,SECTION #h 

#ahhgahhg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY 4 4 4 -- -- -- 4 4 41,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,! ROLE ( ! NASC5T ,/ATE 9 ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES 9 RELATION TO ! URBAN C5T]S WAS TO DE/ROY ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! CITIES2 TO PILLAGE ! RI* GUILDS ( M]*ANTS & >TISANS2 TO CONC5TRATE 9 ITS H&S ! EXT]NAL COMM]CE ( ! CITIES & RU9 IT2 TO LAY H&S ON ! 9T]NAL ADM9I/RATION ( ! GUILDS & SUBJECT 9T]NAL COMM]CE AS WELL AS ALL MANUFACTURES1 9 EV]Y DETAIL TO ! CONTROL ( A HO/ ( (FICIALS - & 9 ?IS WAY TO KILL 9DU/RY & ! >TS2 BY TAK+ OV] ! LOCAL MILITIAS & ! :OLE MUNICIPAL ADM9I/RATION1 CRU%+ ! WEAK 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! /RONG BY TAXATION1 & RU9+ ! C\NTRIES BY W>S4 

,OBVI\SLY ! SAME TACTIC WAS APPLI$ TO ! VILLAGES & ! PEASANTS4 ,ONCE ! ,/ATE FELT /RONG 5\< IT EAG]LY SET AB\T DE/ROY+ ! VILLAGE COMMUNE1 RU9+ ! PEASANTS 9 ITS CLUT*ES & PLUND]+ ! COMMON L&S4 

,HI/ORIANS & ECONOMI/S 9 ! PAY ( ! ,/ATE TEA* US1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT ! VILLAGE COMMUNE HAV+ BECOME AN \TDAT$ =M ( L& POSSESSION - :I* HAMP]$ PROGRESS 9 AGRICULTURE - HAD TO DISAPPE> UND] '! ACTION ( NATURAL ECONOMIC =CES'4 ,! POLITICIANS & ! B\RGEOIS ECONOMI/S >E /ILL SAY+ ! SAME ?+ N[2 & !RE >E EV5 SOME REVOLUTION>IES & SOCIALI/S :O CLAIM TO BE SCI5TIFIC SOCIALI/S :O REPEAT ?IS /OCK FABLE LE>N$ AT S*OOL4 

,WELL1 NEV] HAS SU* AN ODI\S LIE BE5 UTT]$ 9 ! NAME ( SCI5CE4 ,A CALCULAT$ LIE S9CE HI/ORY AB\NDS ) DOCUM5TS TO PROVE = ?OSE :O WANT TO KN[ - & = ,FRANCE IT W\LD SIMPLY SUFFICE TO CONSULT ,DALLOZ - ?AT 9 ! FIR/ PLACE ! ,/ATE DEPRIV$ ! VILLAGE COMMUNE ( ALL ITS P[]S3 ITS 9DEP5D5CE1 ITS JURIDICAL & LEGISLATIVE P[]S2 & ?AT AFT]W>DS ITS L&S W]E EI!R SIMPLY /OL5 BY ! RI* ) ! CONNIVANCE ( ! ,/ATE1 OR CONFISCAT$ BY ! ,/ATE DIRECTLY4 

,9 ,FRANCE ! PILLAGE />T$ 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 & FOLL[$ ITS C\RSE AT A GREAT] PACE 9 ! FOLL[+ C5TURY4 ,FROM #afei ! ,/ATE />T$ TAK+ ! COMMUNES UND] ITS W+1 & ONE HAS ONLY TO REF] TO ,L\IS ,X,I,V S $ICT ( #a#f#f#g1 TO APPRECIATE ON :AT A SCALE COMMUNAL GOODS W]E ALREADY BE+ PILLAG$ DUR+ ?AT P]IOD4 0,EA* ONE HAS MADE ! BE/ ( IT = HIS BE/ 9T]E/S444!Y HAVE BE5 %>$444TO FLEECE ! COMMUNES ONE MADE USE ( FICTITI\S DEBTS10 ! ',ROI ,SOLEIL' SAID 9 ?AT $ICT444& TWO YE>S LAT] HE CONFISCAT$ ALL ! COMMUNES' 9COME TO HIS [N ADVANTAGE4 ,SU* IS ! MEAN+ ( 'A NATURAL DEA?' 9 ! LANGUAGE :I* CLAIMS TO BE SCI5TIFIC4 

