,*APT] #h 

#aifaif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TEXT 3 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 :5 ,GOE! WAS DICTATOR ( PHILOSOPHIC ?\<T & ES!TIC LAWS1 A S]IES ( CASUAL CIRCUM/ANCES MADE HIM PRAISE ,%AKESPE>E4 ,! ES!TIC CRITICS CAU<T UP ?IS PRAISE & TOOK TO WRIT+ !IR L5G?Y1 MI/Y1 LE>N$ >TICLES1 & ! GREAT ,EUROPEAN PUBLIC BEGAN TO BE 5*ANT$ ) ,%AKESPE>E4 ,! CRITICS1 ANSW]+ TO ! POPUL> 9T]E/1 & 5DEAVOR+ TO COMPETE ) ONE ANO!R1 WROTE NEW & EV] NEW ESSAYS AB\T ,%AKESPE>E2 ! READ]S & SPECTATORS ON !IR SIDE W]E 9CREAS+LY CONFIRM$ 9 !IR ADMIRATION1 & ,%AKESPE>E'S FAME1 LIKE A LUMP ( SN[1 KEPT GR[+ & GR[+1 UNTIL 9 \R TIME IT HAS ATTA9$ ?AT 9SANE WOR%IP :I* OBVI\SLY HAS NO O!R F\NDATION ?AN 0SUGGE/ION40 

,%AKESPE>E F9DS NO RIVAL1 NOT EV5 APPROXIMATELY1 EI!R AMONG ! OLD OR ! NEW WRIT]S4 ,H]E >E SOME ( ! TRIBUTES PAID TO HIM4 

0,POETIC TRU? IS ! BRI<TE/ FL[] 9 ! CR[N ( ,%AKESPE>E'S M]ITS20 0,%AKESPE>E IS ! GREATE/ MORALI/ ( ALL TIMES20 0,%AKESPE>E EXHIBITS SU* MANY-SID$NESS & SU* OBJECTIVISM ?AT !Y C>RY HIM BEYOND ! LIMITS ( TIME & NATIONALITY20 0,%AKESPE>E IS ! GREATE/ G5IUS ?AT HAS HI!RTO EXI/$20 0,= ! CREATION ( TRAG$Y1 COM$Y1 HI/ORY1 IDYLL1 IDYLLI/IC COM$Y1 ES!TIC IDYLL1 = ! PR(\NDE/ PRES5TATION1 OR = ANY CASUALLY ?R[N (F1 PASS+ PIECE ( V]SE1 HE IS ! ONLY MAN4 ,HE NOT ONLY WIELDS AN UNLIMIT$ P[] OV] \R MIR? & \R TE>S1 OV] ALL ! WORK+S ( PASSION1 HUMOR1 ?\<T1 & OBS]VATION1 BUT HE POSSESSES ALSO AN 9F9ITE REGION FULL ( ! FANTASY ( FICTION1 ( A HORRIFY+ & AN AMUS+ *>ACT]4 ,HE POSSESSES P5ETRATION BO? 9 ! WORLD ( FICTION & ( REALITY1 & ABOVE ?IS REIGNS ONE & ! SAME TRU?FULNESS TO *>ACT] & TO NATURE1 & ! SAME SPIRIT ( HUMANITY20 0,TO ,%AKESPE>E ! EPI!T ( ,GREAT COMES ( ITSELF2 & IF ONE ADDS ?AT 9DEP5D5TLY ( HIS GREATNESS HE HAS1 FUR!R1 BECOME ! RE=M] ( ALL LIT]ATURE1 &1 MOREOV]1 HAS 9 HIS WORKS NOT ONLY EXPRESS$ ! PH5OM5ON ( LIFE AS IT WAS 9 HIS DAY1 BUT ALSO1 BY ! G5IUS ( ?\<T :I* FLOAT$ 9 ! AIR HAS PROPHETICALLY =E/ALL$ ! DIRECTION ?AT ! SOCIAL SPIRIT WAS GO+ TO TAKE 9 ! FUTURE 7( :I* WE SEE A /RIK+ EXAMPLE 9 ,HAMLET71--ONE MAY1 )\T HESITATION1 SAY ?AT ,%AKESPE>E WAS NOT ONLY A GREAT POET1 BUT ! GREATE/ ( ALL POETS :O EV] EXI/$1 & ?AT 9 ! SPH]E ( POETIC CREATION HIS ONLY WOR?Y RIVAL WAS ?AT SAME LIFE :I* 9 HIS WORKS HE EXPRESS$ TO SU* P]FECTION40 

