,TOL/OY ON ,%AKESPE>E 
,A ,CRITICAL ,ESSAY ON ,%AKESPE>E 

#aif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LEO ,TOL/OY 

,TAGS 3 DUKE ( ALBANY1 READ] OR SPECTATOR1 WORKS ( %AKESPE>E1 K+ ( FRANCE1 TEA*+ ( LIFE1 K+ LE>1 %AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS1 DRAMATIC >T1 OLD] DRAMA1 L[] CLASSES4 

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,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

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,MR4 ,CROSBY'S >TICLE ON ,%AKESPE>E'S ATTITUDE T[>D ! WORK+ CLASSES SUGGE/$ TO ME ! IDEA ( ALSO EXPRESS+ MY [N LONG-E/ABLI%$ OP9ION AB\T ! WORKS ( ,%AKESPE>E1 9 DIRECT OPPOSITION1 AS IT IS1 TO ?AT E/ABLI%$ 9 ALL ! :OLE ,EUROPEAN WORLD4 ,CALL+ TO M9D ALL ! /RUGGLE ( D\BT & SELF-DECEIT1--EF=TS TO ATTUNE MYSELF TO ,%AKESPE>E--:I* ,I W5T ?R\< [+ TO MY COMPLETE DISAGREEM5T ) ?IS UNIV]SAL ADULATION1 &1 PRESUM+ ?AT MANY HAVE EXP]I5C$ & >E EXP]I5C+ ! SAME1 ,I ?9K ?AT IT MAY NOT BE UNPR(ITABLE TO EXPRESS DEF9ITELY & FRANKLY ?IS VIEW ( M9E1 OPPOS$ TO ?AT ( ! MAJORITY1 & ! MORE SO AS ! CONCLUSIONS TO :I* ,I CAME1 :5 EXAM9+ ! CAUSES ( MY DISAGREEM5T ) ! UNIV]SALLY E/ABLI%$ OP9ION1 >E1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 NOT )\T 9T]E/ & SIGNIFICANCE4 

,MY DISAGREEM5T ) ! E/ABLI%$ OP9ION AB\T ,%AKESPE>E IS NOT ! RESULT ( AN ACCID5TAL FRAME ( M9D1 NOR ( A LI<T-M9D$ ATTITUDE T[>D ! MATT]1 BUT IS ! \TCOME ( MANY YE>S' REPEAT$ & 9SI/5T 5DEAVORS TO H>MONIZE MY [N VIEWS ( ,%AKESPE>E ) ?OSE E/ABLI%$ AMONG ALL CIVILIZ$ M5 ( ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD4 

,I REMEMB] ! A/ONI%M5T ,I FELT :5 ,I FIR/ READ ,%AKESPE>E4 ,I EXPECT$ TO RECEIVE A P[]FUL ES!TIC PLEASURE1 BUT HAV+ READ1 ONE AFT] ! O!R1 WORKS REG>D$ AS HIS BE/3 0,K+ ,LE>10 0,ROMEO & ,JULIET10 0,HAMLET0 & 0,MACBE?10 NOT ONLY DID ,I FEEL NO DELI<T1 BUT ,I FELT AN IRRESI/IBLE REPULSION & T$IUM1 & D\BT$ AS TO :E!R ,I WAS S5SELESS 9 FEEL+ WORKS REG>D$ AS ! SUMMIT ( P]FECTION BY ! :OLE ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD TO BE TRIVIAL & POSITIVELY BAD1 OR :E!R ! SIGNIFICANCE :I* ?IS CIVILIZ$ WORLD ATTRIBUTES TO ! WORKS ( ,%AKESPE>E WAS ITSELF S5SELESS4 ,MY CON/]NATION WAS 9CREAS$ BY ! FACT ?AT ,I ALWAYS KE5LY FELT ! BEAUTIES ( POETRY 9 EV]Y =M2 !N :Y %\LD >TI/IC WORKS RECOGNIZ$ BY ! :OLE WORLD AS ?OSE ( A G5IUS1--! WORKS ( ,%AKESPE>E1--NOT ONLY FAIL TO PLEASE ME1 BUT BE DISAGREEABLE TO ME8 ,= A LONG TIME ,I C\LD NOT BELIEVE 9 MYSELF1 & DUR+ FIFTY YE>S1 9 ORD] TO TE/ MYSELF1 ,I SEV]AL TIMES RECOMM5C$ READ+ ,%AKESPE>E 9 EV]Y POSSIBLE =M1 9 ,RUSSIAN1 9 ,5GLI%1 9 ,G]MAN & 9 ,S*LEGEL'S TRANSLATION1 AS ,I WAS ADVIS$4 ,SEV]AL TIMES ,I READ ! DRAMAS & ! COM$IES & HI/ORICAL PLAYS1 & ,I 9V>IABLY UND]W5T ! SAME FEEL+S3 REPULSION1 WE>9ESS1 & BEWILD]M5T4 ,AT ! PRES5T TIME1 BE=E WRIT+ ?IS PREFACE1 BE+ DESIR\S ONCE MORE TO TE/ MYSELF1 ,I HAVE1 AS AN OLD MAN ( SEV5TY-FIVE1 AGA9 READ ! :OLE ( ,%AKESPE>E1 9CLUD+ ! HI/ORICAL PLAYS1 ! 0,H5RYS10 0,TROILUS & ,CRESSIDA10 ! 0,TEMPE/10 0,CYMBEL9E10 & ,I HAVE FELT1 ) EV5 GREAT] =CE1 ! SAME FEEL+S1--?IS TIME1 H[EV]1 NOT ( BEWILD]M5T1 BUT ( FIRM1 9DUBITABLE CONVICTION ?AT ! UNQUE/IONABLE GLORY ( A GREAT G5IUS :I* ,%AKESPE>E 5JOYS1 & :I* COMPELS WRIT]S ( \R TIME TO IMITATE HIM & READ]S & SPECTATORS TO DISCOV] 9 HIM NON-EXI/5T M]ITS1--!REBY DI/ORT+ !IR ES!TIC & E?ICAL UND]/&+1--IS A GREAT EVIL1 AS IS EV]Y UNTRU?4 

,AL?\< ,I KN[ ?AT ! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE SO FIRMLY BELIEVE 9 ! GREATNESS ( ,%AKESPE>E ?AT 9 READ+ ?IS JUDGM5T ( M9E !Y WILL NOT ADMIT EV5 ! POSSIBILITY ( ITS JU/ICE1 & WILL NOT GIVE IT ! SLI<TE/ ATT5TION1 NEV]!LESS ,I WILL 5DEAVOR1 AS WELL AS ,I CAN1 TO %[ :Y ,I BELIEVE ?AT ,%AKESPE>E CAN NOT BE RECOGNIZ$ EI!R AS A GREAT G5IUS1 OR EV5 AS AN AV]AGE AU?OR4 

,= ILLU/RATION ( MY PURPOSE ,I WILL TAKE ONE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S MO/ EXTOLL$ DRAMAS1 0,K+ ,LE>10 9 ! 5?USIA/IC PRAISE ( :I*1 ! MAJORITY ( CRITICS AGREE4 

0,! TRAG$Y ( ,LE> IS DES]V$LY CELEBRAT$ AMONG ! DRAMAS ( ,%AKESPE>E10 SAYS ,DR4 ,JOHNSON4 0,!RE IS P]HAPS NO PLAY :I* KEEPS ! ATT5TION SO /RONGLY FIX$1 :I* SO MU* AGITATES \R PASSIONS1 & 9T]E/S \R CURIOSITY40 

0,WE WI% ?AT WE C\LD PASS ?IS PLAY OV] & SAY NO?+ AB\T IT10 SAYS ,HAZLITT1 0ALL ?AT WE CAN SAY MU/ FALL F> %ORT ( ! SUBJECT1 OR EV5 ( :AT WE \RSELVES CONCEIVE ( IT4 ,TO ATTEMPT TO GIVE A DESCRIPTION ( ! PLAY ITSELF1 OR ( ITS EFFECTS UPON ! M9D1 IS M]E IMP]T95CE2 YET WE MU/ SAY SOME?+4 ,IT IS1 !N1 ! BE/ ( ,%AKESPE>E'S PLAYS1 = IT IS ! ONE 9 :I* HE WAS ! MO/ 9 E>NE/40 

0,IF ! ORIG9ALITY ( 9V5TION DID NOT SO MU* /AMP ALMO/ EV]Y PLAY ( ,%AKESPE>E10 SAYS ,HALLAM1 0?AT TO NAME ONE AS ! MO/ ORIG9AL SEEMS A DISP>AGEM5T TO O!RS1 WE MI<T SAY ?AT ?IS GREAT PR]OGATIVE ( G5IUS1 WAS EX]CIS$ ABOVE ALL 9 ',LE>4' ,IT DIV]GES MORE FROM ! MODEL ( REGUL> TRAG$Y ?AN ',MACBE?1' OR ',O!LLO1' & EV5 MORE ?AN ',HAMLET1' BUT ! FABLE IS BETT] CON/RUCT$ ?AN 9 ! LA/ ( !SE & IT DISPLAYS FULL AS MU* ( ! ALMO/ SUP]HUMAN 9SPIRATION ( ! POET AS ! O!R TWO40 

0',K+ ,LE>' MAY BE RECOGNIZ$ AS ! P]FECT MODEL ( ! DRAMATIC >T ( ! :OLE WORLD10 SAYS ,%ELLEY4 

0,I AM NOT M9D$ TO SAY MU* ( ,%AKESPE>E'S ,>?UR10 SAYS ,SW9BURNE4 0,!RE >E ONE OR TWO FIGURES 9 ! WORLD ( HIS WORK ( :I* !RE >E NO WORDS ?AT W\LD BE FIT OR GOOD TO SAY4 ,ANO!R ( !SE IS ,CORDELIA4 ,! PLACE !Y HAVE 9 \R LIVES & ?\<TS IS NOT ONE = TALK4 ,! NI*E SET AP>T = !M TO 9HABIT 9 \R SECRET HE>TS IS NOT P5ETRABLE BY ! LI<TS & NOISES ( COMMON DAY4 ,!RE >E *APELS 9 ! CA!DRALS ( MAN'S HI<E/ >T1 AS 9 ?AT ( HIS 9MO/ LIFE1 NOT MADE TO BE SET OP5 TO ! EYES & FEET ( ! WORLD4 ,LOVE1 & ,DEA?1 & ,MEMORY1 KEEP *>GE = US 9 SIL5CE ( SOME BELOV$ NAMES4 ,IT IS ! CR[N+ GLORY ( G5IUS1 ! F9AL MIRACLE & TRANSC5D5T GIFT ( POETRY1 ?AT IT CAN ADD TO ! NUMB] ( !SE & 5GRAVE ON ! V]Y HE>T ( \R REMEMBRANCE FRE% NAMES & MEMORIES ( ITS [N CREATION40 

0,LE> IS ! OCCASION = ,CORDELIA10 SAYS ,VICTOR ,HUGO4 0,MAT]NITY ( ! DAU<T] T[>D ! FA!R2 PR(\ND SUBJECT2 MAT]NITY V5]ABLE AMONG ALL O!R MAT]NITIES1 SO ADMIRABLY R5D]$ BY ! LEG5D ( ?AT ,ROMAN GIRL1 :O1 9 ! DEP?S ( A PRISON1 NURSES H] OLD FA!R4 ,! Y\NG BREA/ NE> ! :ITE BE>D6 ,!RE IS NOT A SPECTACLE MORE HOLY4 ,?IS FILIAL BREA/ IS ,CORDELIA4 ,ONCE ?IS FIGURE DREAM$ ( & F\ND1 ,%AKESPE>E CREAT$ HIS DRAMA4444 ,%AKESPE>E1 C>RY+ ,CORDELIA 9 HIS ?\<TS1 CREAT$ ?AT TRAG$Y LIKE A GOD :O1 HAV+ AN AURORA TO PUT =W>D1 MAKES A WORLD EXPRESSLY = IT40 

0,9 ',K+ ,LE>1' ,%AKESPE>E'S VISION S\ND$ ! ABYSS ( HORROR TO ITS V]Y DEP?S1 & HIS SPIRIT %[$ NEI!R FE>1 NOR GIDD9ESS1 NOR FA9TNESS1 AT ! SI<T10 SAYS ,BR&ES4 0,ON ! ?RE%OLD ( ?IS WORK1 A FEEL+ ( AWE COMES OV] ONE1 AS ON ! ?RE%OLD ( ! ,SI/9E ,*APEL1 ) ITS CEIL+ ( FRESCOES BY ,MI*AEL ,ANGELO1--ONLY ?AT ! SUFF]+ H]E IS F> MORE 9T5SE1 ! WAIL WILD]1 & ! H>MONIES ( BEAUTY MORE DEF9ITELY %ATT]$ BY ! DISCORDS ( DESPAIR40 

,SU* >E ! JUDGM5TS ( ! CRITICS AB\T ?IS DRAMA1 & !RE=E ,I BELIEVE ,I AM NOT WRONG 9 SELECT+ IT AS A TYPE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S BE/4 

,AS IMP>TIALLY AS POSSIBLE1 ,I WILL 5DEAVOR TO DESCRIBE ! CONT5TS ( ! DRAMA1 & !N TO %[ :Y IT IS NOT ?AT ACME ( P]FECTION IT IS REPRES5T$ TO BE BY CRITICS1 BUT IS SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T4 

O ,*APT] #b 

,! DRAMA ( 0,LE>0 BEG9S ) A SC5E GIV+ ! CONV]SATION BETWE5 TWO C\RTI]S1 ,K5T & ,GL\CE/]4 ,K5T1 PO9T+ TO A Y\NG MAN PRES5T1 ASKS ,GL\CE/] :E!R ?AT IS NOT HIS SON4 ,GL\CE/] SAYS ?AT HE HAS (T5 BLU%$ TO ACKN[L$GE ! Y\NG MAN AS HIS SON1 BUT HAS N[ CEAS$ DO+ SO4 ,K5T SAYS HE 0CAN NOT CONCEIVE HIM40 ,!N ,GL\CE/] 9 ! PRES5CE ( ?IS SON ( HIS SAYS3 0,! FELL['S MO!R C\LD1 & GREW R\ND-WOMB$1 & HAD A SON = H] CRADLE ]E %E HAD A HUSB& = H] B$40 0,I HAVE ANO!R1 A LEGITIMATE SON10 CONT9UES ,GL\CE/]1 0BUT AL?\< ?IS ONE CAME 9TO ! WORLD BE=E HE WAS S5T =1 HIS MO!R WAS FAIR & !RE WAS GOOD SPORT AT HIS MAK+1 & !RE=E ,I ACKN[L$GE ?IS ONE ALSO40 

,SU* IS ! 9TRODUCTION4 ,NOT TO M5TION ! CO>S5ESS ( !SE WORDS ( ,GL\CE/]1 !Y >E1 F>!R1 \T ( PLACE 9 ! M\? ( A P]SON 9T5D$ TO REPRES5T A NOBLE *>ACT]4 ,ONE CAN NOT AGREE ) ! OP9ION ( SOME CRITICS ?AT !SE WORDS >E GIV5 TO ,GL\CE/] 9 ORD] TO %[ ! CONTEMPT = HIS ILLEGITIMACY FROM :I* ,$MUND SUFF]S4 ,W]E ?IS SO1 IT W\LD FIR/ HAVE BE5 UNNECESS>Y TO MAKE ! FA!R EXPRESS ! CONTEMPT FELT BY M5 9 G5]AL1 &1 SECONDLY1 ,$MUND1 9 HIS MONOLOGUE AB\T ! 9JU/ICE ( ?OSE :O DESPISE HIM = HIS BIR?1 W\LD HAVE M5TION$ SU* WORDS FROM HIS FA!R4 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT SO1 & !RE=E !SE WORDS ( ,GL\CE/] AT ! V]Y BEG9N+ ( ! PIECE1 W]E M]ELY 9T5D$ AS A COMMUNICATION TO ! PUBLIC--9 A HUMOR\S =M--( ! FACT ?AT ,GL\CE/] HAS A LEGITIMATE SON & AN ILLEGITIMATE ONE4 

,AFT] ?IS1 TRUMPETS >E BL[N1 & ,K+ ,LE> 5T]S ) HIS DAU<T]S & SONS-9-LAW1 & UTT]S A SPEE* TO ! EFFECT ?AT1 [+ TO OLD AGE1 HE WI%ES TO RETIRE FROM ! C>ES ( BUS9ESS & DIVIDE HIS K+DOM BETWE5 HIS DAU<T]S4 ,9 ORD] TO KN[ H[ MU* HE %\LD GIVE TO EA* DAU<T]1 HE ANN\NCES ?AT TO ! ONE :O SAYS %E LOVES HIM MO/ HE WILL GIVE MO/4 ,! ELDE/ DAU<T]1 ,GON]IL1 SAYS ?AT WORDS CAN NOT EXPRESS ! EXT5T ( H] LOVE1 ?AT %E LOVES H] FA!R MORE ?AN EYESI<T1 SPACE1 & LIB]TY1 LOVES HIM SO MU* ?AT IT 0MAKES H] BREA? POOR40 ,K+ ,LE> IMM$IATELY ALLOTS HIS DAU<T] ON ! MAP1 H] PORTION ( FIELDS1 WOODS1 RIV]S1 & MEAD[S1 & ASKS ! SAME QUE/ION ( ! SECOND DAU<T]4 ,! SECOND DAU<T]1 ,REGAN1 SAYS ?AT H] SI/] HAS CORRECTLY EXPRESS$ H] [N FEEL+S1 ONLY NOT /RONGLY 5\<4 ,%E1 ,REGAN1 LOVES H] FA!R SO MU* ?AT EV]Y?+ IS ABHORR5T TO H] EXCEPT HIS LOVE4 ,! K+ REW>DS ?IS DAU<T]1 ALSO1 & !N ASKS HIS Y\NGE/1 ! FAVORITE1 9 :OM1 ACCORD+ TO HIS EXPRESSION1 >E 09T]ESS'D ! V9ES ( ,FRANCE & ! MILK ( ,BURGUNDY10 ?AT IS1 :OSE H& IS BE+ CLAIM$ BY ! ,K+ ( ,FRANCE & ! ,DUKE ( ,BURGUNDY1--HE ASKS ,CORDELIA H[ %E LOVES HIM4 ,CORDELIA1 :O P]SONIFIES ALL ! VIRTUES1 AS ! ELDE/ TWO ALL ! VISES1 SAYS1 QUITE \T ( PLACE1 AS IF ON PURPOSE TO IRRITATE H] FA!R1 ?AT AL?\< %E LOVES & HONORS HIM1 & IS GRATEFUL TO HIM1 YET IF %E M>RIES1 ALL H] LOVE WILL NOT BELONG TO H] FA!R1 BUT %E WILL ALSO LOVE H] HUSB&4 

,HE>+ !SE WORDS1 ! ,K+ LOSES HIS TEMP]1 & CURSES ?IS FAVORITE DAU<T] ) ! MO/ DREADFUL & /RANGE MAL$ICTIONS1 SAY+1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT HE WILL H5CE=? LOVE HIS DAU<T] AS LITTLE AS HE LOVES ! MAN :O DEV\RS HIS [N *ILDR54 

0,! B>B>\S ,SCY?IAN1 

 ,OR HE ?AT MAKES HIS G5]ATION MESSES 

 ,TO GORGE HIS APPETITE1 %ALL TO MY BOSOM 

 ,BE AS WELL NEI<BOR'D1 PITI$1 & RELIEV$4 

 ,AS ?\1 MY SOMETIME DAU<T]40 

,! C\RTI]1 ,K5T1 DEF5DS ,CORDELIA1 & DESIR+ TO APPEASE ! ,K+1 REBUKES HIM = HIS 9JU/ICE1 & SAYS REASONABLE ?+S AB\T ! EVIL ( FLATT]Y4 ,LE>1 UNMOV$ BY ,K5T1 BANI%ES HIM UND] PA9 ( DEA?1 & CALL+ TO HIM ,CORDELIA'S TWO SUITORS1 ! ,DUKE ( ,BURGUNDY & ! ,K+ ( ,FRANCE1 PROPOSES TO !M 9 TURN TO TAKE ,CORDELIA )\T D[RY4 ,! ,DUKE ( ,BURGUNDY FRANKLY SAYS ?AT )\T D[RY HE WILL NOT TAKE ,CORDELIA1 BUT ! ,K+ ( ,FRANCE TAKES H] )\T D[RY & LEADS H] AWAY4 ,AFT] ?IS1 ! ELD] SI/]S1 !RE & !N 5T]+ 9TO CONV]SATION1 PREP>E TO 9JURE !IR FA!R :O HAD 5D[$ !M4 ,?US 5DS ! FIR/ SC5E4 

,NOT TO M5TION ! POMP\S1 *>ACT]LESS LANGUAGE ( ,K+ ,LE>1 ! SAME 9 :I* ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S ,K+S SPEAK1 ! READ]1 OR SPECTATOR1 CAN NOT CONCEIVE ?AT A ,K+1 H[EV] OLD & /UPID HE MAY BE1 C\LD BELIEVE ! WORDS ( ! VICI\S DAU<T]S1 ) :OM HE HAD PASS$ HIS :OLE LIFE1 & NOT BELIEVE HIS FAVORITE DAU<T]1 BUT CURSE & BANI% H]2 & !RE=E ! SPECTATOR1 OR READ]1 CAN NOT %>E ! FEEL+S ( ! P]SONS P>TICIPAT+ 9 ?IS UNNATURAL SC5E4 

,! SECOND SC5E OP5S ) ,$MUND1 ,GL\CE/]'S ILLEGITIMATE SON1 SOLILOQUIZ+ ON ! 9JU/ICE ( M51 :O CONC$E RI<TS & RESPECT TO ! LEGITIMATE SON1 BUT DEPRIVE ! ILLEGITIMATE SON ( !M1 & HE DET]M9ES TO RU9 ,$G>1 & TO USURP HIS PLACE4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE1 HE =GES A LETT] TO HIMSELF AS FROM ,$G>1 9 :I* ! LATT] EXPRESSES A DESIRE TO MURD] HIS FA!R4 ,AWAIT+ HIS FA!R'S APPROA*1 ,$MUND1 AS IF AGA9/ HIS WILL1 %[S HIM ?IS LETT]1 & ! FA!R IMM$IATELY BELIEVES ?AT HIS SON ,$G>1 :OM HE T5D]LY LOVES1 DESIRES TO KILL HIM4 ,! FA!R GOES AWAY1 ,$G> 5T]S & ,$MUND P]SUADES HIM ?AT HIS FA!R = SOME REASON DESIRES TO KILL HIM4 ,$G> IMM$IATELY BELIEVES ?IS & FLEES FROM HIS P>5T4 

,! RELATIONS BETWE5 ,GL\CE/] & HIS TWO SONS1 & ! FEEL+S ( !SE *>ACT]S >E AS UNNATURAL AS ,LE>'S RELATION TO HIS DAU<T]S1 OR EV5 MORE SO1 & !RE=E IT IS /ILL MORE DIFFICULT = ! SPECTATOR TO TRANSPORT HIMSELF 9TO ! M5TAL CONDITION ( ,GL\CE/] & HIS SONS & SYMPA?IZE ) !M1 ?AN IT IS TO DO SO 9TO ?AT ( ,LE> & HIS DAU<T]S4 

,9 ! F\R? SC5E1 ! BANI%$ ,K5T1 SO DISGUIS$ ?AT ,LE> DOES NOT RECOGNIZE HIM1 PRES5TS HIMSELF TO ,LE>1 :O IS ALREADY /AY+ ) ,GON]IL4 ,LE> ASKS :O HE IS1 TO :I* ,K5T ANSW]S1 ONE DOESN'T KN[ :Y1 9 A TONE QUITE 9APPROPRIATE TO HIS POSITION3 0,A V]Y HONE/-HE>T$ FELL[ & AS POOR AS ! ,K+40--0,IF ?\ BE AS POOR = A SUBJECT AS HE IS = A ,K+1 ?\ >T POOR 5\<--,H[ OLD >T ?\80 ASKS ! ,K+4 0,NOT SO Y\NG1 ,SIR1 TO LOVE A WOMAN1 ETC41 NOR SO OLD TO DOTE ON H]40 ,TO ?IS ! ,K+ SAYS1 0,IF ,I LIKE !E NO WORSE AFT] D9N]1 ,I WILL NOT P>T FROM !E YET40 

,!SE SPEE*ES FOLL[ NEI!R FROM ,LE>'S POSITION1 NOR HIS RELATION TO ,K5T1 BUT >E PUT 9TO ! M\?S ( ,LE> & ,K5T1 EVID5TLY BECAUSE ! AU?OR REG>DS !M AS WITTY & AMUS+4 

,GON]IL'S /EW>D APPE>S1 & BEHAVES RUDELY TO ,LE>1 = :I* ,K5T KNOCKS HIM D[N4 ,! ,K+1 /ILL NOT RECOGNIZ+ ,K5T1 GIVES HIM MONEY = ?IS & TAKES HIM 9TO HIS S]VICE4 ,AFT] ?IS APPE>S ! FOOL1 & !REUPON BEG9S A PROLONG$ CONV]SATION BETWE5 ! FOOL & ! ,K+1 UTT]LY UNSUIT$ TO ! POSITION & S]V+ NO PURPOSE4 ,?US1 = 9/ANCE1 ! FOOL SAYS1 0,GIVE ME AN EGG & ,I'LL GIVE !E TWO CR[NS40 ,! ,K+ ASKS1 0,:AT CR[NS %ALL !Y BE80--0,:Y10 SAYS ! FOOL1 0AFT] ,I HAVE CUT ! EGG I' ! MIDDLE1 & EAT UP ! MEAT1 ! TWO CR[NS ( ! EGG4 ,:5 ?\ CLOVE/ ?Y CR[N I' ! MIDDLE1 & GAVE/ AWAY BO? P>TS1 ?\ BORE/ ?9E ASS ON ?Y BACK O'] ! DIRT3 ?\ HAD/ LITTLE WIT 9 ?Y BALD CR[N :5 ?\ GAVE/ ?Y GOLD5 ONE AWAY4 ,IF ,I SPEAK LIKE MYSELF 9 ?IS1 LET HIM BE :IPP'D ?AT FIR/ F9DS IT SO40 

