,SECTION #g 

#ahhgahhg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,IVAN ,B&URA1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,! VICTORY ( ! ,/ATE OV] ! COMMUNES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & ! F$]ALI/ 9/ITUTIONS ( ! TIME WAS NEV]!LESS NOT SUDD54 ,!RE WAS A P]IOD :5 IT WAS SUFFICI5TLY ?REAT5$ = ! \TCOME TO BE 9 D\BT4 

,A VA/ POPUL> MOVEM5T - RELIGI\S 9 ITS =M & EXPRESSIONS BUT EM95TLY EQUALIT>IAN & COMMUNI/ 9 ITS ASPIRATIONS - EM]G$ 9 ! T[NS & C\NTRYSIDE ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE4 

,ALREADY1 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY 79 #aceh 9 ,FRANCE & 9 #a*a 9 ,5GL&7 TWO SIMIL> MOVEM5TS HAD COME 9TO BE+4 ,! TWO P[]FUL UPRIS+S ( ! ,JAQU]IE & ( ,WAT ,TYL] HAD %AK5 SOCIETY TO ITS V]Y F\NDATIONS4 ,BO? H[EV] HAD BE5 PR9CIPALLY DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! NOBILITY1 & ?\< BO? HAD BE5 DEFEAT$1 !Y HAD BROK5 FEUDAL P[]4 ,! UPRIS+ ( PEASANTS 9 ,5GL& HAD PUT AN 5D TO S]FDOM & ! ,JAQU]IE 9 ,FRANCE HAD SO SEV]ELY *ECK$ S]FDOM 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T ?AT FROM !N ON ! 9/ITUTION SIMPLY VEGETAT$1 )\T EV] REA*+ ! P[] ?AT IT WAS TO A*IEVE LAT] 9 ,G]MANY & ?R\<\T ,EA/]N ,EUROPE4 

,N[1 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 A SIMIL> MOVEM5T APPE>$ 9 ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE4 ,UND] ! NAME ( ! ,HUSSITE UPRIS+ 9 ,BOHEMIA1 ,ANABAPTISM 9 ,G]MANY1 ,SWITZ]L& & 9 ! ,L[ ,C\NTRIES1 IT WAS - AP>T FROM ! REVOLT AGA9/ ! ,LORDS - A COMPLETE UPRIS+ AGA9/ ! ,/ATE & ,*UR*1 AGA9/ ,ROMAN & CANON LAW1 9 ! NAME ( PRIMITIVE ,*RI/IANITY4 .<#c.> 

,= A LONG TIME MISREPRES5T$ BY ,/ATI/ & ECCLESIA/ICAL HI/ORIANS1 ?IS MOVEM5T IS ONLY BEG9N+ TO BE UND]/OOD TODAY4 

,! ABSOLUTE FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :O MU/ ONLY OBEY ! COMM&S ( HIS CONSCI5CE1 & COMMUNISM W]E ! WAT*WORDS ( ?IS UPRIS+4 ,& IT WAS ONLY LAT] ONCE ! ,/ATE & ,*UR* HAD SUCCE$$ 9 EXT]M9AT+ ITS MO/ >D5T DEF5D]S & DIRECT+ IT TO !IR [N 5DS1 ?AT ?IS MOVEM5T R$UC$ 9 IMPORTANCE & DEPRIV$ ( ITS REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]1 BECAME ! ,LU!RIAN ,RE=MATION4 

