,SECTION #b 

#ahhgahhg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,JOEL ,HANSELL1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,MO/ PHILOSOPH]S ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY HAD V]Y ELEM5T>Y IDEAS ON ! ORIG9 ( SOCIETIES4 

,ACCORD+ TO !M1 9 ! BEG9N+ ,MANK9D LIV$ 9 SMALL ISOLAT$ FAMILIES1 & P]PETUAL W>F>E BETWE5 !M WAS ! NORMAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,BUT1 ONE DAY1 REALIZ+ AT LA/ ! DISADVANTAGES ( !IR 5DLESS /RUGGLES1 M5 DECID$ TO SOCIALIZE4 ,A SOCIAL CONTRACT WAS CONCLUD$ AMONG ! SCATT]$ FAMILIES :O WILL+LY SUBMITT$ !MSELVES TO AN AU?ORITY :I* - NE$ ,I SAY8 - BECAME ! />T+-PO9T AS WELL AS ! 9ITIATOR ( ALL PROGRESS4 ,& DOES ONE NE$ TO ADD1 S9CE WE HAVE BE5 TOLD AS MU* AT S*OOL1 ?AT \R PRES5T GOV]NM5TS HAVE SO F> REMA9$ 9 !IR NOBLE ROLE AS ! SALT ( ! E>?1 ! PACIFI]S & CIVILIZ]S ( ! HUMAN RACE8 

,?IS IDEA DOM9AT$ ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 A P]IOD 9 :I* V]Y LITTLE WAS KN[N AB\T ! ORIG9S ( ,MAN2 & ONE MU/ ADD ?AT 9 ! H&S ( ! ,5CYCLOP$I/S & ( ,R\SSEAU1 ! IDEA ( ! 'SOCIAL CONTRACT' BECAME A WEAPON ) :I* TO FI<T ! DIV9E RI<TS ( K+S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 9 SPITE ( ! S]VICES IT MAY HAVE R5D]$ 9 ! PA/1 ?IS !ORY MU/ BE SE5 TO BE FALSE4 

,! FACT IS ?AT ALL ANIMALS1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( SOME C>NIVORES & BIRDS ( PREY1 & SOME SPECIES :I* >E BECOM+ EXT9CT1 LIVE 9 SOCIETIES4 ,9 ! /RUGGLE = LIFE1 IT IS ! GREG>I\S SPECIES :I* HAVE AN ADVANTAGE OV] ?OSE ?AT >E NOT4 ,9 EV]Y ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION !Y >E AT ! TOP ( ! LADD] & !RE CANNOT BE ! SLI<TE/ D\BT ?AT ! FIR/ HUMAN BE+S ) HUMAN ATTRIBUTES W]E ALREADY LIV+ 9 SOCIETIES4 

,MAN DID NOT CREATE SOCIETY2 SOCIETY EXI/$ BE=E ,MAN4 

,WE N[ ALSO KN[ - & IT HAS BE5 CONV9C+LY DEMON/RAT$ BY AN?ROPOLOGY - ?AT ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = MANK9D WAS NOT ! FAMILY BUT ! CLAN1 ! TRIBE4 ,! PATRI>*AL FAMILY AS WE KN[ IT1 OR AS IT IS DEPICT$ 9 ,HEBREW TRADITIONS1 DID NOT APPE> UNTIL V]Y MU* LAT]4 MAN SP5T T5S ( ?\S&S ( YE>S 9 ! CLAN OR TRIBAL PHASE - LET US CALL IT ! PRIMITIVE TRIBE OR1 IF Y\ WI%1 ! SAVAGE TRIBE - & DUR+ ?IS TIME MAN HAD ALREADY DEVELOP$ A :OLE S]IES ( 9/ITUTIONS1 HABITS & CU/OMS MU* E>LI] ?AN ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY4 

