,!SES ON ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY & ,DEEP ,ECOLOGY 

#aiie 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,JANET ,BIEHL 

,TEXT 3 

7,?IS >TICLE COAU?OR$ ) ,MURRAY ,BOOK*97 

,:5 0,REALISM0 ,BECOMES ,CAPITULATION ,ACTION FROM PR9CIPLE1 ! P]CEPTION & ! P]=MANCE ( RI<T1 *ANGES ?+S & RELATIONS2 IT IS ESS5TIALLY REVOLUTION>Y1 & DOES NOT CONSI/ :OLLY ) ANY?+ :I* WAS4 -- ,?OREAU  ,EV] S9CE ! DEBATE BETWE5 SOCIAL ECOLOGY & DEEP ECOLOGY BROKE \T 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#h#g1 V>I\S 9DIVIDUALS HAVE TAK5 IT UPON !MSELVES TO ATTEMPT TO RECONCILE ! TWO APPROA*ES & PRODUCE :AT !Y FEEL IS A HI<] SYN!SIS4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY & DEEP ECOLOGY1 H[EV]1 >E 9COMM5SURABLE1 = SEV]AL BASIC REASONS4 ,DEEP ECOLOGI/S DIFF] AMONG !MSELVES AS TO ! CONT5T ( !IR APPROA*1 :I* (T5 R5D]S DEEP ECOLOGY ITSELF SELF-CONTRADICTORY & AMORPH\S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 BAS$ ON ! WRIT+S ( ITS MAJOR !ORI/S1 ITS BASIC >EAS ( DISAGREEM5T ) SOCIAL ECOLOGY MAY BE ID5TIFI$4 

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,SOCIAL ECOLOGY >GUES ?AT ! IDEA ( DOM9AT+ NATURE RESULT$ FROM ! DOM9ATION ( HUMAN BY HUMAN1 RA!R ?AN ! REV]SE4 ,?AT IS1 ! CAUSES ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS >E ULTIMATELY & FUNDAM5TALLY SOCIAL 9 NATURE4 ,! HI/ORICAL EM]G5CE ( HI]>*IES1 CLASSES1 /ATES1 & F9ALLY ! M>KET ECONOMY & CAPITALISM ITSELF >E ! SOCIAL =CES ?AT HAVE1 BO? IDEOLOGICALLY & MAT]IALLY1 PRODUC$ ! PRES5T DESPOLIATION ( ! BIOSPH]E4 

,DEEP ECOLOGY1 BY CONTRA/1 LOCATES ! ORIG9 ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS 9 BELIEF-SY/EMS1 BE !Y RELIGIONS OR PHILOSOPHIES4 ,MO/ P>TICUL>LY1 DEEP ECOLOGI/S ID5TIFY ANCI5T NE> EA/]N RELIGIONS1 9CLUD+ ?OSE ( ,MESOPOTAMIA & ,JUDEA2 ,*RI/IANITY2 & ! SCI5TIFIC WORLDVIEW AS FO/]+ A M9DSET ?AT SEEKS TO 0DOM9ATE NATURE40 ,IT IS BY 0ASK+ DEEP] QUE/IONS10 AS ,>NE ,NAESS PUTS IT1 ?AT !SE ORIG9S >E ID5TIFI$1 SO ?AT ! SOCIAL CAUSES ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS >E SOMEH[ RELEGAT$ TO ! CATEGORY 0%ALL[40 

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,SOCIAL ECOLOGY VIEWS ! NATURAL WORLD AS A PROCESS -- & NOT JU/ ANY PROCESS1 BUT A DEVELOPM5T T[>D 9CREAS+ COMPLEXITY & SUBJECTIVITY4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T WAS NOT PR$ET]M9$ FROM ! \TSET & NE$ NOT HAVE OCCURR$1 BUT RETROSPECTIVELY ! 9CREAS+ COMPLEXITY ( NATURAL EVOLUTION & ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9CREAS+ SUBJECTIVITY >E IMPOSSIBLE TO MISS4 ,) ! EM]G5CE ( HUMAN BE+S1 BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION>Y PROCESSES 7FIR/ NATURE7 HAVE CONT9U$ 9 & BE5 SUBLAT$ BY SOCIAL & CULTURAL EVOLUTION>Y PROCESSES 7SECOND NATURE74 ,UNLIKE SOCIOBIOLOGY1 :I* R$UCES ! SOCIAL TO ! BIOLOGICAL1 SOCIAL ECOLOGY EMPHASIZES ! GRADATIONS BETWE5 FIR/ & SECOND NATURE3 SECOND NATURE EM]G$ \T ( FIR/ NATURE4 ,YET ! B\ND>Y BETWE5 HUMAN & NONHUMAN NATURE IS REAL & >TICULAT$4 