,9 ! FOLL[+ C5TURY1 AT A L[ E/IMATE1 HALF ! COMMUNALLY-[N$ L&S W]E SIMPLY TAK5 OV] BY ! NOBILITY & ! CL]GY UND] ! EGIS ( ! ,/ATE4 ,& NEV]!LESS ! COMMUNE CONT9U$ 9 EXI/5CE UNTIL #a#g#h#g4 ,! VILLAGE ASSEMBLY MET UND] ! ELM TREE1 APPORTION$ ! L&S1 DI/RIBUT$ ! TAX DEM&S - DOCUM5T>Y EVID5CE CAN BE F\ND 9 ,BABEAU 7,LE VILLAGE S\S L'ANCI5 REGIME74 ,TURGOT1 9 ! PROV9CE 9 :I* HE WAS ! ADM9I/RATOR1 HAD ALREADY F\ND ! VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES 'TOO NOISY'1 & UND] HIS ADM9I/RATION !Y W]E ABOLI%$ & REPLAC$ BY ASSEMBLIES ELECT$ FROM AMONG ! VILLAGE BIG-WIGS4 ,& ON ! EVE ( ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a#g#h#g1 ! ,/ATE G5]ALIZ$ ?AT MEASURE4 ,! MIR HAD BE5 ABOLI%$1 & ! AFFAIRS ( ! COMMUNE ?US CAME 9TO ! H&S ( A FEW SYNDICS1 ELECT$ BY ! RI*E/ B\RGEOIS & PEASANTS4 

,! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY LO/ NO TIME 9 CONFIRM+ ?IS LAW 9 ,DECEMB] #a#g#h#i1 & ! B\RGEOIS TOOK ! PLACE ( ! LORDS TO DIVE/ ! COMMUNES ( :AT COMMUNAL L&S REMA9$ TO !M4 ,IT !RE=E NE$$ ONE ,JACQU]IE AFT] ANO!R 9 #agic TO CONFIRM :AT ! PEASANTS 9 REVOLT HAD JU/ A*IEV$ 9 ,EA/]N ,FRANCE4 ,?AT IS TO SAY ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY GAVE ORD]S = ! RETURN ( ! COMMUNAL L&S TO ! PEASANTS - :I* WAS 9 FACT ONLY DONE :5 ALREADY A*IEV$ BY REVOLUTION>Y ACTION4 ,IT IS ! FATE ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y LAWS1 & IT IS TIME ?AT IT WAS UND]/OOD4 ,!Y >E ONLY 5ACT$ AFT] ! FAIT ACCOMPLI4 

,BUT :IL/ RECOGNIZ+ ! RI<T ( ! COMMUNES TO ! L&S ?AT HAD BE5 TAK5 AWAY FROM !M S9CE #a#f#f#i1 ! LAW HAD TO ADD SOME ( ITS B\RGEOIS V5OM4 ,ITS 9T5TION WAS ?AT ! COMMUNAL L&S %\LD BE %>$ 9 EQUAL P>TS ONLY AMONG ! 'CITIZ5S' - ?AT IS AMONG ! VILLAGE B\RGEOISIE4 ,BY A /ROKE ( ! P5 IT WANT$ TO DISPOSSESS ! '9HABITANTS' & ! BULK ( ! IMPOV]I%$ PEASANTS1 :O W]E MO/ 9 NE$ ( !SE L&S4 ,:]EUPON1 =TUNATELY1 !RE W]E NEW ,JACQU]IES & 9 ,JULY #agic ! CONV5TION AU?ORIZ$ ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! L& AMONG ALL ! 9HABITANTS 9DIVIDUALLY - AGA9 SOME?+ ?AT WAS C>RI$ \T ONLY H]E & !RE1 & S]V$ AS A PRETEXT = A NEW PILLAGE ( COMMUNAL L&S4 