,! OBVI\S EXAGG]ATION ( ?IS E/IMATE PROVES MORE CONCLUSIVELY ?AN ANY?+ ?AT IT IS ! CONSEQU5CE1 NOT ( COMMON S5SE1 BUT ( SUGGE/ION4 ,! MORE TRIVIAL1 ! L[]1 ! EMPTI] A PH5OM5ON IS1 IF ONLY IT HAS BECOME ! SUBJECT ( SUGGE/ION1 ! MORE SUP]NATURAL & EXAGG]AT$ IS ! SIGNIFICANCE ATTRIBUT$ TO IT4 ,! ,POPE IS NOT M]ELY SA9TLY1 BUT MO/ SA9TLY1 & SO =?4 ,SO ,%AKESPE>E IS NOT M]ELY A GOOD WRIT]1 BUT ! GREATE/ G5IUS1 ! ET]NAL TEA*] ( MAN K9D4 

,SUGGE/ION IS ALWAYS A DECEIT1 & EV]Y DECEIT IS AN EVIL4 ,9 TRU?1 ! SUGGE/ION ?AT ,%AKESPE>E'S WORKS >E GREAT WORKS ( G5IUS1 PRES5T+ ! HEI<T ( BO? ES!TIC & E?ICAL P]FECTION1 HAS CAUS$1 & IS CAUS+1 GREAT 9JURY TO M54 

,?IS 9JURY IS TW(OLD3 FIR/1 ! FALL ( ! DRAMA1 & ! REPLACEM5T ( ?IS IMPORTANT WEAPON ( PROGRESS BY AN EMPTY & IMMORAL AMUSEM5T2 & SECONDLY1 ! DIRECT DEPRAVITION ( M5 BY PRES5T+ TO !M FALSE MODELS = IMITATION4 

,HUMAN LIFE IS P]FECT$ ONLY ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS1 ! ONLY ELEM5T :I* P]MAN5TLY UNITES M54 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS ( M5 IS ACCOMPLI%$ ?R\< ALL ! SIDES ( MAN'S SPIRITUAL ACTIVITY4 ,ONE DIRECTION ( ?IS ACTIVITY IS 9 >T4 ,ONE SECTION ( >T1 P]HAPS ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL1 IS ! DRAMA4 

,!RE=E ! DRAMA1 9 ORD] TO DES]VE ! IMPORTANCE ATTRIBUT$ TO IT1 %\LD S]VE ! DEVELOPM5T ( RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS4 ,SU* HAS ! DRAMA ALWAYS BE51 & SU* IT WAS 9 ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD4 ,BUT UPON ! APPE>ANCE ( ,PROTE/ANTISM 9 ITS BROAD] S5SE1 I4E41 ! APPE>ANCE ( A NEW UND]/&+ ( ,*RI/IANITY AS ( A TEA*+ ( LIFE1 ! DRAMATIC >T DID NOT F9D A =M CORRESPOND+ TO ! NEW UND]/&+ ( ,*RI/IANITY1 & ! M5 ( ! ,R5AISSANCE W]E C>RI$ AWAY BY ! IMITATION ( CLASSICAL >T4 ,?IS WAS MO/ NATURAL1 BUT ! T5D5CY WAS B\ND TO PASS1 & >T HAD TO DISCOV]1 AS 9DE$ IT IS N[ BEG9N+ TO DO1 ITS NEW =M CORRESPOND+ TO ! *ANGE 9 ! UND]/&+ ( ,*RI/IANITY4 

,BUT ! DISCOV]Y ( ?IS NEW =M WAS >RE/$ BY ! TEA*+ >IS+ AMONG ,G]MAN WRIT]S AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? & BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURIES--AS TO SO-CALL$ OBJECTIVE >T1 I4E41 >T 9DIFF]5T TO GOOD OR EVIL--& !RE9 ! EXAGG]AT$ PRAISE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS1 :I* P>TLY CORRESPOND$ TO ! ES!TIC TEA*+ ( ! ,G]MANS1 & P>TLY S]V$ AS MAT]IAL = IT4 ,IF !RE HAD NOT BE5 EXAGG]AT$ PRAISE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS1 PRES5T+ !M AS ! MO/ P]FECT MODELS1 ! M5 ( ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES W\LD HAVE HAD TO UND]/& ?AT ! DRAMA1 TO HAVE A RI<T TO EXI/ & TO BE A S]I\S ?+1 MU/ S]VE1 AS IT ALWAYS HAS S]V$ & CAN NOT BUT DO O!RWISE1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS4 ,& HAV+ UND]/OOD ?IS1 !Y W\LD HAVE SE>*$ = A NEW =M ( DRAMA CORRESPOND+ TO !IR RELIGI\S UND]/&+4 

