,IF IT IS SMALL]1 AGRICULTURE WILL 
BECOME 9EFFICI5T2 IF L>G]1 IT WILL BECOME DEP]SONALIZ$4 

,) ! DECL9E 9 ! QUALITY ( URBAN LIFE1 ON ! ONE H&1 & 
! GR[+ IMBALANCE 9 AGRICULTURE1 ON ! O!R1 \R TIMES >E 
BEG9N+ TO WITNESS A REM>KABLE CONFLU5CE ( HUMAN 9T]E/S ) 
! NE$S ( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,M5 ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ASSUM$ 
A PO/URE ( DEFIANCE T[>D ! =E/S1 PLA9S1 & M\NTA9S4 ,!IR 
APPLAUSE WAS RES]V$ = ! 5G9E]1 ! TE*NICIAN1 ! 9V5TOR1 AT 
TIMES EV5 ! ROBB] B>ON1 & ! RAILROAD]1 :O SEEM$ TO (F] 
! PROMISE ( A MORE ABUNDANT MAT]IAL LIFE4 ,TODAY WE >E FILL$ ) 
A VAGUE NO/ALGIA = ! PA/4 ,TO A L>GE DEGREE ?IS NO/ALGIA REFLECTS 
! 9SECURITY & UNC]TA9TY ( \R TIMES1 9 CONTRA/ ) ! E*OES 
( A MORE OPTIMI/IC & P]HAPS MORE TRANQUIL ]A4 ,BUT IT ALSO REFLECTS 
A DEEP S5SE ( LOSS1 A LONG+ = ! FREE1 UNBLEMI%$ L& ?AT LAY 
BE=E ! EYES ( ! FRONTI]SMAN & E>LY SETTL]4 ,WE >E SEEK+ 
\T ! M\NTA9S !Y TRI$ TO AVOID & WE >E TRY+ TO RECOV] 
FRAGM5TS ( ! =E/S !Y REMOV$4 ,\R NO/ALGIA SPR+S NEI!R 
FROM A GREAT] S5SITIVITY NOR FROM ! WILD] DEP?S ( HUMAN 9/9CT4 
,IT SPR+S FROM A GR[+ NE$ TO RE/ORE ! NORMAL1 BALANC$1 & 
MANAGEABLE RHY?MS ( HUMAN LIFE -- ?AT IS1 AN 5VIRONM5T ?AT MEETS 
\R REQUIREM5TS AS 9DIVIDUALS & BIOLOGICAL BE+S4 

,MOD]N MAN CAN NEV] RETURN TO ! PRIMITIVE LIFE HE SO (T5 IDEALIZES1 
BUT ! PO9T IS ?AT HE DOESN'T HAVE TO4 ,! USE ( F>M MA*9]Y AS 
SU* DOES NOT CONFLICT ) S\ND AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES2 NOR >E 9DU/RY 
& AN URBANIZ$ COMMUNITY 9COMPATIBLE ) A MORE AGR>IAN1 MORE 
NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,IRONICALLY1 ADVANCES 9 TE*NOLOGY ITSELF HAVE 
L>GELY OV]COME ! 9DU/RIAL PROBLEMS ?AT ONCE JU/IFI$ ! HUGE 
CONC5TRATIO,AS ( PEOPLE & FACILITIES 9 A FEW URBAN >EAS4 
,AUTOMOBILES1 AIRCRAFT1 ELECTRIC P[]1 & ELECTRONIC DEVICES HAVE 
ELIM9AT$ NE>LY ALL ! PROBLEMS ( TRANSPORTATION1 COMMUNICATION1 
& SOCIAL ISOLATION ?AT BURD5$ MAN 9 PA/ ]AS4 ,WE CAN N[ 
COMMUNICATE ) ONE ANO!R OV] A DI/ANCE ( ?\S&S ( MILES 9 
A MATT] ( SECONDS1 & WE CAN TRAVEL TO ! MO/ REMOTE >EAS ( ! 
WORLD 9 A FEW H\RS4 ,! OB/ACLES CREAT$ BY SPACE & TIME >E 
ESS5TIALLY GONE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 SIZE NE$ NO LONG] BE A PROBLEM4 
,TE*NOLOGI/S HAVE DEVELOP$ REM>KABLE SMALL-SCALE ALT]NATIVES TO 
MANY ( ! GIANT FACILITIES ?AT /ILL DOM9ATE MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,! 
SMOKY /EEL T[N1 = EXAMPLE1 IS AN ANA*RONISM4 ,EXCELL5T /EEL CAN 
BE MADE & ROLL$ ) 9/ALLATIONS ?AT OCCUPY AB\T TWO OR ?REE 
CITY BLOCKS4 ,MANY ( ! LATE/ MA*9ES >E HI<LY V]SATILE & 
COMPACT4 ,!Y L5D !MSELVES TO A L>GE V>IETY ( MANUFACTUR+ & 
F9I%+ OP]ATIONS4 ,TODAY ! MORE MOD]N PLANT1 ) ITS CLEAN1 QUIET1 
V]SATILE1 & L>GELY AUTOMAT$ FACILITIES1 CONTRA/S %>PLY ) ! 
HUGE1 UGLY1 CONGE/$ FACTORIES 9H]IT$ FROM AN E>LI] ]A4 

,?US1 ALMO/ )\T REALIZ+ IT1 WE HAVE BE5 PREP>+ ! 
MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = A NEW TYPE ( HUMAN COMMUNITY  -- ONE ?AT 
CON/ITUTES NEI!R A COMPLETE RETURN TO ! PA/ NOR A SUBURBAN 
ACCOMMODATION TO ! PRES5T4 ,IT IS NO LONG] FANCIFUL TO ?9K ( MAN'S 
FUTURE 5VIRONM5T 9 T]MS ( A DEC5TRALIZ$1 MOD]ATE-SIZ$ CITY ?AT 
COMB9ES 9DU/RY ) AGRICULTURE1 NOT ONLY 9 ! SAME CIVIC 5TITY 
BUT 9 ! OCCUPATIONAL ACTIVITIES ( ! SAME 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! 0URBANIZ$ 
F>M]0 OR ! 0AGR>IANIZ$ T[NSMAN0 NE$ NOT BE A CONTRADICTION 
9 T]MS4 ,?IS WAY ( LIFE WAS A*IEV$ = A TIME BY ! ,GREEK POLIS1 
BY E>LY ,REPUBLICAN ,ROME1 & BY ! ,R5AISSANCE COMMUNE4 ,! 
URBAN C5T]S ?AT BECAME ! WELL-SPR+S ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION W]E 
NOT /RICTLY CITIES 9 ! MOD]N S5SE ( ! T]M4 ,RA!R1 !Y BR\<T 
AGRICULTURE TOGE!R ) URBAN LIFE1 SYN!SIZ+ BO? 9TO A R\ND$ 
HUMAN1 CULTURAL1 & SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,:E!R MOD]N MAN MANAGES TO REA* ?IS PO9T OR TRAVELS ONLY 
P>T ( ! WAY1 SOME K9D ( DEC5TRALIZATION WILL BE NECESS>Y TO 
A*IEVE A LA/+ EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 SOCIETY & NATURE4 ,URBAN 
DEC5TRALIZATION UND]LIES ANY HOPE ( A*IEV+ ECOLOGICAL CONTROL ( 
PE/ 9FE/ATIONS 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,ONLY A COMMUNITY WELL 9TEGRAT$ ) 
! RES\RCES ( ! SURR\ND+ REGION CAN PROMOTE AGRICULTURAL & 
BIOLOGICAL DIV]SITY4 ,) C>EFUL PLANN+1 MAN C\LD USE PLANTS & 
ANIMALS NOT ONLY AS A S\RCE ( FOOD BUT ALSO1 BY PITT+ ONE SPECIES ( 
LIFE AGA9/ ANO!R1 AS A MEANS ( CONTROLL+ PE/S1 ?US ELIM9AT+ 
MU* ( HIS NE$ = *EMICAL ME?ODS4 ,:AT IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 A 
DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITY HOLDS ! GREATE/ PROMISE = CONS]V+ 
NATURAL RES\RCES1 P>TICUL>LY AS IT W\LD PROMOTE ! USE ( LOCAL 
S\RCES ( 5]GY4 ,9/EAD ( RELY+ PRIM>ILY ON CONC5TRAT$ S\RCES 
( FUEL 9 DI/ANT REGIONS ( ! CONT95T1 ! COMMUNITY C\LD MAKE 
MAXIMUM USE ( ITS [N 5]GY RES\RCES1 SU* AS W9D P[]1 SOL> 
5]GY1 & HYDROELECTRIC P[]4 ,!SE S\RCES ( 5]GY1 SO (T5 
OV]LOOK$ BECAUSE ( AN ALMO/ EXCLUSIVE RELIANCE ON A NATIONAL 
DIVISION ( LABOR1 W\LD HELP GREATLY TO CONS]VE ! REMA9+ SUPPLY 
( HI<-GRADE PETROLEUM & COAL4 ,!Y W\LD ALMO/ C]TA9LY 
PO/PONE1 IF NOT ELIM9ATE1 ! NE$ = TURN+ TO RADIOACTIVE SUB/ANCES 
& NUCLE> REACTORS AS MAJOR S\RCES ( 9DU/RIAL 5]GY4 ,) MORE 
TIME AT HIS DISPOSAL = 9T5SIVE RESE>*1 MAN MI<T LE>N EI!R TO 
EMPLOY SOL> 5]GY & W9D P[] AS ! PR9CIPAL S\RCES ( 5]GY 
OR TO ELIM9ATE ! HAZ>D ( RADIOACTIVE CONTAM9ATION FROM NUCLE> 
REACTORS4 

,IT IS TRUE1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT \R LIFE L9ES W\LD BECOME MORE COMPLEX 
&1 FROM A TE*NOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 LESS 0EFFICI5T40 ,!RE W\LD 
BE MANY DUPLICATIONS ( EF=T4 ,9/EAD ( BE+ CONC5TRAT$ 9 TWO 
OR ?REE >EAS ( ! C\NTRY1 /EEL PLANTS W\LD BE SPREAD \T1 ) 
MANY COMMUNITIES EMPLOY+ SMALL-SCALE FACILITIES TO MEET REGIONAL OR 
LOCAL NE$S4 ,BUT ! WORD EFFICI5CY1 LIKE ! WORD PE/1 IS RELATIVE4 
,AL?\< DUPLICATION ( FACILITIES W\LD BE SOME:AT CO/LY1 MANY 
LOCAL M9]AL S\RCES ?AT >E NOT US$ TODAY BECAUSE !Y >E TOO 
WIDELY SCATT]$ OR TOO SMALL = ! PURPOSES ( L>GE-SCALE PRODUCTION 
W\LD BECOME ECONOMICAL = ! PURPOSES ( A SMALL] COMMUNITY4 
,?US1 9 ! LONG RUN1 A MORE LOCALIZ$ OR REGIONAL =M ( 9DU/RIAL 
ACTIVITY IS LIKELY TO PROMOTE A MORE EFFICI5T USE ( RES\RCES ?AN \R 
PREVAIL+ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION4 

,IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT WE WILL NEV] 5TIRELY ELIM9ATE ! NE$ = A 
NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR 9 AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY4 
,! ,MIDWE/ WILL ALWAYS REMA9 \R BE/ S\RCE ( GRA9S2 ! ,EA/ 
& ,F> ,WE/1 ! BE/ S\RCES ( LUMB] & C]TA9 FIELD CROPS4 ,\R 
PETROLEUM1 HI<-GRADE COAL1 & C]TA9 M9]ALS WILL /ILL HAVE TO BE 
SUPPLI$1 9 L>GE P>T1 BY A FEW REGIONS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,BUT !RE IS NO 
REASON :Y WE CANNOT R$UCE ! BURD5 ?AT \R NATIONAL DIVISION ( 
LABOR CURR5TLY PLACES ON !SE >EAS BY SPREAD+ ! AGRICULTURAL & 
9DU/RIAL LOADS OV] WID] >EAS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,?IS SEEMS TO BE ! 
ONLY APPROA* TO ! TASK ( CREAT+ A LONG-RANGE BALANCE BETWE5 
MAN & ! NATURAL WORLD & ( REMAK+ MAN'S SYN!TIC 
5VIRONM5T 9 A =M ?AT WILL PROMOTE HUMAN HEAL? & FITNESS4 

,AN EMPHASIS ON AGRICULTURE & URBAN REGIONALISM IS SOME:AT 
DISCONC]T+ TO ! AV]AGE CITY DWELL]4 ,IT CONJURES UP AN IMAGE ( 
CULTURAL ISOLATION & SOCIAL /AGNATION1 ( A J\RNEY BACKW>D 9 
HI/ORY TO ! AGR>IAN SOCIETIES ( ! M$IEVAL & ANCI5T WORLDS4 
,ACTUALLY1 ! URBAN DWELL] TODAY IS MORE ISOLAT$ 9 ! BIG CITY ?AN 
HIS ANCE/ORS W]E 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! CITY MAN 9 ! MOD]N 
METROPOLIS HAS REA*$ A DEGREE ( ANONYMITY1 SOCIAL ATOMIZATION1 & 
SPIRITUAL ISOLATION ?AT IS VIRTUALLY UNPREC$5T$ 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 
,TODAY MAN'S ALI5ATION FROM MAN IS ALMO/ ABSOLUTE4 ,HIS /&>DS ( 
COOP]ATION1 MUTUAL AID1 SIMPLE HUMAN HOSPITALITY1 & DEC5CY HAVE 
SUFF]$ AN APPALL+ ]OSION 9 ! URBAN MILIEU4 ,MAN'S CIVIC 
9/ITUTIONS HAVE BECOME COLD1 IMP]SONAL AG5CIES = ! MANIPULATION 
( HIS DE/9Y1 & HIS CULTURE HAS 9CREAS+LY ACCOMMODAT$ ITSELF TO 
! LEA/ COMMON D5OM9ATOR ( 9TELLIG5CE & TA/E4 ,HE HAS NO?+ 
TO LOSE EV5 BY A BACKW>D GLANCE2 9DE$1 9 ?IS WAY HE IS LIKELY TO 
PLACE HIS PRES5T-DAY WORLD & ITS LIMITATIONS 9 A CLE>] P]SPECTIVE4 