,W]E !SE MEASURES NOT ALREADY 5\< TO PROVOKE :AT ?OSE G5TLEM5 CALL '! NATURAL DEA?' ( ! COMMUNE8 YET = ALL ?AT ! COMMUNE W5T ON LIV+4 ,SO ON ,AUGU/ #b#d1 #a#g#i#d1 REACTION HAV+ SEIZ$ P[]1 IT /RUCK ! MAJOR BL[4 ,! ,/ATE CONFISCAT$ ALL ! COMMUNAL L&S & US$ !M AS A GU>ANTEE FUND = ! ,NATIONAL ,DEBT1 PUTT+ !M UP = AUCTION & SURR5D]+ !M TO ITS CREATURES1 ! ,!RMIDORIANS4 

,?IS LAW WAS HAPPILY REPEAL$ ON ! #b ,PRAIRIAL1 ,YE> ,V1 AFT] ?REE YE>S ( RU%+ AFT] ! SPOILS4 ,BUT BY ! SAME /ROKE ( ! P5 ! COMMUNES W]E ABOLI%$ & REPLAC$ BY CANTONAL C\NCILS1 9 ORD] ?AT ! ,/ATE C\LD ! MORE EASILY PACK !M ) ITS CREATURES4 ,?IS LA/$ UNTIL #aha :5 ! VILLAGE COMMUNES W]E RE9TRODUC$2 BUT !N ! ,GOV]NM5T ITSELF UND]TOOK TO APPO9T ! MAYORS & SYNDICS 9 EA* ( ! #c#f1 COMMUNES6 ,& ?IS ABSURDITY LA/$ UNTIL ! ,REVOLUTION ( ,JULY #a#h#c1 AFT] :I* ! LAW ( #a<i WAS RE9TRODUC$4 ,& 9 ! MEANTIME1 ! COMMUNAL L&S W]E AGA9 CONFISCAT$ 5TIRELY BY ! ,/ATE 9 #ahac & PILLAG$ = ! NEXT ?REE YE>S4 ,:AT REMA9$ WAS NOT RETURN$ TO ! COMMUNES UNTIL #a#h#a#f4 

,DO Y\ ?9K ?AT WAS ! 5D8 ,NOT AT ALL6 ,EA* NEW REGIME SAW 9 ! COMMUNAL L&S A MEANS ( COMP5SAT+ ITS H5*M54 ,?US FROM #a#h#c1 ON ?REE DIFF]5T OCCASIONS - ! FIR/ 9 #ahcg & ! LA/ UND] ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I - LAWS W]E PROMULGAT$ TO =CE ! PEASANTS TO %>E :AT REMA9$ TO !M ( ! COMMUNAL =E/S & PA/URES1 & ?REE TIMES WAS ! ,/ATE OBLIG$ TO ABROGATE !SE LAWS BECAUSE ( ! RESI/ANCE ( ! PEASANTS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ?IS SITUATION TO SEIZE A FEW L>GE E/ATES & TO MAKE PRES5TS ( !M TO HIS CREATURES4 

,SU* >E ! FACTS4 ,& ?IS IS :AT ?OSE G5TLEM5 CALL 9 'SCI5TIFIC' LANGUAGE ! NATURAL DEA? ( COMMUNAL [N]%IP 'UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ECONOMIC LAWS'4 ,ONE MI<T AS WELL CALL ! MASSACRE ( A HUNDR$ ?\S& SOLDI]S ON ! BATTLEFIELD NATURAL DEA?6 