,) ,LU!R ! MOVEM5T WAS WELCOM$ BY ! PR9CES2 BUT IT HAD BEGUN AS COMMUNI/ AN>*ISM1 ADVOCAT$ & PUT 9TO PRACTICE 9 SOME PLACES4 ,& IF ONE LOOKS BEYOND ! RELIGI\S PHRASEOLOGY :I* WAS A TRIBUTE TO ! TIMES1 ONE F9DS 9 IT ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! CURR5T ( IDEAS :I* WE REPRES5T TODAY3 ! NEGATION ( LAWS MADE BY ! ,/ATE OR SAID TO BE DIV9ELY 9SPIR$1 ! 9DIVIDUAL CONSCI5CE BE+ ! ONE & ONLY LAW2 COMMUNE1 ABSOLUTE MA/] ( ITS DE/9Y1 TAK+ BACK FROM ! ,LORDS ! COMMUNAL L&S & REFUS+ TO PAY DUES 9 K9D OR 9 MONEY TO ! ,/ATE2 9 O!R WORDS COMMUNISM & EQUALITY PUT 9TO PRACTICE4 ,?US :5 ,D5CK1 ONE ( ! PHILOSOPH]S ( ! ,ANABAPTI/ MOVEM5T1 WAS ASK$ :E!R NEV]!LESS HE RECOGNIZ$ ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,BIBLE1 HE REPLI$ ?AT ! ONLY RULE ( CONDUCT :I* EA* 9DIVIDUAL F9DS = HIMSELF 9 ! ,BIBLE1 WAS OBLIGATORY = HIM4 ,& MEAN:ILE1 SU* VAGUE =MULAS - D]IV$ FROM ECCLESIA/ICAL J>GON - ?AT AU?ORITY ( '! BOOK' FROM :I* ONE SO EASILY BORR[S >GUM5TS = & AGA9/ COMMUNISM1 = & AGA9/ AU?ORITY1 & SO 9DEF9ITE :5 IT IS A QUE/ION ( CLE>LY AFFIRM+ FRE$OM - DID NOT ?IS RELIGI\S T5D5CY ALONE CONTA9 ! G]M = ! C]TA9 DEFEAT ( ! UPRIS+8 

,BORN 9 ! T[NS1 ! MOVEM5T SOON SPREAD TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! PEASANTS REFUS$ TO OBEY ANYBODY & FIX+ AN OLD %OE ON A PIKE 9 ! MANN] ( A FLAG !Y W\LD GO AB\T RECOV]+ ! L& FROM ! LORDS1 BREAK+ ! BONDS ( S]FDOM1 DRIV+ AWAY PRIE/ & JUDGE1 & =M+ !MSELVES 9TO FREE COMMUNES4 ,& IT WAS ONLY BY ! /AKE1 ! :EEL & ! GIBBET1 BY ! MASSACRE ( A HUNDR$ ?\S& PEASANTS 9 A FEW YE>S1 ?AT ROYAL OR IMP]IAL P[]1 ALLI$ TO ?AT ( PAPAL OR ,RE=M$ ,*UR* - ,LU!R 5C\RAG+ ! MASSACRE ( ! PEASANTS ) MORE VIRUL5CE ?AN ! POPE - ?AT PUT AN 5D TO ?OSE UPRIS+S :I* HAD = A P]IOD ?REAT5$ ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! NASC5T ,/ATES4 

,LU!RIAN ,RE=M :I* HAD SPRUNG FROM POPUL> ,ANABAPTISM1 WAS SUPPORT$ BY ! ,/ATE1 MASSACR$ ! PEOPLE & CRU%$ ! MOVEM5T FROM :I* IT HAD DRAWN ITS /R5G? 9 ! BE 9N+4 ,!N1 ! REMNANTS ( ! POPUL> WAVE S\<T REFUGE 9 ! COMMUNITIES ( ! ',MORAVIAN ,BRO!RS'1 :O 9 !IR TURN W]E DE/ROY$ A C5TURY LAT] BY ! ,*UR* & ! ,/ATE4 ,?OSE AMONG !M :O W]E NOT EXT]M9AT$ W5T TO SEEK SANCTU>Y1 SOME 9 ,S\? ,EA/]N ,RUSSIA 7! ,M5NONITE COMMUNITY S9CE EMIGRAT$ TO ,CANADA71 SOME TO ,GRE5L& :]E !Y HAVE MANAG$ EV] S9CE TO LIVE 9 COMMUNITIES & REFUS+ ALL S]VICE TO ! ,/ATE4 

,H5CE=? ! ,/ATE WAS ASSUR$ ( ITS EXI/5CE4 ,! JURI/1 ! PRIE/ & ! W> LORD1 JO9$ 9 AN ALLIANCE >\ND ! ?RONES1 W]E ABLE TO PURSUE T ABLE TO PURSUE !IR WORK ( ANNIHILATION4 

,H[ MANY LIES HAVE BE5 ACCUMULAT$ BY ,/ATI/ HI/ORIANS1 9 ! PAY ( ! ,/ATE1 ON ?AT P]IOD6 

,9DE$ HAVE WE NOT ALL LE>N$ AT S*OOL = 9/ANCE ?AT ! ,/ATE HAD P]=M$ ! GREAT S]VICE ( CREAT+1 \T ( ! RU9S ( FEUDAL SOCIETY1 NATIONAL UNIONS :I* HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 MADE IMPOSSIBLE BY ! RIVALRIES BETWE5 CITIES8 ,HAV+ LE>N$ ?IS AT S*OOL1 ALMO/ ALL ( US HAVE GONE ON BELIEV+ ?IS TO BE TRUE 9 ADUL?OOD4 