,BUT :Y %\LD AN EMPHASIS ON AGRICULTURE & URBAN REGIONALISM 
BE REG>D$ AS AN ATTEMPT TO RETURN TO ! PA/8 ,CAN WE NOT DEVELOP 
\R 5VIRONM5T MORE SELECTIVELY1 MORE SUBTLY1 & MORE RATIONALLY 
?AN WE HAVE ?US F>1 COMB9+ ! BE/ ( ! PA/ & PRES5T & 
BR++ =? A NEW SYN!SIS ( MAN & NATURE1 NATION & REGION1 
T[N & C\NTRY8 ,LIFE W\LD 9DE$ CEASE TO BE AN ADV5TURE IF WE 
M]ELY ELABORAT$ ! PRES5T BY EXT5D+ URBAN SPRAWL & BY 
EXT5D+ CIVIC LIFE UNTIL IT COMPLETELY ESCAPES FROM ! CONTROL ( ITS 
9DIVIDUAL ELEM5TS4 ,TO CONT9UE ALONG !SE L9ES W\LD S]VE NOT TO 
PROMOTE SOCIAL EVOLUTION BUT RA!R TO 0FATT50 ! SOCIAL ORGANISM TO 
A PO9T :]E IT C\LD NO LONG] MOVE4 ,\R PURPOSE %\LD BE TO MAKE 
9DIVIDUAL LIFE A MORE R\ND$ EXP]I5CE1 & ?IS WE CAN HOPE TO 
ACCOMPLI% AT ! PRES5T /AGE ( \R DEVELOPM5T ONLY BY RE/OR+ 
! COMPLEXITY ( MAN'S 5VIRONM5T & BY R$UC+ ! COMMUNITY 
TO A HUMAN SCALE4 

,IS !RE ANY EVID5CE ?AT REASON WILL PREVAIL 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( 
\R AFFAIRS8 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO GIVE A DIRECT ANSW]4 ,C]TA9LY WE >E 
BEG9N+ TO LOOK = QUALITATIVE IMPROVEM5TS 9 MANY ASPECTS ( LIFE2 
WE >E GETT+ WE>Y & RES5TFUL ( ! %ODD9ESS 9 GOODS & 
S]VICES4 ,WE >E GA9+ A NEW APPRECIATION ( ! L& & ITS 
PROBLEMS1 & A GREAT] REALIZATION ( ! SOCIAL PROMISE (F]$ BY A 
MORE MANAGEABLE HUMAN COMMUNITY4 ,MORE & MORE IS BE+ WRITT5 
AB\T \R SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T1 & ! CRITICISM IS MORE PO9T$ 
?AN IT HAS BE5 9 ALMO/ HALF A C5TURY4 ,P]HAPS WE CAN /ILL HOPE1 AS 
,MUM=D DID MORE ?AN TWO DECADES AGO 9 ! CLOS+ L9ES ( ,! ,CULTURE ( ,CITIES3 

,WE HAVE MU* TO UNBUILD1 & MU* MORE TO BUILD3 BUT ! F\NDATIONS 
>E READY3 ! MA*9ES >E SET 9 PLACE & ! TOOLS >E BRI<T & 
KE53 ! >*ITECTS1 ! 5G9E]S1 & ! WORKM5 >E ASSEMBL$4 
,NONE ( US MAY LIVE TO SEE ! COMPLETE BUILD+1 & P]HAPS 9 ! 
NATURE ( ?+S ! BUILD+ CAN NEV] BE COMPLET$3 BUT SOME ( US 
WILL SEE ! FLAG OR ! FIR TREE ?AT ! WORK]S WILL PLANT AL(T 9 ANCI5T 
RITUAL :5 !Y CAPT ! TOPMO/ /ORY4 

,AN>*ISM & ,ECOLOGY 

7FROM 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T10 #a#i#f#d7 

,AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 F> FROM BE+ A REMOTE IDEAL1 HAS BECOME A 
PRECONDITION = ! PRACTICE ( ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES4 ,TO SUM UP ! 
CRITICAL MESSAGE ( ECOLOGY3 ,IF WE DIM9I% V>IETY 9 ! NATURAL WORLD1 
WE DEBASE ITS UNITY & :OL5ESS2 WE DE/ROY ! =CES MAK+ = 
NATURAL H>MONY & = A LA/+ EQUILIBRIUM2 &1 :AT IS EV5 MORE 
SIGNIFICANT1 WE 9TRODUCE AN ABSOLUTE RETROGRESSION 9 ! DEVELOPM5T 
( ! NATURAL WORLD ?AT MAY EV5TUALLY R5D] ! 5VIRONM5T UNFIT 
= ADVANC$ =MS ( LIFE4 ,TO SUM UP ! RECON/RUCTIVE MESSAGE ( 
ECOLOGY3 ,IF WE WI% TO ADVANCE ! UNITY & /ABILITY ( ! NATURAL 
WORLD1 IF WE WI% TO H>MONIZE IT1 WE MU/ CONS]VE & PROMOTE 
V>IETY4 ,TO BE SURE1 M]E V>IETY = ITS [N SAKE IS A VACU\S GOAL4 ,9 
NATURE1 V>IETY EM]GES SPONTANE\SLY4 ,! CAPACITIES ( A NEW SPECIES 
>E TE/$ BY ! RIGORS ( CLIMATE1 BY ITS ABILITY TO DEAL ) PR$ATORS1 
& BY ITS CAPACITY TO E/ABLI% & 5L>GE ITS NI*E4 ,YET ! SPECIES ?AT SUCCE$S 9 5L>G+ ITS NI*E 9 ! 5VIRONM5T ALSO 5L>GES ! ECOLOGICAL SITUATION AS A :OLE4 ,TO BORR[ ,E4 ,A4 ,GUTK9D'S PHRASE1 
IT 0EXP&S ! 5VIRONM5T10 BO? = ITSELF & = ! SPECIES ) 
:I* IT 5T]S 9TO A BALANC$ RELATION%IP4.<#a#f.> 

,H[ DO !SE CONCEPTS APPLY TO SOCIAL !ORY8 ,TO MANY READ]S1 ,I 
SUPPOSE1 IT %\LD SUFFICE TO SAY ?AT1 9ASMU* AS MAN IS P>T ( NATURE1 
AN EXP&+ NATURAL 5VIRONM5T 5L>GES ! BASIS = SOCIAL 
DEVELOPM5T4 ,BUT ! ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION GOES MU* DEEP] ?AN 
MANY ECOLOGI/S & LIB]T>IANS SUSPECT4 ,AGA91 ALL[ ME TO RETURN TO 
! ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLE ( :OL5ESS & BALANCE AS A PRODUCT ( 
DIV]SITY4 ,KEEP+ ?IS PR9CIPLE 9 M9D1 ! FIR/ /EP T[>D AN ANSW] 
IS PROVID$ BY A PASSAGE 9 ,H]B]T ,READ'S 0,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( 
,AN>*ISM40 ,9 PRES5T+ HIS 0MEASURE ( PROGRESS10 ,READ OBS]VES3 
0,PROGRESS IS MEASUR$ BY ! DEGREE ( DIFF]5TIATION )9 A SOCIETY4 
,IF ! 9DIVIDUAL IS A UNIT 9 A CORPORATE MASS1 HIS LIFE WILL BE LIMIT$1 
DULL1 & ME*ANICAL4 ,IF ! 9DIVIDUAL IS A UNIT ON HIS [N1 ) SPACE 
& POT5TIALITY = SEP>ATE ACTION1 !N HE MAY BE MORE SUBJECT TO 
ACCID5T OR *ANCE1 BUT AT LEA/ HE CAN EXP& & EXPRESS HIMSELF4 ,HE 
CAN DEVELOP  -- DEVELOP 9 ! ONLY REAL MEAN+ ( ! WORD  -- DEVELOP 
9 CONSCI\SNESS ( /R5G?1 VITALITY1 & JOY40.<#a#g.> 

,READ'S ?\<T1 UN=TUNATELY1 IS NOT FULLY DEVELOP$1 BUT IT PROVIDES 
AN 9T]E/+ PO9T ( DEP>TURE4 ,:AT FIR/ /RIKES US IS ?AT BO? ! 
ECOLOGI/ & ! AN>*I/ PLACE A /RONG EMPHASIS ON SPONTANEITY4 ,! 
ECOLOGI/1 9S(> AS HE IS MORE ?AN A TE*NICIAN1 T5DS TO REJECT ! 
NOTION ( 0P[] OV] NATURE40 ,HE SPEAKS 9/EAD ( 0/E]+0 HIS 
WAY ?R\< AN ECOLOGICAL SITUATION1 ( MANAG+ RA!R ?AN RECREAT+ 
AN ECOSY/EM4 ,! AN>*I/1 9 TURN1 SPEAKS 9 T]MS ( SOCIAL 
SPONTANEITY1 ( RELEAS+ ! POT5TIALITIES ( SOCIETY & HUMANITY1 ( 
GIV+ FREE & UNFETT]$ RE9 TO ! CREATIVITY ( PEOPLE4 ,EA* 9 ITS 
[N WAY REG>DS AU?ORITY AS 9HIBITORY1 AS A WEI<T LIMIT+ ! 
CREATIVE POT5TIAL ( A NATURAL & SOCIAL SITUATION4 ,!IR OBJECT IS NOT 
TO RULE A DOMA91 BUT TO RELEASE IT4 ,!Y REG>D 9SI<T1 REASON1 & 
KN[L$GE AS A MEANS = FULFILL+ ! POT5TIALITIES ( A SITUATION1 AS 
FACILITAT+ ! WORK+ \T ( ! LOGIC ( A SITUATION1 NOT AS REPLAC+ 
ITS POT5TIALITIES ) PRECONCEIV$ NOTIONS OR DI/ORT+ !IR 
DEVELOPM5T ) DOGMAS4 

,RETURN+ TO ,READ'S WORDS1 :AT /RIKES US IS ?AT LIKE ! ECOLOGI/1 
! AN>*I/ VIEWS DIFF]5TIATION AS A MEASURE ( PROGRESS4 ,! ECOLOGI/ 
USES ! T]M BIOTIC PYRAMID 9 SPEAK+ ( BIOLOGICAL ADVANCES2 
! AN>*I/1 ! WORD 9DIVIDUATION TO D5OTE SOCIAL ADVANCES4 ,IF WE 
GO BEYOND ,READ1 WE WILL OBS]VE ?AT1 TO BO? ! ECOLOGI/ & ! 
AN>*I/1 AN EV]-9CREAS+ UNITY IS A*IEV$ BY GR[+ DIFF]5TIATION4 
,AN EXP&+ :OLE IS CREAT$ BY ! DIV]SIFICATION & 5RI*M5T ( ITS P>TS4 

,JU/ AS ! ECOLOGI/ SEEKS TO EXP& ! RANGE ( AN ECOSY/EM & 
PROMOTE A FREE 9T]PLAY BETWE5 SPECIES1 SO ! AN>*I/ SEEKS TO 
EXP& ! RANGE ( SOCIAL EXP]I5CE & REMOVE ALL FETT]S FROM ITS 
DEVELOPM5T4 ,AN>*ISM IS NOT ONLY A /ATELESS SOCIETY BUT A 
H>MONIZ$ SOCIETY ?AT EXPOSES MAN TO ! /IMULI PROVID$ BY BO? 
AGR>IAN & URBAN LIFE1 TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & M5TAL ACTIVITY1 TO 
UNREPRESS$ S5SUALITY & SELF-DIRECT$ SPIRITUALITY1 TO COMMUNAL 
SOLID>ITY & 9DIVIDUAL DEVELOPM5T1 TO REGIONAL UNIQU5ESS & 
WORLDWIDE BRO!RHOOD1 TO SPONTANEITY & SELF-DISCIPL9E1 TO ! 
ELIM9ATION ( TOIL & ! PROMOTION ( CRAFTSMAN%IP4 ,9 \R S*IZOID 
SOCIETY1 !SE GOALS >E REG>D$ AS MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE1 9DE$ AS 
%>PLY OPPOS$4 ,!Y APPE> AS DUALITIES BECAUSE ( ! V]Y LOGI/ICS 
( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY  -- ! SEP>ATION ( T[N & C\NTRY1 ! 
SPECIALIZATION ( LABOR1 ! ATOMIZATION ( MAN -- & IT W\LD BE 
PREPO/]\S TO BELIEVE ?AT !SE DUALITIES C\LD BE RESOLV$ )\T 
A G5]AL IDEA ( ! PHYSICAL /RUCTURE ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,WE CAN 
GA9 SOME IDEA ( :AT SU* A SOCIETY W\LD BE LIKE BY READ+ ,WILLIAM 
,MORRIS'S ,NEWS ,FROM ,NO:]E & ! WRIT+S ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK94 
,BUT !SE WORKS PROVIDE US ) M]E GLIMPSES4 ,!Y DO NOT TAKE 9TO 
ACC\NT ! PO/-,WORLD ,W> ,I,I DEVELOPM5TS ( TE*NOLOGY & ! 
CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( ECOLOGY4 ,?IS IS NOT ! 
PLACE TO EMB>K ON A DISCUSSION ( 0UTOPIAN WRIT+10 BUT C]TA9 
GUIDEL9ES CAN BE PRES5T$4 ,& 9 PRES5T+ !SE GUIDEL9ES1 ,I AM 
EAG] TO EMPHASIZE NOT ONLY ! MORE OBVI\S ECOLOGICAL PREMISES ?AT 
SUPPORT !M BUT ALSO ! HUMANI/IC ONES4 

,AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY %\LD BE A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY1 NOT ONLY TO 
E/ABLI% A LA/+ BASIS = ! H>MONIZATION ( MAN & NATURE BUT ALSO TO ADD NEW DIM5SIONS TO ! H>MONIZATION ( MAN & MAN4 
,! ,GREEKS1 WE >E (T5 REM9D$1 W\LD HAVE BE5 HORRIFI$ BY A 
CITY :OSE SIZE & POPULATION PRECLUD$ FACE-TO-FACE1 FAMILI> 
RELATION%IPS AMONG CITIZ5S4 ,TODAY !RE IS PLA9LY A NE$ TO R$UCE 
! DIM5SIONS ( ! HUMAN COMMUNITY -- P>TLY TO SOLVE \R POLLUTION 
& TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS1 P>TLY ALSO TO CREATE REAL COMMUNITIES4 
,9 A S5SE1 WE MU/ HUMANIZE HUMANITY4 ,ELECTRONIC DEVICES SU* AS 
TELEPHONES1 TELEGRAPHS1 RADIOS1 & TELEVISION RECEIV]S %\LD BE US$ 
AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE TO M$IATE ! RELATIONS BETWE5 PEOPLE4 ,9 MAK+ 
COLLECTIVE DECISIONS -- ! ANCI5T ,A!NIAN ECCLESIA WAS1 9 SOME WAYS1 
A MODEL = MAK+ SOCIAL DECISIONS  -- ALL MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY 
%\LD HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO ACQUIRE 9 FULL ! MEASURE ( ANYONE 
:O ADDRESSES ! ASSEMBLY4 ,!Y %\LD BE 9 A POSITION TO ABSORB 
HIS ATTITUDES1 /UDY HIS EXPRESSIONS1 & WEI< HIS MOTIVES AS WELL AS 
HIS IDEAS 9 A DIRECT P]SONAL 5C\NT] & ?R\< FACE-TO-FACE 
DISCUSSION4 

,\R SMALL COMMUNITIES %\LD BE ECONOMICALLY BALANC$ & WELL 
R\ND$1 P>TLY SO ?AT !Y CAN MAKE FULL USE ( LOCAL RAW MAT]IALS 
& 5]GY RES\RCES1 P>TLY ALSO TO 5L>GE ! AGRICULTURAL & 
9DU/RIAL /IMULI TO :I* 9DIVIDUALS >E EXPOS$4 ,! MEMB] ( A 
COMMUNITY :O HAS A PR$ILECTION = 5G9E]+1 = 9/ANCE1 %\LD 
BE 5C\RAG$ TO /EEP HIS H&S 9 HUMMUS2 ! MAN ( IDEAS %\LD 
BE 5C\RAG$ TO EMPLOY HIS MUSCULATURE2 ! 09BORN0 F>M] %\LD 
GA9 A FAMILI>ITY ) ! WORK+S ( A ROLL+ MILL4 ,TO SEP>ATE ! 
5G9E] FROM ! SOIL1 ! ?9K] FROM ! SPADE1 & ! F>M] FROM 
! 9DU/RIAL PLANT PROMOTES A DEGREE ( VOCATIONAL OV]SPECIALIZATION 
?AT LEADS TO A DANG]\S MEASURE ( SOCIAL CONTROL BY SPECIALI/S4 ,:AT 
IS EQUALLY IMPORTANT1 PR(ESSIONAL & VOCATIONAL SPECIALIZATION PREV5TS 
SOCIETY FROM A*IEV+ A VITAL GOAL3 ! HUMANIZATION ( NATURE BY ! 
TE*NICIAN & ! NATURALIZATION ( SOCIETY BY ! BIOLOGI/4 

,I SUBMIT ?AT AN AN>*I/ COMMUNITY W\LD APPROXIMATE A CLE>LY 
DEF9ABLE ECOSY/EM  -- IT W\LD BE DIV]SIFI$1 BALANC$1 & 
H>MONI\S4 ,IT IS >GUABLE :E!R SU* AN ECOSY/EM W\LD ACQUIRE 
! CONFIGURATION ( AN URBAN 5TITY ) A DI/9CT C5T]1 SU* AS WE 
F9D 9 ! ,GREEK POLIS1 OR ! M$IEVAL COMMUNE1 OR :E!R1 AS 
,GUTK9D PROPOSES1 SOCIETY W\LD CONSI/ ( WIDELY DISP]S$ 
COMMUNITIES )\T A DI/9CT C5T]4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ! ECOLOGICAL SCALE 
= ANY ( !SE COMMUNITIES W\LD BE DET]M9$ BY ! SMALLE/ 
ECOSY/EM CAPABLE ( SUPPORT+ A POPULATION ( MOD]ATE SIZE4 

,A RELATIVELY SELF-SUFFICI5T COMMUNITY1 VISIBLY DEP5D5T ON ITS 
5VIRONM5T = ! MEANS ( LIFE1 W\LD GA9 A NEW RESPECT = ! 
ORGANIC 9T]RELATION%IPS ?AT SU/A9 IT4 ,9 ! LONG RUN1 ! ATTEMPT 
TO APPROXIMATE SELF-SUFFICI5CY W\LD1 ,I ?9K1 PROVE MORE EFFICI5T 
?AN ! EXAGG]AT$ NATIONAL DIVISION ( LABOR ?AT PREVAILS TODAY4 
,AL?\< !RE W\LD D\BTLESS BE MANY DUPLICATIONS ( SMALL 
9DU/RIAL FACILITIES FROM COMMUNITY TO COMMUNITY1 ! FAMILI>ITY ( 
EA* GR\P ) ITS LOCAL 5VIRONM5T & ITS ECOLOGICAL ROOTS W\LD 
MAKE = A MORE 9TELLIG5T & MORE LOV+ USE ( ITS 5VIRONM5T4 ,I 
SUBMIT ?AT1 F> FROM PRODUC+ PROV9CIALISM1 RELATIVE SELF-SUFFICI5CY 
W\LD CREATE A NEW MATRIX = 9DIVIDUAL & COMMUNAL DEVELOPM5TA 
ON5ESS ) ! SURR\ND+S ?AT W\LD VITALIZE ! COMMUNITY4 

,! ROTATION ( CIVIC1 VOCATIONAL1 & PR(ESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES 
W\LD /IMULATE ! S5SES 9 ! BE+ ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 CREAT+ & 
R\ND+ \T NEW DIM5SIONS 9 SELF-DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 A COMPLETE SOCIETY 
WE C\LD HOPE TO CREATE COMPLETE M52 9 A R\ND$ SOCIETY1 R\ND$ 
M54 ,9 ! ,WE/]N WORLD1 ! ,A!NIANS1 = ALL !IR %ORTCOM+S 
& LIMITATIONS1 W]E ! FIR/ TO GIVE US A NOTION ( ?IS COMPLET5ESS4 
0,! POLIS WAS MADE = ! AMATEUR10 ,H4,D4,F4 ,KITTO TELLS US4 0,ITS IDEAL 
WAS ?AT EV]Y CITIZ5 7MORE OR LESS1 ACCORD+ AS ! POLIS WAS 
DEMOCRATIC OR OLIG>*IC7 %\LD PLAY HIS P>T 9 ALL ( ITS MANY 
ACTIVITIES -- AN IDEAL ?AT IS RECOGNIZABLY DESC5D$ FROM ! G5]\S 
,HOM]IC CONCEPTION ( >ETE AS AN ALL-R\ND EXCELL5CE & AN ALLR\ND 
ACTIVITY4 ,IT IMPLIES A RESPECT = ! :OL5ESS OR ! ON5ESS ( 
LIFE1 & A CONSEQU5T DISLIKE ( SPECIALIZATION4 ,IT IMPLIES A CONTEMPT 
= EFFICI5CY -- OR RA!R A MU* HI<] IDEAL ( EFFICI5CY2 AN EFFICI5CY 
:I* EXI/S NOT 9 ONE DEP>TM5T ( LIFE1 BUT 9 LIFE ITSELF40 .<#a#h.> ,AN 
AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 AL?\< IT W\LD SURELY ASPIRE TO MORE1 C\LD H>DLY 
HOPE TO A*IEVE LESS ?AN ?IS /ATE ( M9D4 

,IF ! ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY IS EV] A*IEV$ 9 PRACTICE1 SOCIAL LIFE 
W\LD YIELD A S5SITIVE DEVELOPM5T ( HUMAN & NATURAL DIV]SITY1 
FALL+ TOGE!R 9TO A WELL-BALANC$1 H>MONI\S :OLE4 ,RANG+ FROM 
COMMUNITY ?R\< REGION TO 5TIRE CONT95TS1 WE W\LD SEE A COLORFUL 
DIFF]5TIATION ( HUMAN GR\PS & ECOSY/EMS1 EA* DEVELOP+ ITS 
UNIQUE POT5TIALITIES & EXPOS+ MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY TO A WIDE 
SPECTRUM ( ECONOMIC1 CULTURAL1 & BEHAVIORAL /IMULI4 ,FALL+ )9 
\R PURVIEW W\LD BE AN EXCIT+1 (T5 DRAMATIC V>IETY ( COMMUNAL 
=MS -- H]E M>K$ BY >*ITECTURAL & 9DU/RIAL ADAPTATIONS TO 
SEMI>ID ECOSY/EMS1 !RE TO GRASSL&S1 ELSE:]E BY ADAPTATION TO 
=E/$ >EAS4 ,WE W\LD WITNESS A CREATIVE 9T]PLAY BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL 
& GR\P1 COMMUNITY & 5VIRONM5T1 HUMANITY & NATURE4 ,FRE$ 
FROM AN OPPRESSIVE R\T9E1 FROM P>ALYZ+ REPRESSIONS & 9SECURITIES1 
FROM ! BURD5S ( TOIL & FALSE NE$S1 FROM ! TRAMMELS ( AU?ORITY 
& IRRATIONAL COMPULSION1 9DIVIDUALS W\LD F9ALLY1 = ! FIR/ TIME 
9 HI/ORY1 BE 9 A POSITION TO REALIZE !IR POT5TIALITIES AS MEMB]S ( 
! HUMAN COMMUNITY & ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,! ,NEW ,TE*NOLOGY & ! ,HUMAN ,SCALE 

7FROM 0,T[>D A ,LIB]ATORY ,TE*NOLOGY10 #a#i#f#e7 

,TO ! DEGREE ?AT MAT]IAL PRODUCTION IS DEC5TRALIZ$ & LOCALIZ$1 
! PRIMACY ( ! COMMUNITY IS ASS]T$ OV] NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,9 
!SE CIRCUM/ANCES ! POPUL> ASS]NBLY ( ! LOCAL COMMUNITY1 
CONV5$ 9 A FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY1 W\LD TAKE OV] ! FULL MANAGEM5T 
( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! QUE/ION IS :E!R A FUTURE SOCIETY W\LD BE 
ORGANIZ$ >\ND TE*NOLOGY1 OR :E!R TE*NOLOGY IS N[ SUFFICI5TLY 
MALLEABLE ?AT IT CAN BE ORGANIZ$ >\ND SOCIETY4 ,TO ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION 
WE MU/ FUR!R EXAM9E C]CA9 FEATURES ( ! NEW TE*NOLOGY4444 

.<,S9CE #a#i#d#e1 COMPUT] TE*NOLOGY HAS UND]GONE A />TL+ 
M9IATURIZATION1 FROM VACUUM TUBES TO MICROCIRCUITS4 ,:]E COMPUT]S 
W]E ONCE 5ORM\S1 ADVANC$ ,I,PLITS N[ OCCUPY ! SIZE ( AN (FICE 
DESK4.> ,P>ALLEL+ ! M9IATURIZATION ( COMPUT] COMPON5TS IS ! 
REM>KABLE SOPHI/ICATION ( MORE TRADITIONAL =MS ( TE*NOLOGY4 
,EV]-SMALL] MA*9ES >E BEG9N+ TO REPLACE L>GE ONES4 ,CONT9U\S 
HOT-/RIP /EEL ROLL+ MILLS1 :I* >E AMONG ! L>GE/ & CO/LIE/ 
FACILITIES 9 MOD]N 9DU/RY1 444 >E GE>$ TO A NATIONAL DIVISION ( 
LABOR1 TO HI<LY CONC5TRAT$ S\RCES ( RAW MAT]IALS 7G5]ALLY LOCAT$ 
A GREAT DI/ANCE FROM ! COMPLEX71 & TO L>GE NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL 
M>KETS4 ,EV5 IF ! COMPLEX W]E TOTALLY AUTOMAT$1 ITS 
OP]AT+ & MANAGEM5T  NE$S W\LD F> TRANSC5D ! CAPABILITIES 
( A SMALL1 DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITY4 ,! TYPE ( ADM9I/RATION IT 
REQUIRES T5DS TO FO/] C5TRALIZ$ SOCIAL =MS4 