,9 ?IS MANN] L5G?Y CONV]SATIONS GO ON CALL+ =? 9 ! SPECTATOR OR READ] ?AT WE>ISOME UNEAS9ESS :I* ONE EXP]I5CES :5 LI/5+ TO JOKES :I* >E NOT WITTY4 

,?IS CONV]SATION WAS 9T]RUPT$ BY ! APPROA* ( ,GON]IL4 ,%E DEM&S ( H] FA!R ?AT HE %\LD DIM9I% HIS RET9UE2 ?AT HE %\LD BE SATISFI$ ) FIFTY C\RTI]S 9/EAD ( A HUNDR$4 ,AT ?IS SUGGE/ION1 ,LE> GETS 9TO A /RANGE & UNNATURAL RAGE1 & ASKS3 

0,DO? ANY H]E KN[ ME8 ,?IS IS NOT ,LE>3 

 ,DOES ,LE> WALK ?US8 SPEAK ?US8 ,:]E >E HIS EYES8 

 ,EI!R HIS NOTION WEAK5S1 HIS DISC]N+S 

 ,>E LE?>GI$4 ,HA6 'TIS NOT SO4 

 ,:O IS IT ?AT CAN TELL ME :O ,I AM80 

,& SO =?4 

,:ILE ?IS GOES ON ! FOOL DOES NOT CEASE TO 9T]POLATE HIS HUMORLESS JOKES4 ,GON]IL'S HUSB& !N 5T]S & WI%ES TO APPEASE ,LE>1 BUT ,LE> CURSES ,GON]IL1 9VOK+ = H] EI!R /]ILITY OR ! BIR? ( SU* AN 9FANT-MON/] AS W\LD RETURN LAU<T] & CONTEMPT = H] MO!RLY C>ES1 & W\LD ?US %[ H] ALL ! HORROR & PA9 CAUS$ BY A *ILD'S +RATITUDE4 

,!SE WORDS :I* EXPRESS A G5U9E FEEL+1 MI<T HAVE BE5 T\*+ HAD !Y /OOD ALONE4 ,BUT !Y >E LO/ AMONG LONG & HI<-FL[N SPEE*ES1 :I* ,LE> KEEPS 9CESSANTLY UTT]+ QUITE 9APPROPRIATELY4 ,HE EI!R 9VOKES 0BLA/S & FOGS0 UPON ! HEAD ( HIS DAU<T]1 OR DESIRES HIS CURSE TO 0PI]CE EV]Y S5SE AB\T H]10 OR ELSE APPEAL+ TO HIS [N EYES1 SAYS ?AT %\LD !Y WEEP1 HE WILL PLUCK !M \T & 0CA/ !M ) ! WAT]S ?AT !Y LOSE TO TEMP] CLAY40 ,& SO ON4 

,AFT] ?IS1 ,LE> S5DS ,K5T1 :OM HE /ILL FAILS TO RECOGNIZE1 TO HIS O!R DAU<T]1 & NOT)/&+ ! DESPAIR HE HAS JU/ MANIFE/$1 HE TALKS ) ! FOOL1 & ELICITS HIS JOKES4 ,! JOKES CONT9UE TO BE MIR?LESS & BESIDES CREAT+ AN UNPLEASANT FEEL+1 SIMIL> TO %AME1 ! USUAL EFFECT ( UNSUCCESSFUL WITTICISMS1 !Y >E ALSO SO DRAWN \T AS TO BE POSITIVELY DULL4 ,?US ! FOOL ASKS ! ,K+ :E!R HE CAN TELL :Y ONE'S NOSE /&S 9 ! MIDDLE ( ONE'S FACE8 ,LE> SAYS HE CAN NOT4-- 

0,:Y1 TO KEEP ONE'S EYES ( EI!R SIDE 'S NOSE1 ?AT :AT A MAN CAN NOT SMELL \T1 HE MAY SPY \T40 

0,CAN/ TELL H[ AN OY/] MAKES HIS %ELL80 

0,NO40 

0,NOR ,I EI!R2 BUT ,I CAN TELL :Y A SNAIL HAS A H\SE40 

0,:Y80 

0,:Y1 TO PUT HIS HEAD 92 NOT TO GIVE IT AWAY TO HIS DAU<T]S & LEAVE HIS HORNS )\T A CASE40 

0----,BE MY HORSES READY80 

0,?Y ASSES >E GONE AB\T 'EM4 ,! REASON :Y ! SEV5 />S >E NO MORE ?AN SEV5 IS A PRETTY REASON40 

0,BECAUSE !Y >E NOT EI<T80 

0,YES1 9DE$3 ?\ W\LD'/ MAKE A GOOD FOOL40 

,& SO ON4 

,AFT] ?IS L5G?Y SC5E1 A G5TLEMAN 5T]S & ANN\NCES ?AT ! HORSES >E READY4 ,! FOOL SAYS3 

0,%E ?AT'S A MAID N[1 & LAU<S AT MY DEP>TURE1 

 ,%ALL NOT BE A MAID LONG1 UNLESS ?+S BE CUT %ORT]40 

,! SECOND P>T ( ! FIR/ SC5E ( ! SECOND ACT BEG9S BY ! VILLA9 ,$MUND P]SUAD+ HIS BRO!R1 :5 !IR FA!R 5T]S1 TO PRET5D ?AT !Y >E FI<T+ ) !IR SWORDS4 ,$G> CONS5TS1 AL?\< IT IS UTT]LY 9COMPREH5SIBLE :Y HE %\LD DO SO4 ,! FA!R F9DS !M FI<T+4 ,$G> FLIES & ,$MUND SCRAT*ES HIS >M TO DRAW BLOOD & P]SUADES HIS FA!R ?AT ,$G> WAS WORK+ *>MS = ! PURPOSE ( KILL+ HIS FA!R & HAD DESIR$ ,$MUND TO HELP HIM1 BUT ?AT HE1 ,$MUND1 HAD REFUS$ & ?AT !N ,$G> FLEW AT HIM & W\ND$ HIS >M4 ,GL\CE/] BELIEVES EV]Y?+1 CURSES ,$G> & TRANSF]S ALL ! RI<TS ( ! ELD] & LEGITIMATE SON TO ! ILLEGITIMATE ,$MUND4 ,! ,DUKE1 HE>+ ( ?IS1 ALSO REW>DS ,$MUND4 

,9 ! SECOND SC5E1 9 FRONT ( ,GL\CE/]'S PALACE1 ,LE>'S NEW S]VANT1 ,K5T1 /ILL UNRECOGNIZ$ BY ,LE>1 )\T ANY REASON1 BEG9S TO ABUSE ,OSWALD1 ,GON]IL'S /EW>D1 CALL+ HIM1--0,A KNAVE1 A RASCAL1 AN EAT] ( BROK5 MEATS2 A BASE1 PR\D1 %ALL[1 BEGG>LY1 ?REE-SUIT$1 HUNDR$-P\ND1 FIL?Y1 WOR/$-/OCK+ KNAVE2--! SON & HEIR ( A MONGREL BIT*40 ,& SO ON4 ,!N DRAW+ HIS SWORD1 HE DEM&S ?AT ,OSWALD %\LD FI<T ) HIM1 SAY+ ?AT HE WILL MAKE A 0SOP O' ! MOON%9E0 ( HIM1--WORDS :I* NO COMM5TATORS CAN EXPLA94 ,:5 HE IS /OPP$1 HE CONT9UES TO GIVE V5T TO ! /RANGE/ ABUSE1 SAY+ ?AT A TAILOR MADE ,OSWALD1 AS 0A /ONE-CUTT] OR A PA9T] C\LD NOT HAVE MADE HIM SO ILL1 ?O !Y HAD BE5 BUT TWO H\RS O' ! TRADE60 ,HE FUR!R SAYS ?AT1 IF ONLY LEAVE BE GIV5 HIM1 HE WILL 0TREAD ?IS UNBOLT$ VILLA9 9TO MORT> & DAUB ! WALL ( A JAKES ) HIM40 

,?US ,K5T1 :OM NOBODY RECOGNIZES1 AL?\< BO? ! ,K+ & ! ,DUKE ( ,CORNWALL1 AS WELL AS ,GL\CE/] :O IS PRES5T1 \<T TO KN[ HIM WELL1 CONT9UES TO BRAWL1 9 ! *>ACT] ( ,LE>'S NEW S]VANT1 UNTIL HE IS TAK5 & PUT 9 ! /OCKS4 

,! ?IRD SC5E TAKES PLACE ON A HEA?4 ,$G>1 FLY+ FROM ! P]SECUTIONS ( HIS FA!R1 HIDES 9 A WOOD & TELLS ! PUBLIC :AT K9D ( LUNATICS EXI/ !RE--BEGG>S :O GO AB\T NAK$1 ?RU/ WOOD5 PRICKS & P9S 9TO !IR FLE%1 SCREAM ) WILD VOICES & 5=CE *>ITY1 & SAYS ?AT HE WI%ES TO SIMULATE SU* A LUNATIC 9 ORD] TO SAVE HIMSELF FROM P]SECUTION4 ,HAV+ COMMUNICAT$ ?IS TO ! PUBLIC1 HE RETIRES4 

,! F\R? SC5E IS AGA9 BE=E ,GL\CE/]'S CA/LE4 ,5T] ,LE> & ! FOOL4 ,LE> SEES ,K5T 9 ! /OCKS1 &1 /ILL NOT RECOGNIZ+ HIM1 IS 9FLAM$ ) RAGE AGA9/ ?OSE :O D>$ SO TO 9SULT HIS MESS5G]1 & CALLS = ! ,DUKE & ,REGAN4 ,! FOOL GOES ON ) HIS JOKES4 

,LE> ) DIFFICULTY RE/RA9S HIS IRE4 ,5T] ! ,DUKE & ,REGAN4 ,LE> COMPLA9S ( ,GON]IL BUT ,REGAN JU/IFIES H] SI/]4 ,LE> CURSES ,GON]IL1 &1 :5 ,REGAN TELLS HIM HE HAD BETT] RETURN TO H] SI/]1 HE IS 9DIGNANT & SAYS3 0,ASK H] =GIV5ESS80 & FALLS D[N ON HIS KNEES DEMON/RAT+ H[ 9DEC5T IT W\LD BE IF HE W]E ABJECTLY TO BEG FOOD & CLO?+ AS *>ITY FROM HIS [N DAU<T]1 & HE CURSES ,GON]IL ) ! /RANGE/ CURSES & ASKS :O PUT HIS S]VANT 9 ! /OCKS4 ,BE=E ,REGAN CAN ANSW]1 ,GON]IL >RIVES4 ,LE> BECOMES YET MORE EXASP]AT$ & AGA9 CURSES ,GON]IL1 BUT :5 HE IS TOLD ?AT IT WAS ! ,DUKE HIMSELF :O ORD]$ ! /OCKS1 HE DOES NOT SAY ANY?+1 BECAUSE1 AT ?IS MOM5T1 ,REGAN TELLS HIM ?AT %E CAN NOT RECEIVE HIM N[ & ?AT HE HAD BE/ RETURN TO ,GON]IL1 & ?AT 9 A MON?'S TIME %E H]SELF WILL RECEIVE HIM1 )1 H[EV]1 NOT A HUNDR$ BUT FIFTY S]VANTS4 ,LE> AGA9 CURSES ,GON]IL & DOES NOT WANT TO GO TO H]1 CONT9U+ TO HOPE ?AT ,REGAN WILL ACCEPT HIM ) ! :OLE HUNDR$ S]VANTS4 ,BUT ,REGAN SAYS %E WILL RECEIVE HIM ONLY ) TW5TY-FIVE & !N ,LE> MAKES UP HIS M9D TO GO BACK TO ,GON]IL :O ADMITS FIFTY4 ,BUT :5 ,GON]IL SAYS ?AT EV5 TW5TY-FIVE >E TOO MANY1 ,LE> P\RS =? A LONG >GUM5T AB\T ! SUP]FLU\S & ! NE$FUL BE+ RELATIVE & SAYS ?AT IF MAN IS NOT ALL[$ MORE ?AN HE NE$S1 HE IS NOT TO BE DI/+UI%$ FROM A BEA/4 ,LE>1 OR RA!R ! ACTOR :O PLAYS ,LE>'S P>T1 ADDS ?AT !RE IS NO NE$ = A LADY'S F9]Y1 :I* DOES NOT KEEP H] W>M4 ,AFT] ?IS HE FLIES 9TO A MAD FURY & SAYS ?AT TO TAKE V5GEANCE ON HIS DAU<T]S HE WILL DO SOME?+ DREADFUL BUT ?AT HE WILL NOT WEEP1 & SO HE DEP>TS4 ,A /ORM BEG9S4 

,SU* IS ! SECOND ACT1 FULL ( UNNATURAL EV5TS1 & YET MORE UNNATURAL SPEE*ES1 NOT FL[+ FROM ! POSITION ( ! *>ACT]S1--& F9I%+ ) A SC5E BETWE5 ,LE> & HIS DAU<T]S :I* MI<T HAVE BE5 P[]FUL IF IT HAD NOT BE5 P]MEAT$ ) ! MO/ ABSURDLY FOOLI%1 UNNATURAL SPEE*ES--:I*1 MOREOV]1 HAVE NO RELATION TO ! SUBJECT1--PUT 9TO ! M\? ( ,LE>4 ,LE>'S VACILLATIONS BETWE5 PRIDE1 ANG]1 & ! HOPE ( HIS DAU<T]S' GIV+ 91 W\LD BE EXCE$+LY T\*+ IF IT W]E NOT SPOIL$ BY ! V]BOSE ABSURDITIES TO :I* HE GIVES V5T1 AB\T BE+ READY TO DIVORCE HIMSELF FROM ,REGAN'S DEAD MO!R1 %\LD ,REGAN NOT BE GLAD TO RECEIVE HIM1--OR AB\T HIS CALL+ D[N 0F5 SUCK'D FROGS0 :I* HE 9VOKES1 UPON ! HEAD ( HIS DAU<T]1 OR AB\T ! HEAV5S BE+ OBLIG$ TO PATRONIZE OLD PEOPLE BECAUSE !Y !MSELVES >E OLD4 

,! ?IRD ACT BEG9S ) ?UND]1 LI<TN+1 A /ORM ( SOME SPECIAL K9D SU* AS1 ACCORD+ TO ! WORDS ( ! *>ACT]S 9 ! PIECE1 HAD NEV] BE=E TAK5 PLACE4 ,ON ! HEA?1 A G5TLEMAN TELLS ,K5T ?AT ,LE>1 BANI%$ BY HIS DAU<T]S FROM !IR HOMES1 IS RUNN+ AB\T ! HEA? ALONE1 TE>+ HIS HAIR & ?R[+ IT TO ! W9D1 & ?AT NONE BUT ! FOOL IS ) HIM4 ,9 RETURN ,K5T TELLS ! G5TLEMAN ?AT ! DUKES HAVE QU>REL$1 & ?AT ! ,FR5* >MY HAS L&$ AT ,DOV]1 &1 HAV+ COMMUNICAT$ ?IS 9TELLIG5CE1 HE DISPAT*ES ! G5TLEMAN TO ,DOV] TO MEET ,CORDELIA4 

,! SECOND SC5E ( ! ?IRD ACT ALSO TAKES PLACE ON ! HEA?1 BUT 9 ANO!R P>T ( IT4 ,LE> WALKS AB\T ! HEA? & SAYS WORDS :I* >E MEANT TO EXPRESS HIS DESPAIR3 HE DESIRES ?AT ! W9DS %\LD BL[ SO H>D ?AT !Y %\LD CRACK !IR *EEKS & ?AT ! RA9 %\LD FLOOD EV]Y?+1 ?AT LI<TN+ %\LD S+E HIS :ITE HEAD1 & ! ?UND] FLATT5 ! WORLD & DE/ROY ALL G]M5S 0?AT MAKE UNGRATEFUL MAN60 ,! FOOL KEEPS UTT]+ /ILL MORE S5SELESS WORDS4 ,5T] ,K5T4 ,LE> SAYS ?AT = SOME REASON DUR+ ?IS /ORM ALL CRIM9ALS %ALL BE F\ND \T & CONVICT$4 ,K5T1 /ILL UNRECOGNIZ$ BY ,LE>1 5DEAVORS TO P]SUADE HIM TO TAKE REFUGE 9 A HOVEL4 ,AT ?IS PO9T ! FOOL PRON\NCES A PROPHECY 9 NO WISE RELAT$ TO ! SITUATION & !Y ALL DEP>T4 

,! ?IRD SC5E IS AGA9 TRANSF]R$ TO ,GL\CE/]'S CA/LE4 ,GL\CE/] TELLS ,$MUND ?AT ! ,FR5* ,K+ HAS ALREADY L&$ ) HIS TROOPS1 & 9T5DS TO HELP ,LE>4 ,LE>N+ ?IS1 ,$MUND DECIDES TO ACCUSE HIS FA!R ( TREASON 9 ORD] ?AT HE MAY GET HIS H]ITAGE4 

,! F\R? SC5E IS AGA9 ON ! HEA? 9 FRONT ( ! HOVEL4 ,K5T 9VITES ,LE> 9TO ! HOVEL1 BUT ,LE> ANSW]S ?AT HE HAS NO REASON TO %ELT] HIMSELF FROM ! TEMPE/1 ?AT HE DOES NOT FEEL IT1 HAV+ A TEMPE/ 9 HIS M9D1 CALL$ =? BY ! +RATITUDE ( HIS DAU<T]S1 :I* EXT+UI%ES ALL ELSE4 ,?IS TRUE FEEL+1 EXPRESS$ 9 SIMPLE WORDS1 MI<T ELICIT SYMPA?Y1 BUT AMID ! 9CESSANT1 POMP\S RAV+ IT ESCAPES ONE & LOSES ITS SIGNIFICANCE4 

,! HOVEL 9TO :I* ,LE> IS L$1 TURNS \T TO BE ! SAME :I* ,$G> HAS 5T]$1 DISGUIS$ AS A MADMAN1 I4E41 NAK$4 ,$G> COMES \T ( ! HOVEL1 &1 AL?\< ALL HAVE KN[N HIM1 NO ONE RECOGNIZES HIM1--AS NO ONE RECOGNIZES ,K5T1--& ,$G>1 ,LE>1 & ! FOOL BEG9 TO SAY S5SELESS ?+S :I* CONT9UE ) 9T]RUPTIONS = MANY PAGES4 ,9 ! MIDDLE ( ?IS SC5E1 5T] ,GL\CE/]1 :O ALSO DOES NOT RECOGNIZE EI!R ,K5T OR HIS SON ,$G>1 & TELLS !M H[ HIS SON ,$G> WANT$ TO KILL HIM4 

,?IS SC5E IS AGA9 CUT %ORT BY ANO!R 9 ,GL\CE/]'S CA/LE1 DUR+ :I* ,$MUND BETRAYS HIS FA!R & ! ,DUKE PROMISES TO AV5GE HIMSELF ON ,GL\CE/]4 ,!N ! SC5E %IFTS BACK TO ,LE>4 ,K5T1 ,$G>1 ,GL\CE/]1 ,LE>1 & ! FOOL >E AT A F>M & TALK+4 ,$G> SAYS3 0,FRAT]ETTO CALLS ME1 & TELLS ME ,N]O IS AN ANGL] 9 ! LAKE ( D>KNESS44440 ,! FOOL SAYS3 0,TELL ME :E!R A MADMAN BE A G5TLEMAN OR A YEOMAN80 ,LE>1 HAV+ LO/ HIS M9D1 SAYS ?AT ! MADMAN IS A K+4 ,! FOOL SAYS NO1 ! MADMAN IS ! YEOMAN :O HAS ALL[$ HIS SON TO BECOME A G5TLEMAN4 ,LE> SCREAMS3 0,TO HAVE A ?\S& ) R$ BURN+ SPIRITS4 ,COME HISS+ 9 UPON 'EM10--:ILE ,$G> %RIEKS ?AT ! F\L FI5D BITES HIS BACK4 ,AT ?IS ! FOOL REM>KS ?AT ONE CAN NOT BELIEVE 09 ! TAM5ESS ( A WOLF1 A HORSE'S HEAL?1 A BOY'S LOVE1 OR A :ORE'S OA?40 ,!N ,LE> IMAG9ES HE IS JUDG+ HIS DAU<T]S4 0,SIT ?\ H]E1 MO/ LE>N$ JU/IC]10 SAYS HE1 ADDRESS+ ! NAK$ ,$G>2 0,?\1 SAPI5T SIR1 SIT H]E4 ,N[1 Y\ %E FOXES40 ,TO ?IS ,$G> SAYS3 0,LOOK :]E HE /&S & GL>ES6 ,WANTE/ ?\ EYES AT TRIAL1 MADAM80 0,COME O'] ! B\RN1 ,BESSY1 TO ME1----0 :ILE ! FOOL S+S3 

0,H] BOAT HA? A LEAK 

 ,& %E MU/ NOT SPEAK 

 ,:Y %E D>ES NOT COME OV] TO !E40 

,$G> GOES ON 9 HIS [N /RA94 ,K5T SUGGE/S ?AT ,LE> %\LD LIE D[N1 BUT ,LE> CONT9UES HIS IMAG9>Y TRIAL3 0,BR+ 9 !IR EVID5CE10 HE CRIES4 0,?\ ROB$ MAN ( JU/ICE1 TAKE ?Y PLACE10 HE SAYS TO ,$G>1 0& ?\0 7TO ! FOOL7 0HIS YOKE-FELL[ ( EQUITY1 B5* BY HIS SIDE4 ,Y\ >E O' ! COMMISSION1 SIT Y\ TOO10 ADDRESS+ ,K5T4 

0,PURR1 ! CAT IS GRAY10 %\TS ,$G>4 

0,>RAIGN H] FIR/1 'TIS ,GON]IL10 CRIES ,LE>4 0,I H]E TAKE MY OA? BE=E ?IS HONORABLE ASSEMBLY1 %E KICK$ ! POOR K+1 H] FA!R40 

0,COME HI!R1 MI/RESS4 ,IS Y\R NAME ,GON]IL80 SAYS ! FOOL1 ADDRESS+ ! SEAT4 

0,& H]E'S ANO!R10 CRIES ,LE>4 0,/OP H] !RE6 >MS1 >MS1 SWORD1 FIRE6 ,CORRUPTION 9 ! PLACE6 ,FALSE JU/ICE1 :Y HA/ ?\ LET H] 'SCAPE80 

,?IS RAV+ T]M9ATES BY ,LE> FALL+ ASLEEP & ,GL\CE/] P]SUAD+ ,K5T1 /ILL )\T RECOGNIZ+ HIM1 TO C>RY ,LE> TO ,DOV]1 & ,K5T & ! FOOL C>RY (F ! ,K+4 

,! SC5E IS TRANSF]R$ TO ,GL\CE/]'S CA/LE4 ,GL\CE/] HIMSELF IS AB\T TO BE ACCUS$ ( TREASON4 ,HE IS BR\<T =W>D & B\ND4 ,! ,DUKE ( ,CORNWALL PLUCKS \T ONE ( HIS EYES & SETS HIS FOOT ON IT4 ,REGAN SAYS1 0,ONE SIDE WILL MOCK ANO!R2 ! O!R TOO40 ,! ,DUKE WI%ES TO PLUCK ! O!R \T ALSO1 BUT SOME S]VANT1 = SOME REASON1 SUDD5LY TAKES ,GL\CE/]'S P>T & W\NDS ! ,DUKE4 ,REGAN KILLS ! S]VANT1 :O1 DY+1 SAYS TO ,GL\CE/] ?AT HE HAS 0ONE EYE LEFT TO SEE SOME MIS*IEF ON HIM40 ,! ,DUKE SAYS1 0,LE/ IT SEE MORE1 PREV5T IT10 & HE TE>S \T ,GL\CE/]'S O!R EYE & ?R[S IT ON ! GR\ND4 ,H]E ,REGAN SAYS ?AT IT WAS ,$MUND :O BETRAY$ HIS FA!R & !N ,GL\CE/] IMM$IATELY UND]/&S ?AT HE HAS BE5 DECEIV$ & ?AT ,$G> DID NOT WI% TO KILL HIM4 

,?US 5DS ! ?IRD ACT4 

,! F\R? ACT IS AGA9 ON ! HEA?4 ,$G>1 /ILL ATTIR$ AS A LUNATIC1 SOLILOQUIZES 9 /ILT$ T]MS AB\T ! 9/ABILITY ( =TUNE & ! ADVANTAGES ( A HUMBLE LOT4 ,!N !RE COMES TO HIM SOMEH[ 9TO ! V]Y PLACE ON ! HEA? :]E HE IS1 HIS FA!R1 ! BL9D$ ,GL\CE/]1 L$ BY AN OLD MAN4 ,9 ?AT *>ACT]I/IC ,%AKESPE>EAN LANGUAGE1--! *IEF PECULI>ITY ( :I* IS ?AT ! ?\<TS >E BR$ EI!R BY ! CONSONANCE OR ! CONTRA/S ( WORDS1--,GL\CE/] ALSO SPEAKS AB\T ! 9/ABILITY ( =TUNE4 ,HE TELLS ! OLD MAN :O LEADS HIM TO LEAVE HIM1 BUT ! OLD MAN PO9TS \T TO HIM ?AT HE CAN NOT SEE HIS WAY4 ,GL\CE/] SAYS HE HAS NO WAY & !RE=E DOES NOT REQUIRE EYES4 ,& HE >GUES AB\T HIS HAV+ /UMBL$ :5 HE SAW1 & AB\T DEFECTS (T5 PROV+ COMMODITIES4 0,AH6 DE> SON ,$G>10 HE ADDS1 0MI<T ,I BUT LIVE TO SEE !E 9 MY T\*1 ,I'D SAY ,I HAD EYES AGA940 ,$G> NAK$1 & 9 ! *>ACT] ( A LUNATIC1 HE>+ ?IS1 /ILL DOES NOT DISCLOSE HIMSELF TO HIS FA!R4 ,HE TAKES ! PLACE ( ! AG$ GUIDE & TALKS ) HIS FA!R1 :O DOES NOT RECOGNIZE HIS VOICE1 BUT REG>DS HIM AS A W&]+ MADMAN4 ,GL\CE/] AVAILS HIMSELF ( ! OPPORTUNITY TO DELIV] HIMSELF ( A WITTICISM3 0',TIS ! TIMES' PLAGUE :5 MADM5 LEAD ! BL9D10 & HE 9SI/S ON DISMISS+ ! OLD MAN1 OBVI\SLY NOT FROM MOTIVES :I* MI<T BE NATURAL TO ,GL\CE/] AT ?AT MOM5T1 BUT M]ELY 9 ORD]1 :5 LEFT ALONE ) ,$G>1 TO 5ACT ! LAT] SC5E ( ! IMAG9>Y LEAP+ FROM ! CLIFF4 

