,TO ! ,TS> & ,HIS ,ASSI/ANTS 

#aia 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TAGS 3 MEMB]S ( ! C\NCIL ( /ATE1 DISSATISFI$ ) ! MANAGEM5T1 C\NCIL ( /ATE1 TR\BLESOME & WICK$1 CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 FRE$OM & 5LI<T5M5T1 MATT]S ( FAI?1 PRIVATE S*OOLS1 WICK$ M51 EQUAL RI<TS4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,ANTONY "9"9"91,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,AGA9 !RE >E MURD]S1 AGA9 DI/URBANCES & SLAU<T] 9 ! /REETS1 AGA9 WE %ALL HAVE EXECUTIONS1 T]ROR1 FALSE ACCUSATIONS1 ?REATS & ANG] ON ! ONE SIDE2 & HATR$1 ?IR/ = V5GEANCE1 & READ9ESS = SELF-SACRIFICE1 ON ! O!R4 ,AGA9 ALL ,RUSSIANS >E DIVID$ 9TO TWO HO/ILE CAMPS1 & >E COMMITT+ & PREP>+ TO COMMIT ! GREATE/ CRIMES4 

,V]Y POSSIBLY ! DI/URBANCES ?AT HAVE N[ BROK5 \T MAY BE SUPPRESS$1 ?\< IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE ?AT ! TROOPS ( SOLDI]S & ( POLICE1 ON :OM ! ,GOV]NM5T PLACE SU* RELIANCE1 MAY REALIZE ?AT !Y >E BE+ CALL$ ON TO COMMIT ! T]RIBLE CRIME ( FRATRICIDE-& MAY REFUSE TO OBEY4 ,BUT EV5 IF ! PRES5T DI/URBANCE IS SUPPRESS$1 IT WILL NOT BE EXT+UI%$1 BUT WILL BURN 9 SECRET MORE & MORE FI]CELY1 & WILL 9EVITABLY BUR/ \T SOON] OR LAT] ) 9CREAS$ /R5G?1 & PRODUCE YET GREAT] SUFF]+S & CRIMES4 

,:Y IS ?IS8 ,:Y %\LD !SE ?+S OCCUR1 :5 !Y MI<T SO EASILY BE AVOID$8 

,WE ADDRESS ALL Y\ :O >E 9 P[]1 FROM ! ,CZ>1 ! MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,/ATE1 & ,M9I/]S1 TO ! RELATIONS-UNCLES1 BRO!RS1 & 5T\RAGE ( ! ,CZ>1 & ALL :O CAN 9FLU5CE HIM BY P]SUASION4 ,WE APPEAL TO Y\ NOT AS TO 5EMIES1 BUT AS TO BRO!RS1 :O1 :E!R WILL+LY OR NOT1 >E 9SEP>ABLY B\ND UP ) US1 SO ?AT ALL ! SUFF]+S WE UND]GO REACT ON Y\ ALSO-& REACT MU* MORE PA9FULLY IF Y\ FEEL ?AT Y\ C\LD REMOVE !SE SUFF]+S BUT HAVE FAIL$ TO DO SO- WE APPEAL TO Y\ TO ACT SO ?AT ! EXI/+ /ATE ( ?+S WAY CEASE4 

,IT SEEMS TO Y\1 OR TO MO/ ( Y\1 ?AT IT HAS ALL HAPP5$ BECAUSE1 AMID ! REGUL> CURR5T ( LIFE1 SOME TR\BLESOME1 DISSATISFI$ M5 HAVE >IS51 :O DI/URB ! PEOPLE & 9T]RUPT ?IS REGUL> CURR5T2 & ?AT :AT IS WRONG IS ALL ! FAULT ( !SE PEOPLE4 ,SO ?AT !SE TR\BLESOME1 DISSATISFI$ PEOPLE %\LD BE SUBDU$ & R$RESS$ & !N EV]Y?+ WILL AGA9 GO ALL RI<T1 & NO?+ WILL NE$ TO HE ALT]$4 