,DEEP ECOLOGY1 BY CONTRA/1 VIEWS FIR/ NATURE1 9 ! AB/RACT1 AS A 0COSMIC ON5ESS10 :I* BE>S /RIK+ SIMIL>ITIES TO O!RWORLDLY CONCEPTS COMMON TO ,ASIAN RELIGIONS4 ,9 CONCRETE T]MS1 IT VIEWS FIR/ NATURE AS 0WILD]NESS10 A CONCEPT ?AT BY DEF9ITION MEANS NATURE ESS5TIALLY SEP>AT$ FROM HUMAN BE+S & H5CE 0WILD40 ,BO? NOTIONS >E NOTABLE = !IR /ATIC & ANTICIVILIZATIONAL *>ACT]4 7,DEEP ECOLOGI/S SOMETIMES HI<LI<T ! EVOLUTION ( L>GE ANIMALS /RATEGICALLY1 AS A RATIONALE = EXP&+ WILD]NESS >EAS47 ,DEEP ECOLOGI/S EMPHASIZE AN UNGRAD$1 NONEVOLUTION>Y CONT9UITY BETWE5 HUMAN & NONHUMAN NATURE1 TO ! PO9T ( \TRI<T D5IAL ( A B\ND>Y BETWE5 ADAPTIVE ANIMALITY & 9NOVATIVE HUMANITY4 

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,SOCIAL ECOLOGY AIMS TO RE9TEGRATE HUMAN SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T ) BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5T1 & HUMAN COMMUNITIES ) ECOCOMMUNITIES1 PRODUC+ A RATIONAL & ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY4 ,! M]E BIOLOGICAL PRES5CE ( HUMANS 9 L>GE NUMB]S DOES NOT DET]M9E ! TYPE ( SOCIETY !Y WILL =M4 ,EV5 L>GE NUMB]S ( HUMAN BE+S >E CAPABLE ( ORGANIZ+ SOCIETY ALONG L9ES ?AT >E NOT ONLY NOT DE/RUCTIVE ( FIR/ NATURE BUT EV5 5HANCE IT4 ,A S5SITIVE COMB9ATION ( ECOTE*NICS & EXI/+ TE*NOLOGIES PRUD5TLY APPLI$ CON/ITUTES ! TE*NOLOGICAL BASIS = PO/-SC>CITY1 AF=D+ HUMANS ! FREE TIME TO MANAGE !IR SOCIAL1 POLITICAL1 & ECONOMIC AFFAIRS ALONG RATIONAL L9ES & FO/]+ & RE/OR+ ! ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY ( FIR/ NATURE4 

,DEEP ECOLOGY1 BY CONTRA/1 DOES NOT AIM TO 9TEGRATE HUMANS ) FIR/ NATURE4 ,IT REG>DS ! M]E BIOLOGICAL PRES5CE ( HUMAN BE+S 9 ANY L>GE NUMB]S AS 9TR9SICALLY H>MFUL TO FIR/ NATURE1 & SOMETIMES EV5 ! BASIC MEANS ( HUMAN SU/5ANCE AS DAMAG+4 ,9/EAD1 DEEP ECOLOGY SEEKS TO PRES]VE & EXP& WILD]NESS >EAS1 EXCLUD+ HUMAN BE+S FROM EV]-L>G] TRACTS ( L& & =E/4 0,SUBSI/5CE AGRICULTURE10 WRITES ,GEORGE ,SESSIONS1 0:I* DE/ROYS TROPICAL =E/S1 CANNOT BE CONSID]$ LONG-T]M ECONOMIC PROGRESS = ! POOR4 ,! SEV]E OV]POPULATION 9 ,?IRD ,WORLD C\NTRIES REQUIRES ?AT MO/ ( ! POOR WILL LIVE 9 URBAN >EAS 9 ! NE> FUTURE40 ,( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE TO DEEP ECOLOGY IS A RADICAL & POT5TIALLY RU?LESS SCAL+-D[N ( ! HUMAN POPULATION -- 9DE$1 POPULATION R$UCTION AS AN ISSUE HAS BE5 NAM$ ! 0LITMUS TE/0 ( DEEP ECOLOGY4 ,MAXIMIZ+ WILD]NESS & M9IMIZ+ HUMAN POPULATION1 SOME DEEP ECOLOGI/S LOOK UPON EV5 F>M+ AS SU* ) DISFAVOR1 VIEWS ?AT HAVE RI<TFULLY GIV5 RISE TO *>GES ?AT DEEP ECOLOGY IS MISAN?ROPIC4 