,9 !SE TRIBES1 ! SEP>ATE FAMILY NO MORE EXI/$ ?AN IT EXI/S AMONG SO MANY O!R SOCIABLE MAMMALS4 ,ANY DIVISION )9 ! TRIBE WAS MA9LY BETWE5 G5]ATIONS2 & FROM A F> DI/ANT AGE1 GO+ RI<T BACK TO ! DAWN ( ! HUMAN RACE1 LIMITATIONS HAD BE5 IMPOS$ TO PREV5T SEXUAL RELATIONS BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T G5]ATIONS1 :I* H[EV] W]E ALL[$ BETWE5 ?OSE ( ! SAME G5]ATION4 ,ONE CAN /ILL F9D TRACES ( ?AT P]IOD 9 SOME CONTEMPOR>Y TRIBES AS WELL AS 9 ! LANGUAGE1 CU/OMS & SUP]/ITIONS ( PEOPLES ( A MU* HI<] CULTURE4 

,HUNT+ & FOOD-GA!R+ W]E 5GAG$ 9 BY ! :OLE TRIBE 9 COMMON1 & ONCE !IR HUNG] WAS SATISFI$1 !Y GAVE !MSELVES UP ) PASSION TO !IR DRAMATIZ$ DANCES4 ,TO ?IS DAY WE /ILL F9D TRIBES :O >E V]Y CLOSE TO ?IS PRIMITIVE PHASE LIV+ ON ! P]IPH]Y ( ! L>GE CONT95TS1 OR 9 ! VIC9ITY ( M\NTA9\S REGIONS1 9 ! LEA/ ACCESSIBLE P>TS ( ! WORLD4 

,! ACCUMULATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY C\LD NOT !N TAKE PLACE !RE1 S9CE ANY?+ ?AT HAD BE5 ! P]SONAL POSSESSION ( A MEMB] ( ! TRIBE WAS DE/ROY$ OR BURN$ :]E HIS BODY WAS BURI$4 ,?IS IS /ILL DONE1 9 ,5GL& TOO1 BY ! ,GYPSIES1 & FUN]AL RITES ( 'CIVILIZ$' PEOPLE /ILL BE> ! IMPR9T ( ?IS CU/OM3 ?US ! ,*9ESE BURN PAP] MODELS ( ! DEAD P]SON'S POSSESSIONS1 & AT ! MILIT>Y LEAD]'S FUN]AL HIS HORSE1 HIS SWORD & DECORATIONS ACCOMPANY HIM AS F> AS HIS GRAVE4 ,! MEAN+ ( ! 9/ITUTION HAS BE5 LO/1 BUT ! =M HAS SURVIV$4 

,F> FROM EXPRESS+ CONTEMPT = HUMAN LIFE1 ?OSE PRIMITIVE PEOPLE HAT$ MURD] & BLOOD4 ,TO SPILL BLOOD WAS CONSID]$ SU* A GRAVE MATT]1 ?AT EV]Y DROP SPILL$ - NOT ONLY HUMAN BLOOD BUT ALSO ?AT ( SOME ANIMALS - REQUIR$ ?AT ! AGGRESSOR %\LD LOSE AN EQUAL AM\NT ( HIS [N BLOOD4 

,FUR!RMORE1 MURD] )9 ! TRIBE IS SOME?+ QUITE UNKN[N2 = 9/ANCE AMONG ! ,9UITS OR ,ESKIMOS - ?OSE SURVIVORS ( ! ,/ONE ,AGE :O 9HABIT ! ,>CTIC REGIONS - OR AMONG ! ,ALEUTIANS1 ETC41 ONE DEF9ITELY KN[S ?AT !RE HAS NOT BE5 A S+LE MURD] )9 ! TRIBE = FIFTY1 SIXTY OR MORE YE>S4 