,BUT IF1 REALLY1 IT W]E ALL DUE TO TR\BLESOME & WICK$ M51 IT W\LD BE ONLY NECESS>Y TO CAT* !M & %UT !M UP 9 PRISON & EXECUTE !M1 & ALL DI/URBANCES W\LD BE AT 5D4 ,BUT1 9 FACT1 DUR+ MORE ?AN ?IRTY YE>S1 !SE PEOPLE HAVE BE5 CAU<T1 IMPRISON$ & EXECUT$1 OR BANI%$ BY ?\S&S- YET !IR NUMB] IS EV] 9CREAS+1 & DISCONT5T ) ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE NOT ONLY GR[S1 BUT SPREADS SO  HAS N[ REA*$ MILLIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASSES- ! GREAT MAJORITY ( ! :OLE NATION4 ,EVID5TLY ?IS DISSATISFACTION IS NOT CAUS$ BY TR\BLESOME & WICK$ M51 BUT BY SOME?+ ELSE4 ,& Y\ ( ! ,GOV]NM5T NE$ ONLY TURN Y\R ATT5TION = A MOM5T FROM ! ACUTE /RIFE 9 :I* Y\ >E N[ ABSORB$1 & CEASE TO CR$IT NAIVELY ! /ATEM5T MADE BY ! ,M9I/] ( ! ,9T]IOR 9 A REC5T CIRCUL>1 NAMELY1 ?AT LIT IS ONLY NECESS>Y = ! POLICE TO DISP]SE ! CR[D PROMPTLY1 & TO FIRE AT IT IF IT DOES NOT DISP]SE1 = ALL TO HE TRANQUIL & QUIET1' & Y\ WILL CLE>LY SEE ! CAUSE ?AT PRODUCES DISCONT5T AMONG ! PEOPLE1 & F9DS EXPRESSION 9 DI/URBANCES :I* >E ASSUM+4 EV] GREAT] & WID] & DEEP] DIM5SIONS4 

,?OSE CAUSES >E1 ?AT BECAUSE1 UN=TUNATELY1 A ,CZ> :O HAD FRE$ ! S]FS HAPP5$ TO BE MURD]$ BY A SMALL GR\P ( PEOPLE :O MI/AK5LY IMAG9$ ?AT !Y W\LD !REBY S]VE ! NATION1 ! ,GOV]NM5T HAS NOT ONLY DECID$ NOT TO ADVANCE 9 ! DIRECTION ( GRADUALLY DISC>D+ DESPOTIC ME?ODS 7AT V>IANCE ) ALL ! PRES5T CONDITIONS ( LIFE71 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IMAG9+ SAFETY TO LIE 9 ?OSE CO>SE & OBSOLETE ( DESPOTISM -- 9/EAD ( ADVANC+ 9 AGREEM5T ) ! G5]AL DEVELOPM5T & 9CREAS+ COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N LIFE -- HAS1 = TW5TY YE>S1 NOT EV5 /OOD /ILL1 BUT HAS REC$$1 & BY ?IS RETROGRADE MOVEM5T HAS SEP>AT$ ITSELF MORE & MORE FROM ! PEOPLE & !IR DEM&S4 

,SO ?AT IT IS NOT SOME WICK$ & TR\BLESOME PEOPLE1 BUT IT IS Y\ Y\RSELVES- ! RUL]S1 :O DO NOT WI% TO CONSID] ANY?+ BUT Y\R [N TRANQUILITY = ! PASS+ MOM5T4 ,! ?+ NE$$ IS NOT ?AT Y\ %\LD DEF5D Y\RSELVES FROM 5EMIES :O WI% TO 9JURE Y\-NO ONE WI%ES TO 9JURE Y\-BUT ! ?+ NE$$ IS1 ?AT HAV+ RECOGNIZ$ ! CAUSE ( ! SOCIAL DISCONT5T Y\ %\LD REMOVE IT4 ,M51 AS A :OLE1 CANNOT DESIRE DISCORD & 5MITY1 BUT ALWAYS PREF] TO LIVE 9 AGREEM5T & AMITY ) !IR FELL[S4 ,& IF !Y N[ >E DISQUIET & SEEM TO WI% Y\ ILL1 IT IS ONLY BECAUSE Y\ APPE> TO !M AS AN OB/ACLE DEPRIV+ NOT ONLY !M1 BUT MILLIONS ( !IR BRO!RS1 ( ! BE/ HUMAN BLESS+S- FRE$OM & 5LI<T5M5T4 