,N[1 :AT WAS DONE 9 ,FRANCE WAS ALSO DONE 9 ,BELGIUM1 9 ,5GL&1 ,G]MANY & 9 ,AU/RIA - EV]Y:]E 9 ,EUROPE EXCEPT 9 ! ,SLAV C\NTRIES4 .<#d.> 

,BUT !N1 ! P]IODS ( \TBREAKS ( PILLAG+ ( ! COMMUNES >E L9K$ ?R\<\T ,EUROPE4 ,ONLY ! ME?ODS V>Y4 ,?US 9 ,5GL&1 !Y D>$ NOT PROCE$ ) G5]AL MEASURES2 BUT PREF]R$ TO PASS ?R\< ,P>LIAM5T SOME ?\S&S ( SEP>ATE ,5CLOSURE ,ACTS BY :I*1 9 EV]Y SPECIAL CASE1 ,P>LIAM5T SANCTION$ CONFISCATION - IT DOES SO TO ?IS DAY - & GAVE ! SQUIRE ! RI<T TO KEEP ! COMMUNAL L&S ?AT HE HAD R+-F5C$4 ,& :]EAS NATURE HAD UNTIL N[ RESPECT$ ! N>R[ FURR[S BY :I* ! COMMUNAL FIELDS W]E DIVID$ TEMPOR>ILY AMONG ! FAMILIES ( A VILLAGE 9 ,5GL&1 & ?\< WE HAVE 9 ! WRIT+S ( SOMEBODY CALL$ ,M>%AL CLE> DESCRIPTIONS ( ?IS =M ( POSSESSION AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & ?\< COMMUNAL ECONOMY HAS SURVIV$ 9 SOME COMMUNES1 .<#e.> UP TO ! PRES5T TIME1 !RE IS NO LACK ( S*OL>S 7SU* AS ,SEEBOHM1 WOR?Y EMULATOR ( ,FU/EL DE ,C\LANGES7 TO MA9TA9 & TEA* ?AT ! COMMUNE NEV] EXI/$ 9 ,5GL& EXCEPT 9 ! =M ( S]FDOM6 

,9 ,BELGIUM1 9 ,G]MANY1 9 ,ITALY & ,SPA9 WE F9D ! SAME ME?ODS BE+ US$4 ,& 9 ONE WAY OR ANO!R ! 9DIVIDUAL SEIZURE ( ! L&S ?AT W]E ONCE COMMUNAL WAS ALMO/ COMPLET$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE BY ! #a#h#eS4 ,( !IR COMMUNAL L&S ! PEASANTS ONLY RETA9 A FEW SCRAPS4 

,?IS IS ! WAY ! MUTUAL ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! LORD1 ! PRIE/1 ! SOLDI] & ! JUDGE1 ?AT WE CALL ! ',/ATE'1 ACT$ T[>DS ! PEASANTS1 9 ORD] TO /RIP !M ( !IR LA/ GU>ANTEE AGA9/ EXTREME POV]TY & ECONOMIC BONDAGE4 

,BUT :ILE ! ,/ATE WAS CONDON+ & ORGANIZ+ ?IS PILLAGE1 C\LD IT RESPECT ! 9/ITUTION ( ! COMMUNE AS ! ORGAN ( LOCAL AFFAIRS8 ,OBVI\SLY1 IT C\LD NOT4 ,= TO ADMIT ?AT SOME CITIZ5S %\LD CON/ITUTE A F$]ATION :I* TAKES OV] SOME ( ! FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE W\LD HAVE BE5 A CONTRADICTION ( FIR/ PR9CIPLES4 ,! ,/ATE DEM&S FROM ITS SUBJECTS A DIRECT1 P]SONAL SUBMISSION )\T 9T]M$I>IES2 IT DEM&S EQUALITY 9 SLAV]Y2 IT CANNOT ADMIT ( A ,/ATE )9 A ,/ATE4 