,=TUNATELY1 WE N[ HAVE A NUMB] ( ALT]NATIVES -- MORE EFFICI5T 
ALT]NATIVES 9 MANY RESPECTS -- TO ! MOD]N /EEL COMPLEX4444 ,A 
FUTURE /EEL COMPLEX BAS$ ON ELECTRIC FURNACES1 CONT9U\S CA/+1 A 
PLANET>Y MILL1 & A SMALL CONT9U\S COLD-R$UC+ MILL W\LD REQUIRE 
ONLY A FRACT#aON ( ! ACREAGE OCCUPI$ BY A CONV5TIONAL 9/ALLATION4 
,IT W\LD BE FULLY CAPABLE ( MEETMG ! /EEI NE$S ( SEV]AL MOD]ATESIZ$ 
COMMUNITIES ) L[ QUANTITIES ( FUEL4 ,?IS COMPLEX W\LD NOT 
HAVE TO MEET *E NE$S ( A NATIONAL M>KET4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS SUIT$ 
ONLY = MEET+ ! /EEL REQUIREM5 ( SMALL & MOD]ATE-SIZ$ 
COMMUNITIES & 9DU/RIALLY UNDEVELOP$ C\NTRIES4444 ,! V]Y SCALE 
( \R HYPO!TICAL /EEL COMPLEX CON/ITUTES ONE ( ITS MO/ ATTRACTIVE 
FEATURES4 ,ALSO1 ! /EEL IT PRODUCES IS MORE DURABLE1 SO ! COMMUNITY'S 
RATE ( REPL5I%+ ITS /EEL PRODUCTS W\LD BE APPRECIABLY R$UC$4 
,S9CE ! SMALL] COMPLEX REQUIRES ORE1 FUEL1 & R$UC+ AG5TS 9 
RELATIVELY SMALL QUANTITIES1 MANY COMMUNITIES C\LD RELY ON LOCAL 
RES\RCES = !IR RAW MAT]IALS1 !REBY CONS]V+ ! MORE CONC5TRAT$ RES\RCES ( C5TRALLY LOCAT$ S\RCES ( SUPPLY1 /R5G!N+ 
! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! COMMUNITY ITSELF VIS-A-VIS ! TRADITIONAL 
C5TRALIZ$ ECONOMY & R$UC+ ! EXP5SE ( TRANSPORTATION4 ,:AT 
W\LD AT FIR/ GLANCE SEEM TO BE A CO/LY1 9EFFICI5T DUPLICATION ( EF=T 
W\LD PROVE1 9 ! LONG RUN1 TO BE MORE EFFICI5T AS WELL AS SOCIALLY 
MORE DESIRABLE ?AN A FEW C5TRALIZ$ COMPLEXES4 

,! NEW TE*NOLOGY HAS PRODUC$ NOT ONLY M9IATURIZ$ ELECTRONIC 
COMPON5TS & SMALL] PRODUCTION FACILITIES BUT HI<LY V]SATILE1 
MULTIPURPOSE MA*9ES4 ,= MORE ?AN A C5TURY1 ! TR5D 9 MA*9E 
DESIGN MOV$ 9CREAS+LY T[>D TE*NOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATION & 
S+LE-PURPOSE DEVICES1 UND]P9N+ ! 9T5SIVE DIVISION ( LABOR 
REQUIR$ BY ! FACTORY SY/EM4 ,9DU/RIAL OP]ATIONS W]E SUBORD9AT$ 
5TIRELY TO ! PRODUCT4 ,9 TIME1 ?IS N>R[ PRAGMATIC APPROA* HAS 
0L$ 9DU/RY F> FROM ! RATIONAL L9E ( DEVELOPM5T 9 PRODUCTION 
MA*9]Y10 OBS]VE ,]IC ,W4 ,LEAV] & ,JOHN ,J4 ,BR[N4 

,IT HAS L$ TO 9CREAS+LY UNECONOMIC SPECIALIZATION4444 ,SPECIALIZATION 
( MA*9ES 9 T]MS ( 5D PRODUCT REQUIRES ?AT ! MA*9E BE ?R[N 
AWAY :5 ! PRODUCT IS NO LONG] NE$$4 ,YET ! WORK ! PRODUCTION 
MA*9E DOES CAN BE R$UC$ TO A SET ( BASIC FUNCTIONS  -- =M+1 
HOLD+1 CUTT+1 & SO ON -- & !SE FUNCTIONS1 IF CORRECTLY ANALYZ$1 
CAN BE PACKAG$ & APPLI$ TO OP]ATE ON A P>T AS NE$$4.<#a#i.> 

444 ,A SMALL OR MOD]ATE-SIZ$ COMMUNITY US+ MULTIPURPOSE MA*9ES 
C\LD SATISFY MANY ( ITS LIMIT$ 9DU/RIAL NE$S )\T BE+ 
BURD5$ ) UND]US$ 9DU/RIAL FACILITIES4 ,!RE W\LD BE LESS LOSS 
9 SCRAPP+ TOOLS & LESS NE$ = S+LE-PURPOSE PLANTS4 ,! 
COMMUNITY'S ECONOMY W\LD BE MORE COMPACT & V]SATILE1 MORE 
R\ND$ & SELF-CONTA9$1 ?AN ANY?+ WE F9D 9 ! COMMUNITIES 
( 9DU/RIALLY ADVANC$ C\NTRIES4 ,! EF=T ?AT GOES 9TO RETOOL+ 
MA*9ES = NEW PRODUCTS W\LD BE 5ORM\SLY R$UC$4 ,F9ALLY1 
MULTIPURPOSE MA*9ES ) A WIDE OP]ATIONAL RANGE >E RELATIVELY 
EASY TO AUTOMATE4 ,! *ANGES REQUIR$ TO USE !SE MA*9ES 9 A 
CYB]NAT$ 9DU/RIAL FACILITY W\LD G5]ALLY BE 9 CIRCUITRY & 
PROGRAMM+ RA!R ?AN 9 MA*9E =M & /RUCTURE4444 

,I DO NOT CLAIM ?AT ALL ( MAN'S ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES CAN BE COMPLETELY 
DEC5TRALIZ$1 BUT ! MAJORITY CAN SURELY BE SCAL$ TO HUMAN & 
COMMUNIT>IAN DIM5SIONS4 ,?IS MU* IS C]TA93 WE CAN %IFT ! C5T] 
( ECONOMIC P[] FROM NATIONAL TO LOCAL SCALE & FROM C5TRALIZ$ 
BUREAUCRATIC =MS TO LOCAL1 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES4 ,?IS %IFT W\LD BE A 
REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE ( VA/ PROPORTIONS1 = IT W\LD CREATE P[]FUL 
ECONOMIC F\NDATIONS = ! SOV]EIGNTY & AUTONOMY ( ! LOCAL 
COMMUNITY4 

,ECOLOGICAL ,TE*NOLOGY 

7FROM 0,T[>D A ,LIB]ATORY ,TE*NOLOGY10 #a#i#f#e7 

,9 \R [N TIME1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NOLOGY & ! GR[? ( 
CITIES HAVE BR\<T MAN'S ALI5ATION FROM NATURE TO ! BREAK+ PO9T4 
,WE/]N MAN F9DS HIMSELF CONF9$ TO A L>GELY SYN!TIC URBAN 
5VIRONM5T1 F> REMOV$ PHYSICALLY FROM ! L&1 & HIS RELATION%IP 
TO ! NATURAL WORLD IS M$IAT$ 5TIRELY BY MA*9ES4 ,HE LACKS 
FAMILI>ITY ) H[ MO/ ( HIS GOODS >E PRODUC$1 & HIS FOODS 
BE> ONLY ! FA9TE/ RESEMBLANCE TO ! ANIMALS & PLANTS FROM :I* 
!Y W]E D]IV$4 ,BOX$ 9TO A SANITIZ$ URBAN MILIEU 7ALMO/ 
9/ITUTIONAL 9 =M & APPE>ANCE71 MOD]N MAN IS D5I$ EV5 A 
SPECTATOR'S ROLE 9 ! AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL SY/EMS ?AT SATISFY 
HIS MAT]IAL NE$S4 ,HE IS A PURE CONSUM]1 AN 9S5SATE RECEPTACLE4 ,IT 
W\LD BE UNFAIR1 P]HAPS1 TO SAY ?AT HE IS DISRESPECTFUL T[>D ! 
NATURAL 5VIRONM5T2 ! FACT IS1 HE SC>CELY KN[S :AT ECOLOGY MEANS 
OR :AT HIS 5VIRONM5T REQUIRES TO REMA9 9 BALANCE4 

,! BALANCE BETWE5 MAN & NATURE MU/ BE RE/OR$4 ,UNLESS WE 
E/ABLI% SOME K9D ( EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 MAN & ! NATURAL WORLD1 
! VIABILITY ( ! HUMAN SPECIES WILL BE PLAC$ 9 GRAVE JEOP>DY4 ,! 
NEW TE*NOLOGY CAN BE US$ ECOLOGICALLY TO REAWAK5 MAN'S S5SE ( 
DEP5D5CE UPON ! 5VIRONM5T2 BY RE9TRODUC+ ! NATURAL WORLD 
9TO ! HUMAN EXP]I5CE1 WE CAN CONTRIBUTE TO ! A*IEVEM5T ( 
HUMAN :OL5ESS4 

,! CLASSICAL UTOPIANS FULLY REALIZ$ ?AT ! FIR/ /EP T[>D 
:OL5ESS MU/ BE TO REMOVE ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 T[N & 
C\NTRY4 0,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE10 WROTE ,F\RI] NE>LY A C5TURY & A HALF 
AGO1 0TO ORGANIZE A REGUL> & WELL BALANC$ ASSOCIATION )\T 
BR++ 9TO PLAY ! LABORS ( ! FIELD1 OR AT LEA/ G>D5S1 OR*>DS1 
FLOCKS & H]DS1 P\LTRY Y>DS1 & A GREAT V>IETY ( SPECIES1 ANIMAL 
& VEGETABLE40 ,%OCK$ BY ! SOCIAL EFFECTS ( ! ,9DU/RIAL 
,REVOLUTION1 ,F\RI] ADD$3 0,!Y >E IGNORANT ( ?IS PR9CIPLE 9 
,5GL&1 :]E !Y EXP]IM5T ) >TISANS1 ) MANUFACTUR+ 
LABOR ALONE1 :I* CANNOT BY ITSELF SUFFICE TO SU/A9 SOCIAL UNION40 

,TO >GUE ?AT ! MOD]N URBAN DWELL] %\LD ONCE AGA9 5JOY 
0! LABORS ( ! FIELD0 MAY WELL SEEM LIKE GALL[S HUMOR4 ,A 
RE/ORATION ( ! PEASANT AGRICULTURE ?AT WAS PREVAL5T 9 ,F\RI]'S 
DAY IS NEI!R POSSIBLE NOR DESIRABLE4 ,*>LES ,GIDE IS SURELY CORRECT 
:5 HE OBS]VES ?AT AGRICULTURAL LABOR 0IS NOT NECESS>ILY MORE 
ATTRACTIVE ?AN 9DU/RIAL LABOR2 TO TILL ! E>? HAS ALWAYS BE5 
REG>D$ 444 AS ! TYPE ( PA9FUL TOIL1 ( TOIL :I* IS DONE ) '! 
SWEAT ( ONE'S BR[40' .<#b.> 444 ,IF \R VISION W]E TO EXT5D NO FUR!R ?AN 
L& MANAGEM5T1 ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO PEASANT AGRICULTURE W\LD 
SEEM TO BE HI<LY SPECIALIZ$ & C5TRALIZ$ F>M+1 ITS TE*NIQUES 
P>ALLEL+ ! ME?ODS US$ 9 PRES5T-DAY 9DU/RY4 ,F> FROM A*IEV+ 
A BALANCE BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY1 WE W\LD BE FAC$ ) A 
SYN!TIC 5VIRONM5T ?AT HAD TOTALLY ASSIMILAT$ ! NATURAL WORLD4 

,IF ! L& & COMMUNITY >E TO BE RE9TEGRAT$ PHYSICALLY1 & IF 
! COMMUNITY IS TO EXI/ 9 AN AGRICULTURAL MATRIX ?AT R5D]S MAN'S 
DEP5D5CE UPON NATURE EXPLICIT1 ! PROBLEM IS H[ TO A*IEVE ?IS 
TRANS=MATION )\T IMPOS+ 0PA9FUL TOIL0 ON ! COMMUNITY4 
,H[1 9 %ORT1 CAN HUSB&RY1 ECOLOGICAL =MS ( FOOD CULTIVATION1 
& F>M+ ON A HUMAN SCALE BE PRACTIC$ &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 TOIL 
BE ELIM9AT$8 

,SOME ( ! MO/ PROMIS+ TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCES 9 AGRICULTURE 
MADE S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I >E AS SUITABLE = SMALL-SCALE ECOLOGICAL =MS 
( L& MANAGEM5T AS !Y >E = ! IMM5SE1 9DU/RIAL-TYPE 
COMM]CIAL UNITS ?AT HAVE BECOME PREVAL5T OV] ! PA/ FEW DECADES4 
,! AUG]MATIC FE$+ ( LIVE/OCK ILLU/RATES A C>D9AL PR9CIPLE ( 
RATIONAL F>M ME*ANIZATION  -- ! DEPLOYM5T ( CONV5TIONAL 
MA*9ES & DEVICES 9 A WAY ?AT VIRTUALLY ELIM9ATES >DU\S F>M 
LABOR4 ,BY L9K+ A BATT]Y ( SILOS ) AUG]S1 DIFF]5T NUTRI5TS CAN 
BE MIX$ & TRANSPORT$ TO FE$ P5S M]ELY BY PU%+ SOME BUTTONS 
& PULL+ A FEW SWIT*ES4 ,A JOB ?AT MAY ONCE HAVE REQUIR$ ! LABOR 
( FIVE OR SIX M5 WORK+ HALF A DAY ) PIT*=KS & BUCKETS CAN 
N[ BE P]=M$ BY ONE MAN 9 A FEW M9UTES4 ,?IS TYPE ( 
ME*ANIZATION IS 9TR9SICALLY NEUTRAL3 IT CAN BE US$ TO FE$ IMM5SE 
H]DS OR JU/ A FEW HUNDR$ HEAD ( CATTLE2 ! SILOS MAY CONTA9 NATURAL 
FE$ OR SYN!TIC1 H>MONIZ$ NUTRI5TS2 ! FE$] CAN BE EMPLOY$ 
ON RELATIVELY SMALL F>MS ) MIX$ LIVE/OCK1 OR ON L>GE BEEF-RAIS+ 
RAN*ES1 OR ON DAIRY F>MS ( ALL SIZES4 ,9 %ORT1 AUG]MATIC FE$+ CAN 
BE PLAC$ 9 ! S]VICE EI!R ( ! MO/ ABUSIVE K9D ( COMM]CIAL 
EXPLOITATION1 OR ( ! MO/ S5SITIVE APPLICATIONS ( ECOLOGICAL 
PR9CIPLES4 ,?IS HOLDS TRUE = MO/ ( ! F>M MA*9ES ?AT HAVE 
BE5 DESIGN$ 79 MANY CASES1 SIMPLY R$ESIGN$ TO A*IEVE GREAT] 
V]SATILITY7 9 REC5T YE>S4444 