,BUT :5 TRIBES ( DIFF]5T ORIG91 COLOR & LANGUAGE MET 9 ! C\RSE ( !IR MIGRATIONS1 IT (T5 5D$ 9 W>4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT EV5 !N M5 W]E SEEK+ TO MAKE !SE 5C\NT]S MORE PACIFIC4 ,TRADITION1 AS ,MA9E1 ,PO/ & ,E4 ,NYS HAVE SO WELL DEMON/RAT$1 WAS ALREADY DEVELOP+ ! G]MS ( :AT 9 DUE C\RSE BECAME ,9T]NATIONAL ,LAW4 ,= 9/ANCE1 A VILLAGE C\LD NOT BE ATTACK$ )\T W>N+ ! 9HABITANTS4 ,NEV] W\LD ANYONE D>E TO KILL ON ! PA? US$ BY WOM5 TO REA* ! SPR+4 ,& (T5 TO MAKE PEACE IT WAS NECESS>Y TO BALANCE ! NUMB]S ( M5 KILL$ ON BO? SIDES4 

,H[EV]1 ALL !SE PRECAUTIONS & MANY O!RS BESIDES W]E NOT 5\<3 SOLID>ITY DID NOT EXT5D BEYOND ! CONF9ES ( ! CLAN OR TRIBE2 QU>RELS >OSE BETWE5 PEOPLE ( DIFF]5T CLANS & TRIBES1 :I* C\LD 5D 9 VIOL5CE & EV5 MURD]4 

,FROM ?AT P]IOD A G5]AL LAW BEGAN TO BE DEVELOP$ BETWE5 ! CLANS & TRIBES4 ,Y\R MEMB]S HAVE W\ND$ OR KILL$ ONE ( \RS2 WE HAVE A RI<T !RE=E TO KILL ONE ( Y\ OR TO 9FLICT A SIMIL> W\ND ON ONE ( Y\1 & IT DID NOT MATT] :O1 S9CE ! TRIBE WAS ALWAYS RESPONSIBLE = ! 9DIVIDUAL ACTS ( ITS MEMB]S4 

,! WELL-KN[N BIBLICAL V]SES3 0,BLOOD = BLOOD1 AN EYE = AN EYE1 A TOO? = A TOO?1 A W\ND = A W\ND1 A LIFE = A LIFE0 - BUT NO MORE6 ,AS ,KO5IGSW>T] PUT IT SO WELL - [E !IR ORIG9 TO !M4 ,IT WAS !IR CONCEPT ( JU/ICE444& WE HAVE NO REASON TO FEEL SUP]IOR S9CE ! PR9CIPLE ( 'A LIFE = A LIFE' :I* PREVAILS 9 \R CODES IS ONLY ONE ( ITS MANY SURVIVALS4 

,IT IS CLE> ?AT A :OLE S]IES ( 9/ITUTIONS 7& MANY O!RS ,I %ALL NOT M5TION7 AS WELL AS A COMPLETE CODE ( TRIBAL MORALITY1 W]E ALREADY DEVELOP$ DUR+ ?IS PRIMITIVE PHASE4 ,& ?IS NUCLEUS ( SOCIABLE CU/OMS WAS KEPT ALIVE BY USAGE1 CU/OM & TRADITION ONLY4 ,!RE WAS NO AU?ORITY ) :I* TO IMPOSE IT4 