,NOT)/&+ ,$G> HAS JU/ SE5 HIS BL9D$ FA!R1 & HAS LE>N$ ?AT HIS FA!R REP5TS ( HAV+ BANI%$ HIM1 HE PUTS 9 UTT]LY UNNECESS>Y 9T]JECTIONS :I* ,%AKESPE>E MI<T KN[1 HAV+ READ !M 9 ,H>ONET'S BOOK1 BUT :I* ,$G> HAD NO MEANS ( BECOM+ ACQUA9T$ )1 & ABOVE ALL1 :I* IT WAS QUITE UNNATURAL = HIM TO REPEAT 9 HIS PRES5T POSITION4 ,HE SAYS1 0,FIVE FRI5DS HAVE BE5 9 POOR ,TOM AT ONCE3 ( LU/1 AS ,OBIDI5T2 ,HOBBIDIDANCE1 PR9CE ( DUMBNESS2 ,MAHU1 ( /EAL+2 ,MODO1 ( MURD]2 ,FLIBB]TIGIBBET1 ( MOPP+ & M[+2 :O S9CE POSSESSES *AMB]MAIDS & WAIT+ WOM540 

,HE>+ !SE WORDS1 ,GL\CE/] MAKES A PRES5T ( HIS PURSE TO ,$G>1 SAY+3 

0,?AT ,I AM SO WRET*$ 

 ,MAKES !E ! HAPPI]2 HEAV5S1 DEAL SO /ILL1 

 ,LET ! SUP]FLU\S & LU/-DIET$ MAN1 

 ,?AT SLAVES Y\R ORD9ANCE1 ?AT WILL NOT SEE 

 ,BECAUSE HE DO? NOT FEEL1 FEEL Y\R P[] QUICKLY4 

 ,SO DI/RIBUTION %\LD UNDO EXCESS1 

 ,& EA* MAN HAVE 5\<40 

,HAV+ PRON\NC$ !SE /RANGE WORDS1 ! BL9D ,GL\CE/] REQUE/S ,$G> TO LEAD HIM TO A C]TA9 CLIFF OV]HANG+ ! SEA1 & !Y DEP>T4 

,! SECOND SC5E ( ! F\R? ACT TAKES PLACE BE=E ! ,DUKE ( ,ALBANY'S PALACE4 ,GON]IL IS NOT ONLY CRUEL1 BUT ALSO DEPRAV$4 ,%E DESPISES H] HUSB& & DISCLOSES H] LOVE TO ! VILLA9 ,$MUND1 :O HAS 9H]IT$ ! TITLE ( HIS FA!R ,GL\CE/]4 ,$MUND LEAVES1 & A CONV]SATION TAKES PLACE BETWE5 ,GON]IL & H] HUSB&4 ,! ,DUKE ( ,ALBANY1 ! ONLY FIGURE ) HUMAN FEEL+S1 :O HAD ALREADY PREVI\SLY BE5 DISSATISFI$ ) HIS WIFE'S TREATM5T ( H] FA!R1 N[ RESOLUTELY TAKES ,LE>'S SIDE1 BUT EXPRESSES HIS EMOTION 9 SU* WORDS AS TO %AKE ONE'S CONFID5CE 9 HIS FEEL+4 ,HE SAYS ?AT A BE> W\LD LICK ,LE>'S REV]5CE1 ?AT IF ! HEAV5S DO NOT S5D !IR VISIBLE SPIRITS TO TAME !SE VILE (F5SES1 HUMANITY MU/ PREY ON ITSELF LIKE MON/]S1 ETC4 

,GON]IL DOES NOT LI/5 TO HIM1 & !N HE BEG9S TO ABUSE H]3 

0,SEE ?YSELF1 DEVIL6 

 ,PROP] DE=MITY SEEMS NOT 9 ! FI5D 

 ,SO HORRID AS 9 WOMAN40 

0,O VA9 FOOL10 SAYS ,GON]IL4 0,?\ *ANG$ & SELF-COV]'D ?+1 = %AME10 CONT9UES ! ,DUKE3 

0,BE-MON/] NOT ?Y FEATURE4 ,W]E'T MY FITNESS 

 ,TO LET !SE H&S OBEY MY BLOOD1 

 ,!Y >E APT 5\< TO DISLOCATE & TE> 

 ,?Y FLE% & BONES2 H[E'] ?\ >T A FI5D1 

 ,A WOMAN'S %APE DO? %IELD !E40 

,AFT] ?IS A MESS5G] 5T]S1 & ANN\NCES ?AT ! ,DUKE ( ,CORNWALL1 W\ND$ BY HIS S]VANT :IL/ PLUCK+ \T ,GL\CE/]'S EYES1 HAD DI$4 ,GON]IL IS GLAD BUT ALREADY ANTICIPATES ) FE> ?AT ,REGAN1 N[ A WID[1 WILL DEPRIVE H] ( ,$MUND4 ,H]E ! SECOND SC5E 5DS4 

,! ?IRD SC5E ( ! F\R? ACT REPRES5TS ! ,FR5* CAMP4 ,FROM A CONV]SATION BETWE5 ,K5T & A G5TLEMAN1 ! READ] OR SPECTATOR LE>NS ?AT ! ,K+ ( ,FRANCE IS NOT 9 ! CAMP & ?AT ,CORDELIA HAS RECEIV$ A LETT] FROM ,K5T & IS GREATLY GRIEV$ BY :AT %E HAS LE>N$ AB\T H] FA!R4 ,! G5TLEMAN SAYS ?AT H] FACE REM9D$ ONE ( SUN%9E & RA94 

0,H] SMILES & TE>S 

 ,W]E LIKE A BETT] DAY2 ?OSE HAPPY SMILES 

 ,?AT PLAY'D ON H] RIPE LIP SEEM'D NOT TO KN[ 

 ,:AT GUE/S W]E 9 H] EYES2 :I* P>T$ !NCE1 

 ,AS PE>LS FROM DIAMONDS DROPP'D40 

,& SO =?4 

,! G5TLEMAN SAYS ?AT ,CORDELIA DESIRES TO SEE H] FA!R1 BUT ,K5T SAYS ?AT ,LE> IS A%AM$ ( SEE+ ?IS DAU<T] :OM HE HAS TREAT$ SO UNK9DLY4 

,9 ! F\R? SC5E1 ,CORDELIA1 TALK+ ) A PHYSICIAN1 TELLS HIM ?AT ,LE> HAS BE5 SE51 ?AT HE IS QUITE MAD1 WE>+ ON HIS HEAD A WREA? ( V>I\S WE$S1 ?AT HE IS ROAM+ AB\T & ?AT %E HAS S5T SOLDI]S 9 SE>* ( HIM1 ADD+ ?AT %E DESIRES ALL SECRET REM$IES TO SPR+ ) H] TE>S1 & ! LIKE4 

,%E IS 9=M$ ?AT ! =CES ( ! ,DUKES >E APPROA*+1 BUT %E IS CONC]N$ ONLY AB\T H] FA!R & DEP>TS4 

,! FIF? SC5E ( ! F\R? ACT LIES 9 ,GL\CE/]'S CA/LE4 ,REGAN IS TALK+ ) ,OSWALD1 ,GON]IL'S /EW>D1 :O IS C>RY+ A LETT] FROM ,GON]IL TO ,$MUND1 & %E ANN\NCES TO HIM ?AT %E ALSO LOVES ,$MUND & ?AT1 BE+ A WID[1 IT IS BETT] = H] TO M>RY HIM ?AN = ,GON]IL TO DO SO1 & %E BEGS HIM TO P]SUADE H] SI/] ( ?IS4 ,FUR!R %E TELLS HIM ?AT IT WAS V]Y UNREASONABLE TO BL9D ,GL\CE/] & YET LEAVE HIM ALIVE1 & !RE=E ADVISES ,OSWALD1 %\LD HE MEET ,GL\CE/]1 TO KILL HIM1 PROMIS+ HIM A GREAT REW>D IF HE DOES ?IS4 

,9 ! SIX? SC5E1 ,GL\CE/] AGA9 APPE>S ) HIS /ILL UNRECOGNIZ$ SON ,$G>1 :O 7N[ 9 ! GUISE ( A PEASANT7 PRET5DS TO LEAD HIS FA!R TO ! CLIFF4 ,GL\CE/] IS WALK+ ALONG ON LEVEL L& BUT ,$G> P]SUADES HIM ?AT !Y >E ) DIFFICULTY ASC5D+ A /EEP HILL4 ,GL\CE/] BELIEVES ?IS4 ,$G> TELLS HIS FA!R ?AT ! NOISE ( ! SEA IS HE>D2 ,GL\CE/] BELIEVES ?IS ALSO4 ,$G> /OPS ON A LEVEL PLACE & P]SUADES HIS FA!R ?AT HE HAS ASC5D$ ! CLIFF & ?AT 9 FRONT ( HIM LIES A DREADFUL ABYSS1 & LEAVES HIM ALONE4 ,GL\CE/]1 ADDRESS+ ! GODS1 SAYS ?AT HE %AKES (F HIS AFFLICTION AS HE CAN BE> IT NO LONG]1 & ?AT HE DOES NOT CONDEMN !M--! GODS4 ,HAV+ SAID ?IS1 HE LEAPS ON ! LEVEL GR\ND & FALLS1 IMAG9+ ?AT HE HAS JUMP$ (F ! CLIFF4 ,ON ?IS OCCASION1 ,$G>1 SOLILOQUIZ+1 GIVES V5T TO A YET MORE 5TANGL$ UTT]ANCE3 

0,I KN[ NOT H[ CONCEIT MAY ROB 

 ,! TREASURY ( LIFE :5 LIFE ITSELF 

 ,YIELDS TO ! !FT2 HAD HE BE5 :]E HE ?\<T1 

 ,BY ?IS HAD ?\<T BE5 PA/40 

,HE APPROA*ES ,GL\CE/]1 9 ! *>ACT] ( YET A DIFF]5T P]SON1 & EXPRESS+ A/ONI%M5T AT ! LATT] NOT BE+ HURT BY HIS FALL FROM SU* A DREADFUL HEI<T4 ,GL\CE/] BELIEVES ?AT HE HAS FALL5 & PREP>ES TO DIE1 BUT HE FEELS ?AT HE IS ALIVE & BEG9S TO D\BT ?AT HE HAS FALL5 FROM SU* A HEI<T4 ,!N ,$G> P]SUADES HIM ?AT HE HAS 9DE$ JUMP$ FROM ! DREADFUL HEI<T & TELLS HIM ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL :O HAD BE5 ) HIM AT ! TOP WAS ! DEVIL1 AS HE HAD EYES LIKE TWO FULL MOONS & A ?\S& NOSES & WAVY HORNS4 ,GL\CE/] BELIEVES ?IS1 & IS P]SUAD$ ?AT HIS DESPAIR WAS ! WORK ( ! DEVIL1 & !RE=E DECIDES ?AT HE WILL H5CE=? DESPAIR NO MORE1 BUT WILL QUIETLY AWAIT DEA?4 ,H]EUPON 5T]S ,LE>1 = SOME REASON COV]$ ) WILD-FL[]S4 ,HE HAS LO/ HIS S5SES & SAYS ?+S WILD] ?AN BE=E4 ,HE SPEAKS AB\T CO9+1 AB\T ! MOON1 GIVES SOME ONE A Y>D--!N HE CRIES ?AT HE SEES A M\SE1 :I* HE WI%ES TO 5TICE BY A PIECE ( *EESE4 ,!N HE SUDD5LY DEM&S ! PASSWORD FROM ,$G>1 & ,$G> IMM$IATELY ANSW]S HIM ) ! WORDS 0,SWEET M>JORAM40 ,LE> SAYS1 0,PASS10 & ! BL9D ,GL\CE/]1 :O HAS NOT RECOGNIZ$ EI!R HIS SON OR ,K5T1 RECOGNIZES ! ,K+'S VOICE4 

,!N ! ,K+1 AFT] HIS DISCONNECT$ UTT]ANCES1 SUDD5LY BEG9S TO SPEAK IRONICALLY AB\T FLATT]]S1 :O AGRE$ TO ALL HE SAID1 0,AYE1 & NO1 TOO1 WAS NO GOOD DIV9ITY10 BUT1 :5 HE GOT 9TO A /ORM )\T %ELT]1 HE SAW ALL ?IS WAS NOT TRUE2 & !N GOES ON TO SAY ?AT AS ALL CREATION ADDICTS ITSELF TO ADULT]Y1 & ,GL\CE/]'S BA/>D SON HAD TREAT$ HIS FA!R MORE K9DLY ?AN HIS DAU<T]S HAD TREAT$ HIM 7AL?\< ,LE>1 ACCORD+ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! DRAMA1 C\LD NOT KN[ H[ ,$MUND HAD TREAT$ ,GL\CE/]71 !RE=E1 LET DISSOLUT5ESS PROSP]1 ! MORE SO AS1 BE+ A ,K+1 HE NE$S SOLDI]S4 ,HE H]E ADDRESSES AN IMAG9>Y HYPOCRITICALLY VIRTU\S LADY :O ACTS ! PRUDE1 :]EAS 

0,! FIT*EW NOR ! SOIL$ HORSE GOES TO'T 

 ,) A MORE RIOT\S APPETITE4 

 ,ALL WOM5 9H]IT ! GODS ONLY TO ! GIRDLE 

 ,B5EA? IS ALL ! FI5D'S0-- 

&1 SAY+ ?IS1 ,LE> SCREAMS & SPITS FROM HORROR4 ,?IS MONOLOGUE IS EVID5TLY MEANT TO BE ADDRESS$ BY ! ACTOR TO ! AUDI5CE1 & PROBABLY PRODUCES AN EFFECT ON ! /AGE1 BUT IT IS UTT]LY UNCALL$ = 9 ! M\? ( ,LE>1 EQUALLY ) HIS WORDS3 0,IT SMELLS ( MORTALITY10 UTT]$ :ILE WIP+ HIS H&1 AS ,GL\CE/] EXPRESSES A DESIRE TO KISS IT4 ,!N ,GL\CE/]'S BL9DNESS IS REF]R$ TO1 :I* GIVES OCCASION = A PLAY ( WORDS ON EYES1 AB\T BL9D ,CUPID1 AT :I* ,LE> SAYS TO ,GL\CE/]1 0,NO EYES 9 Y\R HEAD1 NOR NO MONEY 9 Y\R PURSE8 ,Y\R EYES >E 9 A  
HEAVY CASE1 Y\R PURSE 9 A LI<T40 ,!N ,LE> DECLAIMS A MONOLOGUE ON ! UNFAIRNESS ( LEGAL JUDGM5T1 :I* IS QUITE \T ( PLACE 9 ! M\? ( ! 9SANE ,LE>4 ,AFT] ?IS1 5T] A G5TLEMAN ) ATT5DANTS S5T BY ,CORDELIA TO FET* H] FA!R4 ,LE> CONT9UES TO ACT AS A MADMAN & RUNS AWAY4 ,! G5TLEMAN S5T TO FET* ,LE>1 DOES NOT RUN AFT] HIM1 BUT L5G?ILY DESCRIBES TO ,$G> ! POSITION ( ! ,FR5* & ,BRITI% >MIES4 ,OSWALD 5T]S1 & SEE+ ,GL\CE/]1 & DESIR+ TO RECEIVE ! REW>D PROMIS$ BY ,REGAN1 ATTACKS HIM1 BUT ,$G> ) HIS CLUB KILLS ,OSWALD1 :O1 9 DY+1 TRANSMITS TO HIS MURD]]1 ,$G>1 ,GON]IL'S LETT] TO ,$MUND1 ! DELIV]Y ( :I* W\LD 9SURE REW>D4 ,9 ?IS LETT] ,GON]IL PROMISES TO KILL H] HUSB& & M>RY ,$MUND4 ,$G> DRAGS \T ,OSWALD'S BODY BY ! LEGS & !N RETURNS & LEADS HIS FA!R AWAY4 

,! SEV5? SC5E ( ! F\R? ACT TAKES PLACE 9 A T5T 9 ! ,FR5* CAMP4 ,LE> IS ASLEEP ON A B$4 ,5T] ,CORDELIA & ,K5T1 /ILL 9 DISGUISE4 ,LE> IS AWAK5$ BY ! MUSIC1 &1 SEE+ ,CORDELIA1 DOES NOT BELIEVE %E IS A LIV+ BE+1 ?9KS %E IS AN APP>ITION1 DOES NOT BELIEVE ?AT HE HIMSELF IS ALIVE4 ,CORDELIA ASSURES HIM ?AT %E IS HIS DAU<T]1 & BEGS HIM TO BLESS H]4 ,HE FALLS ON HIS KNEES BE=E H]1 BEGS H] P>DON1 ACKN[L$GES ?AT HE IS AS OLD & FOOLI%1 SAYS HE IS READY TO TAKE POISON1 :I* HE ?9KS %E HAS PROBABLY PREP>$ = HIM1 AS HE IS P]SUAD$ %E MU/ HATE HIM4 70,= Y\R SI/]S10 HE SAYS1 0HAVE DONE ME WRONG3 Y\ HAVE SOME CAUSE1 !Y HAVE NOT407 ,!N HE GRADUALLY COMES TO HIS S5SES & CEASES TO RAVE4 ,HIS DAU<T] SUGGE/S ?AT HE %\LD TAKE A WALK4 ,HE CONS5TS & SAYS3 0,Y\ MU/ BE> ) ME4 ,PRAY Y\ N[ =GET & =GIVE3 ,I AM OLD & FOOLI%40 ,!Y DEP>T4 ,! G5TLEMAN & ,K5T1 REMA9+ ON ! SC5E1 HOLD A CONV]SATION :I* EXPLA9S TO ! SPECTATOR ?AT ,$MUND IS AT ! HEAD ( ! TROOPS & ?AT A BATTLE MU/ SOON BEG9 BETWE5 ,LE>'S DEF5D]S & HIS 5EMIES4 ,SO ! F\R? ACT CLOSES4 

,9 ?IS F\R? ACT1 ! SC5E BETWE5 ,LE> & HIS DAU<T] MI<T HAVE BE5 T\*+ IF IT HAD NOT BE5 PREC$$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ! E>LI] ACTS BY ! T$I\SLY DRAWN \T1 MONOTON\S RAV+S ( ,LE>1 & IF1 MOREOV]1 ?IS EXPRESSION ( HIS FEEL+S CON/ITUT$ ! LA/ SC5E4 ,BUT ! SC5E IS NOT ! LA/4 

,9 ! FIF? ACT1 ! =M] COLDLY POMP\S1 >TIFICIAL RAV+S ( ,LE> GO ON AGA91 DE/ROY+ ! IMPRESSION :I* ! PREVI\S SC5E MI<T HAVE PRODUC$4 

,! FIR/ SC5E ( ! FIF? ACT AT FIR/ REPRES5TS ,$MUND & ,REGAN2 ! LATT] IS JEAL\S ( H] SI/] & MAKES AN (F]4 ,!N COME ,GON]IL1 H] HUSB&1 & SOME SOLDI]S4 ,! ,DUKE ( ,ALBANY1 AL?\< PITY+ ,LE>1 REG>DS IT AS HIS DUTY TO FI<T ) ! ,FR5* :O HAVE 9VAD$ HIS C\NTRY1 & SO HE PREP>ES = BATTLE4 

,!N ,$G> 5T]S1 /ILL DISGUIS$1 & H&S TO ! ,DUKE ( ,ALBANY ! LETT] HE HAD RECEIV$ FROM ,GON]IL'S DY+ /EW>D1 & TELLS HIM IF HE GA9S ! VICTORY TO S\ND ! TRUMPET1 SAY+ ?AT HE CAN PRODUCE A *AMPION :O WILL CONFIRM ! CONT5TS ( ! LETT]4 

,9 ! SECOND SC5E1 ,$G> 5T]S LEAD+ HIS FA!R ,GL\CE/]1 SEATS HIM BY A TREE1 & GOES AWAY HIMSELF4 ,! NOISE ( BATTLE IS HE>D1 ,$G> RUNS BACK & SAYS ?AT ! BATTLE IS LO/ & ,LE> & ,CORDELIA >E PRISON]S4 ,GL\CE/] AGA9 FALLS 9TO DESPAIR4 ,$G>1 /ILL )\T DISCLOS+ HIMSELF TO HIS FA!R1 C\NSELS 5DURANCE1 & ,GL\CE/] IMM$IATELY AGREES ) HIM4 

,! ?IRD SC5E OP5S ) A TRIUMPHAL PROGRESS ( ! VICTOR ,$MUND4 ,LE> & ,CORDELIA >E PRISON]S4 ,LE>1 AL?\< NO LONG] 9SANE1 CONT9UES TO UTT] ! SAME S5SELESS1 9APPROPRIATE WORDS1 AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT 9 PRISON HE WILL S+ ) ,CORDELIA1 %E WILL ASK HIS BLESS+1 & HE WILL KNEEL D[N 7?IS PROCESS ( KNEEL+ D[N IS REPEAT$ ?REE TIMES7 & WILL ASK H] =GIV5ESS4 ,& HE FUR!R SAYS ?AT1 :ILE !Y >E LIV+ 9 PRISON1 !Y WILL WE> \T 0PACKS & SECTS ( GREAT ONES02 ?AT HE & ,CORDELIA >E SACRIFICES UPON :I* ! GODS WILL ?R[ 9C5SE1 & ?AT HE ?AT P>TS !M 0%ALL BR+ A BR& FROM HEAV5 & FIRE !M LIKE FOXES2 ?AT HE WILL NOT WEEP1 & ?AT ! PLAGUE %ALL SOON] DEV\R HIS EYES1 FLE% & FELL1 ?AN !Y %ALL MAKE !M WEEP40 

,$MUND ORD]S ,LE> & HIS DAU<T] TO BE L$ AWAY TO PRISON1 &1 HAV+ CALL$ ! (FIC] TO DO ?IS1 SAYS HE REQUIRES ANO!R DUTY & ASKS HIM :E!R HE'LL DO IT8 ,! CAPTA9 SAYS HE CAN NOT DRAW A C>T NOR EAT DRI$ OATS1 BUT IF IT BE M5'S WORK HE CAN DO IT4 ,5T] ! ,DUKE ( ,ALBANY1 ,GON]IL1 & ,REGAN4 ,! ,DUKE ( ,ALBANY WI%ES TO *AMPION ,LE>1 BUT ,$MUND DOES NOT ALL[ IT4 ,! DAU<T]S TAKE P>T 9 ! DIALOGUE & BEG9 TO ABUSE EA* O!R1 BE+ JEAL\S ( ,$MUND4 ,H]E EV]Y?+ BECOMES SO CONFUS$ ?AT IT IS DIFFICULT TO FOLL[ ! ACTION4 ,! ,DUKE ( ,ALBANY WI%ES TO >RE/ ,$MUND1 & TELLS ,REGAN ?AT ,$MUND HAS LONG AGO 5T]$ 9TO GUILTY RELATIONS ) HIS WIFE1 & ?AT1 !RE=E1 ,REGAN MU/ GIVE UP H] CLAIMS ON ,$MUND1 & IF %E WI%ES TO M>RY1 %\LD M>RY HIM1 ! ,DUKE ( ,ALBANY4 

,HAV+ SAID ?IS1 ! ,DUKE ( ,ALBANY CALLS ,$MUND1 ORD]S ! TRUMPET TO BE S\ND$1 SAY+ ?AT1 IF NO ONE APPE>S1 HE WILL FI<T HIM HIMSELF4 

,H]E ,REGAN1 :OM ,GON]IL HAS EVID5TLY POISON$1 FALLS DEADLY SICK4 ,TRUMPETS >E S\ND$ & ,$G> 5T]S ) A VISOR CONCEAL+ HIS FACE1 &1 )\T GIV+ HIS NAME1 *ALL5GES ,$MUND4 ,$G> ABUSES ,$MUND2 ,$MUND ?R[S ALL ! ABUSES BACK ON ,$G>'S HEAD4 ,!Y FI<T & ,$MUND FALLS4 ,GON]IL IS 9 DESPAIR4 ,! ,DUKE ( ,ALBANY %[S ,GON]IL H] LETT]4 ,GON]IL DEP>TS4 

,! DY+ ,$MUND DISCOV]S ?AT HIS OPPON5T WAS HIS BRO!R4 ,$G> RAISES HIS VISOR & PRON\NCES A MORAL LESSON TO ! EFFECT ?AT1 HAV+ BEGOTT5 HIS ILLEGITIMATE SON ,$MUND1 ! FA!R HAS PAID = IT ) HIS EYESI<T4 ,AFT] ?IS ,$G> TELLS ! ,DUKE ( ,ALBANY HIS ADV5TURES & H[ HE HAS ONLY JU/ N[1 BE=E 5T]+ ON ! REC5T COMBAT1 DISCLOS$ EV]Y?+ TO HIS FA!R1 & ! FA!R C\LD NOT BE> IT & DI$ FROM EMOTION4 ,$MUND IS NOT YET DEAD1 & WANTS TO KN[ ALL ?AT HAS TAK5 PLACE4 

,!N ,$G> RELATES ?AT1 :ILE HE WAS SITT+ OV] HIS FA!R'S BODY1 A MAN CAME & CLOSELY EMBRAC$ HIM1 &1 %\T+ AS L\DLY AS IF HE WI%$ TO BUR/ HEAV51 ?REW HIMSELF ON ! BODY ( ,$G>'S FA!R1 & TOLD ! MO/ PITE\S TALE AB\T ,LE> & HIMSELF1 & ?AT :ILE RELAT+ ?IS ! /R+S ( LIFE BEGAN TO CRACK1 BUT AT ?IS MOM5T ! TRUMPET S\ND$ TWICE & ,$G> LEFT HIM 0TRANC$0--& ?IS WAS ,K5T4 