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,SOCIAL ECOLOGY OP5LY ASS]TS ?AT HUMAN BE+S >E POT5TIALLY ! MO/ ADVANC$ LIFE-=M ?AT NATURAL EVOLUTION HAS PRODUC$1 9 CRUCIAL RESPECTS ( 9TELLIG5CE1 MORAL CAPACITY1 & DEXT]ITY -- :I* 9 NO WAY PROVIDES A LIC5SE = HUMANS TO WANTONLY DE/ROY FIR/ NATURE4 ,9DE$1 9 A RATIONAL SOCIETY1 HUMAN BE+S C\LD BE NATURE R5D]$ SELF-CONSCI\S4 ,CLE>LY IT IS P>T ( !IR EVOLUTION>Y MAKEUP TO 9T]V5E 9 ! NATURAL WORLD2 :AT IS NOT DET]M9$ IS :E!R ?AT 9T]V5TION WILL BE ECOLOGICALLY B5IGN OR MALIGN1 A PROBLEM ?AT IS RESOLV$ BY :AT K9D ( SOCIETY !Y CREATE4 

,DEEP ECOLOGY1 BY CONTRA/1 REG>DS HUMAN-C5T]$NESS OR AN?ROPOC5TRISM AS ! FATAL FEATURE COMMON TO BELIEF-SY/EMS G5]ATIVE ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,IT ADVANCES 9/EAD A CONCEPT ( BIOC5TRISM OR 0ECOC5TRISM10 :I* ATTRIBUTES EQUAL 9TR9SIC MORAL WOR? TO HUMAN & NONHUMAN LIFE-=MS & EV5 TO ECOSY/EMS4 ,IT REG>DS V>I\S /RIK+ CAPACITIES ( P>TICUL> CREATURES AS 0SKILLS0 ( EQUAL VALUE TO HUMAN CAPACITIES4 ,9 MAK+ DECISIONS AB\T :E!R HUMANS %\LD 5GAGE 9 A POT5TIALLY ECOLOGICALLY DAMAG+ PROJECT1 DEEP ECOLOGY UPHOLDS ! 0VITAL NE$S0 ( LIFE-=MS AGA9/ ! 0NONVITAL NE$S0 ( HUMANS4 ,:I* NE$S >E VITAL1 H[EV]1 REMA9S UNDEF9$4 ,9VOK+ ! 0L& E?IC0 ( ,ALDO ,LEOPOLD1 DEEP ECOLOGY IS BIAS$ AGA9/ HUMAN 9T]V5TION 9 FIR/ NATURE & (T5 APPE>S TO REG>D HUMAN 9T]V5TION AS 9H]5TLY DE/RUCTIVE4 ,YET 9S(> AS DEEP ECOLOGY CALLS UPON HUMAN BE+S TO ALT] !IR BEHAVIOR 9 ! LI<T ( ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS1 IT TACITLY ACKN[L$GES ?AT ! BEHAVIOR ( HUMAN BE+S IS DECISIVE4 ,?US DEEP ECOLOGY IS 9H]5TLY SELF-CONTRADICTORY4 

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,SOCIAL ECOLOGY1 :ILE /RONGLY EMPHASIZ+ ! NE$ = AN ECOLOGICAL S5SIBILITY1 9DE$ AN E?IC ( COMPLEM5T>ITY1 CONT5DS ?AT ADDRESS+ ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS REQUIRES 5GAG+ 9 SOCIAL & POLITICAL ACTIVITY TO CONFRONT & ULTIMATELY ELIM9ATE ITS OBJECTIVE SOCIAL CAUSES3 CAPITALISM1 SOCIAL HI]>*Y1 & ! NATION-/ATE4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY'S POLITICAL DIM5SION1 LIB]T>IAN MUNICIPALISM1 IS A PROGRAM = E/ABLI%+ DIRECT1 FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACIES & CONF$]AT+ !M 9TO A DUAL P[] TO CONFRONT !SE =CES4 ,SOCIAL ECOLOGY ?US PLACES ITSELF 9 ! ,5LI<T5M5T & REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION4 

