,*APT] #c 

#aifaif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TEXT 3 

,SU* IS ?IS CELEBRAT$ DRAMA4 ,H[EV] ABSURD IT MAY APPE> 9 MY R5D]+ 7:I* ,I HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO MAKE AS IMP>TIAL AS POSSIBLE71 ,I MAY CONFID5TLY SAY ?AT 9 ! ORIG9AL IT IS YET MORE ABSURD4 ,= ANY MAN ( \R TIME--IF HE W]E NOT UND] ! HYPNOTIC SUGGE/ION ?AT ?IS DRAMA IS ! HEI<T ( P]FECTION--IT W\LD BE 5\< TO READ IT TO ITS 5D 7W]E HE TO HAVE SUFFICI5T PATI5CE = ?IS7 TO BE CONV9C$ ?AT F> FROM BE+ ! HEI<T ( P]FECTION1 IT IS A V]Y BAD1 C>ELESSLY COMPOS$ PRODUCTION1 :I*1 IF IT C\LD HAVE BE5 ( 9T]E/ TO A C]TA9 PUBLIC AT A C]TA9 TIME1 CAN NOT EVOKE AMONG US ANY?+ BUT AV]SION & WE>9ESS4 ,EV]Y READ] ( \R TIME1 :O IS FREE FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( SUGGE/ION1 WILL ALSO RECEIVE EXACTLY ! SAME IMPRESSION FROM ALL ! O!R EXTOLL$ DRAMAS ( ,%AKESPE>E1 NOT TO M5TION ! S5SELESS1 DRAMATIZ$ TALES1 0,P]ICLES10 0,TWELF? ,NI<T10 0,! ,TEMPE/10 0,CYMBEL9E10 0,TROILUS & ,CRESSIDA40 

,BUT SU* FREE-M9D$ 9DIVIDUALS1 NOT 9OCULAT$ ) ,%AKESPE>E-WOR%IP1 >E NO LONG] TO BE F\ND 9 \R ,*RI/IAN SOCIETY4 ,EV]Y MAN ( \R SOCIETY & TIME1 FROM ! FIR/ P]IOD ( HIS CONSCI\S LIFE1 HAS BE5 9OCULAT$ ) ! IDEA ?AT ,%AKESPE>E IS A G5IUS1 A POET1 & A DRAMATI/1 & ?AT ALL HIS WRIT+S >E ! HEI<T ( P]FECTION4 ,YET1 H[EV] HOPELESS IT MAY SEEM1 ,I WILL 5DEAVOR TO DEMON/RATE 9 ! SELECT$ DRAMA--0,K+ ,LE>0--ALL ?OSE FAULTS EQUALLY *>ACT]I/IC ALSO ( ALL ! O!R TRAG$IES & COM$IES ( ,%AKESPE>E1 ON ACC\NT ( :I* HE NOT ONLY IS NOT REPRES5T+ A MODEL ( DRAMATIC >T1 BUT DOES NOT SATISFY ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y DEM&S ( >T RECOGNIZ$ BY ALL4 

,DRAMATIC >T1 ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS E/ABLI%$ BY ?OSE V]Y CRITICS :O EXTOLL ,%AKESPE>E1 DEM&S ?AT ! P]SONS REPRES5T$ 9 ! PLAY %\LD BE1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ACTIONS PROP] TO !IR *>ACT]S1 & [+ TO A NATURAL C\RSE ( EV5TS1 PLAC$ 9 POSITIONS REQUIR+ !M TO /RUGGLE ) ! SURR\ND+ WORLD TO :I* !Y F9D !MSELVES 9 OPPOSITION1 & 9 ?IS /RUGGLE %\LD DISPLAY !IR 9H]5T QUALITIES4 

,9 0,K+ ,LE>0 ! P]SONS REPRES5T$ >E 9DE$ PLAC$ EXT]NALLY 9 OPPOSITION TO ! \TW>D WORLD1 & !Y /RUGGLE ) IT4 ,BUT !IR /RIFE DOES NOT FL[ FROM ! NATURAL C\RSE ( EV5TS NOR FROM !IR [N *>ACT]S1 BUT IS QUITE >BITR>ILY E/ABLI%$ BY ! AU?OR1 & !RE=E CAN NOT PRODUCE ON ! READ] ! ILLUSION :I* REPRES5TS ! ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( >T4 

,LE> HAS NO NECESSITY OR MOTIVE = HIS ABDICATION2 ALSO1 HAV+ LIV$ ALL HIS LIFE ) HIS DAU<T]S1 HAS NO REASON TO BELIEVE ! WORDS ( ! TWO ELD]S & NOT ! TRU?FUL /ATEM5T ( ! Y\NGE/2 YET UPON ?IS IS BUILT ! :OLE TRAG$Y ( HIS POSITION4 