,$G> HAS H>DLY F9I%$ ?IS N>RATIVE :5 A G5TLEMAN RU%ES 9 ) A BLOODY KNIFE1 %\T+ 0,HELP60 ,9 ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION1 0,:O IS KILL$80 ! G5TLEMAN SAYS ?AT ,GON]IL HAS BE5 KILL$1 HAV+ POISON$ H] SI/]1 %E HAS CONFESS$ IT4 

,5T]S ,K5T1 & AT ?IS MOM5T ! CORPSES ( ,GON]IL & ,REGAN >E BR\<T 94 ,$MUND H]E SAYS ?AT ! SI/]S EVID5TLY LOV$ HIM1 AS ONE HAS POISON$ ! O!R = HIS SAKE1 & !N SLA9 H]SELF4 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE CONFESSES ?AT HE HAD GIV5 ORD]S TO KILL ,LE> & TO HANG ,CORDELIA 9 PRISON1 & PRET5D ?AT %E HAD TAK5 H] [N LIFE2 BUT N[ HE WI%ES TO PREV5T !SE DE$S1 & HAV+ SAID ?IS HE DIES1 & IS C>RI$ AWAY4 

,AFT] ?IS 5T]S ,LE> ) ! DEAD ,CORDELIA 9 HIS >MS1 AL?\< HE IS MORE ?AN EI<TY YE>S OLD & ILL4 ,AGA9 BEG9S ,LE>'S AWFUL RAV+S1 AT :I* ONE FEELS A%AM$ AS AT UNSUCCESSFUL JOKES4 ,LE> DEM&S ?AT ALL %\LD H[L1 &1 ALT]NATELY1 BELIEVES ?AT ,CORDELIA IS DEAD & ?AT %E IS ALIVE4 

0,HAD ,I Y\R TONGUES & EYES10 HE SAYS 0,I'D USE !M SO ?AT HEAV5'S VAULT %\LD CRACK40 

,!N HE SAYS ?AT HE KILL$ ! SLAVE :O HANG$ ,CORDELIA4 ,NEXT HE SAYS ?AT HIS EYES SEE BADLY1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME HE RECOGNIZES ,K5T :OM ALL ALONG HE HAD NOT RECOGNIZ$4 

,! ,DUKE ( ,ALBANY SAYS ?AT HE WILL RESIGN DUR+ ! LIFE ( ,LE> & ?AT HE WILL REW>D ,$G> & ,K5T & ALL :O HAVE BE5 FAI?FUL TO HIM4 ,AT ?IS MOM5T ! NEWS IS BR\<T ?AT ,$MUND IS DEAD1 & ,LE>1 CONT9U+ HIS RAV+S1 BEGS ?AT !Y WILL UNDO ONE ( HIS BUTTONS--! SAME REQUE/ :I* HE HAD MADE :5 ROAM+ AB\T ! HEA?4 ,HE EXPRESSES HIS ?ANKS = ?IS1 TELLS EV]YONE TO LOOK AT SOME?+1 & !REUPON DIES4 

,9 CONCLUSION1 ! ,DUKE ( ,ALBANY1 HAV+ SURVIV$ ! O!RS1 SAYS3 

0,! WEI<T ( ?IS SAD TIME WE MU/ OBEY2 

 ,SPEAK :AT WE FEEL1 NOT :AT WE \<T TO SAY4 

 ,! OLDE/ HA? BORNE MO/3 WE ?AT >E Y\NG 

 ,%ALL NEV] SEE SO MU*1 NOR LIVE SO LONG40 

,ALL DEP>T TO ! MUSIC ( A DEAD M>*4 ,?US 5DS ! FIF? ACT & ! DRAMA4 

O ,*APT] #c 

,SU* IS ?IS CELEBRAT$ DRAMA4 ,H[EV] ABSURD IT MAY APPE> 9 MY R5D]+ 7:I* ,I HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO MAKE AS IMP>TIAL AS POSSIBLE71 ,I MAY CONFID5TLY SAY ?AT 9 ! ORIG9AL IT IS YET MORE ABSURD4 ,= ANY MAN ( \R TIME--IF HE W]E NOT UND] ! HYPNOTIC SUGGE/ION ?AT ?IS DRAMA IS ! HEI<T ( P]FECTION--IT W\LD BE 5\< TO READ IT TO ITS 5D 7W]E HE TO HAVE SUFFICI5T PATI5CE = ?IS7 TO BE CONV9C$ ?AT F> FROM BE+ ! HEI<T ( P]FECTION1 IT IS A V]Y BAD1 C>ELESSLY COMPOS$ PRODUCTION1 :I*1 IF IT C\LD HAVE BE5 ( 9T]E/ TO A C]TA9 PUBLIC AT A C]TA9 TIME1 CAN NOT EVOKE AMONG US ANY?+ BUT AV]SION & WE>9ESS4 ,EV]Y READ] ( \R TIME1 :O IS FREE FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( SUGGE/ION1 WILL ALSO RECEIVE EXACTLY ! SAME IMPRESSION FROM ALL ! O!R EXTOLL$ DRAMAS ( ,%AKESPE>E1 NOT TO M5TION ! S5SELESS1 DRAMATIZ$ TALES1 0,P]ICLES10 0,TWELF? ,NI<T10 0,! ,TEMPE/10 0,CYMBEL9E10 0,TROILUS & ,CRESSIDA40 

,BUT SU* FREE-M9D$ 9DIVIDUALS1 NOT 9OCULAT$ ) ,%AKESPE>E-WOR%IP1 >E NO LONG] TO BE F\ND 9 \R ,*RI/IAN SOCIETY4 ,EV]Y MAN ( \R SOCIETY & TIME1 FROM ! FIR/ P]IOD ( HIS CONSCI\S LIFE1 HAS BE5 9OCULAT$ ) ! IDEA ?AT ,%AKESPE>E IS A G5IUS1 A POET1 & A DRAMATI/1 & ?AT ALL HIS WRIT+S >E ! HEI<T ( P]FECTION4 ,YET1 H[EV] HOPELESS IT MAY SEEM1 ,I WILL 5DEAVOR TO DEMON/RATE 9 ! SELECT$ DRAMA--0,K+ ,LE>0--ALL ?OSE FAULTS EQUALLY *>ACT]I/IC ALSO ( ALL ! O!R TRAG$IES & COM$IES ( ,%AKESPE>E1 ON ACC\NT ( :I* HE NOT ONLY IS NOT REPRES5T+ A MODEL ( DRAMATIC >T1 BUT DOES NOT SATISFY ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y DEM&S ( >T RECOGNIZ$ BY ALL4 

,DRAMATIC >T1 ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS E/ABLI%$ BY ?OSE V]Y CRITICS :O EXTOLL ,%AKESPE>E1 DEM&S ?AT ! P]SONS REPRES5T$ 9 ! PLAY %\LD BE1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ACTIONS PROP] TO !IR *>ACT]S1 & [+ TO A NATURAL C\RSE ( EV5TS1 PLAC$ 9 POSITIONS REQUIR+ !M TO /RUGGLE ) ! SURR\ND+ WORLD TO :I* !Y F9D !MSELVES 9 OPPOSITION1 & 9 ?IS /RUGGLE %\LD DISPLAY !IR 9H]5T QUALITIES4 

,9 0,K+ ,LE>0 ! P]SONS REPRES5T$ >E 9DE$ PLAC$ EXT]NALLY 9 OPPOSITION TO ! \TW>D WORLD1 & !Y /RUGGLE ) IT4 ,BUT !IR /RIFE DOES NOT FL[ FROM ! NATURAL C\RSE ( EV5TS NOR FROM !IR [N *>ACT]S1 BUT IS QUITE >BITR>ILY E/ABLI%$ BY ! AU?OR1 & !RE=E CAN NOT PRODUCE ON ! READ] ! ILLUSION :I* REPRES5TS ! ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( >T4 

,LE> HAS NO NECESSITY OR MOTIVE = HIS ABDICATION2 ALSO1 HAV+ LIV$ ALL HIS LIFE ) HIS DAU<T]S1 HAS NO REASON TO BELIEVE ! WORDS ( ! TWO ELD]S & NOT ! TRU?FUL /ATEM5T ( ! Y\NGE/2 YET UPON ?IS IS BUILT ! :OLE TRAG$Y ( HIS POSITION4 

,SIMIL>LY UNNATURAL IS ! SUBORD9ATE ACTION3 ! RELATION ( ,GL\CE/] TO HIS SONS4 ,! POSITIONS ( ,GL\CE/] & ,$G> FL[ FROM ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ,GL\CE/]1 JU/ LIKE ,LE>1 IMM$IATELY BELIEVES ! CO>SE/ UNTRU? & DOES NOT EV5 5DEAVOR TO 9QUIRE ( HIS 9JUR$ SON :E!R :AT HE IS ACCUS$ ( BE TRUE1 BUT AT ONCE CURSES & BANI%ES HIM4 ,! FACT ?AT ,LE>'S RELATIONS ) HIS DAU<T]S >E ! SAME AS ?OSE ( ,GL\CE/] TO HIS SONS MAKES ONE FEEL YET MORE /RONGLY ?AT 9 BO? CASES ! RELATIONS >E QUITE >BITR>Y1 & DO NOT FL[ FROM ! *>ACT]S NOR ! NATURAL C\RSE ( EV5TS4 ,EQUALLY UNNATURAL1 & OBVI\SLY 9V5T$1 IS ! FACT ?AT ALL ?R\< ! TRAG$Y ,LE> DOES NOT RECOGNIZE HIS OLD C\RTI]1 ,K5T1 & !RE=E ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ,LE> & ,K5T FAIL TO EXCITE ! SYMPA?Y ( ! READ] OR SPECTATOR4 ,! SAME1 9 A YET GREAT] DEGREE1 HOLDS TRUE ( ! POSITION ( ,$G>1 :O1 UNRECOGNIZ$ BY ANY ONE1 LEADS HIS BL9D FA!R & P]SUADES HIM ?AT HE HAS LEAP$ (F A CLIFF1 :5 9 REALITY ,GL\CE/] JUMPS ON LEVEL GR\ND4 

,!SE POSITIONS1 9TO :I* ! *>ACT]S >E PLAC$ QUITE >BITR>ILY1 >E SO UNNATURAL ?AT ! READ] OR SPECTATOR IS UNABLE NOT ONLY TO SYMPA?IZE ) !IR SUFF]+S BUT EV5 TO BE 9T]E/$ 9 :AT HE READS OR SEES4 ,?IS 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

,SECONDLY1 9 ?IS1 AS 9 ! O!R DRAMAS ( ,%AKESPE>E1 ALL ! *>ACT]S LIVE1 ?9K1 SPEAK1 & ACT QUITE UNCON=MABLY ) ! GIV5 TIME & PLACE4 ,! ACTION ( 0,K+ ,LE>0 TAKES PLACE #h YE>S B4C41 & YET ! *>ACT]S >E PLAC$ 9 CONDITIONS POSSIBLE ONLY 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES3 P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! DRAMA >E K+S1 DUKES1 >MIES1 & ILLEGITIMATE *ILDR51 & G5TLEM51 C\RTI]S1 DOCTORS1 F>M]S1 (FIC]S1 SOLDI]S1 & KNI<TS ) VISORS1 ETC4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT SU* ANA*RONISMS 7) :I* ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS AB\ND7 DID NOT 9JURE ! POSSIBILITY ( ILLUSION 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY & ! BEG9N+ ( ! SEV5TE5?1 BUT 9 \R TIME IT IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE TO FOLL[ ) 9T]E/ ! DEVELOPM5T ( EV5TS :I* ONE KN[S C\LD NOT TAKE PLACE 9 ! CONDITIONS :I* ! AU?OR DESCRIBES 9 DETAIL4 ,! >TIFICIALITY ( ! POSITIONS1 NOT FL[+ FROM ! NATURAL C\RSE ( EV5TS1 OR FROM ! NATURE ( ! *>ACT]S1 & !IR WANT ( CON=MITY ) TIME & SPACE1 IS FUR!R 9CREAS$ BY ?OSE CO>SE EMBELLI%M5TS :I* >E CONT9UALLY ADD$ BY ,%AKESPE>E & 9T5D$ TO APPE> P>TICUL>LY T\*+4 ,! EXTRAORD9>Y /ORM DUR+ :I* ,K+ ,LE> ROAMS AB\T ! HEA?1 OR ! GRASS :I* = SOME REASON HE PUTS ON HIS HEAD--LIKE ,OPHELIA 9 0,HAMLET0--OR ,$G>'S ATTIRE1 OR ! FOOL'S SPEE*ES1 OR ! APPE>ANCE ( ! HELMET$ HORSEMAN1 ,$G>--ALL !SE EFFECTS NOT ONLY FAIL TO 5HANCE ! IMPRESSION1 BUT PRODUCE AN OPPOSITE EFFECT4 0,MAN SIEHT DIE ,ABSI*T UND MAN WIRD V]/IMMT10 AS ,GOE! SAYS4 ,IT (T5 HAPP5S ?AT EV5 DUR+ !SE OBVI\SLY 9T5TIONAL EF=TS AFT] EFFECT1 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! DRAGG+ \T BY ! LEGS ( HALF A DOZ5 CORPSES1 ) :I* ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S TRAG$IES T]M9ATE1 9/EAD ( FEEL+ FE> & PITY1 ONE IS TEMPT$ RA!R TO LAU<4 

O ,*APT] #d 

,BUT IT IS NOT 5\< ?AT ,%AKESPE>E'S *>ACT]S >E PLAC$ 9 TRAGIC POSITIONS :I* >E IMPOSSIBLE1 DO NOT FL[ FROM ! C\RSE ( EV5TS1 >E 9APPROPRIATE TO TIME & SPACE--!SE P]SONAGES1 BESIDES ?IS1 ACT 9 A WAY :I* IS \T ( KEEP+ ) !IR DEF9ITE *>ACT]1 & IS QUITE >BITR>Y4 ,IT IS G5]ALLY ASS]T$ ?AT 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS ! *>ACT]S >E SPECIALLY WELL EXPRESS$1 ?AT1 NOT)/&+ !IR VIVIDNESS1 !Y >E MANY-SID$1 LIKE ?OSE ( LIV+ PEOPLE2 ?AT1 :ILE EXHIBIT+ ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( A GIV5 9DIVIDUAL1 !Y AT ! SAME TIME WE> ! FEATURES ( MAN 9 G5]AL2 IT IS USUAL TO SAY ?AT ! DEL9EATION ( *>ACT] 9 ,%AKESPE>E IS ! HEI<T ( P]FECTION4 

,?IS IS ASS]T$ ) SU* CONFID5CE & REPEAT$ BY ALL AS 9DISPUTABLE TRU?2 BUT H[EV] MU* ,I 5DEAVOR$ TO F9D CONFIRMATION ( ?IS 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS1 ,I ALWAYS F\ND ! OPPOSITE4 ,9 READ+ ANY ( ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS :ATEV]1 ,I WAS1 FROM ! V]Y FIR/1 9/ANTLY CONV9C$ ?AT HE WAS LACK+ 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT1 IF NOT ! ONLY1 MEANS ( PORTRAY+ *>ACT]S3 9DIVIDUALITY ( LANGUAGE1  
I4E41 ! /YLE ( SPEE* ( EV]Y P]SON BE+ NATURAL TO HIS *>ACT]4 ,?IS IS ABS5T FROM ,%AKESPE>E4 ,ALL HIS *>ACT]S SPEAK1 NOT !IR [N1 BUT ALWAYS ONE & ! SAME ,%AKESPE>IAN1 PRET5TI\S1 & UNNATURAL LANGUAGE1 9 :I* NOT ONLY !Y C\LD NOT SPEAK1 BUT 9 :I* NO LIV+ MAN EV] HAS SPOK5 OR DOES SPEAK4 

,NO LIV+ M5 C\LD OR CAN SAY1 AS ,LE> SAYS1 ?AT HE W\LD DIVORCE HIS WIFE 9 ! GRAVE %\LD ,REGAN NOT RECEIVE HIM1 OR ?AT ! HEAV5S W\LD CRACK ) %\T+1 OR ?AT ! W9DS W\LD BUR/1 OR ?AT ! W9D WI%ES TO BL[ ! L& 9TO ! SEA1 OR ?AT ! CURL$ WAT]S WI% TO FLOOD ! %ORE1 AS ! G5TLEMAN DESCRIBES ! /ORM1 OR ?AT IT IS EASI] TO BE> ONE'S GRIEF & ! S\L LEAPS OV] MANY SUFF]+S :5 GRIEF F9DS FELL[%IP1 OR ?AT ,LE> HAS BECOME *ILDLESS :ILE ,I AM FA!RLESS1 AS ,$G> SAYS1 OR USE SIMIL> UNNATURAL EXPRESSIONS ) :I* ! SPEE*ES ( ALL ! *>ACT]S 9 ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS OV]FL[4 

,AGA91 IT IS NOT 5\< ?AT ALL ! *>ACT]S SPEAK 9 A WAY 9 :I* NO LIV+ M5 EV] DID OR C\LD SPEAK--!Y ALL SUFF] FROM A COMMON 9TEMP]ANCE ( LANGUAGE4 ,?OSE :O >E 9 LOVE1 :O >E PREP>+ = DEA?1 :O >E FI<T+1 :O >E DY+1 ALL ALIKE SPEAK MU* & UNEXPECT$LY AB\T SUBJECTS UTT]LY 9APPROPRIATE TO ! OCCASION1 BE+ EVID5TLY GUID$ RA!R BY CONSONANCES & PLAY ( WORDS ?AN BY ?\<TS4 ,!Y SPEAK ALL ALIKE4 ,LE> RAVES EXACTLY AS DOES ,$G> :5 FEIGN+ MADNESS4 ,BO? ,K5T & ! FOOL SPEAK ALIKE4 ,! WORDS ( ONE ( ! P]SONAGES MI<T BE PLAC$ 9 ! M\? ( ANO!R1 & BY ! *>ACT] ( ! SPEE* IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO DI/+UI% :O SPEAKS4 ,IF !RE IS A DIFF]5CE 9 ! SPEE* ( ,%AKESPE>E'S V>I\S *>ACT]S1 IT LIES M]ELY 9 ! DIFF]5T DIALOGUES :I* >E PRON\NC$ = !SE *>ACT]S--AGA9 BY ,%AKESPE>E & NOT BY !MSELVES4 ,?US ,%AKESPE>E ALWAYS SPEAKS = K+S 9 ONE & ! SAME 9FLAT$1 EMPTY LANGUAGE4 ,ALSO 9 ONE & ! SAME ,%AKESPE>IAN1 >TIFICIALLY S5TIM5TAL LANGUAGE SPEAK ALL ! WOM5 :O >E 9T5D$ TO BE POETIC3 ,JULIET1 ,DESDEMONA1 ,CORDELIA1 ,IMOG51 ,M>9A4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 ALSO1 IT IS ,%AKESPE>E ALONE :O SPEAKS = HIS VILLA9S3 ,RI*>D1 ,$MUND1 ,IAGO1 ,MACBE?1 EXPRESS+ = !M ?OSE VICI\S FEEL+S :I* VILLA9S NEV] EXPRESS4 ,YET MORE SIMIL> >E ! SPEE*ES ( ! MADM5 ) !IR HORRIBLE WORDS1 & ?OSE ( FOOLS ) !IR MIR?LESS PUNS4 ,SO ?AT 9 ,%AKESPE>E !RE IS NO LANGUAGE ( LIV+ 9DIVIDUALS--?AT LANGUAGE :I* 9 ! DRAMA IS ! *IEF MEANS ( SETT+ =? *>ACT]4 ,IF GE/ICULATION BE ALSO A MEANS ( EXPRESS+ *>ACT]1 AS 9 BALLETS1 ?IS IS ONLY A SECOND>Y MEANS4 ,MOREOV]1 IF ! *>ACT]S SPEAK AT R&OM & 9 A R&OM WAY1 & ALL 9 ONE & ! SAME DICTION1 AS IS ! CASE 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S WORK1 !N EV5 ! ACTION ( GE/ICULATION IS WA/$4 ,!RE=E1 :ATEV] ! BL9D PANEGYRI/S ( ,%AKESPE>E MAY SAY1 9 ,%AKESPE>E !RE IS NO EXPRESSION ( *>ACT]4 ,?OSE P]SONAGES :O1 9 HIS DRAMAS1 /& \T AS *>ACT]S1 >E *>ACT]S BORR[$ BY HIM FROM =M] WORKS :I* HAVE S]V$ AS ! F\NDATION ( HIS DRAMAS1 & !Y >E MO/LY DEPICT$1 NOT BY ! DRAMATIC ME?OD :I* CONSI/S 9 MAK+ EA* P]SON SPEAK ) HIS [N DICTION1 BUT 9 ! EPIC ME?OD ( ONE P]SON DESCRIB+ ! FEATURES ( ANO!R4 

,! P]FECTION ) :I* ,%AKESPE>E EXPRESSES *>ACT] IS ASS]T$ *IEFLY ON ! GR\ND ( ! *>ACT]S ( ,LE>1 ,CORDELIA1 ,O!LLO1 ,DESDEMONA1 ,FAL/AFF1 & ,HAMLET4 ,BUT ALL !SE *>ACT]S1 AS WELL AS ALL ! O!RS1 9/EAD ( BELONG+ TO ,%AKESPE>E1 >E TAK5 BY HIM FROM DRAMAS1 *RONICLES1 & ROMANCES ANT]IOR TO HIM4 ,ALL !SE *>ACT]S NOT ONLY >E NOT R5D]$ MORE P[]FUL BY HIM1 BUT1 9 MO/ CASES1 !Y >E WEAK5$ & SPOIL$4 ,?IS IS V]Y /RIK+ 9 ?IS DRAMA ( 0,K+ ,LE>10 :I* WE >E EXAM9+1 TAK5 BY HIM FROM ! DRAMA 0,K+ ,LEIR10 BY AN UNKN[N AU?OR4 ,! *>ACT]S ( ?IS DRAMA1 ?AT ( ,K+ ,LE>1 & ESPECIALLY ( ,CORDELIA1 NOT ONLY W]E NOT CREAT$ BY ,%AKESPE>E1 BUT HAVE BE5 /RIK+LY WEAK5$ & DEPRIV$ ( =CE BY HIM1 AS COMP>$ ) !IR APPE>ANCE 9 ! OLD] DRAMA4 

,9 ! OLD] DRAMA1 ,LEIR ABDICATES BECAUSE1 HAV+ BECOME A WID[]1 HE ?9KS ONLY ( SAV+ HIS S\L4 ,HE ASKS HIS DAU<T]S AS TO !IR LOVE = HIM--?AT1 BY MEANS ( A C]TA9 DEVICE HE HAS 9V5T$1 HE MAY RETA9 HIS FAVORITE DAU<T] ON HIS ISL&4 ,! ELD] DAU<T]S >E BETRO!D1 :ILE ! Y\NGE/ DOES NOT WI% TO CONTRACT A LOVELESS UNION ) ANY ( ! NEI<BOR+ SUITORS :OM ,LEIR PROPOSES TO H]1 & HE IS AFRAID ?AT %E MAY M>RY SOME DI/ANT POT5TATE4 