,LET US PAUSE AT ?IS PO9T TO 5VISION H[ \R FREE COMMUNITY MI<T 
BE 9TEGRAT$ ) ITS NATURAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,! COMMUNITY HAS BE5 
E/ABLI%$ AFT] A C>EFUL /UDY WAS MADE ( ITS NATURAL ECOLOGY -- ITS 
AIR & WAT] RES\RCES1 ITS CLIMATE1 ITS GEOLOGICAL =MATIONS1 ITS RAW 
MAT]IALS1 ITS SOILS1 & ITS NATURAL FLORA & FAUNA4 ,L& MANAGEM5T 
BY ! COMMUNITY IS GUID$ 5TIRELY BY ECOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES1 SO ?AT 
AN EQUILIBRIUM IS MA9TA9$ BETWE5 ! 5VIRONM5T & ITS HUMAN 
9HABITANTS4 ,9DU/RIALLY R\ND$1 ! COMMUNITY =MS A DI/9CT UNIT 
)9 A NATURAL MATRIX2 IT IS SOCIALLY & ES!TICALLY 9 BALANCE ) 
! >EA IT OCCUPIES4 

,AGRICULTURE IS HI<LY ME*ANIZ$ 9 ! COMMUNITY1 BUT AS MIX$ AS 
POSSIBLE ) RESPECT TO CROPS1 LIVE/OCK1 & TIMB]4 ,V>IETY ( FLORA 
& FAUNA IS PROMOT$ AS A MEANS ( CONTROLL+ PE/ 9FE/ATIONS & 
5HANC+ SC5IC BEAUTY4 ,L>GE-SCALE F>M+ IS PRACTIC$ ONLY :]E 
IT DOES NOT CONFLICT ) ! ECOLOGY ( ! REGION4 ,[+ TO ! 
G5]ALLY MIX$ *>ACT] ( FOOD CULTIVATION1 AGRICULTURE IS PURSU$ 
BY SMALL F>M+ UNITS1 EA* DEM>CAT$ FROM ! O!RS BY TREE BELTS1 
%RUBS1 PA/URES1 & MEAD[S4 ,9 ROLL+1 HILLY1 OR M\NTA9\S 
C\NTRY1 L& ) %>P GRADI5TS IS COV]$ BY TIMB] TO PREV5T 
]OSION & CONS]VE WAT]4 ,! SOIL ON EA* ACRE IS /UDI$ C>EFULLY 
& COMMITT$ ONLY TO ?OSE CROPS = :I* IT IS MO/ SUIT$4 ,EV]Y 
EF=T IS MADE TO BL5D T[N & C\NTRY )\T SACRIFIC+ ! 
DI/9CTIVE CONTRIBUTION ?AT EA* HAS TO (F] TO ! HUMAN EXP]I5CE4 
,! ECOLOGICAL REGION =MS ! LIV+ SOCIAL1 CULTURAL1 & BIOTIC 
B\ND>IES ( ! COMMUNITY OR ( ! SEV]AL COMMUNITIES ?AT %>E 
ITS RES\RCES4 ,EA* COMMUNITY CONTA9S MANY VEGETABLE & FL[] 
G>D5S1 ATTRACTIVE >BORS1 P>K L&1 EV5 /REAMS & PONDS ?AT 
SUPPORT FI% & AQUATIC BIRDS4 ,! C\NTRYSIDE1 FROM :I* FOOD & 
RAW MAT]IALS >E ACQUIR$1 NOT ONLY CON/ITUTES ! IMM$IATE 5VIRONS 
( ! COMMUNITY1 ACCESSIBLE TO ALL BY FOOT1 BUT 9VADES ! COMMUNITY4 
,AL?\< T[N & C\NTRY RETA9 !IR ID5TITY & ! UNIQU5ESS ( 
EA* IS HI<LY PRIZ$ & FO/]$1 NATURE APPE>S EV]Y:]E 9 ! 
T[N1 :ILE ! T[N SEEMS TO HAVE C>ESS$ & LEFT A G5TLE HUMAN 
IMPR9T ON NATURE4444 

,!RE IS A K9D ( 9DU/RIAL >*AEOLOGY ?AT REVEALS 9 MANY >EAS 
EVID5CE ( A ONCE-BURGEON+ ECONOMIC ACTIVITY LONG AB&ON$ BY 
\R PRECAPITALI/ PR$ECESSORS4 ,9 ! ,HUDSON ,VALLEY1 ! ,RH9E ,VALLEY1 
! ,APPALA*IANS1 & ! ,PYR5EES >E RELICS ( M9ES & ONCE HI<LY 
DEVELOP$ METALLURGICAL CRAFTS1 ! FRAGM5T>Y REMA9S ( LOCAL 
9DU/RIES1 & ! \TL9ES ( LONG-DES]T$ F>MS -- ALL VE/IGES ( 
FL\RI%+ COMMUNITIES BAS$ ON LOCAL RAW MAT]IALS & RES\RCES4 
,!SE COMMUNITIES DECL9$ BECAUSE ! PRODUCTS !Y ONCE FURNI%$ 
W]E ELB[$ \T BY ! L>GE-SCALE NATIONAL 9DU/RIES BAS$ ON MASS 
PRODUCTION TE*NIQUES & CONC5TRAT$ S\RCES ( RAW MAT]IALS4 ,!IR 
OLD 9FRA/RUCTURE IS (T5 /ILL AVAILABLE AS A RES\RCE = USE BY EA* 
LOCALITY2 0VALUELESS0 9 A HI<LY URBANIZ$ SOCIETY1 IT IS EM95TLY SUITABLE 
= USE BY DEC5TRALIZ$ COMMUNITIES1 & IT AWAITS ! APPLICATION ( 
9DU/RIAL TE*NIQUES ADAPT$ = SMALL-SCALE QUALITY PRODUCTION4 ,IF WE 
W]E TO TAKE A C>EFUL 9V5TORY ( ! RES\RCES AVAILABLE 9 MANY 
DEPOPULAT$ REGIONS ( ! WORLD1 ! POSSIBILITY ?AT COMMUNITIES 
C\LD SATISFY MANY ( !IR MAT]IAL NE$S LOCALLY W\LD LIKELY BE MU* 
GREAT] ?AN WE SUSPECT4444 

,IT IS NOT ?AT WE LACK 5]GY P] SE1 BUT WE >E ONLY JU/ BEG9N+ 
TO LE>N H[ TO USE 5]GY S\RCES ?AT >E AVAILABLE 9 ALMO/ LIMITLESS 
QUANTITY4 ,! GROSS RADIANT 5]GY /RIK+ ! E>?'S SURFACE FROM ! 
SUN IS E/IMAT$ TO BE MORE ?AN ?REE ?\S& TIMES ! ANNUAL 5]GY 
CONSUM$ BY MANK9D TODAY4 ,AL?\< A PORTION ( ?IS 5]GY IS 
CONV]T$ 9TO W9D OR US$ = PHOTOSYN!SIS BY VEGETATION1 A 
/AGG]+ QUANTITY IS AVAILABLE = HUMAN USE4 ,! PROBLEM IS H[ TO 
COLLECT IT TO SATISFY A PORTION ( \R 5]GY NE$S4 ,IF SOL> 5]GY C\LD 
BE COLLECT$ = H\SE HEAT+1 = EXAMPLE1 TW5TY TO ?IRTY P]C5T 
( ! CONV5TIONAL 5]GY RES\RCES WE NORMALLY EMPLOY C\LD BE 
R$IRECT$ TO O!R PURPOSES4 ,IF WE C\LD COLLECT SOL> 5]GY = MO/ 
OR ALL ( \R COOK+1 WAT] HEAT+1 SMELT+1 & P[] PRODUCTION1 
WE W\LD HAVE RELATIVELY LITTLE NE$ = FOSSIL FUELS4 ,SOL> DEVICES HAVE 
BE5 DESIGN$ = NE>LY ALL ( !SE FUNCTIONS4 ,WE CAN HEAT H\SES1 
COOK FOOD1 BOIL WAT]1 MELT METALS1 & PRODUCE ELECTRICITY ) DEVICES 
?AT USE ! SUN'S 5]GY EXCLUSIVELY1 BUT WE CAN'T DO IT EFFICI5TLY 9 
EV]Y LATITUDE ( ! E>?1 & WE >E /ILL CONFRONT$ ) A NUMB] 
( TE*NICAL PROBLEMS ?AT CAN BE SOLV$ ONLY BY CRA% RESE>* 
PROGRAMS4444 

,! OCEAN'S TIDES >E /ILL ANO!R UNTAPP$ RES\RCE TO :I* WE 
C\LD TURN = ELECTRIC P[]4 ,WE C\LD TRAP ! OCEAN'S WAT]S AT HI< 
TIDE 9 A NATURAL BASIS -- SAY1 A BAY OR ! M\? ( A RIV] -- & RELEASE 
!M ?R\< TURB9ES AT L[ TIDE4 ,A NUMB] ( PLACES EXI/ :]E ! 
TIDES >E HI< 5\< TO PRODUCE ELECTRIC P[] 9 L>GE QUANTITIES4444 
,WE C\LD USE TEMP]ATURE DIFF]5CES 9 ! SEA OR 9 ! E>? TO 
G5]ATE ELECTRIC P[] 9 SIZABLE QUANTITIES4 ,A TEMP]ATURE DIFF]5TIAL 
AS HI< AS SEV5TE5 DEGREES C5TIGRADE IS NOT UNCOMMON 9 ! SURFACE 
LAY]S ( TROPICAL WAT]S2 ALONG COA/AL >EAS ( ,SIB]IA1 W9T] DIFF]5CES 
( ?IRTY DEGREES EXI/ BETWE5 WAT] BEL[ ! ICE CRU/ & ! AIR4 ,! 
9T]IOR ( ! E>? BECOMES PROGRESSIVELY W>M] AS WE DESC5D1 
PROVID+ SELECTIVE TEMP]ATURE DIFF]5TIALS ) RESPECT TO ! SURFACE4 
,HEAT PUMPS C\LD BE US$ TO AVAIL \RSELVES ( !SE DIFF]5TIALS4444 
,IF WE C\LD ACQUIRE ELECTRICITY OR DIRECT HEAT FROM SOL> 5]GY1 W9D 
P[]1 OR TEMP]ATURE DIFF]5TIALS1 ! HEAT+ SY/EM ( A HOME OR 
FACTORY W\LD BE COMPLETELY SELF-SU/A9+2 IT W\LD NOT DRA9 VALUABLE 
HYDROC>BON RES\RCES OR REQUIRE EXT]NAL S\RCES ( SUPPLY4 

,W9DS C\LD ALSO BE US$ TO PROVIDE ELECTRIC P[] 9 MANY >EAS ( 
! WORLD4 ,AB\T ONE-=TIE? ( ! SOL> 5]GY REA*+ ! E>?'S 
SURFACE IS CONV]T$ 9TO W9D4 ,AL?\< MU* ( ?IS GOES 9TO ! 
MAK+ ( ! JET /REAM1 A GREAT DEAL ( W9D 5]GY IS AVAILABLE A FEW 
HUNDR$ FEET ABOVE ! GR\ND4 ,A ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS REPORT1 US+ 
MONET>Y T]MS TO GAUGE ! FEASIBILITY ( W9D P[]1 F9DS ?AT 
EFFICI5T W9D PLANTS 9 MANY >EAS C\LD PRODUCE ELECTRICITY AT AN 
OV]ALL CO/ ( FIVE MILLS P] KIL[ATT-H\R1 A FIGURE ?AT APPROXIMATES 
! PRICE ( COMM]CIALLY G5]AT$ ELECTRIC P[]4444 

,!RE %\LD BE NO ILLUSIONS AB\T ! POSSIBILITIES ( EXTRACT+ TRACE 
M9]ALS FROM ROCKS1 ( SOL> & W9D P[]1 & ! USE ( HEAT 
PUMPS .<AS ALT]NATIVE S\RCES ( 5]GY & RAW MAT]IALS.>4 ,EXCEPT 
P]HAPS = TIDAL P[] & ! EXTRACTION ( RAW MAT]IALS FROM ! 
SEA1 !SE S\RCES CANNOT SUPPLY MAN ) ! BULKY QUANTITIES ( RAW 
MAT]IALS & L>GE BLOCKS ( 5]GY NE$$ TO SU/A9 D5SELY 
CONC5TRAT$ POPULATIONS & HI<LY C5TRALIZ$ 9DU/RIES4 ,SOL> 
DEVICES1 W9D TURB9ES1 & HEAT PUMPS WILL PRODUCE RELATIVELY SMALL 
QUANTITIES ( P[]4 ,US$ LOCALLY & 9 CONJUNCTION ) EA* O!R1 
!Y C\LD PROBABLY MEET ALL ! P[] NE$S ( SMALL COMMUNITIES1 
BUT WE CANNOT =ESEE A TIME :5 !Y WILL BE ABLE TO FURNI% ELECTRICITY 
9 ! QUANTITIES CURR5TLY US$ BY CITIES ! SIZE ( ,NEW ,YORK1 ,LONDON1 
& ,P>IS4 

