,SECTION #a 

#ahhgahhg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY HAV5'T ! SLI<TE/1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,9 TAK+ ! ,/ATE & ITS HI/ORIC ROLE AS ! SUBJECT = ?IS /UDY1 ,I ?9K ,I AM SATISFY+ A MU* FELT NE$ AT ! PRES5T TIME3 ?AT ( EXAM9+ 9 DEP? ! V]Y CONCEPT ( ! ,/ATE1 ( /UDY+ ITS ESS5CE1 ITS PA/ ROLE & ! P>T IT MAY BE CALL$ UPON TO PLAY 9 ! FUTURE4 

,IT IS ABOVE ALL OV] ! QUE/ION ( ! ,/ATE ?AT SOCIALI/S >E DIVID$4 ,TWO MA9 CURR5TS CAN BE DISC]N$ 9 ! FACTIONS ?AT EXI/ AMONG US :I* CORRESPOND TO DIFF]5CES 9 TEMP]AM5T AS WELL AS 9 WAYS ( ?9K+1 BUT ABOVE ALL TO ! EXT5T ?AT ONE BELIEVES 9 ! COM+ REVOLUTION4 

,!RE >E ?OSE1 ON ! ONE H&1 :O HOPE TO A*IEVE ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?R\< ! ,/ATE BY PRES]V+ & EV5 EXT5D+ MO/ ( ITS P[]S TO BE US$ = ! REVOLUTION4 ,& !RE >E ?OSE LIKE \RSELVES :O SEE ! ,/ATE1 BO? 9 ITS PRES5T =M1 9 ITS V]Y ESS5CE1 & 9 :ATEV] GUISE IT MI<T APPE>1 AN OB/ACLE TO ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! GREATE/ H9DRANCE TO ! BIR? ( A SOCIETY BAS$ ON EQUALITY & LIB]TY1 AS WELL AS ! HI/ORIC MEANS DESIGN$ TO PREV5T ?IS BLOSSOM+4 ,! LATT] WORK TO ABOLI% ! ,/ATE & NOT TO RE=M IT4 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT ! DIVISION IS A DEEP ONE4 ,IT CORRESPONDS ) TWO DIV]G5T CURR5TS :I* 9 \R TIME >E MANIFE/ 9 ALL PHILOSOPHICAL ?\<T1 9 LIT]ATURE AS WELL AS 9 ACTION4 ,& IF ! PREVAIL+ VIEWS ON ! ,/ATE REMA9 AS OBSCURE AS !Y >E TODAY1 !RE IS NO D\BT :ATSOEV] ?AT :5 - & WE HOPE1 SOON - COMMUNI/ IDEAS >E SUBJECT$ TO PRACTICAL APPLICATION 9 ! DAILY LIFE ( COMMUNITIES1 IT WILL BE ON ! QUE/ION ( ! ,/ATE ?AT ! MO/ /UBBORN /RUGGLES WILL BE WAG$4 

,HAV+ SO (T5 CRITICIZ$ ! ,/ATE AS IT IS TODAY1 IT BEHOOVES ONE TO SEEK ! REASON = ITS EM]G5CE1 TO /UDY 9 DEP? ITS PA/ ROLE1 & TO COMP>E IT ) 9/ITUTIONS ?AT IT HAS REPLAC$4 

,LET US1 FIR/ ( ALL1 BE AGRE$ AS TO :AT WE4WI% TO 9CLUDE BY ! T]M '! ,/ATE'4 

,!RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 ! ,G]MAN S*OOL :I* TAKES PLEASURE 9 CONFUS+ ,/ATE ) ,SOCIETY4 ,?IS CONFUSION IS TO BE F\ND AMONG ! BE/ ,G]MAN ?9K]S & MANY ( ! ,FR5* :O CANNOT VISUALIZE ,SOCIETY )\T A CONC5TRATION ( ! ,/ATE2 & IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT AN>*I/S >E G5]ALLY UPBRAID$ = WANT+ TO DE/ROY SOCIETY' & ( ADVOCAT+ A RETURN TO '! P]MAN5T W> ( EA* AGA9/ ALL'4 

,H[EV] TO >GUE 9 ?IS WAY IS TO OV]LOOK ALTOGE!R ! ADVANCES MADE 9 ! DOMA9 ( HI/ORY 9 ! PA/ ?IRTY OR SO YE>S2 IT IS TO OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT ,MAN LIV$ 9 ,SOCIETIES = ?\S&S O YE>S BE=E ! ,/ATE HAD BE5 HE>D (@58IT IS TO =GET ?AT SO F> AS ,EUROPE IS CONC]N$ ! ,/ATE IS ( REC5T ORIG9 - IT B>ELY GOES BACK TO ! SIXTE5? C5TURY2 & F9ALLY1 IT IS TO IGNORE ?AT ! MO/ GLORI\S P]IODS 9 ,MAN'S HI/ORY >E ?OSE 9 :I* CIVIL LIB]TIES & COMMUNAL LIFE HAD NOT YET BE5 DE/ROY$ BY ! ,/ATE1 & 9 :I* L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE LIV$ 9 COMMUNES & FREE F$]ATIONS4 

,! ,/ATE IS ONLY ONE ( ! =MS ASSUM$ BY SOCIETY 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 ,:Y !N MAKE NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 :AT IS P]MAN5T & :AT IS ACCID5TAL8 

,ON ! O!R H& ! ,/ATE HAS ALSO BE5 CONFUS$ ) ,GOV]NM5T4 ,S9CE !RE CAN BE NO ,/ATE )\T GOV]NM5T1 IT HAS SOMETIMES BE5 SAID ?AT :AT ONE MU/ AIM AT IS ! ABS5CE ( GOV]NM5T & NOT ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE4 