,! DEVICE :I* HE HAS 9V5T$1 AS HE 9=MS HIS C\RTI]1 ,P]ILLUS 7,%AKESPE>E'S ,K5T71 IS ?IS1 ?AT :5 ,CORDELIA TELLS HIM ?AT %E LOVES HIM MORE ?AN ANY ONE OR AS MU* AS H] ELD] SI/]S DO1 HE WILL TELL H] ?AT %E MU/1 9 PRO( ( H] LOVE1 M>RY ! PR9CE HE WILL 9DICATE ON HIS ISL&4 ,ALL !SE MOTIVES = ,LE>'S CONDUCT >E ABS5T 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S PLAY4 ,!N1 :51 ACCORD+ TO ! OLD DRAMA1 ,LEIR ASKS HIS DAU<T]S AB\T !IR LOVE = HIM1 ,CORDELIA DOES NOT SAY1 AS ,%AKESPE>E HAS IT1 ?AT %E WILL NOT GIVE H] FA!R ALL H] LOVE1 BUT WILL LOVE H] HUSB&1 TOO1 %\LD %E M>RY--:I* IS QUITE UNNATURAL--BUT SIMPLY SAYS ?AT %E CAN NOT EXPRESS H] LOVE 9 WORDS1 BUT HOPES ?AT H] ACTIONS WILL PROVE IT4 ,GON]IL & ,REGAN REM>K ?AT ,CORDELIA'S ANSW] IS NOT AN ANSW]1 & ?AT ! FA!R CAN NOT MEEKLY ACCEPT SU* 9DIFF]5CE1 SO ?AT :AT IS WANT+ 9 ,%AKESPE>E--I4E41 ! EXPLANATION ( ,LE>'S ANG] :I* CAUS$ HIM TO DIS9H]IT HIS Y\NGE/ DAU<T]1--EXI/S 9 ! OLD DRAMA4 ,LEIR IS ANNOY$ BY ! FAILURE ( HIS S*EME1 & ! POISON\S WORDS ( HIS ELDE/ DAU<T]S IRRITATE HIM /ILL MORE4 ,AFT] ! DIVISION ( ! K+DOM BETWE5 ! ELD] DAU<T]S1 !RE FOLL[S 9 ! OLD] DRAMA A SC5E BETWE5 ,CORDELIA & ! ,K+ ( ,GAUL1 SETT+ =?1 9/EAD ( ! COLORLESS ,CORDELIA ( ,%AKESPE>E1 A V]Y DEF9ITE & ATTRACTIVE *>ACT] ( ! TRU?FUL1 T5D]1 & SELF-SACRIFIC+ Y\NGE/ DAU<T]4 ,:ILE ,CORDELIA1 )\T GRIEV+ ?AT %E HAS BE5 DEPRIV$ ( A PORTION ( ! H]ITAGE1 SITS SORR[+ AT HAV+ LO/ H] FA!R'S LOVE1 & LOOK+ =W>D TO E>N H] BREAD BY H] LABOR1 !RE COMES ! ,K+ ( ,GAUL1 :O1 9 ! DISGUISE ( A PILGRIM1 DESIRES TO *OOSE A BRIDE FROM AMONG ,LEIR'S DAU<T]S4 ,HE ASKS ,CORDELIA :Y %E IS SAD4 ,%E TELLS HIM ! CAUSE ( H] GRIEF4 ,! ,K+ ( ,GAUL1 /ILL 9 ! GUISE ( A PILGRIM1 FALLS 9 LOVE ) H]1 & (F]S TO >RANGE A M>RIAGE = H] ) ! ,K+ ( ,GAUL1 BUT %E SAYS %E WILL M>RY ONLY A MAN :OM %E LOVES4 ,!N ! PILGRIM1 /ILL DISGUIS$1 (F]S H] HIS H& & HE>T & ,CORDELIA CONFESSES %E LOVES ! PILGRIM & CONS5TS TO M>RY HIM1 NOT)/&+ ! POV]TY ?AT AWAITS H]4 ,!N ! PILGRIM DISCLOSES TO H] ?AT HE IT IS :O IS ! ,K+ ( ,GAUL1 & ,CORDELIA M>RIES HIM4 ,9/EAD ( ?IS SC5E1 ,LE>1 ACCORD+ TO ,%AKESPE>E1 (F]S ,CORDELIA'S TWO SUITORS TO TAKE H] )\T D[RY1 & ONE CYNICALLY REFUSES1 :ILE ! O!R1 ONE DOES NOT KN[ :Y1 ACCEPTS H]4 ,AFT] ?IS1 9 ! OLD DRAMA1 AS 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S1 ,LEIR UND]GOES ! 9SULTS ( ,GON]IL1 9TO :OSE H\SE HE HAS REMOV$1 BUT HE BE>S !SE 9SULTS 9 A V]Y DIFF]5T WAY FROM ?AT REPRES5T$ BY ,%AKESPE>E3 HE FEELS ?AT BY HIS CONDUCT T[>D ,CORDELIA1 HE HAS DES]V$ ?IS1 & HUMBLY SUBMITS4 ,AS 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMA1 SO ALSO 9 ! OLD] DRAMA1 ! C\RTI]S1 ,P]ILLUS--,K5T--:O HAD 9T]C$$ = ,CORDELIA & WAS !RE=E BANI%$--COMES TO ,LEIR & ASSURES HIM ( HIS LOVE1 BUT UND] NO DISGUISE1 BUT SIMPLY AS A FAI?FUL OLD S]VANT :O DOES NOT AB&ON HIS K+ 9 A MOM5T ( NE$4 ,LEIR TELLS HIM :AT1 ACCORD+ TO ,%AKESPE>E1 HE TELLS ,CORDELIA 9 ! LA/ SC5E1 ?AT1 IF ! DAU<T]S :OM HE HAS B5EFIT$ HATE HIM1 A RETA9] TO :OM HE HAS DONE NO GOOD CAN NOT LOVE HIM4 ,BUT ,P]ILLUS--,K5T--ASSURES ! ,K+ ( HIS LOVE T[>D HIM1 & ,LEIR1 PACIFI$1 GOES ON TO ,REGAN4 ,9 ! OLD] DRAMA !RE >E NO TEMPE/S NOR TE>+ \T ( GRAY HAIRS1 BUT !RE IS ! WEAK5$ & HUMBL$ OLD MAN1 ,LEIR1 OV]P[]$ ) GRIEF1 & BANI%$ BY HIS O!R DAU<T] ALSO1 :O EV5 WI%ES TO KILL HIM4 ,TURN$ \T BY HIS ELD] DAU<T]S1 ,LEIR1 ACCORD+ TO ! OLD] DRAMA1 AS A LA/ RES\RCE1 GOES ) ,P]ILLUS TO ,CORDELIA4 ,9/EAD ( ! UNNATURAL BANI%M5T ( ,LE> DUR+ ! TEMPE/1 & HIS ROAM+ AB\T ! HEA?1 ,LEIR1 ) ,P]ILLUS1 9 ! OLD] DRAMA1 DUR+ !IR J\RNEY TO ,FRANCE1 V]Y NATURALLY REA* ! LA/ DEGREE ( DE/ITUTION1 SELL !IR CLO!S 9 ORD] TO PAY = !IR CROSS+ OV] ! SEA1 &1 9 ! ATTIRE ( FI%]M51 EXHAU/$ BY COLD & HUNG]1 APPROA* ,CORDELIA'S H\SE4 ,H]E1 AGA91 9/EAD ( ! UNNATURAL COMB9$ RAV+S ( ! FOOL1 ,LE>1 & ,$G>1 AS REPRES5T$ BY ,%AKESPE>E1 !RE FOLL[S 9 ! OLD] DRAMA A NATURAL SC5E ( REUNION BETWE5 ! DAU<T] & ! FA!R4 ,CORDELIA--:O1 NOT)/&+ H] HAPP9ESS1 HAS ALL ! TIME BE5 GRIEV+ AB\T H] FA!R & PRAY+ TO ,GOD TO =GIVE H] SI/]S :O HAD DONE HIM SO MU* WRONG--MEETS H] FA!R 9 HIS EXTREME WANT1 & WI%ES IMM$IATELY TO DISCLOSE H]SELF TO HIM1 BUT H] HUSB& ADVISES H] NOT TO DO ?IS1 9 ORD] NOT TO AGITATE H] WEAK FA!R4 ,%E ACCEPTS ! C\NSEL & TAKES ,LEIR 9TO H] H\SE )\T DISCLOS+ H]SELF TO HIM1 & NURSES HIM4 ,LEIR GRADUALLY REVIVES1 & !N ! DAU<T] ASKS HIM :O HE IS & H[ HE LIV$ =M]LY3 

0,IF FROM ! FIR/10 SAYS ,LEIR1 0,I %\LD RELATE ! CAUSE1 

 ,I W\LD MAKE A HE>T ( ADAMANT TO WEEP4 

 ,& ?\1 POOR S\L1 K9DHE>T$ AS ?\ >T1 

 ,DO/ WEEP ALREADY1 ]E ,I DO BEG940 

,CORDELIA3 0,= ,GOD'S LOVE TELL IT1 & :5 Y\ HAVE DONE 

 ,I'LL TELL ! REASON :Y ,I WEEP SO SOON40 

,& ,LEIR RELATES ALL HE HAS SUFF]$ FROM HIS ELD] DAU<T]S1 & SAYS ?AT N[ HE WI%ES TO F9D %ELT] ) ! *ILD :O W\LD BE 9 ! RI<T EV5 W]E %E TO CONDEMN HIM TO DEA?4 0,IF1 H[EV]10 HE SAYS1 0%E WILL RECEIVE ME ) LOVE1 IT WILL BE ,GOD'S & H] WORK1 BUT NOT MY M]IT40 ,TO ?IS ,CORDELIA SAYS3 0,OH1 ,I KN[ = C]TA9 ?AT ?Y DAU<T] WILL LOV+LY RECEIVE !E40--0,H[ CAN/ ?\ KN[ ?IS )\T KN[+ H]80 SAYS ,LEIR4 0,I KN[10 SAYS ,CORDELIA1 0BECAUSE NOT F> FROM H]E1 ,I HAD A FA!R :O ACT$ T[>D ME AS BADLY AS ?\ HA/ ACT$ T[>D H]1 YET1 IF ,I W]E ONLY TO SEE HIS :ITE HEAD1 ,I W\LD CREEP TO MEET HIM ON MY KNEES40--0,NO1 ?IS CAN NOT BE10 SAYS ,LEIR1 0= !RE >E NO *ILDR5 9 ! WORLD SO CRUEL AS M9E40--0,DO NOT CONDEMN ALL = ! S9S ( SOME10 SAYS ,CORDELIA1 & FALLS ON H] KNEES4 0,LOOK H]E1 DE> FA!R10 %E SAYS1 0LOOK ON ME3 ,I AM ?Y LOV+ DAU<T]40 ,! FA!R RECOGNIZES H] & SAYS3 0,IT IS NOT = !E1 BUT = ME1 TO BEG ?Y P>DON ON MY KNEES = ALL MY S9S T[>D !E40 

,IS !RE ANY?+ APPROA*+ ?IS EXQUISITE SC5E 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMA8 

,H[EV] /RANGE ?IS OP9ION MAY SEEM TO WOR%IP]S ( ,%AKESPE>E1 YET ! :OLE ( ?IS OLD DRAMA IS 9COMP>ABLY & 9 EV]Y RESPECT SUP]IOR TO ,%AKESPE>E'S ADAPTATION4 ,IT IS SO1 FIR/1 BECAUSE IT HAS NOT GOT ! UTT]LY SUP]FLU\S *>ACT]S ( ! VILLA9 ,$MUND & UNLIFELIKE ,GL\CE/] & ,$G>1 :O ONLY DI/RACT ONE'S ATT5TION2 SECONDLY BECAUSE IT HAS NOT GOT ! COMPLETELY FALSE 0EFFECTS0 ( ,LE> RUNN+ AB\T ! HEA?1 HIS CONV]SATIONS ) ! FOOL1 & ALL !SE IMPOSSIBLE DISGUISES1 FAILURES TO RECOGNIZE1 & ACCUMULAT$ DEA?S2 &1 ABOVE ALL1 BECAUSE 9 ?IS DRAMA !RE IS ! SIMPLE1 NATURAL1 & DEEPLY T\*+ *>ACT] ( ,LEIR & ! YET MORE T\*+ & CLE>LY DEF9$ *>ACT] ( ,CORDELIA1 BO? ABS5T 9 ,%AKESPE>E4 ,!RE=E1 !RE IS 9 ! OLD] DRAMA1 9/EAD ( ,%AKESPE>E'S LONG-DRAWN SC5E ( ,LE>'S 9T]VIEW ) ,CORDELIA & ( ,CORDELIA'S UNNECESS>Y MURD]1 ! EXQUISITE SC5E ( ! 9T]VIEW BETWE5 ,LEIR & ,CORDELIA1 UNEQUAL$ BY ANY 9 ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS4 

,! OLD DRAMA ALSO T]M9ATES MORE NATURALLY & MORE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! MORAL DEM&S ( ! SPECTATOR ?AN DOES ,%AKESPE>E'S1 NAMELY1 BY ! ,K+ ( ! ,GAULS CONQU]+ ! HUSB&S ( ! ELD] SI/]S1 & ,CORDELIA1 9/EAD ( BE+ KILL$1 RE/OR+ ,LEIR TO HIS =M] POSITION4 

,?US IT IS 9 ! DRAMA WE >E EXAM9+1 :I* ,%AKESPE>E HAS BORR[$ FROM ! DRAMA 0,K+ ,LEIR40 ,SO IT IS ALSO ) ,O!LLO1 TAK5 FROM AN ,ITALIAN ROMANCE1 ! SAME ALSO ) ! FAM\S ,HAMLET4 ,! SAME ) ,ANTONY1 ,BRUTUS1 ,CLEOPATRA1 ,%YLOCK1 ,RI*>D1 & ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S *>ACT]S1 ALL TAK5 FROM SOME ANTEC$5T WORK4 ,%AKESPE>E1 :ILE PR(IT+ BY *>ACT]S ALREADY GIV5 9 PREC$+ DRAMAS1 OR ROMANCES1 *RONICLES1 OR1 ,PLUT>*'S 0,LIVES10 NOT ONLY FAILS TO R5D] !M MORE TRU?FUL & VIVID1 AS HIS EULOGI/S AFFIRM1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ALWAYS WEAK5S !M & (T5 COMPLETELY DE/ROYS !M1 AS ) ,LE>1 COMPELL+ HIS *>ACT]S TO COMMIT ACTIONS UNNATURAL TO !M1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 TO UTT] SPEE*ES NATURAL NEI!R TO !M NOR TO ANY ONE :ATEV]4 ,?US1 9 0,O!LLO10 AL?\< ?AT IS1 P]HAPS1 ,I WILL NOT SAY ! BE/1 BUT ! LEA/ BAD & ! LEA/ 5CUMB]$ BY POMP\S VOLUBILITY1 ! *>ACT]S ( ,O!LLO1 ,IAGO1 ,CASSIO1 ,EMILIA1 ACCORD+ TO ,%AKESPE>E1 >E MU* LESS NATURAL & LIFELIKE ?AN 9 ! ,ITALIAN ROMANCE4 ,%AKESPE>E'S ,O!LLO SUFF]S FROM EPILEPSY1 ( :I* HE HAS AN ATTACK ON ! /AGE2 MOREOV]1 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S V]SION1 ,DESDEMONA'S MURD] IS PREC$$ BY ! /RANGE V[ ( ! KNEEL+ ,O!LLO4 ,O!LLO1 ACCORD+ TO ,%AKESPE>E1 IS A NEGRO & NOT A ,MOOR4 ,ALL ?IS IS ]RATIC1 9FLAT$1 UNNATURAL1 & VIOLATES ! UNITY ( ! *>ACT]4 ,ALL ?IS IS ABS5T 9 ! ROMANCE4 ,9 ?AT ROMANCE ! REASONS = ,O!LLO'S JEAL\SY >E REPRES5T$ MORE NATURALLY ?AN 9 ,%AKESPE>E4 ,9 ! ROMANCE1 ,CASSIO1 KN[+ :OSE ! H&K]*IEF IS1 GOES TO ,DESDEMONA TO RETURN IT1 BUT1 APPROA*+ ! BACK-DOOR ( ,DESDEMONA'S H\SE1 SEES ,O!LLO & FLIES FROM HIM4 ,O!LLO P]CEIVES ! ESCAP+ ,CASSIO1 & ?IS1 MORE ?AN ANY?+1 CONFIRMS HIS SUSPICIONS4 ,%AKESPE>E HAS NOT GOT ?IS1 & YET ?IS CASUAL 9CID5T EXPLA9S ,O!LLO'S JEAL\SY MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE4 ,) ,%AKESPE>E1 ?IS JEAL\SY IS F\ND$ 5TIRELY ON ,IAGO'S P]SI/5T1 SUCCESSFUL MA*9ATIONS & TREA*]\S WORDS1 :I* ,O!LLO BL9DLY BELIEVES4 ,O!LLO'S MONOLOGUE OV] ! SLEEP+ ,DESDEMONA1 AB\T HIS DESIR+ H] :5 KILL$ TO LOOK AS %E IS ALIVE1 AB\T HIS GO+ TO LOVE H] EV5 DEAD1 & N[ WI%+ TO SMELL H] 0BALMY BREA?10 ETC41 IS UTT]LY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,A MAN :O IS PREP>+ = ! MURD] ( A BELOV$ BE+1 DOES NOT UTT] SU* PHRASES1 /ILL LESS AFT] COMMITT+ ! MURD] W\LD HE SPEAK AB\T ! NECESSITY ( AN ECLIPSE ( SUN & MOON1 & ( ! GLOBE YAWN+2 NOR CAN HE1 NEGRO ?O HE MAY BE1 ADDRESS DEVILS1 9VIT+ !M TO BURN HIM 9 HOT SULFUR & SO =?4 ,LA/LY1 H[EV] EFFECTIVE MAY BE ! SUICIDE1 ABS5T 9 ! ROMANCE1 IT COMPLETELY DE/ROYS ! CONCEPTION ( HIS CLE>LY DEF9$ *>ACT]4 ,IF HE 9DE$ SUFF]$ FROM GRIEF & REMORSE1 HE W\LD NOT1 9T5D+ TO KILL HIMSELF1 PRON\NCE PHRASES AB\T HIS [N S]VICES1 AB\T ! PE>L1 & AB\T HIS EYES DROPP+ TE>S 0AS FA/ AS ! ,>ABIAN TREES !IR M$IC9AL GUM02 & YET LESS AB\T ! ,TURK'S BEAT+ AN ,ITALIAN & H[ HE1 ,O!LLO1 SMOTE HIM--?US6 ,SO ?AT NOT)/&+ ! P[]FUL EXPRESSION ( EMOTION 9 ,O!LLO :51 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,IAGO'S H9TS1 JEAL\SY RISES 9 HIM1 & AGA9 9 HIS SC5ES ) ,DESDEMONA1 ONE'S CONCEPTION ( ,O!LLO'S *>ACT] IS CON/ANTLY 9FR+$ BY HIS FALSE PA?OS & ! UNNATURAL SPEE*ES HE PRON\NCES4 

,SO IT IS ) ! *IEF *>ACT]1 ,O!LLO1 BUT NOT)/&+ ITS ALT]ATION & ! DISADVANTAGE\S FEATURES :I* IT IS MADE !REBY TO PRES5T 9 COMP>ISON ) ! *>ACT] FROM :I* IT WAS TAK5 9 ! ROMANCE1 ?IS *>ACT] /ILL REMA9S A *>ACT]1 BUT ALL ! O!R P]SONAGES >E COMPLETELY SPOIL$ BY ,%AKESPE>E4 

,IAGO1 ACCORD+ TO ,%AKESPE>E1 IS AN UNMITIGAT$ VILLA91 DECEIV]1 & ?IEF1 A ROBB] :O ROBS ,ROD]IGO & ALWAYS SUCCE$S EV5 9 HIS MO/ IMPOSSIBLE DESIGNS1 & !RE=E IS A P]SON QUITE AP>T FROM REAL LIFE4 ,9 ,%AKESPE>E1 ! MOTIVE ( HIS VILLA9Y IS1 FIR/1 ?AT ,O!LLO DID NOT GIVE HIM ! PO/ HE DESIR$2 SECONDLY1 ?AT HE SUSPECTS ,O!LLO ( AN 9TRIGUE ) HIS WIFE &1 ?IRDLY1 ?AT1 AS HE SAYS1 HE FEELS A /RANGE K9D ( LOVE = ,DESDEMONA4 ,!RE >E MANY MOTIVES1 BUT !Y >E ALL VAGUE4 ,:]EAS 9 ! ROMANCE !RE IS BUT ONE SIMPLE & CLE> MOTIVE1 ,IAGO'S PASSIONATE LOVE = ,DESDEMONA1 TRANSMITT$ 9TO HATR$ T[>D H] & ,O!LLO AFT] %E HAD PREF]R$ ! ,MOOR TO HIM & RESOLUTELY REPULS$ HIM4 ,YET MORE UNNATURAL IS ! UTT]LY UNNECESS>Y ,ROD]IGO :OM ,IAGO DECEIVES & ROBS1 PROMIS+ HIM ,DESDEMONA'S LOVE1 & :OM HE =CES TO FULFILL ALL HE COMM&S3 TO 9TOXICATE ,CASSIO1 PROVOKE & !N KILL ,CASSIO4 ,EMILIA1 :O SAYS ANY?+ IT MAY OCCUR TO ! AU?OR TO PUT 9TO H] M\?1 HAS NOT EV5 ! SLI<TE/ SEMBLANCE ( A LIVE *>ACT]4 

0,BUT ,FAL/AFF1 ! WOND]FUL ,FAL/AFF10 ,%AKESPE>E'S EULOGI/S WILL SAY1 0( HIM1 AT ALL EV5TS1 ONE CAN NOT SAY ?AT HE IS NOT A LIV+ *>ACT]1 OR ?AT1 HAV+ BE5 TAK5 FROM ! COM$Y ( AN UNKN[N AU?OR1 IT HAS BE5 WEAK5$40 

,FAL/AFF1 LIKE ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S *>ACT]S1 WAS TAK5 FROM A DRAMA OR COM$Y BY AN UNKN[N AU?OR1 WRITT5 ON A REALLY LIV+ P]SON1 ,SIR ,JOHN ,OLDCA/LE1 :O HAD BE5 ! FRI5D ( SOME DUKE4 ,?IS ,OLDCA/LE HAD ONCE BE5 CONVICT$ ( H]ESY1 BUT HAD BE5 SAV$ BY HIS FRI5D ! DUKE4 ,BUT AFT]W>DS HE WAS CONDEMN$ & BURN$ AT ! /AKE = HIS RELIGI\S BELIEFS1 :I* DID NOT CON=M ) ,CA?OLICISM4 ,IT WAS ON ?IS SAME ,OLDCA/LE ?AT AN ANONYM\S AU?OR1 9 ORD] TO PLEASE ! ,CA?OLIC PUBLIC1 WROTE A COM$Y OR DRAMA1 RIDICUL+ ?IS M>TYR = HIS FAI? & REPRES5T+ HIM AS A GOOD-=-NO?+ MAN1 ! BOON COMPANION ( ! DUKE1 & IT IS FROM ?IS COM$Y ?AT ,%AKESPE>E BORR[$1 NOT ONLY ! *>ACT] ( ,FAL/AFF1 BUT ALSO HIS [N IRONIC ATTITUDE T[>D IT4 ,9 ,%AKESPE>E'S FIR/ WORKS1 :5 ?IS *>ACT] APPE>$1 IT WAS FRANKLY CALL$ 0,OLDCA/LE10 BUT LAT]1 9 ,ELIZABE?'S TIME1 :5 ,PROTE/ANTISM AGA9 TRIUMPH$1 IT WAS AWKW>D TO BR+ \T ) MOCK]Y A M>TYR 9 ! /RIFE ) ,CA?OLICISM1 &1 BESIDES1 ,OLDCA/LE'S RELATIVES HAD PROTE/$1 & ,%AKESPE>E ACCORD+LY ALT]$ ! NAME ( ,OLDCA/LE TO ?AT ( ,FAL/AFF1 ALSO A HI/ORICAL FIGURE1 KN[N = HAV+ FL$ FROM ! FIELD ( BATTLE AT ,AG9C\RT4 

,FAL/AFF IS1 9DE$1 QUITE A NATURAL & TYPICAL *>ACT]2 BUT !N IT IS P]HAPS ! ONLY NATURAL & TYPICAL *>ACT] DEPICT$ BY ,%AKESPE>E4 ,& ?IS *>ACT] IS NATURAL & TYPICAL BECAUSE1 ( ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S *>ACT]S1 IT ALONE SPEAKS A LANGUAGE PROP] TO ITSELF4 ,& IT SPEAKS ?US BECAUSE IT SPEAKS 9 ?AT SAME ,%AKESPE>IAN LANGUAGE1 FULL ( MIR?LESS JOKES & UNAMUS+ PUNS :I*1 BE+ UNNATURAL TO ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S O!R *>ACT]S1 IS QUITE 9 H>MONY ) ! BOA/FUL1 DI/ORT$1 & DEPRAV$ *>ACT] ( ! DRUNK5 ,FAL/AFF4 ,= ?IS REASON ALONE DOES ?IS FIGURE TRULY REPRES5T A DEF9ITE *>ACT]4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! >TI/IC EFFECT ( ?IS *>ACT] IS SPOIL$ BY ! FACT ?AT IT IS SO REPULSIVE BY ITS GLUTTONY1 DRUNK5NESS1 DEBAU*]Y1 RASCALITY1 DECEIT1 & C[>DICE1 ?AT IT IS DIFFICULT TO %>E ! FEEL+ ( GAY HUMOR ) :I* ! AU?OR TREATS IT4 ,?US IT IS ) ,FAL/AFF4 

,BUT 9 NONE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S FIGURES IS HIS1 ,I WILL NOT SAY 9CAPACITY TO GIVE1 BUT UTT] 9DIFF]5CE TO GIV+1 HIS P]SONAGES A TYPICAL *>ACT] SO /RIK+LY MANIFE/ AS 9 ,HAMLET2 & 9 CONNECTION ) NONE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S WORKS DO WE SEE SO /RIK+LY DISPLAY$ ?AT BL9D WOR%IP ( ,%AKESPE>E1 ?AT UNREASON+ /ATE ( HYPNOTISM [+ TO :I* ! M]E ?\<T EV5 IS NOT ADMITT$ ?AT ANY ( ,%AKESPE>E'S PRODUCTIONS CAN BE WANT+ 9 G5IUS1 OR ?AT ANY ( ! PR9CIPAL P]SONAGES 9 HIS DRAMAS CAN FAIL TO BE ! EXPRESSION ( A NEW & DEEPLY CONCEIV$ *>ACT]4 

,%AKESPE>E TAKES AN OLD /ORY1 NOT BAD 9 ITS WAY1 RELAT+3 

0,AVEC QUELLE RUSE ,AMLETTE QUI DEPUIS FUT ,ROY DE ,DANNEM>*1 V5GEA LA MORT DE SON P]E ,HORW5DILLE1 OCCIS P> ,F5GON SON FR]E1 ET AUTRE OCCURR5CE DE SON HI/OIRE10 OR A DRAMA :I* WAS WRITT5 ON ?IS !ME FIFTE5 YE>S BE=E HIM4 ,ON ?IS SUBJECT HE WRITES HIS [N DRAMA1 9TRODUC+ QUITE 9APPROPRIATELY 7AS 9DE$ HE ALWAYS DOES7 9TO ! M\? ( ! PR9CIPAL P]SON ALL ?OSE ?\<TS ( HIS [N :I* APPE>$ TO HIM WOR?Y ( ATT5TION4 ,& PUTT+ 9TO ! M\? ( HIS H]O !SE ?\<TS3 AB\T LIFE 7! GRAVE-DIGG]71 AB\T DEA? 7,TO BE OR NOT TO BE7--! SAME :I* >E EXPRESS$ 9 HIS SIXTY-SIX? SONNET--AB\T ! !AT]1 AB\T WOM54 ,HE IS UTT]LY UNCONC]N$ AS TO ! CIRCUM/ANCES UND] :I* !SE WORDS >E SAID1 & IT NATURALLY TURNS \T ?AT ! P]SON EXPRESS+ ALL !SE ?\<TS IS A M]E PHONOGRAPH ( ,%AKESPE>E1 )\T *>ACT]1 :OSE ACTIONS & WORDS DO NOT AGREE4 

,9 ! OLD LEG5D1 ,HAMLET'S P]SONALITY IS QUITE COMPREH5SIBLE3 HE IS 9DIGNANT AT HIS MO!R'S & HIS UNCLE'S DE$S1 & WI%ES TO REV5GE HIMSELF UPON !M1 BUT IS AFRAID HIS UNCLE MAY KILL HIM AS HE HAD KILL$ HIS FA!R4 ,!RE=E HE SIMULATES 9SANITY1 DESIR+ TO BIDE HIS TIME & OBS]VE ALL ?AT GOES ON 9 ! PALACE4 ,MEAN:ILE1 HIS UNCLE & MO!R1 BE+ AFRAID ( HIM1 WI% TO TE/ :E!R HE IS FEIGN+ OR IS REALLY MAD1 & S5D TO HIM A GIRL :OM HE LOVES4 ,HE P]SI/S1 !N SEES HIS MO!R 9 PRIVATE1 KILLS A C\RTI] :O WAS EAVESDROPP+1 & CONVICTS HIS MO!R ( H] S94 ,AFT]W>DS HE IS S5T TO ,5GL&1 BUT 9T]CEPTS LETT]S &1 RETURN+ FROM ,5GL&1 TAKES REV5GE ( HIS 5EMIES1 BURN+ !M ALL4 