,& YET1 N[ WE LE>N ?AT 9 SPITE ( ALL ! RIVALRIES1 M$IEVAL CITIES HAD ALREADY WORK$ = F\R C5TURIES T[>D BUILD+ ?OSE UNIONS1 ?R\< F$]ATION1 FREELY CONS5T$1 & ?AT !Y HAD SUCCE$$4 

,= 9/ANCE1 ! UNION ( ,LOMB>DY1 COMPRIS$ ! CITIES ( ,NOR!RN ,ITALY ) ITS F$]AL TREASURY 9 ,MILAN4 ,O!R F$]ATIONS SU* AS ! UNION ( ,TUSCANY1 ! UNION ( ,RH9EL& 7:I* COMPRIS$ SIXTY T[NS71 ! F$]ATIONS ( ,WE/PHALIA1 ( ,BOHEMIA1 ( ,S]BIA1 ,POL& & ( ,RUSSIAN T[NS1 COV]$ ,EUROPE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! COMM]CIAL UNION ( ! ,HANSE 9CLUD$ ,SC&9AVIAN1 ,G]MAN1 ,POLI% & ,RUSSIAN T[NS 9 ALL ! ,BALTIC BAS94 ,!RE W]E ALREADY ALL ! ELEM5TS1 AS WELL AS ! FACT ITSELF1 ( L>GE GR\P+S FREELY CON/ITUT$4 

,DO Y\ REQUIRE ! LIV+ PRO( ( !SE GR\P+S8 ,Y\ HAVE IT 9 ,SWITZ]L&6 ,!RE1 ! UNION FIR/ ASS]T$ ITSELF AMONG ! VILLAGE COMMUNES 7! OLD CANTONS71 JU/ AS AT ! SAME TIME 9 ,FRANCE IT WAS CON/ITUT$ 9 ! ,LYONNAIS4 ,& S9CE 9 ,SWITZ]L& ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 T[N & VILLAGE HAD NOT BE5 AS F>-REA*+ AS 9 ! C\NTRIES :]E ! T[NS W]E 5GAG$ 9 L>GE-SCALE COMM]CE ) DI/ANT P>TS1 ! T[NS GAVE ASSI/ANCE TO ! PEASANT 9SURRECTION ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY & ?US ! UNION 9CLUD$ T[NS & VILLAGES TO CON/ITUTE A F$]ATION :I* CONT9UES TO ?IS DAY4 

,BUT ! ,/ATE1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 CANNOT TOL]ATE A FREE F$]ATION3 IT REPRES5TS ?AT BOGEY ( ALL JURI/S1 'A ,/ATE )9 ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,/ATE CANNOT RECOGNIZE A FREELY-=M$ UNION OP]AT+ )9 ITSELF2 IT ONLY RECOGNIZES SUBJECTS4 ,! ,/ATE & ITS SI/] ! ,*UR* >ROGATE TO !MSELVES ALONE ! RI<T TO S]VE AS ! L9K BETWE5 M54 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ,/ATE MU/1 P]=CE1 WIPE \T CITIES BAS$ ON ! DIRECT UNION BETWE5 CITIZ5S4 ,IT MU/ ABOLI% ALL UNIONS )9 ! CITY1 AS WELL AS ! CITY ITSELF1 & WIPE \T ALL DIRECT UNION BETWE5 ! CITIES4 ,= ! F$]AL PR9CIPLE IT MU/ SUB/ITUTE ! PR9CIPLE ( SUBMISSION & DISCIPL9E4 ,SU* IS ! /UFF ( ! ,/ATE1 = )\T ?IS PR9CIPLE IT CEASES TO BE ,/ATE4 

,& ! SIXTE5? C5TURY - A C5TURY ( C>NAGE & W>S - CAN BE SUMM$ UP QUITE SIMPLY BY ?IS /RUGGLE ( ! NASC5T ,/ATE AGA9/ ! FREE T[NS & !IR F$]ATIONS4 ,! T[NS W]E BESIEG$1 /ORM$1 & SACK$1 !IR 9HABITANTS DECIMAT$ OR DEPORT$4 