,?AT !Y MAY CEASE TO BE P]TURB$ & TO ATTACK Y\1 V]Y LITTLE IS REQUIR$1 & ?AT LITTLE IS SO NECESS>Y = Y\ Y\RSELVES1 & W\LD SO EVID5TLY GIVE Y\ PEACE1 ?AT IT WILL BE /RANGE 9DE$ IF Y\ DO NOT GRANT IT4 

,:AT NE$S TO BE DONE AT ONCE IS V]Y LITTLE4 ,ONLY ! FOLL[+3 

 ,FIR/3  ,TO GRANT ! PEASANTS EQUAL RI<TS ) ALL O!R CITIZ5S1 & !RE=E TO3 

7A7 ,ABOLI% ! /UPID1 >BITR>Y 9/ITUTION ( !  ,ZEMSKY ,NAT*ALNIKS4 

7B7 ,REPEAL ! SPECIAL RULES1 FRAM$ TO REGULATE ! RELATIONS BETWE5 WORKM5 & !IR EMPLOY]S4 

7C7 ,FREE ! PEASANTS FROM ! CON/RA9T ( NE$+ PASSPORTS TO MOVE FROM PLACE TO PLACE1 & ALSO FROM ! COMPULSION LAID ONLY ON !M1 TO FURNI% LODG+ & HORSES = (FICIALS1 & M5 = POLICE S]VICE4 

7D7 ,FREE !M FROM ! UNJU/ LAW :I* MAKES !M JO9TLY RESPONSIBLE = O!R PEASANTS' DEBTS1 & FROM ! L&-R$EMPTION PAYM5TS :I* HAVE ALREADY1 LONG AGO1 EXCE$$ ! VALUE ( ! L& RECEIV$ BY !M AT ! TIME ( !IR EMANCIPATION4 

7E7 ,&1 *IEFLY1 ABOLI% ! S5SELESS1 UTT]LY UNNECESS>Y & %AMEFUL SY/EM ( CORPORAL PUNI%M5T1 :I* HAS BE5 RETA9$ ONLY = ! MO/ 9DU/RI\S1 MORAL1 & NUM]\S CLASS ( ! POPULATION4 

,TO EQUALIZE ! RI<TS ( ! PEASANTRY 7:O =M ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE7 ) ! RI<TS ( ! O!R CLASSES IS P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT1 = NO SOCIAL SY/EM CAN BE DURABLE OR /ABLE1 UND] :I* ! MAJORITY DOES NOT 5JOY EQUAL RI<TS BUT IS KEPT 9 A S]VILE POSITION1 & IS B\ND BY EXCEPTIONAL LAWS4 ,ONLY :5 ! LABOR+ MAJORITY HAVE ! SAME RI<TS AS #ia O!R CITIZ5S1 & >E FRE$ FROM %AMEFUL DISABILITIES1 IS A FIRM ORD] ( SOCIETY POSSIBLE4 

,SECONDLY3 ,! ,/ATUTE ( ,9CREAS$ ,PROTECTION- :I* ABOLI%ES ALL EXI/+ LAWS & H&S OV] ! POPULATION 9TO ! P[] ( (FICIALS1 :O >E (T5 IMMORAL1 /UPID1 & CRUEL-MU/ CEASE TO BE APPLI$4 ,ITS DISUSE IS SPECIALLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE1 BY /OPP+ ! ACTION ( ! COMMON LAW1 IT DEVELOPS ! PRACTICE ( SECRET D5UNCIATIONS & ! SPY SY/EM1 IT 5C\RAGES & EVOKES GROSS VIOL5CE1 (T5 EMPLOY$ AGA9/ WORK+ M5 :O HAVE DIFF]5CES ) !IR EMPLOY]S OR ) ! L&-[N]S 7NO:]E >E SU* CRUELTIES PRACTIC$ AS 9 ! DI/RICTS :]E ?IS /ATUTE IS 9 =CE74 ,BUT ABOVE ALL IS ITS DISUSE IMPORTANT1 BECAUSE TO ?IS T]RIBLE MEASURE1 & TO IT ALONE1 DO WE [E ! 9TRODUCTION & MORE & MORE FREQU5T 9FLICTION ( CAPITAL PUNI%M5T-:I* MO/ SURELY DEPRAVES M51 IS CONTR>Y TO ! ,*RI/IAN SPIRIT ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE1 WAS =M]LY UNKN[N 9 \R CODE ( LAWS1 & IS ITSELF ! GREATE/ ( CRIMES1 & ONE =BIDD5 BY ,GOD & BY CONSCI5CE4 