,ALL ?IS IS COMPREH5SIBLE & FL[S FROM ,HAMLET'S *>ACT] & POSITION4 ,BUT ,%AKESPE>E1 PUTT+ 9TO ,HAMLET'S M\? SPEE*ES :I* HE HIMSELF WI%ES TO EXPRESS1 & MAK+ HIM COMMIT ACTIONS :I* >E NECESS>Y TO ! AU?OR 9 ORD] TO PRODUCE SC5IC EFFECTS1 DE/ROYS ALL ?AT CON/ITUTES ! *>ACT] ( ,HAMLET & ( ! LEG5D4 ,DUR+ ! :OLE ( ! DRAMA1 ,HAMLET IS DO+1 NOT :AT HE W\LD REALLY WI% TO DO1 BUT :AT IS NECESS>Y = ! AU?OR'S PLAN4 ,ONE MOM5T HE IS AWE-/RUCK AT HIS FA!R'S <O/1 ANO!R MOM5T HE BEG9S TO *AFF IT1 CALL+ IT 0OLD MOLE02 ONE MOM5T HE LOVES ,OPHELIA1 ANO!R MOM5T HE TEASES H]1 & SO =?4 ,!RE IS NO POSSIBILITY ( F9D+ ANY EXPLANATION :ATEV] ( ,HAMLET'S ACTIONS OR WORDS1 & !RE=E NO POSSIBILITY ( ATTRIBUT+ ANY *>ACT] TO HIM4 

,BUT AS IT IS RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ,%AKESPE>E ! G5IUS CAN NOT WRITE ANY?+ BAD1 !RE=E LE>N$ PEOPLE USE ALL ! P[]S ( !IR M9DS TO F9D EXTRAORD9>Y BEAUTIES 9 :AT IS AN OBVI\S & CRY+ FAILURE1 DEMON/RAT$ ) ESPECIAL VIVIDNESS 9 0,HAMLET10 :]E ! PR9CIPAL FIGURE HAS NO *>ACT] :ATEV]4 ,& LO6 PR(\ND CRITICS DECL>E ?AT 9 ?IS DRAMA1 9 ! P]SON ( ,HAMLET1 IS EXPRESS$ S+UL>LY P[]FUL1 P]FECTLY NOVEL1 & DEEP P]SONALITY1 EXI/+ 9 ?IS P]SON HAV+ NO *>ACT]2 & ?AT PRECISELY 9 ?IS ABS5CE ( *>ACT] CONSI/S ! G5IUS ( CREAT+ A DEEPLY CONCEIV$ *>ACT]4 ,HAV+ DECID$ ?IS1 LE>N$ CRITICS WRITE VOLUMES UPON VOLUMES1 SO ?AT ! PRAISE & EXPLANATION ( ! GREATNESS & IMPORTANCE ( ! REPRES5TATION ( ! *>ACT] ( A MAN :O HAS NO *>ACT] =M 9 VOLUME A LIBR>Y4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT SOME ( ! CRITICS TIMIDLY EXPRESS ! IDEA ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ /RANGE 9 ?IS FIGURE1 ?AT ,HAMLET IS AN UNSOLV$ RIDDLE1 BUT NO ONE HAS ! C\RAGE TO SAY 7AS 9 ,HANS ,&]S5'S /ORY7 ?AT ! ,K+ IS NAK$--I4E41 ?AT IT IS AS CLE> AS DAY ?AT ,%AKESPE>E DID NOT SUCCE$ & DID NOT EV5 WI% TO GIVE ANY *>ACT] TO ,HAMLET1 DID NOT EV5 UND]/& ?AT ?IS WAS NECESS>Y4 ,& LE>N$ CRITICS CONT9UE TO 9VE/IGATE & EXTOLL ?IS PUZZL+ PRODUCTION1 :I* REM9DS ONE ( ! FAM\S /ONE ) AN 9SCRIPTION :I* ,PICKWICK F\ND NE> A COTTAGE DOOR/EP1 & :I* DIVID$ ! SCI5TIFIC WORLD 9TO TWO HO/ILE CAMPS4 

,SO ?AT NEI!R DO ! *>ACT]S ( ,LE> NOR ,O!LLO NOR ,FAL/AFF NOR YET ,HAMLET 9 ANY WAY CONFIRM ! EXI/+ OP9ION ?AT ,%AKESPE>E'S P[] CONSI/S 9 ! DEL9EATION ( *>ACT]4 

,IF 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS ONE DOES MEET FIGURES HAV+ C]TA9 *>ACT]I/IC FEATURES1 = ! MO/ P>T SECOND>Y FIGURES1 SU* AS ,POLONIUS 9 0,HAMLET0 & ,PORTIA 9 0,! ,M]*ANT ( ,V5ICE10 !SE FEW LIFELIKE *>ACT]S AMONG FIVE HUNDR$ OR MORE O!R SECOND>Y FIGURES1 ) ! COMPLETE ABS5CE ( *>ACT] 9 ! PR9CIPAL FIGURES1 DO NOT AT ALL PROVE ?AT ! M]IT ( ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS CONSI/S 9 ! EXPRESSION ( *>ACT]4 

,?AT A GREAT TAL5T = DEPICT+ *>ACT] IS ATTRIBUT$ TO ,%AKESPE>E >ISES FROM HIS ACTUALLY POSSESS+ A PECULI>ITY :I*1 = SUP]FICIAL OBS]V]S & 9 ! PLAY ( GOOD ACTORS1 MAY APPE> TO BE ! CAPACITY ( DEPICT+ *>ACT]4 ,?IS PECULI>ITY CONSI/S 9 ! CAPACITY ( REPRES5TATIVE SC5ES EXPRESS+ ! PLAY ( EMOTION4 ,H[EV] UNNATURAL ! POSITIONS MAY BE 9 :I* HE PLACES HIS *>ACT]S1 H[EV] IMPROP] TO !M ! LANGUAGE :I* HE MAKES !M SPEAK1 H[EV] FEATURELESS !Y >E1 ! V]Y PLAY ( EMOTION1 ITS 9CREASE1 & ALT]ATION1 & ! COMB9ATION ( MANY CONTR>Y FEEL+S1 AS EXPRESS$ CORRECTLY & P[]FULLY 9 SOME ( ,%AKESPE>E'S SC5ES1 & 9 ! PLAY ( GOOD ACTORS1 EVOKES EV51 IF ONLY = A TIME1 SYMPA?Y ) ! P]SONS REPRES5T$4 ,%AKESPE>E1 HIMSELF AN ACTOR1 & AN 9TELLIG5T MAN1 KNEW H[ TO EXPRESS BY ! MEANS NOT ONLY ( SPEE*1 BUT ( EXCLAMATION1 GE/URE1 & ! REPETITION ( WORDS1 /ATES ( M9D & DEVELOPM5TS OR *ANGES ( FEEL+ TAK+ PLACE 9 ! P]SONS REPRES5T$4 ,SO ?AT1 9 MANY 9/ANCES1 ,%AKESPE>E'S *>ACT]S1 9/EAD ( SPEAK+1 M]ELY MAKE AN EXCLAMATION1 OR WEEP1 OR 9 ! MIDDLE ( A MONOLOGUE1 BY MEANS ( GE/URES1 DEMON/RATE ! PA9 ( !IR POSITION 7JU/ AS ,LE> ASKS SOME ONE TO UNBUTTON HIM71 OR1 9 MOM5TS ( GREAT AGITATION1 REPEAT A QUE/ION SEV]AL TIMES1 OR SEV]AL TIMES DEM& ! REPETITION ( A WORD :I* HAS P>TICUL>LY /RUCK !M1 AS DO ,O!LLO1 ,MACDUFF1 ,CLEOPATRA1 & O!RS4 ,SU* CLEV] ME?ODS ( EXPRESS+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( FEEL+1 GIV+ GOOD ACTORS ! POSSIBILITY ( DEMON/RAT+ !IR P[]S1 W]E1 & >E1 (T5 MI/AK5 BY MANY CRITICS = ! EXPRESSION ( *>ACT]4 ,BUT H[EV] /RONGLY ! PLAY ( FEEL+ MAY BE EXPRESS$ 9 ONE SC5E1 A S+LE SC5E CAN NOT GIVE ! *>ACT] ( A FIGURE :5 ?IS FIGURE1 AFT] A CORRECT EXCLAMATION OR GE/URE1 BEG9S 9 A LANGUAGE NOT ITS [N1 AT ! AU?OR'S >BITR>Y WILL1 TO VOLUBLY UTT] WORDS :I* >E NEI!R NECESS>Y NOR 9 H>MONY ) ITS *>ACT]4 

O ,*APT] #e 

0,WELL1 BUT ! PR(\ND UTT]ANCES & SAY+S EXPRESS$ BY ,%AKESPE>E'S *>ACT]S10 ,%AKESPE>E'S PANEGYRI/S WILL RETORT4 0,SEE ,LE>'S MONOLOGUE ON PUNI%M5T1 ,K5T'S SPEE* AB\T V5GEANCE1 OR ,$G>'S AB\T HIS =M] LIFE1 ,GL\CE/]'S REFLECTIONS ON ! 9/ABILITY ( =TUNE1 &1 9 O!R DRAMAS1 ! FAM\S MONOLOGUES ( ,HAMLET1 ,ANTONY1 & O!RS40 

,?\<TS & SAY+S MAY BE APPRECIAT$1 ,I WILL ANSW]1 9 A PROSE WORK1 9 AN ESSAY1 A COLLECTION ( APHORISMS1 BUT NOT 9 AN >TI/IC DRAMATIC PRODUCTION1 ! OBJECT ( :I* IS TO ELICIT SYMPA?Y ) ?AT :I* IS REPRES5T$4 ,!RE=E ! MONOLOGUES & SAY+S ( ,%AKESPE>E1 EV5 DID !Y CONTA9 V]Y MANY DEEP & NEW ?\<TS1 :I* !Y DO NOT1 DO NOT CON/ITUTE ! M]ITS ( AN >TI/IC1 POETIC PRODUCTION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !SE SPEE*ES1 EXPRESS$ 9 UNNATURAL CONDITIONS1 CAN ONLY SPOIL >TI/IC WORKS4 

,AN >TI/IC1 POETIC WORK1 P>TICUL>LY A DRAMA1 MU/ FIR/ ( ALL EXCITE 9 ! READ] OR SPECTATOR ! ILLUSION ?AT :ATEV] ! P]SON REPRES5T$ IS LIV+ ?R\<1 OR EXP]I5C+1 IS LIV$ ?R\< OR EXP]I5C$ BY HIMSELF4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE IT IS AS IMPORTANT = ! DRAMATI/ TO KN[ PRECISELY :AT HE %\LD MAKE HIS *>ACT]S BO? DO & SAY AS :AT HE %\LD NOT MAKE !M SAY & DO1 SO AS NOT TO DE/ROY ! ILLUSION ( ! READ] OR SPECTATOR4 ,SPEE*ES1 H[EV] ELOQU5T & PR(\ND !Y MAY BE1 :5 PUT 9TO ! M\? ( DRAMATIC *>ACT]S1 IF !Y BE SUP]FLU\S OR UNNATURAL TO ! POSITION & *>ACT]1 DE/ROY ! *IEF CONDITION ( DRAMATIC >T--! ILLUSION1 [+ TO :I* ! READ] OR SPECTATOR LIVES 9 ! FEEL+S ( ! P]SONS REPRES5T$4 ,)\T PUTT+ AN 5D TO ! ILLUSION1 ONE MAY LEAVE MU* UNSAID--! READ] OR SPECTATOR WILL HIMSELF FILL ?IS UP1 & SOMETIMES1 [+ TO ?IS1 HIS ILLUSION IS EV5 9CREAS$1 BUT TO SAY :AT IS SUP]FLU\S IS ! SAME AS TO OV]?R[ A /ATUE COMPOS$ ( SEP>ATE PIECES & !REBY SCATT] !M1 OR TO TAKE AWAY ! LAMP FROM A MAGIC LANT]N3 ! ATT5TION ( ! READ] OR SPECTATOR IS DI/RACT$1 ! READ] SEES ! AU?OR1 ! SPECTATOR SEES ! ACTOR1 ! ILLUSION DISAPPE>S1 & TO RE/ORE IT IS SOMETIMES IMPOSSIBLE2 !RE=E )\T ! FEEL+ ( MEASURE !RE CAN NOT BE AN >TI/1 & ESPECIALLY A DRAMATI/4 

,%AKESPE>E IS DEVOID ( ?IS FEEL+4 ,HIS *>ACT]S CONT9UALLY DO & SAY :AT IS NOT ONLY UNNATURAL TO !M1 BUT UTT]LY UNNECESS>Y4 ,I DO NOT CITE EXAMPLES ( ?IS1 BECAUSE ,I BELIEVE ?AT HE :O DOES NOT HIMSELF SEE ?IS /RIK+ DEFICI5CY 9 ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS WILL NOT BE P]SUAD$ BY ANY EXAMPLES & PRO(S4 ,IT IS SUFFICI5T TO READ 0,K+ ,LE>10 ALONE1 ) ITS 9SANITY1 MURD]S1 PLUCK+ \T ( EYES1 ,GL\CE/]'S JUMP1 ITS POISON+S1 & WRANGL+S--NOT TO M5TION 0,P]ICLES10 0,CYMBEL9E10 0,! ,W9T]'S ,TALE10 0,! ,TEMPE/0--TO BE CONV9C$ ( ?IS4 ,ONLY A MAN DEVOID ( ! S5SE ( MEASURE & ( TA/E C\LD PRODUCE SU* TYPES AS 0,TITUS ,&RONICUS0 OR 0,TROILUS & ,CRESSIDA10 OR SO M]CILESSLY MUTILATE ! OLD DRAMA 0,K+ ,LEIR40 

,G]V9US 5DEAVORS TO PROVE ?AT ,%AKESPE>E POSSESS$ ! FEEL+ ( BEAUTY1 0,S*ONHEIT'S S9N10 BUT ALL ,G]V9US'S PRO(S PROVE ONLY ?AT HE HIMSELF1 ,G]V9US1 IS COMPLETELY DE/ITUTE ( IT4 ,9 ,%AKESPE>E EV]Y?+ IS EXAGG]AT$3 ! ACTIONS >E EXAGG]AT$1 SO >E !IR CONSEQU5CES1 ! SPEE*ES ( ! *>ACT]S >E EXAGG]AT$1 & !RE=E AT EV]Y /EP ! POSSIBILITY ( >TI/IC IMPRESSION IS 9T]F]$ )4 ,:ATEV] PEOPLE MAY SAY1 H[EV] !Y MAY BE 5RAPTUR$ BY ,%AKESPE>E'S WORKS1 :ATEV] M]ITS !Y MAY ATTRIBUTE TO !M1 IT IS P]FECTLY C]TA9 ?AT HE WAS NOT AN >TI/ & ?AT HIS WORKS >E NOT >TI/IC PRODUCTIONS4 ,)\T ! S5SE ( MEASURE1 !RE NEV] WAS NOR CAN BE AN >TI/1 AS )\T ! FEEL+ ( RHY?M !RE CAN NOT BE A MUSICIAN4 ,%AKESPE>E MI<T HAVE BE5 :ATEV] Y\ LIKE1 BUT HE WAS NOT AN >TI/4 

0,BUT ONE %\LD NOT =GET ! TIME AT :I* ,%AKESPE>E WROTE10 SAY HIS ADMIR]S4 0,IT WAS A TIME ( CRUEL & CO>SE HABITS1 A TIME ( ! !N FA%IONABLE EUPHEMISM1 I4E41 >TIFICIAL WAY ( EXPRESS+ ONESELF--A TIME ( =MS ( LIFE /RANGE TO US1 & !RE=E1 TO JUDGE AB\T ,%AKESPE>E1 ONE %\LD HAVE 9 VIEW ! TIME :5 HE WROTE4 ,9 ,HOM]1 AS 9 ,%AKESPE>E1 !RE IS MU* :I* IS /RANGE TO US1 BUT ?IS DOES NOT PREV5T US FROM APPRECIAT+ ! BEAUTIES ( ,HOM]10 SAY !SE ADMIR]S4 ,BUT 9 COMP>+ ,%AKESPE>E ) ,HOM]1 AS DOES ,G]V9US1 ?AT 9F9ITE DI/ANCE :I* SEP>ATES TRUE POETRY FROM ITS SEMBLANCE MANIFE/S ITSELF ) ESPECIAL =CE4 ,H[EV] DI/ANT ,HOM] IS FROM US1 WE CAN1 )\T ! SLI<TE/ EF=T1 TRANSPORT \RSELVES 9TO ! LIFE HE DESCRIBES1 & WE CAN ?US TRANSPORT \RSELVES BECAUSE1 H[EV] ALI5 TO US MAY BE ! EV5TS ,HOM] DESCRIBES1 HE BELIEVES 9 :AT HE SAYS & SPEAKS S]I\SLY1 & !RE=E HE NEV] EXAGG]ATES1 & ! S5SE ( MEASURE NEV] AB&ONS HIM4 ,?IS IS ! REASON :Y1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! WOND]FULLY DI/9CT1 LIFELIKE1 & BEAUTIFUL *>ACT]S ( ,A*ILLES1 ,HECTOR1 ,PRIAM1 ,ODYSSEUS1 & ! ET]NALLY T\*+ SC5ES ( ,HECTOR'S LEAVE-TAK+1 ( ,PRIAM'S EMBASSY1 ( ,ODYSSEUS'S RETURN1 & O!RS--! :OLE ( ! 0,ILIAD0 & /ILL MORE ! 0,ODYSSEY0 >E SO HUMANLY NE> TO US ?AT WE FEEL AS IF WE \RSELVES HAD LIV$1 & >E LIV+1 AMONG ITS GODS & H]OES4 ,NOT SO ) ,%AKESPE>E4 ,FROM HIS FIR/ WORDS1 EXAGG]ATION IS SE53 ! EXAGG]ATION ( EV5TS1 ! EXAGG]ATION ( EMOTION1 & ! EXAGG]ATION ( EFFECTS4 ,ONE SEES AT ONCE ?AT HE DOES NOT BELIEVE 9 :AT HE SAYS1 ?AT IT IS ( NO NECESSITY TO HIM1 ?AT HE 9V5TS ! EV5TS HE DESCRIBES1 & IS 9DIFF]5T TO HIS *>ACT]S--?AT HE HAS CONCEIV$ !M ONLY = ! /AGE & !RE=E MAKES !M DO & SAY ONLY :AT MAY /RIKE HIS PUBLIC2 & !RE=E WE DO NOT BELIEVE EI!R 9 ! EV5TS1 OR 9 ! ACTIONS1 OR 9 ! SUFF]+S ( ! *>ACT]S4 ,NO?+ DEMON/RATES SO CLE>LY ! COMPLETE ABS5CE ( ES!TIC FEEL+ 9 ,%AKESPE>E AS COMP>ISON BETWE5 HIM & ,HOM]4 ,! WORKS :I* WE CALL ! WORKS ( ,HOM] >E >TI/IC1 POETIC1 ORIG9AL WORKS1 LIV$ ?R\< BY ! AU?OR OR AU?ORS2 :]EAS ! WORKS ( ,%AKESPE>E--BORR[$ AS !Y >E1 &1 EXT]NALLY1 LIKE MOSAICS1 >TIFICIALLY FITT$ TOGE!R PIECEMEAL FROM BITS 9V5T$ = ! OCCASION--HAVE NO?+ :ATEV] 9 COMMON ) >T & POETRY4 

O ,*APT] #f 

,BUT1 P]HAPS1 ! HEI<T ( ,%AKESPE>E'S CONCEPTION ( LIFE IS SU* ?AT1 ?O HE DOES NOT SATISFY ! ES!TIC DEM&S1 HE DISCLOSES TO US A VIEW ( LIFE SO NEW & IMPORTANT = M5 ?AT1 9 CONSID]ATION ( ITS IMPORTANCE1 ALL HIS FAILURES AS AN >TI/ BECOME IMP]CEPTIBLE4 ,SO1 9DE$1 SAY ,%AKESPE>E'S ADMIR]S4 ,G]V9US SAYS DI/9CTLY ?AT BESIDES ,%AKESPE>E'S SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! SPH]E ( DRAMATIC POETRY 9 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO HIS OP9ION1 ,%AKESPE>E EQUALS 0,HOM] 9 ! SPH]E ( ,EPOS1 ,%AKESPE>E BE+ ! V]Y GREATE/ JUDGE ( ! HUMAN S\L1 REPRES5TS A TEA*] ( MO/ 9DISPUTABLE E?ICAL AU?ORITY & ! MO/ SELECT LEAD] 9 ! WORLD & 9 LIFE40 

,9 :AT1 !N1 CONSI/S ?IS 9DISPUTABLE AU?ORITY ( ! MO/ SELECT LEAD] 9 ! WORLD & 9 LIFE8 ,G]V9US DEVOTES ! CONCLUD+ *APT] ( HIS SECOND VOLUME1 AB\T FIFTY PAGES1 TO AN EXPLANATION ( ?IS4 

,! E?ICAL AU?ORITY ( ?IS SUPREME TEA*] ( LIFE CONSI/S 9 ! FOLL[+3 ,! />T+ PO9T ( ,%AKESPE>E'S CONCEPTION ( LIFE1 SAYS ,G]V9US1 IS ?AT MAN IS GIFT$ ) P[]S ( ACTIVITY1 & !RE=E1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ACCORD+ TO ,G]V9US1 ,%AKESPE>E REG>D$ IT AS GOOD & NECESS>Y = MAN ?AT HE %\LD ACT 7AS IF IT W]E POSSIBLE = A MAN NOT TO ACT73 

0,DIE ?ATKRAFTIG5 ,MANN]1 ,=T9BRAS1 ,BOL+BROKE1 ,ALCIBIADES1 ,OCTAVIUS SPIEL5 HI] DIE GEG5SATZLI*5 ,ROLL5 GEG5 DIE V]S*I$55 ?ATLOS52 NI*T IHRE ,*>AKT]E V]DI55 IHN5 ,ALL5 IHR ,GLUCK UND ,G$EIH5 ETWA DUR* E9E GROSSE ,UEB]LEG5HEIT IHR] ,NATUR1 SOND]N TROTZ IHR] G]+]5 ,ANLAGE /ELLT SI* IHRE ,?ATKRAFT AN SI* UB] DIE ,UN?ATIGKEIT D] ,&]5 H9AUS1 GLEI*VIEL AUS WIE S*ON] ,QUELLE DIESE ,PASSIVITAT1 AUS WIE S*LE*T] J5E ,?ATIGKEIT FLIESSE40 

,I4E41 ACTIVE PEOPLE1 LIKE ,=T9BRAS1 ,BOL+BROKE1 ,ALCIBIADES1 ,OCTAVIUS1 SAYS ,G]V9US1 >E PLAC$ 9 CONTRA/1 BY ,%AKESPE>E1 ) V>I\S *>ACT]S :O DO NOT EXHIBIT 5]GETIC ACTIVITY4 ,& HAPP9ESS & SUCCESS1 ACCORD+ TO ,%AKESPE>E1 >E ATTA9$ BY 9DIVIDUALS POSSESS+ ?IS ACTIVE *>ACT]1 NOT AT ALL [+ TO ! SUP]IORITY ( !IR NATURE2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 NOT)/&+ !IR 9F]IOR GIFTS1 ! CAPACITY ( ACTIVITY ITSELF ALWAYS GIVES !M ! ADVANTAGE OV] 9ACTIVITY1 QUITE 9DEP5D5T ( ANY CONSID]ATION :E!R ! 9ACTIVITY ( SOME P]SONS FL[S FROM EXCELL5T IMPULSES & ! ACTIVITY ( O!RS FROM BAD ONES4 0,ACTIVITY IS GOOD1 9ACTIVITY IS EVIL4 ,ACTIVITY TRANS=MS EVIL 9TO GOOD10 SAYS ,%AKESPE>E1 ACCORD+ TO ,G]V9US4 ,%AKESPE>E PREF]S ! PR9CIPLE ( ,ALEX&] 7( ,MAC$ONIA7 TO ?AT ( ,DIOG5ES1 SAYS ,G]V9US4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HE PREF]S DEA? & MURD] DUE TO AMBITION1 TO AB/95CE & WISDOM4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,G]V9US1 ,%AKESPE>E BELIEVES ?AT HUMANITY NE$ NOT SET UP IDEALS1 BUT ?AT ONLY HEAL?Y ACTIVITY & ! GOLD5 MEAN >E NECESS>Y 9 EV]Y?+4 ,9DE$1 ,%AKESPE>E IS SO P5ETRAT$ BY ?IS CONVICTION ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ,G]V9US'S ASS]TION1 HE ALL[S HIMSELF TO D5Y EV5 ,*RI/IAN MORALITY1 :I* MAKES EXAGG]AT$ DEM&S ON HUMAN NATURE4 ,%AKESPE>E1 AS WE READ1 DID NOT APPROVE ( LIMITS ( DUTY EXCE$+ ! 9T5TIONS ( NATURE4 ,HE TEA*ES ! GOLD5 MEAN BETWE5 HEA!N HATR$ TO ONE'S 5EMIES & ,*RI/IAN LOVE T[>D !M 7PP4 #e#f#a1 #e#f#b74 ,H[ F> ,%AKESPE>E WAS P5ETRAT$ ) ?IS FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( REASONABLE MOD]ATION1 SAYS ,G]V9US1 CAN BE SE5 FROM ! FACT ?AT HE HAS ! C\RAGE TO EXPRESS HIMSELF EV5 AGA9/ ! ,*RI/IAN RULES :I* PROMPT HUMAN NATURE TO ! EXCESSIVE EX]TION ( ITS P[]S4 ,HE DID NOT ADMIT ?AT ! LIMITS ( DUTIES %\LD EXCE$ ! BIDD+S ( ,NATURE4 ,!RE=E HE PREA*$ A REASONABLE MEAN NATURAL TO MAN1 BETWE5 ,*RI/IAN & HEA!N PRECEPTS1 ( LOVE T[>D ONE'S 5EMIES ON ! ONE H&1 & HATR$ T[>D !M ON ! O!R4 