,!RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT PRIMITIVE SOCIETY HAD TEMPOR>Y LEAD]S4 ,! SORC]]1 ! RA9-MAK] - ! LE>N$ M5 ( ?AT AGE - S\<T TO PR(IT FROM :AT !Y KNEW AB\T NATURE 9 ORD] TO DOM9ATE !IR FELL[ BE+S4 ,SIMIL>LY1 HE :O C\LD MORE EASILY MEMORIZE ! PROV]BS & SONGS 9 :I* ALL TRADITION WAS EMBODI$ BECAME 9FLU5TIAL4 ,AT POPUL> FE/IVALS HE W\LD RECITE !SE PROV]BS & SONGS 9 :I* W]E 9CORPORAT$ ! DECISIONS ?AT HAD BE5 TAK5 ON SU*-&-SU* AN OCCASION BY ! PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLY 9 SU*-&-SU* A CONNECTION4 ,9 MANY A SMALL TRIBE ?IS IS /ILL DONE4 ,& DAT+ FROM ?AT AGE1 !SE '$UCAT$' MEMB]S S\<T TO 5SURE A DOM9ANT ROLE = !MSELVES BY COMMUNICAT+ !IR KN[L$GE ONLY TO ! *OS5 FEW1 TO ! 9ITIATES4 ,ALL RELIGIONS1 & EV5 ! >TS & ALL TRADES HAVE BEGUN ) 'MY/]IES'1 & MOD]N RESE>* DEMON/RATES ! IMPORTANT ROLE ?AT SECRET SOCIETIES ( ! 9ITIATES PLAY TO MA9TA9 SOME TRADITIONAL PRACTICES 9 PRIMITIVE CLANS4 ,ALREADY ! G]MS ( AU?ORITY >E PRES5T !RE4 

,IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT ! C\RAGE\S1 ! D>+ &1 ABOVE ALL1 ! PRUD5T1 ALSO BECAME ! TEMPOR>Y LEAD]S 9 ! /RUGGLES ) O!R TRIBES OR DUR+ MIGRATIONS4 ,BUT !RE WAS NO ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! BE>] ( ! 'LAW' 7! ONE :O KNEW BY HE>T ! TRADITION & PA/ DECISIONS71 ! MILIT>Y *IEF & ! SORC]] & ! ,/ATE WAS NO MORE P>T ( !SE TRIBES ?AN IT IS ( ! SOCIETY ( BEES OR ANTS1 OR ( \R CONTEMPOR>IES ! ,PATAGONIANS & ! ,ESKIMOS4 

,NEV]!LESS ?AT PHASE LA/$ = MANY ?\S&S ( YE>S1 & ! B>B>IANS :O OV]RAN ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE HAD ALSO GONE ?R\< ?IS PHASE & W]E ONLY JU/ EM]G+ FROM IT4 

,9 ! E>LY C5TURIES ( \R ]A !RE W]E WIDESPREAD MIGRATIONS ( ! TRIBES & CONF$]ATIONS ( TRIBES ?AT 9HABIT$ ,C5TRAL & ,NOR!RN ,ASIA4 ,WAVES ( SMALL TRIBES DRIV5 BY MORE OR LESS CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES :O HAD COME D[N FROM ! HI< TABLE L&S ( ,ASIA - !Y !MSELVES HAD PROBABLY BE5 DRIV5 AWAY BY ! RAPID DESICCATION ( !SE PLATEAUX .<#a.> - SPREAD ALL OV] ,EUROPE1 EA* DRIV+ ! O!R & BE+ ASSIMILAT$ 9 !IR DRIVE T[>DS ! ,WE/4 

,9 ! C\RSE ( !SE MIGRATIONS1 9 :I* SO MANY TRIBES ( DIFF]5T ORIG9S BECAME ASSIMILAT$1 ! PRIMITIVE TRIBE :I* /ILL EXI/$ AMONG MO/ ( ! SAVAGE 9HABITANTS ( ,EUROPE C\LD NOT AVOID DIS9TEGRATION4 ,! TRIBE WAS BAS$ ON A COMMON ORIG9 & ! CULT ( COMMON ANCE/ORS2 BUT TO :I* COMMON ORIG9 C\LD !SE AGGLOM]ATIONS ( PEOPLE APPEAL :5 !Y EM]G$ FROM ! CONFUSION ( MIGRATIONS1 DRIVES1 9T]-TRIBAL W>S1 DUR+ :I* H]E & !RE ONE C\LD ALREADY OBS]VE ! EM]G5CE ( ! PAT]NAL FAMILY - ! NUCLEUS =M$ BY ! EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION BY SOME ( WOM5 WON OR C>RI$ (F FROM NEI<BOR+ TRIBES8 