,! ,/ATE 9 ! 5D W9S TOTAL VICTORY4 ,& !SE >E ! CONSEQU5CES3 

,9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY ,EUROPE WAS COV]$ ) RI* CITIES1 :OSE >TISANS1 MASONS1 WEAV]S & 5GRAV]S PRODUC$ M>VEL\S WORKS ( >T2 !IR UNIV]SITIES E/ABLI%$ ! F\NDATIONS ( MOD]N EMPIRICAL SCI5CE1 !IR C>AVANS COV]$ ! CONT95TS1 !IR VESSELS PL[$ ! SEAS & RIV]S4 

,:AT REMA9$ TWO C5TURIES LAT]8 ,T[NS ) ANY?+ FROM #e1 TO #a1 9HABITANTS & :I* 7AS WAS ! CASE ( ,FLOR5CE7 HAD A GREAT] PROPORTION ( S*OOLS &1 9 ! COMMUNAL HOSPITALS1 B$S1 9 RELATION TO ! POPULATION ?AN IS ! CASE ) ! MO/ FAVOR$ T[NS TODAY1 BECAME ROTT5 BOR\<S4 ,!IR POPULATIONS W]E DECIMAT$ OR DEPORT$1 ! ,/ATE & ,*UR* TOOK OV] !IR WEAL?4 ,9DU/RY WAS DY+ \T UND] ! RIGOR\S CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE'S EMPLOYES2 COMM]CE DEAD4 ,EV5 ! ROADS :I* HAD HI!RTO L9K$ !SE CITIES BECAME IMPASSABLE 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY4 

,/ATE IS SYNONYM\S ) W>4 ,W>S DEVA/AT$ ,EUROPE & MANAG$ TO F9I% (F ! T[NS :I* ! ,/ATE HAD NOT YET DIRECTLY DE/ROY$4 

,) ! T[NS CRU%$1 AT LEA/ ! VILLAGES GA9$ SOME?+ FROM ! CONC5TRATION ( ,/ATE P[]8 ,( C\RSE NOT6 ,ONE HAS ONLY TO READ :AT ! HI/ORIANS TELL US ( LIFE 9 ! ,SCOTTI% C\NTRYSIDE1 OR 9 ,TUSCANY & 9 ,G]MANY 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY & COMP>E !SE ACC\NTS ) ?OSE ( EXTREME POV]TY 9 ,5GL& 9 ! YE>S >\ND #a#f#d#h1 9 ,FRANCE UND] ,L\IS ,X,I,V - ! ',ROI ,SOLEIL' - 9 ,G]MANY1 9 ,ITALY1 EV]Y:]E1 AFT] A C5TURY ( ,/ATE DOM9ATION4 

,HI/ORIANS >E UNANIM\S 9 DECL>+ ?AT EXTREME POV]TY EXI/S EV]Y:]E4 ,9 ?OSE PLACES :]E S]FDOM HAD BE5 ABOLI%$1 IT IS RECON/ITUT$ UND] A ?\S& NEW GUISES2 & :]E IT HAD NOT YET BE5 DE/ROY$1 IT EM]GES UND] ! EGIS ( ANCI5T SLAV]Y OR WORSE4 ,9 ,RUSSIA IT WAS ! NASC5T ,/ATE ( ! ,ROMANOVS ?AT 9TRODUC$ S]FDOM & SOON GAVE IT ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( SLAV]Y4 

,BUT C\LD ANY?+ ELSE COME \T ( ,/ATAL WRET*$NESS S9CE ITS FIR/ CONC]N1 ONCE ! T[NS HAD BE5 CRU%$1 WAS TO DE/ROY ! VILLAGE COMMUNE & ALL ! TIES BETWE5 ! PEASANTS1 & !N TO SURR5D] !IR L&S TO SACK+ BY ! RI* & TO BR+ !M ALL 9DIVIDUALLY 9TO SUBJECTION TO ! (FICIAL1 ! PRIE/ OR ! LORD8 

.<#c.> ,! TIME ( TR\BLES 9 ,RUSSIA AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 REPRES5T A SIMIL> MOVEM5T1 DIRECT$ AGA9/ S]FDOM & ! ,/ATE BUT )\T A RELIGI\S BASIS4 

7,S\RCE3 ,! ,/ATE3 ,ITS ,HI/ORIC ,ROLE1 ,BY KNIAZ ,PETR ,ALEKSEEVI* ,KROPOTK91 #a#h#i#h1 PUBLI%$ BY 0,FRE$OM0 ,(FICE1 ORIG9AL PUBLICATION DATE ( #a#h#h#g47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhf 3 ,SECTION #g -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#b1 #bag 3 ,SECTION #g -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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