,?AT ONE MAY DO TOO MU* GOOD 7EXCE$ ! REASONABLE LIMITS ( GOOD7 IS CONV9C+LY PROV$ BY ,%AKESPE>E'S WORDS & EXAMPLES4 ,?US EXCESSIVE G5]OSITY RU9S ,TIMON1 :ILE ,ANTONIO'S MOD]ATE G5]OSITY CONF]S HONOR2 NORMAL AMBITION MAKES ,H5RY ,V4 GREAT1 :]EAS IT RU9S ,P]CY1 9 :OM IT HAS RIS5 TOO HI<2 EXCESSIVE VIRTUE LEADS ,ANGELO TO DE/RUCTION1 & IF1 9 ?OSE :O SURR\ND HIM1 EXCESSIVE SEV]ITY BECOMES H>MFUL & CAN NOT PREV5T CRIME1 ON ! O!R H& ! DIV9E ELEM5T 9 MAN1 EV5 *>ITY1 IF IT BE EXCESSIVE1 CAN CREATE CRIME4 

,%AKESPE>E TAU<T1 SAYS ,G]V9US1 ?AT ONE  
MAY BE TOO GOOD4 

,HE TEA*ES ?AT MORALITY1 LIKE POLITICS1 IS A MATT] 9 :I*1 [+ TO ! COMPLEXITY ( CIRCUM/ANCES & MOTIVES1 ONE CAN NOT E/ABLI% ANY PR9CIPLES 7P4 #e#f#c71 & 9 ?IS HE AGREES ) ,BACON & ,>I/OTLE--!RE >E NO POSITIVE RELIGI\S & MORAL LAWS :I* MAY CREATE PR9CIPLES = CORRECT MORAL CONDUCT SUITABLE = ALL CASES4 

,G]V9US MO/ CLE>LY EXPRESSES ! :OLE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S MORAL !ORY BY SAY+ ?AT ,%AKESPE>E DOES NOT WRITE = ?OSE CLASSES = :OM DEF9ITE RELIGI\S PR9CIPLES & LAWS >E SUITABLE 7I4E41 = N9E HUNDR$ & N9ETY-N9E ONE-?\S&?S ( M57 BUT = ! $UCAT$3 

0,!RE >E CLASSES ( M5 :OSE MORALITY IS BE/ GU>D$ BY ! POSITIVE PRECEPTS ( RELIGION & /ATE LAW2 TO SU* P]SONS ,%AKESPE>E'S CREATIONS >E 9ACCESSIBLE4 ,!Y >E COMPREH5SIBLE & ACCESSIBLE ONLY TO ! $UCAT$1 FROM :OM ONE CAN EXPECT ?AT !Y %\LD ACQUIRE ! HEAL?Y TACT ( LIFE & SELF-CONSCI\SNESS BY MEANS ( :I* ! 9NATE GUID+ P[]S ( CONSCI5CE & REASON1 UNIT+ ) ! WILL1 LEAD US TO ! DEF9ITE ATTA9M5T ( WOR?Y AIMS 9 LIFE4 ,BUT EV5 = SU* $UCAT$ PEOPLE1 ,%AKESPE>E'S TEA*+ IS NOT ALWAYS )\T DANG]4 ,! CONDITION ON :I* HIS TEA*+ IS QUITE H>MLESS IS ?AT IT %\LD BE ACCEPT$ 9 ALL ITS COMPLET5ESS1 9 ALL ITS P>TS1 )\T ANY OMISSION4 ,!N IT IS NOT ONLY )\T DANG]1 BUT IS ! MO/ CLE> & FAULTLESS & !RE=E ! MO/ WOR?Y ( CONFID5CE ( ALL MORAL TEA*+0 7P4 #e#f#d74 

,9 ORD] ?US TO ACCEPT ALL1 ONE %\LD UND]/& ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO HIS TEA*+1 IT IS /UPID & H>MFUL = ! 9DIVIDUAL TO REVOLT AGA9/1 OR 5DEAVOR TO OV]?R[1 ! LIMITS ( E/ABLI%$ RELIGI\S & /ATE =MS4 0,%AKESPE>E10 SAYS ,G]V9US1 0W\LD ABHOR AN 9DEP5D5T & FREE 9DIVIDUAL :O1 ) A P[]FUL SPIRIT1 %\LD /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALL CONV5TION 9 POLITICS & MORALITY & OV]/EP ?AT UNION BETWE5 RELIGION & ! ,/ATE :I* HAS = ?\S&S ( YE>S SUPPORT$ SOCIETY4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIS VIEWS1 ! PRACTICAL WISDOM ( M5 C\LD NOT HAVE A HI<] OBJECT ?AN ! 9TRODUCTION 9TO SOCIETY ( ! GREATE/ SPONTANEITY & FRE$OM1 BUT PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ?IS ONE %\LD SAFEGU>D AS SACR$ & IRREFRAGABLE ! NATURAL LAWS ( SOCIETY--ONE %\LD RESPECT ! EXI/+ ORD] ( ?+S &1 CONT9UALLY V]IFY+ IT1 9CULCATE ITS RATIONAL SIDES1 NOT OV]LOOK+ NATURE = ! SAKE ( CULTURE1 OR VISE V]SA0 7P4 #e#f#f74 ,PROP]TY1 ! FAMILY1 ! /ATE1 >E SACR$2 BUT ASPIRATION T[>D ! RECOGNITION ( ! EQUALITY ( M5 IS 9SANITY4 ,ITS REALIZATION W\LD BR+ HUMANITY TO ! GREATE/ CALAMITIES4 ,NO ONE /RUGGL$ MORE ?AN ,%AKESPE>E AGA9/ ! PRIVILEGES ( RANK & POSITION1 BUT C\LD ?IS FREE?9K+ MAN RESIGN HIMSELF TO ! PRIVILEGES ( ! WEAL?Y & $UCAT$ BE+ DE/ROY$ 9 ORD] TO GIVE ROOM TO ! POOR & IGNORANT8 ,H[ C\LD A MAN :O SO ELOQU5TLY ATTRACTS PEOPLE T[>D HONORS1 P]MIT ?AT ! V]Y ASPIRATION T[>D ?AT :I* WAS GREAT BE CRU%$ TOGE!R ) RANK & DI/9CTION = S]VICES1 &1 ) ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL DEGREES1 0! MOTIVES = ALL HI< UND]TAK+S BE /IFL$08 ,EV5 IF ! ATTRACTION ( HONORS & FALSE P[] TREA*]\SLY OBTA9$ W]E TO CEASE1 C\LD ! POET ADMIT ( ! MO/ DREADFUL ( ALL VIOL5CE1 ?AT ( ! IGNORANT CR[D8 ,HE SAW ?AT1 ?ANKS TO ?IS EQUALITY N[ PREA*$1 EV]Y?+ MAY PASS 9TO VIOL5CE1 & VIOL5CE 9TO >BITR>Y ACTS & !NCE 9TO UN*ECK$ PASSION :I* WILL R5D ! WORLD AS ! WOLF DOES ITS PREY1 & 9 ! 5D ! WORLD WILL SWALL[ ITSELF UP4 ,EV5 IF ?IS DOES NOT HAPP5 ) MANK9D :5 IT ATTA9S EQUALITY--IF ! LOVE ( NATIONS & ET]NAL PEACE PROVE NOT TO BE ?AT IMPOSSIBLE 0NO?+10 AS ,ALONSO EXPRESS$ IT 9 0,! ,TEMPE/0--BUT IF1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ACTUAL ATTA9M5T ( ASPIRATIONS T[>D EQUALITY IS POSSIBLE1 !N ! POET W\LD DEEM ?AT ! OLD AGE & EXT9CTION ( ! WORLD HAD APPROA*$1 & ?AT1 !RE=E1 = ACTIVE 9DIVIDUALS1 IT IS NOT WOR? :ILE TO LIVE 7PP4 #e#g#a1 #e#g#b74 

,SU* IS ,%AKESPE>E'S VIEW ( LIFE AS DEMON/RAT$ BY HIS GREATE/ EXPON5T & ADMIR]4 

,ANO!R ( ! MO/ MOD]N ADMIR]S ( ,%AKESPE>E1 ,GEORGE ,BR&ES1 FUR!R SETS =?3 

0,NO ONE1 ( C\RSE1 CAN CONS]VE HIS LIFE QUITE PURE FROM EVIL1 FROM DECEIT1 & FROM ! 9JURY ( O!RS1 BUT EVIL & DECEIT >E NOT ALWAYS VISES1 & EV5 ! EVIL CAUS$ TO O!RS1 IS NOT NECESS>ILY A VISE3 IT IS (T5 M]ELY A NECESSITY1 A LEGITIMATE WEAPON1 A RI<T4 ,& 9DE$1 ,%AKESPE>E ALWAYS HELD ?AT !RE >E NO UNCONDITIONAL PROHIBITIONS1 NOR UNCONDITIONAL DUTIES4 ,= 9/ANCE1 HE DID NOT D\BT ,HAMLET'S RI<T TO KILL ! ,K+1 NOR EV5 HIS RI<T TO /AB ,POLONIUS TO DEA?1 & YET HE C\LD NOT RE/RA9 HIMSELF FROM AN OV]:ELM+ FEEL+ ( 9DIGNATION & REPULSION :51 LOOK+ >\ND1 HE SAW EV]Y:]E H[ 9CESSANTLY ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y MORAL LAWS W]E BE+ 9FR+$4 ,N[1 9 HIS M9D !RE WAS =M$1 AS IT W]E1 A CLOSELY RIVET$ R+ ( ?\<TS CONC]N+ :I* HE HAD ALWAYS VAGUELY FELT3 SU* UNCONDITIONAL COMM&M5TS DO NOT EXI/2 ! QUALITY & SIGNIFICANCE ( AN ACT1 NOT TO SPEAK ( A *>ACT]1 DO NOT DEP5D UPON !IR 5ACTM5T OR 9FR+EM5T2 ! :OLE SUB/ANCE LIES 9 ! CONT5TS ) :I* ! SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUAL1 AT ! MOM5T ( HIS DECISION & ON HIS [N RESPONSIBILITY1 FILLS UP ! =M ( !SE LAWS40 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ,%AKESPE>E AT LA/ CLE>LY SAW ?AT ! MORAL ( ! AIM IS ! ONLY TRUE & POSSIBLE ONE2 SO ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ,BR&ES1 ,%AKESPE>E'S FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE1 = :I* HE EXTOLS HIM1 IS ?AT ! 5D JU/IFIES ! MEANS--ACTION AT ALL CO/S1 ! ABS5CE ( ALL IDEALS1 MOD]ATION 9 EV]Y?+1 ! CONS]VATION ( ! =MS ( LIFE ONCE E/ABLI%$1 & ! 5D JU/IFY+ ! MEANS4 ,IF Y\ ADD TO ?IS A ,*AUV9I/ ,5GLI% PATRIOTISM1 EXPRESS$ 9 ALL ! HI/ORICAL DRAMAS1 A PATRIOTISM ACCORD+ TO :I* ! ,5GLI% ?RONE IS SOME?+ SACR$1 ,5GLI%M5 ALWAYS VANQUI%+ ! ,FR5*1 KILL+ ?\S&S & LOS+ ONLY SCORES1 ,JOAN ( ,>C REG>D$ AS A WIT*1 & ! BELIEF ?AT ,HECTOR & ALL ! ,TROJANS1 FROM :OM ! ,5GLI% CAME1 >E H]OES1 :ILE ! ,GREEKS >E C[>DS & TRAITORS1 & SO =?1--SU* IS ! VIEW ( LIFE ( ! WISE/ TEA*] ( LIFE ACCORD+ TO HIS GREATE/ ADMIR]S4 ,& HE :O WILL ATT5TIVELY READ ,%AKESPE>E'S WORKS CAN NOT FAIL TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! DESCRIPTION ( ?IS ,%AKESPE>IAN VIEW ( LIFE BY HIS ADMIR]S IS QUITE CORRECT4 

,! M]IT ( EV]Y POETIC WORK DEP5DS ON ?REE ?+S3 

7#a7 ,! SUBJECT ( ! WORK3 ! DEEP] ! SUBJECT1 I4E41 ! MORE IMPORTANT IT IS TO ! LIFE ( MANK9D1 ! HI<] IS ! WORK4 

7#b7 ,! EXT]NAL BEAUTY A*IEV$ BY TE*NICAL ME?ODS PROP] TO ! P>TICUL> K9D ( >T4 ,?US1 9 DRAMATIC >T1 ! TE*NICAL ME?OD WILL BE A TRUE 9DIVIDUALITY ( LANGUAGE1 CORRESPOND+ TO ! *>ACT]S1 A NATURAL1 & AT ! SAME TIME T\*+ PLOT1 A CORRECT SC5IC R5D]+ ( ! DEMON/RATION & DEVELOPM5T ( EMOTION1 & ! FEEL+ ( MEASURE 9 ALL ?AT IS REPRES5T$4 

7#c7 ,S9C]ITY1 I4E41 ?AT ! AU?OR %\LD HIMSELF KE5LY FEEL :AT HE EXPRESSES4 ,)\T ?IS CONDITION !RE CAN BE NO WORK ( >T1 AS ! ESS5CE ( >T CONSI/S 9 ! CONTEMPLATION ( ! WORK ( >T BE+ 9FECT$ ) ! AU?OR'S FEEL+4 ,IF ! AU?OR DOES NOT ACTUALLY FEEL :AT HE EXPRESSES1 !N ! RECIPI5T CAN NOT BECOME 9FECT$ ) ! FEEL+ ( ! AU?OR1 DOES NOT EXP]I5CE ANY FEEL+1 & ! PRODUCTION CAN NO LONG] BE CLASSIFI$ AS A WORK ( >T4 

,! SUBJECT ( ,%AKESPE>E'S PIECES1 AS IS SE5 FROM ! DEMON/RATIONS ( HIS GREATE/ ADMIR]S1 IS ! L[E/1 MO/ VULG> VIEW ( LIFE1 :I* REG>DS ! EXT]NAL ELEVATION ( ! LORDS ( ! WORLD AS A G5U9E DI/9CTION1 DESPISES ! CR[D1 I4E41 ! WORK+ CLASSES--REPUDIATES NOT ONLY ALL RELIGI\S1 BUT ALSO ALL HUMANIT>IAN1 /RIV+S DIRECT$ TO ! BETT]M5T ( ! EXI/+ ORD]4 

,! SECOND CONDITION ALSO1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! R5D]+ ( ! SC5ES 9 :I* ! MOVEM5T ( FEEL+S IS EXPRESS$1 IS QUITE ABS5T 9 ,%AKESPE>E4 ,HE DOES NOT GRASP ! NATURAL *>ACT] ( ! POSITIONS ( HIS P]SONAGES1 NOR ! LANGUAGE ( ! P]SONS REPRES5T$1 NOR ! FEEL+ ( MEASURE )\T :I* NO WORK CAN BE >TI/IC4 

,! ?IRD & MO/ IMPORTANT CONDITION1 S9C]ITY1 IS COMPLETELY ABS5T 9 ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S WORKS4 ,9 ALL ( !M ONE SEES 9T5TIONAL >TIFICE2 ONE SEES ?AT HE IS NOT 9 E>NE/1 BUT ?AT HE IS PLAY+ ) WORDS4 

O ,*APT] #g 

,%AKESPE>E'S WORKS DO NOT SATISFY ! DEM&S ( ALL >T1 &1 BESIDES ?IS1 !IR T5D5CY IS ( ! L[E/ & MO/ IMMORAL4 ,:AT !N SIGNIFIES ! GREAT FAME !SE WORKS HAVE 5JOY$ = MORE ?AN A HUNDR$ YE>S8 

,MANY TIMES DUR+ MY LIFE ,I HAVE HAD OCCASION TO >GUE AB\T ,%AKESPE>E ) HIS ADMIR]S1 NOT ONLY ) PEOPLE LITTLE S5SITIVE TO POETRY1 BUT ) ?OSE :O KE5LY FELT POETIC BEAUTY1 SU* AS ,TURG5EF1 ,FET1 & O!RS1 & EV]Y TIME ,I 5C\NT]$ ONE & ! SAME ATTITUDE T[>D MY OBJECTION TO ! PRAISES ( ,%AKESPE>E4 ,I WAS NOT REFUT$ :5 ,I PO9T$ \T ,%AKESPE>E'S DEFECTS2 !Y ONLY CONDOL$ ) ME = MY WANT ( COMPREH5SION1 & URG$ UPON ME ! NECESSITY ( RECOGNIZ+ ! EXTRAORD9>Y SUP]NATURAL GR&EUR ( ,%AKESPE>E1 & !Y DID NOT EXPLA9 TO ME 9 :AT ! BEAUTIES ( ,%AKESPE>E CONSI/$1 BUT W]E M]ELY VAGUELY & EXAGG]AT$LY 5RAPTUR$ ) ! :OLE ( ,%AKESPE>E1 EXTOLL+ SOME FAVORITE PASSAGES3 ! UNBUTTON+ ( ,LE>'S BUTTON1 ,FAL/AFF'S LY+1 ,LADY ,MACBE?'S 9EFFACEABLE SPOTS1 ,HAMLET'S EXHORTATION TO HIS FA!R'S <O/1 0=TY ?\S& BRO!RS10 ETC4 

0,OP5 ,%AKESPE>E10 ,I US$ TO SAY TO !SE ADMIR]S1 0:]EV] Y\ LIKE1 OR :]EV] IT MAY *ANCE1 Y\ WILL SEE ?AT Y\ WILL NEV] F9D T5 CONSECUTIVE L9ES :I* >E COMPREH5SIBLE1 UN>TIFICIAL1 NATURAL TO ! *>ACT] ?AT SAYS !M1 & :I* PRODUCE AN >TI/IC IMPRESSION40 7,?IS EXP]IM5T MAY BE MADE BY ANY ONE4 ,& EI!R AT R&OM1 OR ACCORD+ TO !IR [N *OICE47 ,%AKESPE>E'S ADMIR]S OP5$ PAGES 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS1 & )\T PAY+ ANY ATT5TION TO MY CRITICISMS AS TO :Y ! SELECT$ T5 L9ES DID NOT SATISFY ! MO/ ELEM5T>Y DEM&S ( ES!TIC & COMMON S5SE1 !Y W]E 5*ANT$ ) ! V]Y ?+ :I* TO ME APPE>$ ABSURD1 9COMPREH5SIBLE1 & 9>TI/IC4 ,SO ?AT1 9 G5]AL1 :5 ,I 5DEAVOR$ TO GET FROM ,%AKESPE>E'S WOR%IP]S AN EXPLANATION ( HIS GREATNESS1 ,I MET 9 !M EXACTLY ! SAME ATTITUDE :I* ,I HAVE MET1 & :I* IS USUALLY MET1 9 ! DEF5D]S ( ANY DOGMAS ACCEPT$ NOT ?R\< REASON1 BUT ?R\< FAI?4 ,IT IS ?IS ATTITUDE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S ADMIR]S T[>D !IR OBJECT--AN ATTITUDE :I* MAY BE SE5 ALSO 9 ALL ! MI/ILY 9DEF9ITE ESSAYS & CONV]SATIONS AB\T ,%AKESPE>E--:I* GAVE ME ! KEY TO ! UND]/&+ ( ! CAUSE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S FAME4 ,!RE IS BUT ONE EXPLANATION ( ?IS WOND]FUL FAME3 IT IS ONE ( ?OSE EPIDEMIC 0SUGGE/IONS0 TO :I* M5 CON/ANTLY HAVE BE5 & >E SUBJECT4 ,SU* 0SUGGE/ION0 ALWAYS HAS EXI/$ & DOES EXI/ 9 ! MO/ V>I$ SPH]ES ( LIFE4 ,AS GL>+ 9/ANCES1 CONSID]ABLE 9 SCOPE & 9 DECEITFUL 9FLU5CE1 ONE MAY CITE ! M$IEVAL ,CRUSADES :I* AFFLICT$1 NOT ONLY ADULTS1 BUT EV5 *ILDR51 & ! 9DIVIDUAL 0SUGGE/IONS10 />TL+ 9 !IR S5SELESSNESS1 SU* AS FAI? 9 WIT*ES1 9 ! UTILITY ( TORTURE = ! DISCOV]Y ( ! TRU?1 ! SE>* = ! ELIXIR ( LIFE1 ! PHILOSOPH]'S /ONE1 OR ! PASSION = TULIPS VALU$ AT SEV]AL ?\S& GULD5S A BULB :I* TOOK HOLD ( ,HOLL&4 ,SU* IRRATIONAL 0SUGGE/IONS0 ALWAYS HAVE BE5 EXI/+1 & /ILL EXI/1 9 ALL SPH]ES ( HUMAN LIFE--RELIGI\S1 PHILOSOPHICAL1 POLITICAL1 ECONOMICAL1 SCI5TIFIC1 >TI/IC1 &1 9 G5]AL1 LIT]>Y--& PEOPLE CLE>LY SEE ! 9SANITY ( !SE SUGGE/IONS ONLY :5 !Y FREE !MSELVES FROM !M4 ,BUT1 AS LONG AS !Y >E UND] !IR 9FLU5CE1 ! SUGGE/IONS APPE> TO !M SO C]TA91 SO TRUE1 ?AT TO >GUE AB\T !M IS REG>D$ AS NEI!R NECESS>Y NOR POSSIBLE4 ,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PR9T+ PRESS1 !SE EPIDEMICS BECAME ESPECIALLY /RIK+4 

,) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PRESS1 IT HAS N[ COME TO PASS ?AT SO SOON AS ANY EV5T1 [+ TO CASUAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 RECEIVES AN ESPECIALLY PROM95T SIGNIFICANCE1 IMM$IATELY ! ORGANS ( ! PRESS ANN\NCE ?IS SIGNIFICANCE4 ,AS SOON AS ! PRESS HAS BR\<T =W>D ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! EV5T1 ! PUBLIC DEVOTES MORE & MORE ATT5TION TO IT4 ,! ATT5TION ( ! PUBLIC PROMPTS ! PRESS TO EXAM9E ! EV5T ) GREAT] ATT5TION & 9 GREAT] DETAIL4 ,! 9T]E/ ( ! PUBLIC FUR!R 9CREASES1 & ! ORGANS ( ! PRESS1 COMPET+ ) ONE ANO!R1 SATISFY ! PUBLIC DEM&4 ,! PUBLIC IS /ILL MORE 9T]E/$2 ! PRESS ATTRIBUTES YET MORE SIGNIFICANCE TO ! EV5T4 ,SO ?AT ! IMPORTANCE ( ! EV5T1 CONT9UALLY GR[+1 LIKE A LUMP ( SN[1 RECEIVES AN APPRECIATION UTT]LY 9APPROPRIATE TO ITS REAL SIGNIFICANCE1 & ?IS APPRECIATION1 (T5 EXAGG]AT$ TO 9SANITY1 IS RETA9$ SO LONG AS ! CONCEPTION ( LIFE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! PRESS & ( ! PUBLIC REMA9S ! SAME4 ,!RE >E 9NUM]ABLE EXAMPLES ( SU* AN 9APPROPRIATE E/IMATION :I*1 9 \R TIME1 [+ TO ! MUTUAL 9FLU5CE ( PRESS & PUBLIC ON ONE ANO!R1 IS ATTA*$ TO ! MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT SUBJECTS4 ,A /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( SU* MUTUAL 9FLU5CE ( ! PUBLIC & ! PRESS WAS ! EXCITEM5T 9 ! CASE ( ,DREYFUS1 :I* LATELY CAU<T HOLD ( ! :OLE WORLD4 

,! SUSPICION >OSE ?AT SOME CAPTA9 ( ! ,FR5* /AFF WAS GUILTY ( TREASON4 ,:E!R BECAUSE ?IS P>TICUL> CAPTA9 WAS A ,JEW1 OR BECAUSE ( SOME SPECIAL 9T]NAL P>TY DISAGREEM5TS 9 ,FR5* SOCIETY1 ! PRESS ATTA*$ A SOME:AT PROM95T 9T]E/ TO ?IS EV5T1 :OSE LIKE IS CONT9UALLY OCCURR+ )\T ATTRACT+ ANY ONE'S ATT5TION1 & )\T BE+ ABLE TO 9T]E/ EV5 ! ,FR5* MILIT>Y1 /ILL LESS ! :OLE WORLD4 ,! PUBLIC TURN$ ITS ATT5TION TO ?IS 9CID5T1 ! ORGANS ( ! PRESS1 MUTUALLY COMPET+1 BEGAN TO DESCRIBE1 EXAM9E1 DISCUSS ! EV5T2 ! PUBLIC WAS YET MORE 9T]E/$2 ! PRESS ANSW]$ TO ! DEM& ( ! PUBLIC1 & ! LUMP ( SN[ BEGAN TO GR[ & GR[1 TILL BE=E \R EYES IT ATTA9$ SU* A BULK ?AT !RE WAS NOT A FAMILY :]E CONTROV]SIES DID NOT RAGE AB\T 0L'AFFAIRE40 ,! C>ICATURE BY ,C>AN D',A*E REPRES5T+ AT FIR/ A PEACEFUL FAMILY RESOLV$ TO TALK NO MORE AB\T ,DREYFUS1 & !N1 LIKE EXASP]AT$ FURIES1 MEMB]S ( ! SAME FAMILY FI<T+ ) EA* O!R1 QUITE CORRECTLY EXPRESS$ ! ATTITUDE ( ! :OLE ( ! READ+ WORLD TO ! QUE/ION AB\T ,DREYFUS4 ,PEOPLE ( =EIGN NATIONALITIES1 :O C\LD NOT BE 9T]E/$ 9 ! QUE/ION :E!R A ,FR5* (FIC] WAS A TRAITOR OR NOT--PEOPLE1 MOREOV]1 :O C\LD KN[ NO?+ ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CASE--ALL DIVID$ !MSELVES = & AGA9/ ,DREYFUS1 & ! MOM5T !Y MET !Y TALK$ & >GU$ AB\T ,DREYFUS1 SOME ASS]T+ HIS GUILT ) ASSURANCE1 O!RS D5Y+ IT ) EQUAL ASSURANCE4 ,ONLY AFT] ! LAPSE ( SOME YE>S DID PEOPLE BEG9 TO AWAKE FROM ! 0SUGGE/ION0 & TO UND]/& ?AT !Y C\LD NOT POSSIBLY KN[ :E!R ,DREYFUS WAS GUILTY OR NOT1 & ?AT EA* ONE HAD ?\S&S ( SUBJECTS MU* MORE NE> TO HIM & 9T]E/+ ?AN ! CASE ( ,DREYFUS4 