,?US AS SOON AS ! ,/ATE BEGAN TO BE CON/ITUT$ 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 IT S\<T TO DE/ROY ALL ! L9KS :I* EXI/$ AMONG ! CITIZ5S BO? 9 ! T[NS & 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,:]E IT TOL]AT$1 UND] ! NAME ( MUNICIPAL 9/ITUTIONS1 SOME REMNANTS ( AUTONOMY - NEV] ( 9DEP5D5CE - IT WAS ONLY = FISCAL REASONS1 TO R$UCE CORRESPOND+LY ! C5TRAL BUDGET2 OR ALSO TO GIVE ! BIG-WIGS ( ! PROV9CE A *ANCE TO GET RI* AT ! EXP5SE ( ! PEOPLE1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 ,5GL&1 QUITE LEGALLY UNTIL REC5T YE>S1 & TO ?IS DAY 9 ITS 9/ITUTIONS & CU/OMS4 

,?IS IS UND]/&ABLE4 ,LOCAL AFFAIRS >E A MATT] ( CU/OM>Y LAW :]EAS ! C5TRALIZATION ( P[]S IS A MATT] ( ,ROMAN LAW4 ,! TWO CANNOT LIVE SIDE BY SIDE2 ! LATT] HAD TO DE/ROY ! O!R4 

,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT UND] ! ,FR5* REGIME 9 ,ALG]IA :5 A KABYLE DJEMMAH - A VILLAGE COMMUNE - WANTS TO PLEAD = ITS L&S1 EA* 9HABITANT ( ! COMMUNE MU/ LODGE A P]SONAL COMPLA9T ) ! TRIBUNALS :O WILL DEAL ) FIFTY OR TWO HUNDR$ ISOLAT$ CASES RA!R ?AN ACCEPT ! COMMUNE'S COLLECTIVE PLEA4 ,! ,JACOB9 CODE DEVELOP$ 9 ! ,CODE ,NAPOLEON H>DLY RECOGNIZES CU/OM>Y LAW1 PREF]R+ ,ROMAN LAW OR RA!R ,BYZANT9E LAW4 

,IT IS = ?IS REASON1 AGA9 9 ,FRANCE1 ?AT :5 ! W9D BL[S D[N A TREE ONTO ! NATIONAL HI<WAY1 OR A PEASANT :OSE TURN IT IS TO REPAIR ! COMMUNAL LANE PREF]S TO PAY TWO OR ?REE FRANCS TO A /ONE BREAK] TO DO IT - FROM TWELVE TO FIFTE5 EMPLOYES ( ! ,M9I/RIES ( ! ,9T]IOR & ( ,F9ANCE HAVE TO BE 9VOLV$ & MORE ?AN FIFTY DOCUM5TS PASS$ BETWE5 !SE AU/]E FUNCTION>IES1 BE=E ! TREE CAN BE SOLD1 OR BE=E ! PEASANT CAN RECEIVE P]MISSION TO H& OV] HIS TWO OR ?REE FRANCS TO ! COMMUNAL TREASURY4 

,?OSE :O MAY HAVE D\BTS AS TO ! V]ACITY ( ?IS /ATEM5T WILL F9D !SE FIFTY DOCUM5TS LI/$ & DULY NUMB]$ BY ,M4 ,TRICO*E 9 ! ,J\RNAL DES ,ECONOMI/ES 7,APRIL #a#h#i#c74 

,?AT WAS ( C\RSE UND] ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC1 = ,I AM NOT TALK+ AB\T ! B>B>IC PROC$URE ( ! 'ANCI5T REGIME' :I* WAS SATISFI$ ) FIVE OR AT ! MO/ SIX DOCUM5TS4 ,BUT ! S*OL>S WILL TELL Y\ ?AT 9 MORE B>B>IC DAYS1 ! CONTROL BY ! ,/ATE WAS A %AM4 

,& W]E IT ONLY PAP] WORK6 ,IT W\LD ONLY MEAN1 AFT] ALL1 #b1 (FICIALS TOO MANY1 & ANO!R BILLION ADD$ TO ! BUDGET4 ,A M]E TRIFLE = ! LOV]S ( 'ORD]' & ALIGNM5T6 