,BUT :5 IT WAS DECID$ ?AT ! HEI<T ( P]FECTION WAS ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMA1 & ?AT WE \<T TO WRITE AS HE DID1 NOT ONLY )\T ANY RELIGI\S1 BUT EV5 )\T ANY MORAL1 SIGNIFICANCE1 !N ALL WRIT]S ( DRAMAS 9 IMITATION ( HIM BEGAN TO COMPOSE SU* EMPTY PIECES AS >E ?OSE ( ,GOE!1 ,S*ILL]1 ,HUGO1 &1 9 ,RUSSIA1 ( ,PU%K91 OR ! *RONICLES ( ,O/ROVSKI1 ,ALEXIS ,TOL/OY1 & AN 9NUM]ABLE NUMB] ( O!R MORE OR LESS CELEBRAT$ DRAMATIC PRODUCTIONS :I* FILL ALL ! !AT]S1 & CAN BE PREP>$ :OLESALE BY ANY ONE :O HAPP5S TO HAVE ! IDEA OR DESIRE TO WRITE A PLAY4 ,IT IS ONLY ?ANKS TO SU* A L[1 TRIVIAL UND]/&+ ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! DRAMA ?AT !RE APPE>S AMONG US ?AT 9F9ITE QUANTITY ( DRAMATIC WORKS DESCRIB+ M5'S ACTIONS1 POSITIONS1 *>ACT]S1 & FRAMES ( M9D1 NOT ONLY VOID ( ANY SPIRITUAL SUB/ANCE1 BUT (T5 ( ANY HUMAN S5SE4 

,LET NOT ! READ] ?9K ?AT ,I EXCLUDE FROM ?IS E/IMATE ( CONTEMPOR>Y DRAMA ! !ATRICAL PIECES ,I HAVE MYSELF 9CID5TALLY WRITT54 ,I RECOGNIZE !M1 AS WELL AS ALL ! RE/1 AS NOT HAV+ ?AT RELIGI\S *>ACT] :I* MU/ =M ! F\NDATION ( ! DRAMA ( ! FUTURE4 

,! DRAMA1 !N1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT BRAN* ( >T1 HAS1 9 \R TIME1 BECOME ! TRIVIAL & IMMORAL AMUSEM5T ( A TRIVIAL & IMMORAL CR[D4 ,! WOR/ ( IT IS1 MOREOV]1 ?AT TO DRAMATIC >T1 FALL5 AS L[ AS IT IS POSSIBLE TO FALL1 IS /ILL ATTRIBUT$ AN ELEVAT$ SIGNIFICANCE NO LONG] APPROPRIATE TO IT4 ,DRAMATI/S1 ACTORS1 !ATRICAL MANAG]S1 & ! PRESS--?IS LA/ PUBLI%+ 9 ! MO/ S]I\S TONE REPORTS ( !AT]S & OP]AS--& ! RE/1 >E ALL P]FECTLY C]TA9 ?AT !Y >E DO+ SOME?+ V]Y WOR?Y & IMPORTANT4 

,! DRAMA 9 \R TIME IS A GREAT MAN FALL51 :O HAS REA*$ ! LA/ DEGREE ( HIS DEGRADATION1 & AT ! SAME TIME CONT9UES TO PRIDE HIMSELF ON HIS PA/ ( :I* NO?+ N[ REMA9S4 ,! PUBLIC ( \R TIME IS LIKE ?OSE :O M]CILESSLY AMUSE !MSELVES OV] ?IS MAN ONCE SO GREAT & N[ 9 ! L[E/ /AGE ( HIS FALL4 