,LIMITATION ( SCOPE1 H[EV]1 C\LD REPRES5T A PR(\ND ADVANTAGE 
FROM AN ECOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW4 ,! SUN1 ! W9D1 & ! E>? >E 
EXP]I5TIAL REALITIES TO :I* M5 HAVE RESPOND$ S5SU\SLY & 
REV]5TLY FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL4 ,\T ( !SE PRIMAL ELEM5TS MAN 
DEVELOP$ HIS S5SE ( DEP5D5CE ON -- & RESPECT = -- ! NATURAL 
5VIRONM5T1 A DEP5D5CE ?AT KEPT HIS DE/RUCTIVE ACTIVITIES 9 *ECK4 
,! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION & ! URBANIZ$ WORLD ?AT FOLL[$ 
OBSCUR$ NATURE'S ROLE 9 HUMAN EXP]I5CE -- HID+ ! SUN ) A PALL 
( SMOKE1 BLOCK+ ! W9DS ) MASSIVE BUILD+S1 DESECRAT+ ! 
E>? ) SPRAWL+ CITIES4 ,MAN'S DEP5D5CE ON ! NATURAL WORLD 
BECAME 9VISIBLE2 IT BECAME !ORETICAL & 9TELLECTUAL 9 *>ACT]1 ! 
SUBJECT MATT] ( TEXTBOOKS1 MONOGRAPHS1 & LECTURES4 ,TRUE1 ?IS 
!ORETICAL DEP5D5CE SUPPLI$ US ) 9SI<TS 7AL?\< P>TIAL ONES 
AT BE/7 9TO ! NATURAL WORLD1 BUT ITS ONE-SID$NESS ROBB$ US ( ALL 
S5SU\S DEP5D5CE ON1 & ALL VISIBLE CONTACT & UNITY ) NATURE4 
,9 LOS+ !SE1 WE LO/ A P>T ( \RSELVES AS FEEL+ BE+S4 ,WE BECAME 
ALI5AT$ FROM NATURE4 ,\R TE*NOLOGY & 5VIRONM5T BECAME TOTALLY 
9ANIMATE1 TOTALLY SYN!TIC  -- A PURELY 9ORGANIC PHYSICAL MILIEU ?AT 
PROMOT$ ! DEANIMIZATION ( MAN & HIS ?\<T4 

,TO BR+ ! SUN1 ! W9D1 ! E>?1 9DE$ ! WORLD ( LIFE BACK 
9TO TE*NOLOGY1 9TO ! MEANS ( HUMAN SURVIVAL1 W\LD BE A 
REVOLUTION>Y R5EWAL ( MAN'S TIES TO NATURE4 ,TO RE/ORE ?IS DEP5D5CE 
9 A WAY ?AT EVOK$ A S5SE ( REGIONAL UNIQU5ESS 9 EA* 
COMMUNITY  -- A S5SE NOT ONLY ( G5]ALIZ$ DEP5D5CE BUT ( 
DEP5D5CE ON A SPECIFIC REGION ) DI/9CT QUALITIES ( ITS [N -- 
W\LD GIVE ?IS R5EWAL A TRULY ECOLOGICAL *>ACT]4 ,A REAL ECOLOGICAL 
SY/EM W\LD EM]GE1 A DELICATELY 9T]LAC$ PATT]N ( LOCAL RES\RCES1 
HONOR$ BY CONT9UAL /UDY & >TFUL MODIFICATION4 ,) A TRUE S5SE 
( REGIONALISM EV]Y RES\RCE W\LD F9D ITS PLACE 9 A NATURAL1 /ABLE 
BALANCE1 AN ORGANIC UNITY ( SOCIAL1 TE*NOLOGICAL1 & NATURAL 
ELEM5TS4 ,>T W\LD ASSIMILATE TE*NOLOGY BY BECOM+ SOCIAL >T1 ! 
>T ( ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,! FREE COMMUNITY W\LD BE ABLE 
TO RESCALE ! TEMPO ( LIFE1 ! WORK PATT]NS ( MAN1 ITS >*ITECTURE1 
& ITS SY/EMS ( TRANSPORTATION & COMMUNICATION TO HUMAN 
DIM5SIONS4 ,! ELECTRIC C>1 QUIET1 SL[-MOV+1 & CLEAN1 W\LD 
BECOME ! PREF]R$ MODE ( URBAN TRANSPORTATION1 REPLAC+ ! 
NOISY1 FIL?Y1 HI<-SPE$ AUTOMOBILE4 ,MONORAILS W\LD L9K COMMUNITY 
TO COMMUNITY1 R$UC+ ! NUMB] ( HI<WAYS ?AT SC> ! 
C\NTRYSIDE4 ,CRAFTS W\LD REGA9 !IR HONOR$ POSITION AS 
SUPPLEM5TS TO MASS MANUFACTURE2 !Y W\LD BECOME A =M ( 
DOME/IC1 DAY-TO-DAY >TI/RY4 ,A HI< /&>D ( EXCELL5CE1 ,I BELIEVE1 
W\LD REPLACE ! /RICTLY QUANTITATIVE CRIT]IA ( PRODUCTION ?AT 
PREVAIL TODAY2 A RESPECT = ! DURABILITY ( GOODS & ! CONS]VATION 
( RAW MAT]IALS W\LD REPLACE ! %ABBY1 HUCK/]-ORI5T$ 
CRIT]IA ?AT RESULT 9 BUILT-9 OBSOLESC5CE & AN 9S5SATE CONSUM] 
SOCIETY4 ,! COMMUNITY W\LD BECOME A BEAUTIFULLY MOLD$ >5A ( 
LIFE1 A VITALIZ+ S\RCE ( CULTURE1 & A DEEPLY P]SONAL1 EV]N\RI%+ 
S\RCE ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY4 

,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY 

7FROM ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM1 #a#i#h#b7 

,9 ALMO/ EV]Y P]IOD S9CE ! ,R5AISSANCE1 A V]Y CLOSE L9K HAS 
EXI/$ BETWE5 RADICAL ADVANCES 9 ! NATURAL SCI5CES & UPHEAVALS 
9 SOCIAL ?\<T4 ,9 ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES1 ! 
EM]G+ SCI5CES ( A/RONOMY & ME*ANICS1 ) !IR LIB]AT+ 
VISIONS ( A HELIOC5TRIC WORLD & ! UNITY ( LOCAL & COSMIC MOTION1 
F\ND !IR SOCIAL C\NT]P>TS 9 EQUALLY CRITICAL & RATIONAL SOCIAL 
IDEOLOGIES ?AT *ALL5G$ RELIGI\S BIGOTRY & POLITICAL ABSOLUTISM4 
,! ,5LI<T5M5T BR\<T A NEW APPRECIATION ( S5SORY P]CEPTION 
& ! CLAIMS ( HUMAN REASON TO DIV9E A WORLD ?AT HAD BE5 ! 
IDEOLOGICAL MONOPOLY ( ! CL]GY4 ,LAT]1 AN?ROPOLOGY & EVOLUTION>Y 
BIOLOGY DEMOLI%$ TRADITIONAL /ATIC NOTIONS ( ! HUMAN 5T]PRISE1 
ALONG ) ITS MY?S ( ORIG9AL CREAT+ & HI/ORY AS A 
!OLOGICAL CALL+4 ,BY 5L>G+ ! MAP & REVEAL+ ! E>?LY 
DYNAMICS ( SOCIAL HI/ORY1 !SE SCI5CES RE9=C$ ! NEW DOCTR9ES 
( SOCIALISM1 ) ITS IDEAL ( HUMAN PROGRESS1 ?AT FOLL[$ ! ,FR5* 
,REVOLUTION4 

,9 VIEW ( ! 5ORM\S DISLOCATIONS ?AT N[ CONFRONT US1 \R [N 
]A NE$S A MORE SWEEP+ & 9SI<TFUL BODY ( KN[L$GE -- SCI5TIFIC 
AS WELL AS SOCIAL  -- TO DEAL ) \R PROBLEMS4 ,)\T R5\NC+ ! 
GA9S ( E>LI] SCI5TIFIC & SOCIAL !ORIES1 WE MU/ DEVELOP A MORE 
R\ND$ CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( \R RELATION%IP ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 
,WE MU/ SEEK ! F\NDATIONS = A MORE RECON/RUCTIVE APPROA* TO 
! GRAVE PROBLEMS POS$ BY ! APP>5T CONTRADICTIONS BETWE5 
NATURE & SOCIETY4 ,WE CAN NO LONG] AF=D TO REMA9 CAPTIVE TO ! 
T5D5CY ( ! MORE TRADITIONAL SCI5CES TO DISSECT PH5OM5A & 
EXAM9E !IR FRAGM5TS4 ,WE MU/ COMB9E !M1 RELATE !M1 & SEE 
!M 9 !IR TOTALITY AS WELL AS !IR SPECIFICITY4 

,9 RESPONSE TO !SE NE$S1 WE HAVE =MULAT$ A DISCIPL9E UNIQUE 
TO \R AGE3 SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,! MORE WELL-KN[N T]M ECOLOGY WAS 
CO9$ BY ,]N/ ,HAECKEL A C5TURY AGO TO D5OTE ! 9VE/IGATION ( 
! 9T]RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ANIMALS1 PLANTS1 & !IR 9ORGANIC 
5VIRONM5T4 ,S9CE ,HAECKEL'S DAY1 ! T]M HAS BE5 EXP&$ TO 
9CLUDE ECOLOGIES ( CITIES1 ( HEAL?1 & ( ! M9D4 ,?IS PROLIF]ATION 
( A WORD 9TO WIDELY DISP>ATE >EAS MAY SEEM P>TICUL>LY DESIRABLE 
TO AN AGE ?AT F]V5TLY SEEKS SOME K9D ( 9TELLECTUAL COH]5CE & 
UNITY ( P]CEPTION4 ,BUT IT CAN ALSO PROVE TO BE EXTREMELY TREA*]\S4 
,LIKE SU* NEWLY >RIV$ WORDS AS HOLISM1 DEC5TRALIZATION1 & 
DIALECTICS1 ! T]M ECOLOGY RUNS ! P]IL ( M]ELY HANG+ 9 ! AIR 
)\T ANY ROOTS1 CONTEXT1 OR TEXTURE4 ,(T5 IT IS US$ AS A METAPHOR1 
AN ALLUR+ CAT*WORD1 ?AT LOSES ! POT5TIALLY COMPELL+ 9T]NAL 
LOGIC ( ITS PREMISES4 

,ACCORD+LY1 ! RADICAL ?RU/ ( !SE WORDS IS EASILY NEUTRALIZ$4 
,HOLISM EVAPORATES 9TO A MY/ICAL SI<1 A RHETORICAL EXPRESSION = 
ECOLOGICAL FELL[%IP & COMMUNITY ?AT 5DS ) SU* 9-GR\P 
GREET+S & SALUTATIONS AS 0HOLI/ICALLY Y\RS40 ,:AT WAS ONCE A 
S]I\S PHILOSOPHICAL /ANCE HAS BE5 R$UC$ TO 5VIRONM5TALI/ 
KITS*4 ,DEC5TRALIZATION COMMONLY MEANS LOGI/ICAL ALT]NATIVES TO 
GIGANTISM1 NOT ! HUMAN SCALE ?AT W\LD MAKE AN 9TIMATE & DIRECT 
DEMOCRACY POSSIBLE4 ,ECOLOGY F>ES EV5 WORSE4 ,ALL TOO (T5 IT BECOMES 
A METAPHOR1 LIKE ! WORD DIALECTICS1 = ANY K9D ( 9TEGRATION & 
DEVELOPM5T4 

,P]HAPS EV5 MORE TR\BL+1 ! WORD 9 REC5T YE>S HAS BE5 
ID5TIFI$ ) A V]Y CRUDE =M ( NATURAL 5G9E]+ ?AT MI<T WELL 
BE CALL$ 5VIRONM5TALISM4 444 ,TO DI/+UI% ECOLOGY FROM 
5VIRONM5TALISM & FROM AB/RACT1 (T5 OBFUSCATORY DEF9ITIONS ( 
! T]M1 ,I MU/ RETURN TO ITS ORIG9AL USAGE & EXPLORE ITS DIRECT 
RELEVANCE TO SOCIETY4 ,PUT QUITE SIMPLY1 ECOLOGY DEALS ) ! DYNAMIC 
BALANCE ( NATURE1 ) ! 9T]DEP5D5CE ( LIV+ & NONLIV+ 
?+S4 ,S9CE NATURE ALSO 9CLUDES HUMAN BE+S1 ! SCI5CE MU/ 
9CLUDE HUMANITY'S ROLE 9 ! NATURAL WORLD -- SPECIFICALLY1 ! *>ACT]1 
=M1 & /RUCTURE ( HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP ) O!R SPECIES & 
) ! 9ORGANIC SUB/RATE ( ! BIOTIC 5VIRONM5T4 ,FROM A CRITICAL 
VIEWPO9T1 ECOLOGY OP5S TO A WIDE PURVIEW ! VA/ DISEQUILIBRIUM 
?AT HAS EM]G$ FROM HUMANITY'S SPLIT ) ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,ONE ( 
NATURE'S UNIQUE SPECIES1 HOMO SAPI5S1 HAS SL[LY & PA9/AK+LY 
DEVELOP$ FROM ! NATURAL WORLD 9TO A UNIQUE SOCIAL WORLD ( ITS [N4 
,AS BO? WORLDS 9T]ACT ) EA* O!R ?R\< HI<LY COMPLEX PHASES 
( EVOLUTION1 IT HAS BECOME AS IMPORTANT TO SPEAK ( A SOCIAL ECOLOGY 
AS TO SPEAK ( A NATURAL ECOLOGY4 