,SIMIL>LY UNNATURAL IS ! SUBORD9ATE ACTION3 ! RELATION ( ,GL\CE/] TO HIS SONS4 ,! POSITIONS ( ,GL\CE/] & ,$G> FL[ FROM ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ,GL\CE/]1 JU/ LIKE ,LE>1 IMM$IATELY BELIEVES ! CO>SE/ UNTRU? & DOES NOT EV5 5DEAVOR TO 9QUIRE ( HIS 9JUR$ SON :E!R :AT HE IS ACCUS$ ( BE TRUE1 BUT AT ONCE CURSES & BANI%ES HIM4 ,! FACT ?AT ,LE>'S RELATIONS ) HIS DAU<T]S >E ! SAME AS ?OSE ( ,GL\CE/] TO HIS SONS MAKES ONE FEEL YET MORE /RONGLY ?AT 9 BO? CASES ! RELATIONS >E QUITE >BITR>Y1 & DO NOT FL[ FROM ! *>ACT]S NOR ! NATURAL C\RSE ( EV5TS4 ,EQUALLY UNNATURAL1 & OBVI\SLY 9V5T$1 IS ! FACT ?AT ALL ?R\< ! TRAG$Y ,LE> DOES NOT RECOGNIZE HIS OLD C\RTI]1 ,K5T1 & !RE=E ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ,LE> & ,K5T FAIL TO EXCITE ! SYMPA?Y ( ! READ] OR SPECTATOR4 ,! SAME1 9 A YET GREAT] DEGREE1 HOLDS TRUE ( ! POSITION ( ,$G>1 :O1 UNRECOGNIZ$ BY ANY ONE1 LEADS HIS BL9D FA!R & P]SUADES HIM ?AT HE HAS LEAP$ (F A CLIFF1 :5 9 REALITY ,GL\CE/] JUMPS ON LEVEL GR\ND4 

,!SE POSITIONS1 9TO :I* ! *>ACT]S >E PLAC$ QUITE >BITR>ILY1 >E SO UNNATURAL ?AT ! READ] OR SPECTATOR IS UNABLE NOT ONLY TO SYMPA?IZE ) !IR SUFF]+S BUT EV5 TO BE 9T]E/$ 9 :AT HE READS OR SEES4 ,?IS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

,SECONDLY1 9 ?IS1 AS 9 ! O!R DRAMAS ( ,%AKESPE>E1 ALL ! *>ACT]S LIVE1 ?9K1 SPEAK1 & ACT QUITE UNCON=MABLY ) ! GIV5 TIME & PLACE4 ,! ACTION ( 0,K+ ,LE>0 TAKES PLACE #h YE>S B4C41 & YET ! *>ACT]S >E PLAC$ 9 CONDITIONS POSSIBLE ONLY 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES3 P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! DRAMA >E K+S1 DUKES1 >MIES1 & ILLEGITIMATE *ILDR51 & G5TLEM51 C\RTI]S1 DOCTORS1 F>M]S1 (FIC]S1 SOLDI]S1 & KNI<TS ) VISORS1 ETC4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT SU* ANA*RONISMS 7) :I* ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS AB\ND7 DID NOT 9JURE ! POSSIBILITY ( ILLUSION 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY & ! BEG9N+ ( ! SEV5TE5?1 BUT 9 \R TIME IT IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE TO FOLL[ ) 9T]E/ ! DEVELOPM5T ( EV5TS :I* ONE KN[S C\LD NOT TAKE PLACE 9 ! CONDITIONS :I* ! AU?OR DESCRIBES 9 DETAIL4 ,! >TIFICIALITY ( ! POSITIONS1 NOT FL[+ FROM ! NATURAL C\RSE ( EV5TS1 OR FROM ! NATURE ( ! *>ACT]S1 & !IR WANT ( CON=MITY ) TIME & SPACE1 IS FUR!R 9CREAS$ BY ?OSE CO>SE EMBELLI%M5TS :I* >E CONT9UALLY ADD$ BY ,%AKESPE>E & 9T5D$ TO APPE> P>TICUL>LY T\*+4 ,! EXTRAORD9>Y /ORM DUR+ :I* ,K+ ,LE> ROAMS AB\T ! HEA?1 OR ! GRASS :I* = SOME REASON HE PUTS ON HIS HEAD--LIKE ,OPHELIA 9 0,HAMLET0--OR ,$G>'S ATTIRE1 OR ! FOOL'S SPEE*ES1 OR ! APPE>ANCE ( ! HELMET$ HORSEMAN1 ,$G>--ALL !SE EFFECTS NOT ONLY FAIL TO 5HANCE ! IMPRESSION1 BUT PRODUCE AN OPPOSITE EFFECT4 0,MAN SIEHT DIE ,ABSI*T UND MAN WIRD V]/IMMT10 AS ,GOE! SAYS4 ,IT (T5 HAPP5S ?AT EV5 DUR+ !SE OBVI\SLY 9T5TIONAL EF=TS AFT] EFFECT1 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! DRAGG+ \T BY ! LEGS ( HALF A DOZ5 CORPSES1 ) :I* ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S TRAG$IES T]M9ATE1 9/EAD ( FEEL+ FE> & PITY1 ONE IS TEMPT$ RA!R TO LAU<4 

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aie 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,MAY #b#f1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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