,BUT AT ! BOTTOM ( ALL ?IS IS SOME?+ MU* WORSE4 ,!RE IS ! PR9CIPLE ?AT DE/ROYS EV]Y?+4 

,PEASANTS 9 A VILLAGE HAVE A L>GE NUMB] ( 9T]E/S 9 COMMON3 H\SEHOLD 9T]E/S1 NEI<BORHOOD1 CON/ANT RELATION%IPS4 ,!Y >E 9EVITABLY L$ TO COME TOGE!R = A ?\S& DIFF]5T ?+S4 ,BUT ! ,/ATE DOES NOT WANT ?IS1 NOR CAN IT ALL[ !M TO JO9 TOGE!R6 ,AFT] ALL ! ,/ATE GIVES !M ! S*OOL & ! PRIE/1 ! G5D>ME & ! JUDGE - ?IS %\LD BE SUFFICI5T4 ,& IF O!R 9T]E/S >ISE !Y CAN BE DEALT ) ?R\< ! USUAL *ANNELS ( ,/ATE & ,*UR*6 

,?US UNTIL #ahhc VILLAG]S 9 ,FRANCE W]E /RICTLY PROHIBIT$ FROM COMB9+ BE IT ONLY = ! PURPOSE ( BULK-BUY+ ( *EMICAL F]TILIZ]S OR ! IRRIGATION ( !IR MEAD[S4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL #a#h#h#c-#a#h#h#f ?AT ! ,REPUBLIC MADE UP ITS M9D TO GRANT ! PEASANTS ?IS RI<T1 BY VOT+ 9 ! LAW ON TRADES UNIONS :I* H[EV] WAS H$G$ 9 ) PROVISOS & CONDITIONS4 

,& WE :O >E /UPEFI$ BY ,/ATE $UCATION CAN REJOICE 9 ! SUDD5 ADVANCES MADE BY AGRICULTURAL UNIONS1 )\T BLU%+ AT ! ?\<T ?AT ?IS RI<T :I* HAS BE5 D5I$ ! PEASANTS UNTIL N[1 WAS ONE 5JOY$ )\T QUE/ION BY EV]Y MAN - FREE OR S]F - 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,WE HAVE BECOME SU* SLAVES ?AT WE ALREADY LOOK UPON IT AS A 'VICTORY = DEMOCRACY'4 ,?IS IS ! /AGE WE HAVE REA*$ 9 BRA9WA%+ ?ANKS TO A SY/EM ( $UCATION DE=M$ & VITIAT$ BY ! ,/ATE1 & \R ,/ATI/ PREJUDICES6 

.<#d.> ,IT IS ALREADY BE+ DONE 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! GOV]NM5T HAV+ AU?ORIZ$ ! PILLAG+ ( COMMUNAL L&S UND] ! LAW ( #aif & FAVOR$ ?IS PILLAGE BY ITS [N FUNCTION>IES4 

.<#e.> ,SEE ,DR4 ,GILB]T ,SLAT] ',! ,5CLOSURE ( ,COMMON ,FIELDS' 9 ! ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,J\RNAL ( ! ,GEOGRAPHICAL ,SOCIETY ( ,LONDON1 ) PLANS & MAPS1 ,JANU>Y #a#i#g4 ,LAT] PUBLI%$ 9 VOLUME =M4 

7,S\RCE3 ,! ,/ATE3 ,ITS ,HI/ORIC ,ROLE1 ,BY KNIAZ ,PETR ,ALEKSEEVI* ,KROPOTK91 #a#h#i#h1 PUBLI%$ BY 0,FRE$OM0 ,(FICE1 ORIG9AL PUBLICATION DATE ( #a#h#h#g47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhf 3 ,SECTION #h -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#b1 #bag 3 ,SECTION #h -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/