,! OLD TIES W]E BROK51 & TO AVOID DISRUPTION 7:I*1 9 FACT1 DID OCCUR = MANY TRIBES1 :I* DISAPPE>$ = EV]7 NEW L9KS HAD TO BE =G$4 ,& !Y W]E E/ABLI%$ ?R\< ! COMMUNAL POSSESSION ( ! L& - ( ! T]RITORY ON :I* EA* AGGLOM]ATION HAD F9ALLY SETTL$4 .<#b.> 

,! POSSESSION 9 COMMON ( A P>TICUL> >EA - ( ?IS SMALL VALLEY OR ?OSE HILLS - BECAME ! BASIS = A NEW UND]/&+4 ,! ANCE/RAL GODS LO/ ALL MEAN+2 SO !N LOCAL GODS1 ( ?AT SMALL VALLEY OR ?IS RIV] OR ?AT =E/1 GAVE !IR RELIGI\S SANCTION TO ! NEW AGGLOM]ATIONS BY REPLAC+ ! GODS ( ! ORIG9AL TRIBE4 ,LAT] ,*RI/IANITY1 ALWAYS WILL+ TO ADJU/ TO PAGAN SURVIVALS1 MADE !M 9TO LOCAL SA9TS4 

,H5CE=?1 ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY CONSI/+ 5TIRELY OR P>TLY ( 9DIVIDUAL FAMILIES - ALL UNIT$1 H[EV]1 BY ! POSSESSION 9 COMMON ( ! L& - BECAME ! ESS5TIAL L9K = C5TURIES TO COME4 

,OV] VA/ >EAS ( EA/]N ,EUROPE1 ,ASIA & ,AFRICA IT /ILL SURVIVES4 ,! B>B>IANS - ,SC&9AVIANS1 ,G]MANS1 ,SLAVS1 ETC4 - :O DE/ROY$ ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE LIV$ UND] SU* AN ORGANIZATION4 ,& BY /UDY+ ! CODES ( ! B>B>IANS ( ?AT P]IOD1 AS WELL AS ! CONF$]ATIONS ( VILLAGE COMMUNITIES ?AT EXI/ TODAY AMONG ! ,KABYLES1 ! ,MONGOLS1 ! ,H9DUS1 ! ,AFRICANS1 ETC41 IT HAS BE5 POSSIBLE TO RECON/RUCT 9 ITS 5TIRETY ?AT =M ( SOCIETY :I* WAS ! />T+ PO9T ( \R PRES5T CIVILIZATION AS IT IS TODAY4 

,LET US !RE=E HAVE A LOOK AT ?IS 9/ITUTION4 

.<#a.> ,! REASONS :I* LEAD ME TO ?IS HYPO!SIS >E PUT =W>D 9 A PAP]1 ,DESICCATION ( ,EUR-,ASIA1 COMPIL$ = ! ,RESE>* ,DEP>TM5T ( ! ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,SOCIETY ( ,LONDON1 & PUBLI%$ 9 ITS ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,J\RNAL = ,JUNE #a#i#d4 

.<#b.> ,READ]S 9T]E/$ 9 ?IS SUBJECT AS WELL AS 9 ?AT ( ! COMMUNAL PHASES & ( ! FREE CITIES1 WILL F9D MORE DETAIL$ 9=MATION & S\RCE REF]5CES 9 MY BOOK ,MUTUAL ,AID4 

7,S\RCE3 ,! ,/ATE3 ,ITS ,HI/ORIC ,ROLE1 ,BY KNIAZ ,PETR ,ALEKSEEVI* ,KROPOTK91 #a#h#i#h1 PUBLI%$ BY 0,FRE$OM0 ,(FICE1 ORIG9AL PUBLICATION DATE ( #a#h#h#g47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhf 3 ,SECTION #b -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#b1 #bag 3 ,SECTION #b -- ,ADD$4 

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