,LET ME EMPHASIZE ?AT TO IGNORE !SE PHASES ( HUMAN EVOLUTION:I* 
HAVE YIELD$ A SUCCESSION ( HI]>*IES1 CLASSES1 CITIES1 & F9ALLY 
/ATES -- IS TO MAKE A MOCK]Y ( ! T]M SOCIAL ECOLOGY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 
! DISCIPL9E HAS BE5 BELEAGU]$ BY ADH]5TS :O TRY TO COLLAPSE 
ALL ! PHASES ( NATURAL & HUMAN DEVELOPM5T 9TO A UNIV]SAL 
0ON5ESS0 7NOT :OL5ESS7 -- A YAWN+ 0NI<T 9 :I* ALL C[S >E 
BLACK10 TO BORR[ ONE ( ,HEGEL'S CAU/IC PHRASES4 ,IF NO?+ ELSE1 \R 
COMMON USE ( ! WORD SPECIES TO D5OTE ! WEAL? ( LIFE >\ND 
US %\LD AL]T US TO ! FACT ( SPECIFICITY1 ( P>TICUL>ITY  -- ! RI* 
ABUNDANCE ( DIFF]5TIAT$ BE+S & ?+S ?AT 5T] 9TO ! V]Y 
SUBJECT-MATT] ( NATURAL ECOLOGY4 ,TO EXPLORE !SE DIFF]5TIAE1 TO 
EXAM9E ! PHASES & 9T]FACES ?AT 5T] 9TO !IR MAK+ & 9TO 
HUMANITY'S LONG DEVELOPM5T FROM ANIMALITY TO SOCIETY -- A DEVELOPM5T 
LAT5T ) PROBLEMS & POSSIBILITIES -- IS TO MAKE SOCIAL ECOLOGY ONE 
( ! MO/ P[]FUL DISCIPL9ES FROM :I* TO DRAW \R CRITIQUE ( 
! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD]4 

,BUT SOCIAL ECOLOGY PROVIDES MORE ?AN A CRITIQUE ( ! SPLIT BETWE5 
HUMANITY & NATURE2 IT ALSO POSES ! NE$ TO HEAL IT4 ,9DE$1 IT POSES 
! NE$ TO RADICALLY TRANSC5D !M4 ,AS ,E4 ,A4 ,GUTK9D PO9T$ \T1 
0! GOAL ( ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY IS :OL5ESS1 & NOT M]E ADD+ TOGE!R 
( 9NUM]ABLE DETAILS COLLECT$ AT R&OM & 9T]PRET$ SUBJECTIVELY 
& 9SUFFICI5TLY40 ,! SCI5CE DEALS ) SOCIAL & NATURAL RELATION%IPS 
9 COMMUNITIES OR 0ECOSY/EMS40 ,9 CONCEIV+ !M HOLI/ICALLY?AT 
IS TO SAY1 9 T]MS ( !IR MUTUAL 9T]DEP5D5CE -- SOCIAL ECOLOGY 
SEEKS TO UNRAVEL ! =MS & PATT]NS ( 9T]RELATION%IPS ?AT GIVE 
9TELLIGIBILITY TO A COMMUNITY1 BE IT NATURAL OR SOCIAL4 ,HOLISM1 H]E1 IS 
! RESULT ( A CONSCI\S EF=T TO DISC]N H[ ! P>TICUL>S ( A 
COMMUNITY >E >RANG$1 H[ ITS 0GEOMETRY0 7AS ! ANCI5T ,GREEKS 
MI<T HAVE PUT IT7 MAKES ! :OLE MORE ?AN ! SUM ( ITS P>TS4 
,H5CE1 ! :OL5ESS TO :I* ,GUTK9D REF]S IS NOT TO BE MI/AK5 
= A SPECTRAL ON5ESS ?AT YIELDS COSMIC DISSOLUTION 9 A /RUCTURELESS 
NIRVANA2 IT IS A RI*LY >TICULAT$ /RUCTURE ) A HI/ORY & 9T]NAL 
LOGIC ( ITS [N4 

,HI/ORY1 9 FACT1 IS AS IMPORTANT AS =M OR /RUCTURE4 ,TO A L>GE 
EXT5T1 ! HI/ORY ( A PH5OM5ON IS ! PH5OM5ON ITSELF4 ,WE >E1 
9 A REAL S5SE1 EV]Y?+ ?AT EXI/$ BE=E US1 & 9 TURN1 WE CAN 
EV5TUALLY BECOME VA/LY MORE ?AN :AT WE >E4 ,SURPRIS+LY1 V]Y 
LITTLE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( LIFE-=MS HAS BE5 LO/ 9 NATURAL & SOCIAL 
EVOLUTION -- 9DE$ 9 \R V]Y BODIES1 AS \R EMBRYONIC DEVELOPM5T 
ATTE/S4 ,EVOLUTION LIES )9 US 7AS WELL AS >\ND US7 AS P>TS ( ! 
V]Y NATURE ( \R BE+S4 

,= ! PRES5T1 IT SUFFICES TO SAY ?AT :OL5ESS IS NOT A BLEAK 
UNDIFF]5TIAT$ 0UNIV]SALITY0 ?AT 9VOLVES ! R$UCTION ( A 
PH5OM5ON TO :AT IT HAS 9 COMMON ) EV]Y?+ ELSE4 ,NOR IS IT 
A CELE/IAL1 OMNIPRES5T 05]GY0 ?AT REPLACES ! VA/ MAT]IAL DIFF]5TIAE 
( :I* ! NATURAL & SOCIAL REALMS >E COMPOS$4 ,TO ! 
CONTR>Y1 :OL5ESS COMPRISES ! V>IEGAT$ /RUCTURES1 ! >TICULATIONS1 
& ! M$IATIONS ?AT IMP>T TO ! :OLE A RI* V>IETY ( 
=MS & !REBY ADD UNIQUE QUALITATIVE PROP]TIES TO :AT A /RICTLY 
ANALYTICAL M9D (T5 R$UCES TO 09NUM]ABLE0 & 0R&OM0 DETAILS4 

,T]MS LIKE :OL5ESS1 TOTALITY1 & EV5 COMMUNITY HAVE P]IL\S 
NUANCES = A G5]ATION ?AT HAS KN[N FASCISM & O!R TOTALIT>IAN 
IDEOLOGIES4 ,! WORDS EVOKE IMAGES ( A 0:OL5ESS0 A*IEV$ ?R\< 
HOMOG5IZATION1 /&>DIZATION1 & A REPRESSIVE COORD9ATION ( 
HUMAN BE+S4 ,!SE FE>S >E RE9=C$ BY A 0:OL5ESS0 ?AT SEEMS 
TO PROVIDE AN 9EXORABLE F9ALITY TO ! C\RSE ( HUMAN HI/ORY -- ONE 
?AT IMPLIES A SUPRAHUMAN1 N>R[LY TELEOLOGICAL CONCEPT ( SOCIAL LAW 
& ?AT D5IES ! ABILITY ( HUMAN WILL & 9DIVIDUAL *OICE TO %APE 
! C\RSE ( SOCIAL EV5TS4 ,SU* NOTIONS ( SOCIAL LAW & TELEOLOGY 
HAVE BE5 US$ TO A*IEVE A RU?LESS SUBJUGATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO 
SUPRAHUMAN =CES BEYOND HUMAN CONTROL4 ,\R C5TURY HAS BE5 
AFFLICT$ BY A PLE?ORA ( TOTALIT>IAN IDEOLOGIES ?AT1 PLAC+ HUMAN 
BE+S 9 ! S]VICE ( HI/ORY1 HAVE D5I$ !M A PLACE 9 ! S]VICE 
( !IR [N HUMANITY4 

,ACTUALLY1 SU* A TOTALIT>IAN CONCEPT ( 0:OL5ESS0 /&S %>PLY 
AT ODDS ) :AT ECOLOGI/S D5OTE BY ! T]M4 ,ECOLOGICAL :OL5ESS 
IS NOT AN IMMUTABLE HOMOG5EITY BUT RA!R ! V]Y OPPOSITE -- A 
DYNAMIC UNITY ( DIV]SITY4 ,9 NATURE1 BALANCE & H>MONY >E 
A*IEV$ BY EV]-*ANG+ DIFF]5TIATION1 BY EV]-EXP&+ DIV]SITY4 
,ECOLOGICAL /ABILITY1 9 EFFECT1 IS A FUNCTION NOT ( SIMPLICITY & 
HOMOG5EITY BUT ( COMPLEXITY & V>IETY4 ,! CAPACITY ( AN 
ECOSY/EM TO RETA9 ITS 9TEGRITY DEP5DS NOT ON ! UNI=MITY ( ! 
5VIRONM5T BUT ON ITS DIV]SITY4 

,A /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( ?IS T5ET CAN BE DRAWN FROM EXP]I5CES ) 
ECOLOGICAL /RATEGIES = CULTIVAT+ FOOD4 ,F>M]S HAVE REPEAT$LY MET 
) DISA/R\S RESULTS BECAUSE ( ! CONV5TIONAL EMPHASIS ON S+LECROP 
APPROA*ES TO AGRICULTURE -- OR MONOCULTURE1 TO USE A WIDELY 
ACCEPT$ T]M = ?OSE 5DLESS :EAT & CORN FIELDS ?AT EXT5D TO 
! HORIZON 9 MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,)\T ! MIX$ CROPS ?AT 
NORMALLY PROVIDE BO? ! C\NT]VAIL+ =CES & MUTUALI/IC SUPPORT 
?AT COME ) MIX$ POPULATIONS ( PLANTS & ANIMALS1 ! 5TIRE 
AGRICULTURAL SITUATION 9 AN >EA HAS BE5 KN[N TO COLLAPSE4 ,B5IGN 
9SECTS BECOME PE/S BECAUSE !IR NATURAL CONTROLS1 9CLUD+ BIRDS & 
SMALL MAMMALS1 HAVE BE5 REMOV$4 ,! SOIL1 LACK+ E>?WORMS1 
NITROG5-FIX+ BACT]IA1 & GRE5 MANURE 9 SUFFICI5T QUANTITIES1 IS 
R$UC$ TO M]E S&  -- A M9]AL M$IUM = ABSORB+ 5ORM\S 
QUANTITIES ( 9ORGANIC NITROG5 SALTS1 :I* W]E ORIG9ALLY SUPPLI$ 
MORE CYCLICALLY & TIM$ MORE APPROPRIATELY = CROP GR[? 9 ! 
ECOSY/EM4 ,9 RECKLESS DISREG>D = ! COMPLEXITY ( NATURE & = 
! SUBTLE REQUIREM5TS ( PLANT & ANIMAL LIFE1 ! AGRICULTURAL 
SITUATION IS CRUDELY SIMPLIFI$2 ITS NE$S MU/ N[ BE SATISFI$ BY HI<LY 
SOLUBLE SYN!TIC F]TILIZ]S ?AT P]COLATE 9TO DR9K+ WAT] & BY 
DANG]\S PE/ICIDES ?AT REMA9 AS RESIDUES 9 FOOD4 ,A HI< /&>D 
( FOOD CULTIVATION ?AT WAS ONCE A*IEV$ BY A DIV]SITY ( CROPS & 
ANIMALS1 ONE ?AT WAS FREE ( LA/+ TOXIC AG5TS & PROBABLY MORE 
HEAL?FUL NUTRITIONALLY1 IS N[ B>ELY APPROXIMAT$ BY S+LE CROPS 
:OSE MA9 SUPPORTS >E TOXIC *EMICALS & HI<LY SIMPLE NUTRI5TS4 

,IF ! ?RU/ ( NATURAL EVOLUTION HAS BE5 T[>D 9CREAS+ 
COMPLEXITY1 & IF ! COLONIZATION ( ! PLANET BY LIFE HAS BE5 MADE 
POSSIBLE ONLY AS A RESULT ( BIOTIC V>IETY1 A PRUD5T RESCAL+ ( MAN'S 
HUBRIS %\LD CALL = CAUTION 9 DI/URB+ NATURAL PROCESSES4 ,?AT 
LIV+ ?+S1 EM]G+ AGES AGO FROM !IR PRIMAL AQUATIC HABITAT TO 
COLONIZE ! MO/ 9HOSPITABLE >EAS ( ! E>?1 HAVE CREAT$ ! RI* 
BIOSPH]E ?AT N[ COV]S IT HAS BE5 POSSIBLE ONLY BECAUSE ( LIFE'S 
9CR$IBLE MUTABILITY & ! 5ORM\S LEGACY ( LIFE-=MS 9H]IT$ 
FROM ITS LONG DEVELOPM5T4 ,MANY ( !SE LIFE-=MS1 EV5 ! MO/ 
PRIMAL & SIMPLE/1 HAVE NEV] DISAPPE>$ -- H[EV] MU* !Y HAVE 
BE5 MODIFI$ BY EVOLUTION4 ,! SIMPLE ALGAL =MS ?AT M>K$ ! 
BEG9N+S ( PLANT LIFE & ! SIMPLE 9V]TEBRATES ?AT M>K$ ! 
BEG9N+S ( ANIMAL LIFE /ILL EXI/ 9 L>GE NUMB]S4 ,!Y COMPRISE 
! PRECONDITIONS = ! EXI/5CE ( ! MORE COMPLEX ORGANIC BE+S 
TO :I* !Y PROVIDE SU/5ANCE1 ! S\RCES ( DECOMPOSITION1 & 
EV5 ATMOSPH]IC OXYG5 & C>BON DIOXIDE4 ,AL?\< !Y MAY 
ANT$ATE ! 0HI<]0 PLANTS & MAMMALS BY OV] A BILLION YE>S1 !Y 
9T]RELATE ) !IR MORE COMPLEX DESC5DANTS 9 (T5 UNRAVELABLE 
ECOSY/EMS4 