,DEEP ECOLOGY1 BY CONTRA/1 OV]:ELM+LY EMPHASIZES SUBJECTIVE FACTORS4 ,DRAW+ ON SUBJECTIVI/S LIKE ,LYNN ,:ITE1 ,JR41 IT CALLS UPON PEOPLE TO DEVELOP A QUASI-MY/ICAL 0ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS0 BY :I* !Y WILL FEEL !MSELVES P>T ( ! NATURAL WORLD1 AS A 0SELF-9-,SELF40 ,DEEP ECOLOGI/S APPROA* ?IS CONSCI\SNESS ?R\< HI<LY P]SONALI/IC PHILOSOPHIES OR 0ECOSOPHIES0 ?AT DRAW ON AN ECLECTIC MIX ( ALT]NATIVE WORLDVIEWS3 NATIVE ,AM]ICAN1 ,BUDDHI/1 ,TAOI/1 PAGAN1 & 0,PLEI/OC5E40 ,REG>DLESS ( :E!R SU* VIEWS >E ACCURATELY UND]/OOD OR1 9 SOME CASES1 >E EV5 KN[ABLE TO PEOPLE TODAY1 !Y %>E ! COMMON FEATURE ( 9/ILL+ SUBM]SION TO A L>G] 0ONE0 ?AT1 AS A :OLE1 HAS MORE VALUE ?AN ! 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN4 ,DEEP ECOLOGY 9 PRACTICE IS QUIETI/IC1 EMPHASIZ+ CONTEMPLATION RA!R ?AN 9T]V5TION1 TO ATTA9 A /ATE ( AW>5ESS ( ! ALLEG$ ABS5CE ( B\ND>IES BETWE5 HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS & ! 0COSMIC ON5ESS40 ,SOME DEEP ECOLOGI/S EXPLICITLY ELIM9ATE MORAL IMP]ATIVES FROM ?IS 0ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS40 ,AL?\< ONE DEEP ECOLOGI/ MAKES ! CLAIM ?AT ATTA9+ 0ECOLOGICAL CONSCI\SNESS0 WILL FO/] POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 DEEP ECOLOGY (T5 EXPRESSES AN AV]SION TO MO/ POLITICAL ACTIVITY AS SU* AS AN?ROPOC5TRIC1 AP>T FROM BASIC CONS]VATIONISM & TRITE LIB]AL ATTEMPTS TO CURTAIL WILD]NESS DE/RUCTION4 ,P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICAL MOVEM5TS IS ( VALUE1 H[EV]1 9S(> AS IT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO P]SONAL TRANS=MATION4 ,MO/ (T51 DEEP ECOLOGY URGES ?AT PEOPLE MAKE LIFE/YLE *ANGES ?AT R$UCE !IR CONSUMPTION4 

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,SOCIAL ECOLOGY >GUES ?AT ONE ( HUMANS' DI/9CTIVE FEATURES1 !IR CAPACITY TO REASON AT A HI< LEVEL ( G5]ALITY1 GIVES !M ! ABILITY TO POT5TIALLY UND]/& NATURAL PROCESSES & POT5TIALLY ORGANIZE SOCIETY ALONG ECOLOGICAL & RATIONAL L9ES4 ,EV5 AS IT CRITICIZES ! UBIQUIT\S CLAIMS ( A 0MEANS-5DS0 RATIONALISM ?AT HAS HI/ORICALLY 9/RUM5TALIZ$ HUMAN & NONHUMAN PH5OM5A1 IT ADVANCES A DIALECTICAL REASON+ ?AT IS APPROPRIATE = COMPREH5D+ HUMAN SOCIAL & NATURAL EVOLUTION>Y PROCESSES4 ,9 ITSELF1 IT EMBODIES ?IS COMMITM5T TO RATIONALITY BY UPHOLD+ & DEMON/RAT+ COH]5CE 9 SOCIAL ?\<T4 

,DEEP ECOLOGY1 BY CONTRA/1 DISP>AGES & (T5 EV5 DEMONIZES REASON AS 5DEMIC TO ! AN?ROPOC5TRIC WORLDVIEWS ?AT HAVE PRODUC$ ! ECOLOGICAL CRISIS4 ,ALT]NATIVELY1 DEEP ECOLOGY ADVANCES 9TUITION AS AN EQUAL OR EV5 SUP]IOR =M ( COGNITION4 ,?R\< 9TUITION1 DEEP ECOLOGI/S >GUE1 ! CONT9UITY BETWE5 ! HUMAN SELF & ! 0COSMIC ONE0 MAY BE APPREH5D$ & APPRECIAT$4 ,AS AN 9TUITIONAL APPROA*1 H[EV]1 DEEP ECOLOGY IS SUBJECT TO ! DANG]S REPRES5T$ BY E>LI] ANTIRATIONAL & 9TUITIONI/ WORLDVIEWS ?AT1 C>RI$ OV] 9TO ! POLITICAL REALM1 HAVE PRODUC$ ANTIHUMANI/IC & EV5 G5OCIDAL MOVEM5TS4 ,DEEP ECOLOGY1 BY ITS V]Y AMORPH\SNESS1 MAKES ITSELF AM5ABLE TO USE BY ANY P>TS ( ! MOD]N SOCIAL HI]>*Y1 DEP5D+ ON H[ NE$S >E DEF9$4 ,9DE$1 IT IS NOT ACCID5TAL ?AT SOME DEEP ECOLOGY !ORI/S >E DEVOTEES ( ! 0LATE0 WORK ( ,HEIDEGG]1 :OSE BASIC PREMISES >E SOCIALLY & 9TELLECTUALLY REACTION>Y4 

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