,H[EV]1 IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ,/ATE & GOV]NM5T >E TWO CONCEPTS ( A DIFF]5T ORD]4 ,! ,/ATE IDEA MEANS SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! IDEA ( GOV]NM5T4 ,IT NOT ONLY 9CLUDES ! EXI/5CE ( A P[] SITUAT$ ABOVE SOCIETY1 BUT ALSO ( A T]RITORIAL CONC5TRATION AS WELL AS ! CONC5TRATION 9 ! H&S ( A FEW ( MANY FUNCTIONS 9 ! LIFE ( SOCIETIES4 ,IT IMPLIES SOME NEW RELATION%IPS BETWE5 MEMB]S ( SOCIETY :I* DID NOT EXI/ BE=E ! =MATION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,A :OLE ME*ANISM ( LEGISLATION & ( POLIC+ HAS TO BE DEVELOP$ 9 ORD] TO SUBJECT SOME CLASSES TO ! DOM9ATION ( O!RS4 

,?IS DI/9CTION1 :I* AT FIR/ SI<T MI<T NOT BE OBVI\S1 EM]GES ESPECIALLY :5 ONE /UDIES ! ORIG9S ( ! ,/ATE4 

,9DE$1 !RE IS ONLY ONE WAY ( REALLY UND]/&+ ! ,/ATE1 & ?AT IS TO /UDY ITS HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T1 & ?IS IS :AT WE %ALL TRY TO DO4 

,! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE WAS A ,/ATE 9 ! REAL S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,TO ?IS DAY IT REMA9S ! LEGI/'S IDEAL4 ,ITS ORGANS COV]$ A VA/ DOMA9 ) A TI<T NETWORK4 ,EV]Y?+ GRAVITAT$ T[>DS ,ROME3 ECONOMIC & MILIT>Y LIFE1 WEAL?1 $UCATION1 NAY1 EV5 RELIGION4 ,FROM ,ROME CAME ! LAWS1 ! MAGI/RATES1 ! LEGIONS TO DEF5D ! T]RITORY1 ! PREFECTS & ! GODS1 ,! :OLE LIFE ( ! ,EMPIRE W5T BACK TO ! ,S5ATE - LAT] TO ! ,CES>1 ! ALL P[]FUL1 OMNISCI5T1 GOD ( ! ,EMPIRE4 ,EV]Y PROV9CE1 EV]Y DI/RICT HAD ITS ,CAPITOL 9 M9IATURE1 ITS SMALL PORTION ( ,ROMAN SOV]EIGNTY TO GOV]N EV]Y ASPECT ( DAILY LIFE4 ,A S+LE LAW1 ?AT IMPOS$ BY ,ROME1 DOM9AT$ ?AT ,EMPIRE :I* DID NOT REPRES5T A CONF$]ATION ( FELL[ CITIZ5S BUT WAS SIMPLY A H]D ( SUBJECTS4 

,EV5 N[1 ! LEGI/ & ! AU?ORIT>IAN /ILL ADMIRE ! UNITY ( ?AT ,EMPIRE1 ! UNIT>IAN SPIRIT ( ITS LAWS &1 AS !Y PUT IT1 ! BEAUTY & H>MONY ( ?AT ORGANIZATION4 

,BUT ! DIS9TEGRATION FROM )91 HA/5$ BY ! B>B>IAN 9VASION2 ! EXT9CTION ( LOCAL LIFE1 :I* C\LD NO LONG] RESI/ ! ATTACKS FROM \TSIDE ON ! ONE H& NOR ! CANK] SPREAD+ FROM ! C5T] ON ! O!R2 ! DOM9ATION BY ! RI* :O HAD APPROPRIAT$ ! L& TO !MSELVES & ! MIS]Y ( ?OSE :O CULTIVAT$ IT - ALL !SE CAUSES R$UC$ ! ,EMPIRE TO A %AMBLES1 & ON !SE RU9S A NEW CIVILIZATION DEVELOP$ :I* IS N[ \RS4 

,SO1 IF WE LEAVE ASIDE ! CIVILIZATION ( ANTIQUITY1 & CONC5TRATE \R ATT5TION ON ! ORIG9 & DEVELOPM5TS ( ?IS Y\NG B>B>IAN CIVILIZATION1 RI<T UP TO ! TIMES :51 9 ITS TURN1 IT GAVE BIR? TO \R MOD]N ,/ATES1 WE WILL BE ABLE TO CAPTURE ! ESS5CE ( ! ,/ATE BETT] ?AN HAD WE DIRECT$ \R /UDIES TO ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 OR TO ?AT ( ,ALEX&] ( ,MAC$ONIA1 OR AGA9 ! DESPOTIC MON>*IES ( ! ,EA/4 

,9 US+1 = 9/ANCE1 !SE P[]FUL B>B>IAN OV]?R[]S ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE AS \R PO9T ( DEP>TURE1 WE WILL BE ABLE TO RETRACE ! EVOLUTION ( \R :OLE CIVILIZATION1 FROM ITS BEG9N+S & UP TO ITS ,/ATAL PHASE4 

7,S\RCE3 ,! ,/ATE3 ,ITS ,HI/ORIC ,ROLE1 ,BY KNIAZ ,PETR ,ALEKSEEVI* ,KROPOTK91 #a#h#i#h1 PUBLI%$ BY 0,FRE$OM0 ,(FICE1 ORIG9AL PUBLICATION DATE ( #a#h#h#g47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhf 3 ,SECTION #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#b1 #bag 3 ,SECTION #a -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/