,SU* IS ONE ( ! MIS*IEV\S EFFECTS ( ! EPIDEMIC SUGGE/ION AB\T ! GREATNESS ( ,%AKESPE>E4 ,ANO!R DEPLORABLE RESULT ( ?IS WOR%IP IS ! PRES5TATION TO M5 ( A FALSE MODEL = IMITATION4 ,IF PEOPLE WROTE ( ,%AKESPE>E ?AT = HIS TIME HE WAS A GOOD WRIT]1 ?AT HE HAD A FAIRLY GOOD TURN = V]SE1 WAS AN 9TELLIG5T ACTOR & GOOD /AGE MANAG]--EV5 W]E ?IS APPRECIATION 9CORRECT & SOME:AT EXAGG]AT$--IF ONLY IT W]E MOD]ATELY TRUE1 PEOPLE ( ! RIS+ G5]ATION MI<T REMA9 FREE FROM ,%AKESPE>E'S 9FLU5CE4 ,BUT :5 EV]Y Y\NG MAN 5T]+ 9TO LIFE 9 \R TIME HAS PRES5T$ TO HIM1 AS ! MODEL ( MORAL P]FECTION1 NOT ! RELIGI\S & MORAL TEA*]S ( MANK9D1 BUT FIR/ ( ALL ,%AKESPE>E1 CONC]N+ :OM IT HAS BE5 DECID$ & IS H&$ D[N BY LE>N$ M5 FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION1 AS AN 9CONTE/ABLE TRU?1 ?AT HE WAS ! GREATE/ POET1 ! GREATE/ TEA*] ( LIFE1 ! Y\NG MAN CAN NOT REMA9 FREE FROM ?IS P]NICI\S 9FLU5CE4 ,:5 HE IS READ+ OR LI/5+ TO ,%AKESPE>E ! QUE/ION = HIM IS NO LONG] :E!R ,%AKESPE>E BE GOOD OR BAD1 BUT ONLY3 ,9 :AT CONSI/S ?AT EXTRAORD9>Y BEAUTY1 BO? ES!TIC & E?ICAL1 ( :I* HE HAS BE5 ASSUR$ BY LE>N$ M5 :OM HE RESPECTS1 & :I* HE HIMSELF NEI!R SEES NOR FEELS8 ,& CON/RA9+ HIMSELF1 & DI/ORT+ HIS ES!TIC & E?ICAL FEEL+1 HE TRIES TO CON=M TO ! RUL+ OP9ION4 ,HE NO LONG] BELIEVES 9 HIMSELF1 BUT 9 :AT IS SAID BY ! LE>N$ PEOPLE :OM HE RESPECTS4 ,I HAVE EXP]I5C$ ALL ?IS4 ,!N READ+ CRITICAL EXAM9ATIONS ( ! DRAMAS & EXTRACTS FROM BOOKS ) EXPLANATORY COMM5TS1 HE BEG9S TO IMAG9E ?AT HE FEELS SOME?+ ( ! NATURE ( AN >TI/IC IMPRESSION4 ,! LONG] ?IS CONT9UES1 ! MORE DOES HIS ES!TIC & E?ICAL FEEL+ BECOME DI/ORT$4 ,HE CEASES TO DI/+UI% DIRECTLY & CLE>LY :AT IS >TI/IC FROM AN >TIFICIAL IMITATION ( >T4 ,BUT1 ABOVE ALL1 HAV+ ASSIMILAT$ ! IMMORAL VIEW ( LIFE :I* P5ETRATES ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S WRIT+S1 HE LOSES ! CAPACITY ( DI/+UI%+ GOOD FROM EVIL4 ,& ! ]ROR ( EXTOLL+ AN 9SIGNIFICANT1 9>TI/IC WRIT]--NOT ONLY NOT MORAL1 BUT DIRECTLY IMMORAL--EXECUTES ITS DE/RUCTIVE WORK4 

,?IS IS :Y ,I ?9K ?AT ! SOON] PEOPLE FREE !MSELVES FROM ! FALSE GLORIFICATION ( ,%AKESPE>E1 ! BETT] IT WILL BE4 

,FIR/1 HAV+ FRE$ !MSELVES FROM ?IS DECEIT1 M5 WILL COME TO UND]/& ?AT ! DRAMA :I* HAS NO RELIGI\S ELEM5T AT ITS F\NDATION IS NOT ONLY NOT AN IMPORTANT & GOOD ?+1 AS IT IS N[ SUPPOS$ TO BE1 BUT ! MO/ TRIVIAL & DESPICABLE ( ?+S4 ,HAV+ UND]/OOD ?IS1 !Y WILL HAVE TO SE>* =1 & WORK \T1 A NEW =M ( MOD]N DRAMA1 A DRAMA :I* WILL S]VE AS ! DEVELOPM5T & CONFIRMATION ( ! HI<E/ /AGE ( RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS 9 M54 

,SECONDLY1 HAV+ FRE$ !MSELVES FROM ?IS HYPNOTIC /ATE1 M5 WILL UND]/& ?AT ! TRIVIAL & IMMORAL WORKS ( ,%AKESPE>E & HIS IMITATORS1 AIM+ M]ELY AT ! RECREATION & AMUSEM5T ( ! SPECTATORS1 CAN NOT POSSIBLY REPRES5T ! TEA*+ ( LIFE1 & ?AT1 :ILE !RE IS NO TRUE RELIGI\S DRAMA1 ! TEA*+ ( LIFE %\LD BE S\<T = 9 O!R S\RCES4 

,F,O,O,T,N,O,T,E,S3 

  

 ,?IS ESSAY [ES ITS ORIG9 TO ,LEO ,TOL/OY'S DESIRE TO CONTRIBUTE A PREFACE TO ! >TICLE HE H]E M5TIONS BY ,]NE/ ,CROSBY1 :I* LATT] FOLL[S 9 ?IS VOLUME4--7,TRANS47 

 0,%AKESPE>E & ,HIS ,WRIT+S10 BY ,GEORGE ,BR&ES4 

 ,A ,RUSSIAN POET1 REM>KABLE = ! DELICACY ( HIS WORKS4 

,FROM 3 ,GUT5B]G4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aie 3 ,*APT] #h -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,MAY #b#g1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #h -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/