,?IRDLY3 ,ALL B>RI]S TO $UCATION1 9/RUCTION1 & TO IMP>T+ KN[L$GE1 %\LD BE DE/ROY$4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y- 

7A7 ,TO MAKE NO DI/9CTIONS DEB>R+ PEOPLE ( AN CLASS FROM $UCATION1 & !RE=E TO ABOLI% ALL RE/RICTIONS AIM$ SPECIALLY AT ! PEASANT CLASS 7=BIDD+ POPUL> READ+S1 CLASSES1 & BOOKS1 = SOME REASON SUPPOS$ TO BE BAD = ! COMMON PEOPLE74 

7B7 ,TO ALL[ PEOPLE ( ANY RACE OR RELIGION 7NOT EXCEPT+ ! ,JEWS1 :O = SOME REASON >E N[ DEPRIV$ ( ?AT RI<T7 TO HAVE ACCESS TO ALL S*OOLS4 

7C7 ,TO CEASE TO H9D] TEA*]S FROM US+ 9 S*OOL ! LANGUAGE SPOK5 BY ! *ILDR5 :O ATT5D ! S*OOL4 

7D7 ,&1 ABOVE ALL1 TO ALL[ ! E/ABLI%M5T & CONT9UANCE ( ALL SORTS ( PRIVATE S*OOLS 7ELEM5T>Y & HI<]7 BY ALL :O WI% TO DEVOTE !MSELVES TO $UCATION4 

,TO SET $UCATION & 9/RUCTION FREE FROM ! RE/RA9TS N[ IMPOS$ UPON !M IS IMPORTANT1 BECAUSE !SE RE/RA9TS ALONE H9D] ! WORK+ PEOPLE FROM FREE+ !MSELVES FROM ?AT V]Y IGNORANCE :I* N[ S]VES ! ,GOV]NM5T AS A *IEF EXCUSE = IMPOS+ RE/RA9TS ON ! PEASANTS4 ,! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASSES FROM ,GOV]NM5TAL 9T]F]5CE 9 MATT]S ( $UCATION W\LD BE ! EASIE/ & QUICKE/ WAY TO 5ABLE ! PEOPLE TO GA9 ALL ! KN[L$GE !Y NE$ 1 9 PLACE ( SU* KN[L$GE AS IS N[ BE+ =C$ UPON !M4 ,LIB]TY = PRIVATE S*OOLS TO BE OP5$ & MA9TA9$ BY PRIVATE PEOPLE W\LD 5D ! DI/URBANCES N[ CONT9UALLY >IS+ AMONG /UD5TS DISSATISFI$ ) ! MANAGEM5T ( ! E/ABLI%M5TS 9 :I* !Y F9D !MSELVES4 ,W]E !RE NO OB/ACLES TO OP5+ PRIVATE S*OOLS & COLLEGES1 BO? ELEM5T>Y & ADVANC$1 Y\NG PEOPLE DISSATISFI$ ) ! MANAGEM5T ( ! ,GOV]NM5T $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS W\LD 5T] PRIVATE E/ABLI%M5TS :I* SUIT$ !IR REQUIREM5TS4 

,LA/LY1 F\R?LY1 & MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL1 ALL LIMITATION ( RELIGI\S LIB]TY %\LD BE ABOLI%$4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y 