,TO ASSUME ?AT SCI5CE COMM&S ?IS VA/ NEXUS ( ORGANIC & 
9ORGANIC 9T]RELATION%IPS 9 ALL ITS DETAILS IS WORSE ?AN >ROGANCE3 
IT IS %E] /UPIDITY4 ,IF UNITY 9 DIV]SITY =MS ONE ( ! C>D9AL T5ETS 
( ECOLOGY1 ! WEAL? ( BIOTA ?AT EXI/S 9 A S+LE ACRE ( SOIL LEADS 
US TO /ILL ANO!R BASIC ECOLOGICAL T5ET3 ! NE$ TO ALL[ = A HI< 
DEGREE ( NATURAL SPONTANEITY4 ,! COMPELL+ DICTUM 0RESPECT = 
NATURE0 HAS CONCRETE IMPLICATIONS4 ,TO ASSUME ?AT \R KN[L$GE ( 
?IS COMPLEX1 RI*LY TEXTUR$1 & P]PETUALLY *ANG+ NATURAL 
KALEIDOSCOPE ( LIFE-=MS L5DS ITSELF TO A DEGREE ( 0MA/]Y0 ?AT 
ALL[S US FREE RE9 9 MANIPULAT+ ! BIOSPH]E IS %E] FOOLI%NESS4 

,?US1 A CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( LEEWAY MU/ BE P]MITT$ = NATURAL 
SPONTANEITY -- = ! DIV]SE BIOLOGICAL =CES ?AT YIELD A V>IEGAT$ 
ECOLOGICAL SITUATION4 0,WORK+ ) NATURE0 REQUIRES ?AT WE FO/] ! 
BIOTIC V>IETY ?AT EM]GES FROM A SPONTANE\S DEVELOPM5T ( NATURAL 
PH5OM5A4 ,I H>DLY MEAN ?AT WE MU/ SURR5D] \RSELVES TO A 
MY/ICAL 0,NATURE0 ?AT IS BEYOND ALL HUMAN COMPREH5SION & 
9T]V5TION  -- A ,NATURE ?AT DEM&S HUMAN AWE & SUBS]VI5CE4 
,P]HAPS ! MO/ OBVI\S CONCLUSION WE CAN DRAW FROM !SE ECOLOGICAL 
T5ETS IS ,*>LES ,ELTON'S S5SITIVE OBS]VATION3 0,! WORLD'S FUTURE HAS 
TO BE MANAG$1 BUT ?IS MANAGEM5T W\LD NOT BE JU/ LIKE A GAME ( 
*ESS -- MORE LIKE /E]+ A BOAT40 ,:AT ECOLOGY1 BO? NATURAL & 
SOCIAL1 CAN HOPE TO TEA* US IS H[ TO F9D ! CURR5T & UND]/& 
! DIRECTION ( ! /REAM4 

,*APT] #b3 ,NATURE1 ,FIR/ & ,SECOND 

,9TRODUCTION 

,AMID ! TE*NOLOGICAL 5*ANTM5T ( ! #a#i#eS1 PROPON5TS ( 
ORGANIC F>M+1 LIKE ,BOOK*9 HIMSELF1 HAD TO DEF5D ORGANIC 
AGRICULTURAL TE*NIQUES AGA9/ ! SCORN ( F$]AL AG5CIES & 
! *EMICAL 9DU/RY1 BO? ( :I* W]E BUSILY MAK+ PE/ICIDES 
9TO AGRICULTURAL COMMONPLACES4 ,UNLIKE TODAY1 :5 ! VALUE 
( ORGANIC F>M+ IS RECOGNIZ$1 9 ?OSE YE>S ITS VALUE HAD TO BE 
F\<T =4 

,AS P>T ( ?AT /RUGGLE TO DEF5D ORGANIC F>M+1 ,BOOK*9 
BORR[$ ! CONCEPT 0UNITY 9 DIV]SITY0 FROM ! ,G]MAN IDEALI/ 
PHILOSOPH] ,G4,W4,F4 ,HEGEL4 ,RECA/ AS A PR9CIPLE ( ORGANIC 
AGRICULTURE1 ! CONCEPT SUGGE/$ AN ALT]NATIVE F>M+ TE*NIQUE 
?AT WAS ABLE TO RID CROPS ( PE/S1 )\T ! USE ( C>C9OG5IC 
PE/ICIDES4 ,UNLIKE ! MONOCULTURES ?AT DEM&$ PE/ICIDE USE1 
A DIV]SITY ( CROPS 9 ONE FIELD C\LD PLAY (F POT5TIAL PE/S AGA9/ 
ONE ANO!R1 LEAV+ ! CROPS !MSELVES PE/-FREE4 ,& UNLIKE 
MONOCULTURES1 :I* >E SUSCEPTIBLE TO COMPLETE DE/RUCTION ) 
ONE PE/ 9FE/ATION1 ECOSY/EMS ?AT >E HI<LY DIV]SIFI$ YIELD 
OPTIMAL /ABILITY4 0,UNITY 9 DIV]SITY0 BECAME A CAT*WORD = 
/ABILITY1 NOT ONLY 9 ORGANIC AGRICULTURE BUT 9 ECOSY/EMS G5]ALLY2 
IT 5T]$ ! VOCABUL>Y ( ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T AS A CONCEPT 
UND]P9N+ ! VALUE ( DIV]SE SPECIES 9 AN ECOSY/EM4 

,ONCE ORGANIC AGRICULTURE GA9$ A MEASURE ( ACCEPTANCE1 
H[EV]1 ,BOOK*9 HIMSELF BEGAN TO USE ! PHRASE 0UNITY 9 
DIV]SITY0 9 A DIFF]5T S5SE1 GIV+ IT A MORE DYNAMIC 9T]PRETATION4 
,:ILE /ABILITY CAN /R5G!N AN ECOSY/EM1 HE MA9TA9$1 
IT CANNOT MAKE = SPECIES V>IEGATION4 ,DIV]SITY PLAYS AN 
IMPORTANT ROLE 9 PRODUC+ NOT ONLY /ABILITY BUT *ANGE & 
9NOVATION4 ,9DE$1 )\T DIV]SIFICATION NATURAL EVOLUTION C\LD 
NOT OCCUR4 ,TODAY1 ,BOOK*9 USES ! PHRASE 0UNITY 9 DIV]SITY0 TO 
REF] TO ! 9CREAS+ DIFF]5TIATION ?AT A SELF-=MATIVE 
BIOSPH]E UND]GOES1 )9 ! NATURAL CONT9UUM ( EVOLUTION>Y 
PROCESSES4 

,?IS EVOLUTION>Y EMPHASIS IS :AT M>K$LY DI/+UI%ES 
,BOOK*9'S PHILOSOPHY ( NATURE FROM ?AT ( O!R S*OOLS ( 
ECOLOGICAL-POLITICAL ?\<T TODAY4 ,NATURAL EVOLUTION1 HE HAS LONG 
>GU$1 5COMPASSES NOT ONLY A /RICTLY BIOLOGICAL REALM 7OR 0FIR/ 
NATURE07 BUT ALSO A SOCIAL REALM 7OR 0SECOND NATURE074.<#b#a.> ,F> FROM 
BE+ 9H]5TLY ANTAGONI/IC TO EA* O!R1 FIR/ & SECOND NATURE 
>E ACTUALLY TWO ASPECTS ( ONE CONT9UUM1 ,BOOK*9 MA9TA9SAT 
ONCE SEP>ATE FROM EA* O!R BUT ALSO MUTUALLY IMBRICAT$ 9 
A %>$ EVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4 ,HUMAN BE+S & HUMAN SOCIETY1 
) !IR POT5TIALITIES = SELF-CONSCI\SNESS & FRE$OM1 DIFF] 
9 PR(\ND RESPECTS FROM FIR/ NATURE YET EM]GE FROM & 
9CORPORATE IT 9 A GRAD$ DEVELOPM5T4 

,P]HAPS ( MO/ 9T]E/ TO SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 ! EVOLUTION>Y 
PROCESSES 9 FIR/ NATURE G5]ATE 9CREAS+ COMPLEXITY & SUBJECTIVITY 
9 LIFE-=MS4 ,CONSCI\SNESS HAS EVOLV$ 9 A CUMULATIVE PROCESS1 
FROM ! SIMPLE REACTIVITY ( UNICELLUL> ORGANISMS1 TO ! NEUROLOGICAL 
ACTIVITY ( MAMMALS & REPTILES1 TO A CULM9ATION 9 HUMAN 
9TELLECTION4 ,AS LIFE-=MS ATTA9 HI<] LEVELS ( SUBJECTIVITY1 !Y 
>E ABLE TO EX]CISE GREAT] *OICE 9 SELECT+ & EV5 IMPROV+ 
!IR [N ECOLOGICAL NI*ES4 

,! DIM1 EM]G5T SUBJECTIVITY 9 FIR/ NATURE CAN MAKE ONLY 
RUDIM5T>Y 0*OICES10 BUT 9 SECOND NATURE HUMAN BE+S1 
POSSESS$ ( ! HI<E/ LEVEL ( SUBJECTIVITY1 >E CAPABLE ( ACTIVELY 
& CONSCI\SLY ALT]+ !IR 5VIRONM5TS1 ( %AP+ ! SOCIETIES 
9 :I* !Y LIVE -- & ( CREAT+ ! ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY ?AT 
9TEGRATES T[N & C\NTRY1 OR FIR/ & SECOND NATURE1 9 :AT 
,BOOK*9 W\LD LAT] CALL 0FREE NATURE40 

,AT FIR/ GLANCE1 ! GREAT SIGNIFICANCE ,BOOK*9 ATTA*ES TO HUMAN 
CONSCI\SNESS W\LD SEEM TO REPRES5T A %>P DEM>CATION 
BETWE5 HUMAN & NONHUMAN NATURE 9 HIS ?\<T1 ONE ?AT 
SETS HUMAN BE+S ON AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T PLANE FROM ! RE/ ( 
! NATURAL WORLD4 ,& IT IS TRUE ?AT HE CONSID]S HUMANITY AS A 
RADICALLY NEW DEVELOPM5T 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION1 MANIFE/+ ! 
POT5TIALITY = SELF-CONSCI\S5ESS1 FRE$OM1 & 9NOVATION4 ,HE 
DOES REG>D HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS AS QUALITATIVELY DIFF]5T FROM 
?AT ( O!R LIFE-=MS4 ,BUT BY HIS USE ( ! CATEGORIES ( FIR/ & 
SECOND NATURE1 HE ALSO EMPHASIZES ! ROOT$NESS ( HUMAN BE+S 
9 NONHUMAN NATURE4 

,9 ! MID-#a#i#hS A T5D5CY >OSE )9 ! ECOLOGY MOVEM5T 
?AT D5IGRAT$ ! NOTION ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E 9 ANY WAY 
SUP]IOR OR MORE ADVANC$ ?AN O!R LIFE-=MS 9 ! BIOSPH]E4 
,BLAM+ HUMAN-C5T]$ NESS1 OR 0AN?ROPOC5TRISM10 AS ! CAUSE 
( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 DEEP ECOLOGY -- ) ITS FUNDAM5TAL PRECEPT 
( BIOC5TRISM  -- ADVANC$ A NOTION ( 0BIOSPH]IC DEMOCRACY10 
:I* SAW HUMAN BE+S AS HAV+ 09TR9SIC WOR?0 EQUAL TO ?AT 
( ANY O!R SPECIES4 ,BOOK*9'S %>P CRITICISM ( ?IS T5D5CY IS 
ROOT$ 9 TWO CONFLICT+ VIEWS ( HUMANITY'S RELATION%IP TO ! RE/ 
( ! NATURAL WORLD4 ,:]E BIOC5TRISM W\LD R$UCE HUMAN 
BE+S 9TO 0PLA9 CITIZ5S0 ( ! BIOSPH]E1 MORALLY 9T]*ANGEABLE 
) O!R LIFE-=MS1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY ASS]TS ?AT HUMAN BE+S 
>E UNIQUE 9 NATURAL EVOLUTION4 ,BY VIRTUE ( !IR P[]S ( ?\<T 
& COMMUNICATION1 !Y HAVE ! ABILITY TO CREATE & EV5 ! 
RESPONSIBILITY TO A*IEVE A H>MONI\S1 9DE$ CREATIVE RELATION%IP 
) ! FIR/ NATURE4 

,! N9ETE5?-C5TURY PHILOSOPH] ,JOHANN ,FI*TE ONCE 
REM>K$ ?AT HUMANITY IS NATURE R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S4 ,AL?\< 
?IS VIEW HAS SOMETIMES BE5 ATTRIBUT$ TO ,BOOK*9 AS 
WELL1 HE ACTUALLY MA9TA9S ?AT SECOND NATURE HAS ?US F> FALL5 
%ORT ( REALIZ+ HUMANITY'S POT5TIALITY = CREAT+ A LIB]ATORY 
SOCIETY & AN 9TEGRATIVE RELATION%IP ) ! NONHUMAN WORLD4 
0,:]E ,FI*TE PAT5TLY ]R$ WAS 9 HIS ASSUMPTION ?AT A POSSIBILITY 
IS A FACT10 HE WROTE 9 ,! ,ECOLOGY ( ,FRE$OM4 

,WE >E NO MORE NATURE R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S ?AN WE >E 
HUMANITY R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S4 ,REASON MAY GIVE US ! CAPACITY 
TO PLAY ?IS ROLE1 BUT WE & \R SOCIETY >E /ILL TOTALLY IRRATIONAL9DE$1 
WE >E CUNN+LY DANG]\S TO \RSELVES & ALL ?AT LIVES 
>\ND US4.<#b#b.> 

,HE !RE=E MODIFIES ,FI*TE'S /ATEM5T TO >GUE ?AT HUMANITY IS 
POT5TIALLY NATURE R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S -- ?AT IT W\LD ACTUALIZE 
?AT POT5TIAL ONLY IF IT W]E TO CREATE AN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 

,IMAGES ( ,FIR/ ,NATURE 

7FROM 0,:AT ,IS ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY80 #a#i#h#d7 

,MORE ?AN ANY S+LE NOTION 9 ! HI/ORY ( RELIGION & PL