7A7 ,TO REPEAL ALL ! LAWS UND] :I* ANY SECESSION FROM ! E/ABLI%$ ,*UR* IS PUNI%$ AS A CRIME4 

7B7 ,TO ALL[ ,OLD-,BELIEV]S1 ,BAPTI/S1 ,MOLOKANS1 ,/UNDI/S1 & O!RS1 TO OP5 & MA9TA9 *UR*ES1 *APELS1 & H\SES ( PRAY]4 

7C7 ,TO ALL[ RELIGI\S MEET+S & ! PREA*+ ( ALL FAI?S4 

7D7 ,NOT TO H9D] PEOPLE ( DIFF]5T FAI?S FROM $UCAT+ !IR *ILDR5 9 ?OSE FAI?S4 

,IT IS NECESS>Y TO DO ?IS BECAUSE1 AP>T FROM ! FACT %[N BY HI/ORY & SCI5CE1 & G5]ALLY ADMITT$1 ?AT RELIGI\S P]SECUTIONS FAIL TO1 EFFECT !IR OBJECT1 & EV5 PRODUCE A REV]SE EFFECT BY /R5G!N+ :AT PEOPLE WI% TO DE/ROY-& AP>T FROM ! FACT ?AT ! 9T]V5TION ( ,GOV]NM5T 9 MATT]S ( FAI? PRODUCES ?AT MO/ H>MFUL & !RE=E WOR/ ( VISES1 HYPOCRISY1 :I* ,*RI/ SO /RONGLY D5\NC$1 -NOT TO HYPOCRISY1 SPEAK ( ALL ?AT1 ! 9T]F]5CE ( ,GOV]NM5T 9 MATT]S ( FAI? H9D]S EA* 9DIVIDUAL & ! :OLE PEOPLE FROM ATTA9+ ?AT HI<E/ BLESS+UNION )4 ONE ANO!R4 ,= UNION IS ATTA9$1 NOT BY ! =CIBLE & IMPOSSIBLE RET5TION ( ALL M5 9 ! BONDS ( ONE & ! SAME EXT]NAL1 ONCE-ACCEPT$1 CONFESSION ( A RELIGI\S TEA*+ TO :I* 9FALLIBILITY IS ATTRIBUT$1 BUT ONLY BY ! FREE ADVANCE ( ! :OLE ( HUMANITY T[>DS TRU?1 :I* ALONE1 !RE=E1 CAN TRULY UNITE M54 

,SU* >E ! MODE/ & EASILY REALIZABLE DESIRES1 WE BELIEVE1 ( ! IMM5SE MAJORITY ( ! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE4 

,! ADOPTION ( !SE MEASURES W\LD UND\BT$LY PACIFY ! PEOPLE1 & FREE !M FROM ?OSE T]RIBLE SUFF]+S & 7:AT IS WORSE ?AN SUFF]+S7 CRIMES1 :I* WILL 9EVITABLY BE COMMITT$ ON BO? SIDES1 IF ! ,GOV]NM5T BUSIES ITSELF ONLY ) ! SUPPRESSION ( !SE DI/URBANCES1 LEAV+ !IR CAUSE UNT\*$4 

,WE APPEAL TO Y\ ALL-TO ! ,CZ>1 TO ! ,M9I/]S1 TO ! ,MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,/ATE1 TO ! ,PRIVY ,C\NCILORS1 & TO ?OSE :O SURR\ND ! ,CZ>-TO ALL 9 G5]AL1 :O HAVE P[]3 TO HELP TO GIVE PEACE4 TO ! NATION41 & FREE IT FROM SUFF]+ & CRIME4 ,WE APPEAL TO Y\1 NOT AS TO M5 ( A HO/ILE CAMP1 BUT AS TO M5 :O MU/ ( NECESSITY AGREE ) US1 AS TO FELL[-WORK]S & BRO!RS4 

,IT CANNOT BE ?AT1 9 A SOCIETY ( M5 MUTUALLY B\ND TOGE!R1 ONE SECTION %\LD FEEL AT CASE :ILE IT IS ILL ) ANO!R4 ,& ESPECIALLY IS ?IS SO IF IT IS ! MAJORITY ?AT SUFF]S4 ,IT CAN BE WELL = ALL1 ONLY :5 IT IS WELL = ! /RONGE/ & MO/ 9DUS-TRI\S MAJORITY1 :I* SUPPORTS ! :OLE SOCIETY4 

,HELP1 !N1 TO IMPROVE ! POSITION ( ?AT MAJORITY1 & HELP IT 9 ?AT :I* IS MO/ IMPORTANT3 9 :AT REG>DS ITS FRE$OM & 5LI<T5M5T4 ,ONLY !N CAN Y\R POSITION ALSO BE SAFE & REALLY /RONG4 

,?IS IS WRITT5 BY ,LEO ,TOL/OY1 :O 9 WRIT+ IT HAS TRI$ TO EXPRESS NOT HIS [N ?\<TS ONLY1 BUT ! OP9ION ( MANY ( ! BE/1 K9DE/1 MO/ DIS9T]E/$1 MO/ REASONABLE PEOPLE- :O ALL DESIRE !SE ?+S4 

.<,M>* #a#e1 O4S41 #a#i#a4.> 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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