,SU* 9FATUATIONS TAKE PLACE 9 ALL SPH]ES1 BUT !Y >E ESPECIALLY NOTICEABLE 9 ! SPH]E ( LIT]ATURE1 AS ! PRESS NATURALLY OCCUPIES ITSELF ! MORE KE5LY ) ! AFFAIRS ( ! PRESS1 & !Y >E P>TICUL>LY P[]FUL 9 \R TIME :5 ! PRESS HAS RECEIV$ SU* AN UNNATURAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT CONT9UALLY HAPP5S ?AT PEOPLE SUDD5LY BEG9 TO EXTOLL SOME MO/ 9SIGNIFICANT WORKS1 9 EXAGG]AT$ LANGUAGE1 & !N1 IF !SE WORKS DO NOT CORRESPOND TO ! PREVAIL+ VIEW ( LIFE1 !Y SUDD5LY BECOME UTT]LY 9DIFF]5T TO !M1 & =GET BO? ! WORKS !MSELVES & !IR =M] ATTITUDE T[>D !M4 

,SO )9 MY RECOLLECTION1 9 ! =TIES1 !RE WAS 9 ! SPH]E ( >T ! LAUDATION & GLORIFICATION ( ,EUG5E ,SUE1 & ,GEORGES ,S&2 & 9 ! SOCIAL SPH]E ,F\RI]2 9 ! PHILOSOPHICAL SPH]E1 ,COMTE & ,HEGEL2 9 ! SCI5TIFIC SPH]E1 ,D>W94 

,SUE IS QUITE =GOTT51 ,GEORGES ,S& IS BE+ =GOTT5 & REPLAC$ BY ! WRIT+S ( ,ZOLA & ! ,DECAD5TS1 ,BEAUDELAIRE1 ,V]LA9E1 ,MAET]L9CK1 & O!RS4 ,F\RI] ) HIS PHALAN/]IES IS QUITE =GOTT51 HIS PLACE BE+ TAK5 BY ,M>X4 ,HEGEL1 :O JU/IFI$ ! EXI/+ ORD]1 & ,COMTE1 :O D5I$ ! NECESSITY ( RELIGI\S ACTIVITY 9 MANK9D1 & ,D>W9 ) HIS LAW ( /RUGGLE1 /ILL HOLD ON1 BUT >E BEG9N+ TO BE =GOTT51 BE+ REPLAC$ BY ! TEA*+ ( ,NIETZS*E1 :I*1 AL?\< UTT]LY EXTRAVAGANT1 UNCONSID]$1 MI/Y1 & VICI\S 9 ITS BE>+1 YET CORRESPONDS BETT] ) EXI/+ T5D5CIES4 ,?US SOMETIMES >TI/IC1 PHILOSOPHIC1 &1 9 G5]AL1 LIT]>Y CRAZES SUDD5LY >ISE & >E AS QUICKLY =GOTT54 ,BUT IT ALSO HAPP5S ?AT SU* CRAZES1 HAV+ >IS5 9 CONSEQU5CE ( SPECIAL REASONS ACCID5TALLY FAVOR+ TO !IR E/ABLI%M5T1 CORRESPOND 9 SU* A DEGREE TO ! VIEWS ( LIFE SPREAD 9 SOCIETY1 & ESPECIALLY 9 LIT]>Y CIRCLES1 ?AT !Y >E MA9TA9$ = A LONG TIME4 ,AS F> BACK AS 9 ! TIME ( ,ROME1 IT WAS REM>K$ ?AT (T5 BOOKS HAVE !IR [N V]Y /RANGE FATES3 CONSI/+ 9 FAILURE NOT)/&+ !IR HI< M]ITS1 & 9 5ORM\S UNDES]V$ SUCCESS NOT)/&+ !IR TRIVIALITY4 ,! SAY+ >OSE3 0PRO CAPTU LECTORIS HAB5T SUA FATA LIBELLI0--I4E41 ?AT ! FATE ( BOOKS DEP5DS ON ! UND]/&+ ( ?OSE :O READ !M4 ,!RE WAS H>MONY BETWE5 ,%AKESPE>E'S WRIT+S & ! VIEW ( LIFE ( ?OSE AMONG :OM HIS FAME >OSE4 ,& ?IS FAME HAS BE51 & /ILL IS1 MA9TA9$ [+ TO ,%AKESPE>E'S WORKS CONT9U+ TO CORRESPOND TO ! LIFE CONCEPT ( ?OSE :O SUPPORT ?IS FAME4 

,UNTIL ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ,%AKESPE>E NOT ONLY FAIL$ TO GA9 ANY SPECIAL FAME 9 ,5GL&1 BUT WAS VALU$ LESS ?AN HIS CONTEMPOR>Y DRAMATI/S3 ,B5 ,JONSON1 ,FLET*]1 ,BEAUMONT1 & O!RS4 ,HIS FAME ORIG9AT$ 9 ,G]MANY1 & !NCE WAS TRANSF]R$ TO ,5GL&4 ,?IS HAPP5$ = ! FOLL[+ REASON3 

,>T1 ESPECIALLY DRAMATIC >T1 DEM&+ = ITS REALIZATION GREAT PREP>ATIONS1 \TLAYS1 & LABOR1 WAS ALWAYS RELIGI\S1 I4E41 ITS OBJECT WAS TO /IMULATE 9 M5 A CLE>] CONCEPTION ( ?AT RELATION ( MAN TO ,GOD :I* HAD1 AT ?AT TIME1 BE5 ATTA9$ BY ! LEAD+ M5 ( ! CIRCLES 9T]E/$ 9 >T4 

,SO IT WAS B\ND TO BE FROM ITS [N NATURE1 & SO1 AS A MATT] ( FACT1 HAS IT ALWAYS BE5 AMONG ALL NATIONS--,EGYPTIANS1 ,H9DUS1 ,*9ESE1 ,GREEKS--COMM5C+ 9 SOME REMOTE P]IOD ( HUMAN LIFE4 ,& IT HAS ALWAYS HAPP5$ ?AT1 ) ! CO>S5+ ( RELIGI\S =MS1 >T HAS MORE & MORE DIV]G$ FROM ITS ORIG9AL OBJECT 7ACCORD+ TO :I* IT C\LD BE REG>D$ AS AN IMPORTANT FUNCTION--ALMO/ AN ACT ( WOR%IP71 &1 9/EAD ( S]V+ RELIGI\S OBJECTS1 IT /ROVE = WORLDLY AIMS1 SEEK+ TO SATISFY ! DEM&S ( ! CR[D OR ( ! P[]FUL1 I4E41 ! AIMS ( RECREATION & AMUSEM5T4 ,?IS DEVIATION ( >T FROM ITS TRUE & HI< VOCATION TOOK PLACE EV]Y:]E1 & EV5 9 CONNECTION ) ,*RI/IANITY4 

,! FIR/ MANIFE/ATIONS ( ,*RI/IAN >T W]E S]VICES 9 *UR*ES3 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! SACRAM5TS & ! ORD9>Y LITURGY4 ,:51 9 C\RSE ( TIME1 ! =MS ( >T AS US$ 9 WOR%IP BECAME 9SUFFICI5T1 !RE APPE>$ ! ,MY/]IES1 DESCRIB+ ?OSE EV5TS :I* W]E REG>D$ AS ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9 ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGI\S VIEW ( LIFE4 ,:51 9 ! ?IRTE5? & F\RTE5? C5TURIES1 ! C5T] ( GRAVITY ( ,*RI/IAN TEA*+ WAS MORE & MORE TRANSF]R$1 ! WOR%IP ( ,*RI/ AS ,GOD1 & ! 9T]PRETATION & FOLL[+ ( ,HIS TEA*+1 ! =M ( ,MY/]IES DESCRIB+ EXT]NAL ,*RI/IAN EV5TS BECAME 9SUFFICI5T1 & NEW =MS W]E DEM&$4 ,AS ! EXPRESSION ( ! ASPIRATIONS :I* GAVE RISE TO !SE *ANGES1 !RE APPE>$ ! ,MORALITIES1 DRAMATIC REPRES5TATIONS 9 :I* ! *>ACT]S W]E P]SONIFICATIONS ( ,*RI/IAN VIRTUES & !IR OPPOSITE VISES4 

,BUT ALLEGORIES1 [+ TO ! V]Y FACT ( !IR BE+ WORKS ( >T ( A L[] ORD]1 C\LD NOT REPLACE ! =M] RELIGI\S DRAMAS1 & YET NO NEW =MS ( DRAMATIC >T CORRESPOND+ TO ! CONCEPTION N[ 5T]TA9$ ( ,*RI/IANITY1 ACCORD+ TO :I* IT WAS REG>D$ AS A TEA*+ ( LIFE1 HAD YET BE5 F\ND4 ,H5CE1 DRAMATIC >T1 HAV+ NO F\NDATION1 CAME 9 ALL ,*RI/IAN C\NTRIES TO SW]VE F>!R & F>!R FROM ITS PROP] USE & OBJECT1 &1 9/EAD ( S]V+ ,GOD1 IT TOOK TO S]V+ ! CR[D 7BY CR[D1 ,I MEAN1 NOT SIMPLY ! MASSES ( COMMON PEOPLE1 BUT ! MAJORITY ( IMMORAL OR UNMORAL M51 9DIFF]5T TO ! HI<] PROBLEMS ( HUMAN LIFE74 ,?IS DEVIATION WAS1 MOREOV]1 5C\RAG$ BY ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT1 AT ?IS V]Y TIME1 ! ,GREEK ?9K]S1 POETS1 & DRAMATI/S1 HI!RTO UNKN[N 9 ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD1 W]E DISCOV]$ & BR\<T BACK 9TO FAVOR4 ,FROM ALL ?IS IT FOLL[$ ?AT1 NOT HAV+ YET HAD TIME TO WORK \T !IR [N =M ( DRAMATIC >T CORRESPOND+ TO ! NEW CONCEPTION 5T]TA9$ ( ,*RI/IANITY AS BE+ A TEA*+ ( LIFE1 &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 RECOGNIZ+ ! PREVI\S =M ( ,MY/]IES & ,MORALITIES AS 9SUFFICI5T1 ! WRIT]S ( ! FIFTE5? & SIXTE5? C5TURIES1 9 !IR SE>* = A NEW =M1 BEGAN TO IMITATE ! NEWLY DISCOV]$ ,GREEK MODELS1 ATTRACT$ BY !IR ELEGANCE & NOVELTY4 

,S9CE ?OSE :O C\LD PR9CIPALLY AVAIL !MSELVES ( DRAMATIC REPRES5TATIONS W]E ! P[]FUL ( ?IS WORLD3 K+S1 PR9CES1 C\RTI]S1 ! LEA/ RELIGI\S PEOPLE1 NOT ONLY UTT]LY 9DIFF]5T TO ! QUE/IONS ( RELIGION1 BUT 9 MO/ CASES COMPLETELY DEPRAV$--!RE=E1 9 SATISFY+ ! DEM&S ( ITS AUDI5CE1 ! DRAMA ( ! FIFTE5? & SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES 5TIRELY GAVE UP ALL RELIGI\S AIM4 ,IT CAME TO PASS ?AT ! DRAMA1 :I* =M]LY HAD SU* A L(TY & RELIGI\S SIGNIFICANCE1 & :I* CAN1 ON ?IS CONDITION ALONE1 OCCUPY AN IMPORTANT PLACE 9 HUMAN LIFE1 BECAME1 AS 9 ! TIME ( ,ROME1 A SPECTACLE1 AN AMUSEM5T1 A RECREATION--ONLY ) ?IS DIFF]5CE1 ?AT 9 ,ROME ! SPECTACLES EXI/$ = ! :OLE PEOPLE1 :]EAS 9 ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD ( ! FIFTE5?1 SIXTE5?1 & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES !Y W]E PR9CIPALLY MEANT = DEPRAV$ K+S & ! HI<] CLASSES4 ,SU* WAS ! CASE ) ! ,SPANI%1 ,5GLI%1 ,ITALIAN1 & ,FR5* DRAMA4 

,! DRAMAS ( ?AT TIME1 PR9CIPALLY COMPOS$1 9 ALL !SE C\NTRIES1 ACCORD+ TO ANCI5T ,GREEK MODELS1 OR TAK5 FROM POEMS1 LEG5DS1 OR BIOGRAPHIES1 NATURALLY REFLECT$ ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( !IR RESPECTIVE NATIONALITIES3 9 ,ITALY COM$IES W]E *IEFLY ELABORAT$1 ) HUMOR\S POSITIONS & P]SONS4 ,9 ,SPA9 !RE FL\RI%$ ! WORLDLY DRAMA1 ) COMPLICAT$ PLOTS & HI/ORICAL H]OES4 ,! PECULI>ITIES ( ! ,5GLI% DRAMA W]E ! CO>SE 9CID5TS ( MURD]S1 EXECUTIONS1 & BATTLES TAK+ PLACE ON ! /AGE1 & POPUL>1 HUMOR\S 9T]LUDES4 ,NEI!R ! ,ITALIAN NOR ! ,SPANI% NOR ! ,5GLI% DRAMA HAD ,EUROPEAN FAME1 BUT !Y ALL 5JOY$ SUCCESS 9 !IR [N C\NTRIES4 ,G5]AL FAME1 [+ TO ! ELEGANCE ( ITS LANGUAGE & ! TAL5T ( ITS WRIT]S1 WAS POSSESS$ ONLY BY ! ,FR5* DRAMA1 DI/+UI%$ BY ITS /RICT ADH]5CE TO ! ,GREEK MODELS1 & ESPECIALLY TO ! LAW ( ! ?REE ,UNITIES4 

,SO IT CONT9U$ TILL ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 AT :I* TIME ?IS HAPP5$3 ,9 ,G]MANY1 :I* HAD NOT PRODUC$ EV5 PASSABLE DRAMATIC WRIT]S 7!RE WAS A WEAK & LITTLE KN[N WRIT]1 ,HANS ,SA*S71 ALL $UCAT$ PEOPLE1 TOGE!R ) ,FR$]ICK ! ,GREAT1 B[$ D[N BE=E ! ,FR5* PSEUDO-CLASSICAL DRAMA4 ,YET AT ?IS V]Y TIME !RE APPE>$ 9 ,G]MANY A GR\P ( $UCAT$ & TAL5T$ WRIT]S & POETS1 :O1 FEEL+ ! FALSITY & COLDNESS ( ! ,FR5* DRAMA1 5DEAVOR$ TO F9D A NEW & FRE] DRAMATIC =M4 ,! MEMB]S ( ?IS GR\P1 LIKE ALL ! UPP] CLASSES ( ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD AT ?AT TIME1 W]E UND] ! *>M & 9FLU5CE ( ! ,GREEK CLASSICS1 &1 BE+ UTT]LY 9DIFF]5T TO RELIGI\S QUE/IONS1 !Y ?\<T ?AT IF ! ,GREEK DRAMA1 DESCRIB+ ! CALAMITIES & SUFF]+S & /RIFE ( ITS H]OES1 REPRES5T$ ! HI<E/ DRAMATIC IDEAL1 !N SU* A DESCRIPTION ( ! SUFF]+S & ! /RUGGLES ( H]OES W\LD BE A SUFFICI5T SUBJECT 9 ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD1 TOO1 IF ONLY ! N>R[ DEM&S ( PSEUDO-CLASSICALISM W]E REJECT$4 ,!SE M51 NOT UND]/&+ ?AT1 = ! ,GREEKS1 ! /RIFE & SUFF]+S ( !IR H]OES HAD A RELIGI\S SIGNIFICANCE1 IMAG9$ ?AT !Y NE$$ ONLY TO REJECT ! 9CONV5I5T LAW ( ! ?REE ,UNITIES1 )\T 9TRODUC+ 9TO ! DRAMA ANY RELIGI\S ELEM5T CORRESPOND+ TO !IR TIME1 9 ORD] ?AT ! DRAMA %\LD HAVE SUFFICI5T SCOPE 9 ! REPRES5TATION ( V>I\S MOM5TS 9 ! LIVES ( HI/ORICAL P]SONAGES &1 9 G5]AL1 ( /RONG HUMAN PASSIONS4 ,EXACTLY ?IS K9D ( DRAMA EXI/$ AT ?AT TIME AMONG ! K9DR$ ,5GLI% PEOPLE1 &1 BECOM+ ACQUA9T$ ) IT1 ! ,G]MANS DECID$ ?AT PRECISELY SU* %\LD BE ! DRAMA ( ! NEW P]IOD4 

,!REUPON1 BECAUSE ( ! CLEV] DEVELOPM5T ( SC5ES :I* CON/ITUT$ ,%AKESPE>E'S PECULI>ITY1 !Y *OSE ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS 9 PREF]5CE TO ALL O!R ,5GLI% DRAMAS1 EXCLUD+ ?OSE :I* W]E NOT 9 ! LEA/ 9F]IOR1 BUT W]E EV5 SUP]IOR1 TO ,%AKESPE>E4 ,AT ! HEAD ( ! GR\P /OOD ,GOE!1 :O WAS !N ! DICTATOR ( PUBLIC OP9ION 9 ES!TIC QUE/IONS4 ,HE IT WAS :O1 P>TLY [+ TO A DESIRE TO DE/ROY ! FASC9ATION ( ! FALSE ,FR5* >T1 P>TLY [+ TO HIS DESIRE TO GIVE A GREAT] SCOPE TO HIS [N DRAMATIC WRIT+1 BUT *IEFLY ?R\< ! AGREEM5T ( HIS VIEW ( LIFE ) ,%AKESPE>E'S1 DECL>$ ,%AKESPE>E A GREAT POET4 ,:5 ?IS ]ROR WAS ANN\NC$ BY AN AU?ORITY LIKE ,GOE!1 ALL ?OSE ES!TIC CRITICS :O DID NOT UND]/& >T ?REW !MSELVES ON IT LIKE CR[S ON C>RION & BEGAN TO DISCOV] 9 ,%AKESPE>E BEAUTIES :I* DID NOT EXI/1 & TO EXTOLL !M4 ,!SE M51 ,G]MAN ES!TIC CRITICS1 = ! MO/ P>T UTT]LY DEVOID ( ES!TIC FEEL+1 )\T ?AT SIMPLE1 DIRECT >TI/IC S5SIBILITY :I*1 = PEOPLE ) A FEEL+ = >T1 CLE>LY DI/+UI%ES ES!TIC IMPRESSIONS FROM ALL O!RS1 BUT BELIEV+ ! AU?ORITY :I* HAD RECOGNIZ$ ,%AKESPE>E AS A GREAT POET1 BEGAN TO PRAISE ! :OLE ( ,%AKESPE>E 9DISCRIM9ATELY1 ESPECIALLY DI/+UI%+ SU* PASSAGES AS /RUCK !M BY !IR EFFECTS1 OR :I* EXPRESS$ ?\<TS CORRESPOND+ TO !IR VIEWS ( LIFE1 IMAG9+ ?AT !SE EFFECTS & !SE ?\<TS CON/ITUTE ! ESS5CE ( :AT IS CALL$ >T4 ,!SE M5 ACT$ AS BL9D M5 W\LD ACT :O 5DEAVOR$ TO F9D DIAMONDS BY T\* AMONG A HEAP ( /ONES !Y W]E F+]+4 ,AS ! BL9D MAN W\LD = A LONG TIME /R5U\SLY H&LE ! /ONES & 9 ! 5D W\LD COME TO NO O!R CONCLUSION ?AN ?AT ALL /ONES >E PRECI\S & ESPECIALLY SO ! SMOO!/1 SO ALSO !SE ES!TIC CRITICS1 )\T >TI/IC FEEL+1 C\LD NOT BUT COME TO SIMIL> RESULTS 9 RELATION TO ,%AKESPE>E4 ,TO GIVE ! GREAT] =CE TO !IR PRAISE ( ! :OLE ( ,%AKESPE>E1 !Y 9V5T$ ES!TIC !ORIES ACCORD+ TO :I* IT APPE>$ ?AT NO DEF9ITE RELIGI\S VIEW ( LIFE WAS NECESS>Y = WORKS ( >T 9 G5]AL1 & ESPECIALLY = ! DRAMA2 ?AT = ! PURPOSE ( ! DRAMA ! REPRES5TATION ( HUMAN PASSIONS & *>ACT]S WAS QUITE SUFFICI5T2 ?AT NOT ONLY WAS AN 9T]NAL RELIGI\S ILLUM9ATION ( :AT WAS REPRES5T$ UNNECESS>Y1 BUT >T %\LD BE OBJECTIVE1 I4E41 %\LD REPRES5T EV5TS QUITE 9DEP5D5TLY ( ANY JUDGM5T ( GOOD & EVIL4 ,AS !SE !ORIES W]E F\ND$ ON ,%AKESPE>E'S [N VIEWS ( LIFE1 IT NATURALLY TURN$ \T ?AT ! WORKS ( ,%AKESPE>E SATISFI$ !SE !ORIES & !RE=E W]E ! HEI<T ( P]FECTION4 

,IT IS !SE PEOPLE :O >E *IEFLY RESPONSIBLE = ,%AKESPE>E'S FAME4 ,IT WAS PR9CIPALLY [+ TO !IR WRIT+S ?AT ! 9T]ACTION TOOK PLACE BETWE5 WRIT]S & PUBLIC :I* EXPRESS$ ITSELF1 & IS /ILL EXPRESS+ ITSELF1 9 AN 9SANE WOR%IP ( ,%AKESPE>E :I* HAS NO RATIONAL F\NDATION4 ,!SE ES!TIC CRITICS HAVE WRITT5 PR(\ND TREATISES AB\T ,%AKESPE>E4 ,ELEV5 ?\S& VOLUMES HAVE BE5 WRITT5 AB\T HIM1 & A :OLE SCI5CE ( ,%AKESPE>OLOGY COMPOS$2 :ILE ! PUBLIC1 ON ! ONE H&1 TOOK MORE & MORE 9T]E/1 & ! LE>N$ CRITICS1 ON ! O!R H&1 GAVE FUR!R & FUR!R EXPLANATIONS1 ADD+ TO ! CONFUSION4 

,SO ?AT ! FIR/ CAUSE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S FAME WAS ?AT ! ,G]MANS WI%$ TO OPPOSE TO ! COLD ,FR5* DRAMA1 ( :I* !Y HAD GR[N WE>Y1 & :I*1 NO D\BT1 WAS T$I\S 5\<1 A LIVELI] & FRE] ONE4 ,! SECOND CAUSE WAS ?AT ! Y\NG ,G]MAN WRIT]S REQUIR$ A MODEL = WRIT+ !IR [N DRAMAS4 ,! ?IRD & PR9CIPAL CAUSE WAS ! ACTIVITY ( ! LE>N$ & ZEAL\S ES!TIC ,G]MAN CRITICS )\T ES!TIC FEEL+1 :O 9V5T$ ! !ORY ( OBJECTIVE >T1 DELIB]ATELY REJECT+ ! RELIGI\S ESS5CE ( ! DRAMA4 

0,BUT10 ,I %ALL BE ASK$1 0:AT DO Y\ UND]/& BY ! WORD'S RELIGI\S ESS5CE ( ! DRAMA8 ,MAY NOT :AT Y\ >E DEM&+ = ! DRAMA1 RELIGI\S 9/RUCTION1 OR DIDACTICS1 BE CALL$ 'T5D5CY1' A ?+ 9COMPATIBLE ) TRUE >T80 ,I REPLY ?AT BY ! RELIGI\S ESS5CE ( >T ,I UND]/& NOT ! DIRECT 9CULCATION ( ANY RELIGI\S TRU?S 9 AN >TI/IC GUISE1 & NOT AN ALLEGORICAL DEMON/RATION ( !SE TRU?S1 BUT ! EXHIBITION ( A DEF9ITE VIEW ( LIFE CORRESPOND+ TO ! HI<E/ RELIGI\S UND]/&+ ( A GIV5 TIME1 :I*1 S]V+ AS ! MOTIVE = ! COMPOSITION ( ! DRAMA1 P5ETRATES1 TO ! KN[L$GE ( ! AU?OR1 ?R\< ALL ( HIS WORK4 ,SO IT HAS ALWAYS BE5 ) TRUE >T1 & SO IT IS ) EV]Y TRUE >TI/ 9 G5]AL & ESPECIALLY ! DRAMATI/4 ,H5CE--AS IT WAS :5 ! DRAMA WAS A S]I\S ?+1 & AS IT %\LD BE ACCORD+ TO ! ESS5CE ( ! MATT]--?AT MAN ALONE CAN WRITE A DRAMA :O HAS SOME?+ TO SAY TO M51 & SOME?+ :I* IS ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE = !M3 AB\T MAN'S RELATION TO ,GOD1 TO ! ,UNIV]SE1 TO ! ,ALL1 ! ,ET]NAL1 ! ,9F9ITE4 ,BUT :51 ?ANKS TO ! ,G]MAN !ORIES AB\T OBJECTIVE >T1 ! IDEA WAS E/ABLI%$ ?AT1 = ! DRAMA1 ?IS WAS QUITE UNNECESS>Y1 !N IT IS OBVI\S H[ A WRIT] LIKE ,%AKESPE>E--:O HAD NOT GOT DEVELOP$ 9 HIS M9D ! RELIGI\S CONVICTIONS PROP] TO HIS TIME1 :O1 9 FACT1 HAD NO CONVICTIONS AT ALL1 BUT HEAP$ UP 9 HIS DRAMA ALL POSSIBLE EV5TS1 HORRORS1 FOOL]IES1 DISCUSSIONS1 & EFFECTS--C\LD APPE> TO BE A DRAMATIC WRIT] ( ! GREATE/ G5IUS4 

,BUT !SE >E ALL EXT]NAL REASONS4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL 9N] CAUSE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S FAME WAS & IS ?IS3 ?AT HIS DRAMAS W]E 0PRO CAPTU LECTORIS10 I4E41 !Y CORRESPOND$ TO ! IRRELIGI\S & IMMORAL FRAME ( M9D ( ! UPP] CLASSES ( HIS TIME4 

O ,*APT] #h 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 :5 ,GOE! WAS DICTATOR ( PHILOSOPHIC ?\<T & ES!TIC LAWS1 A S]IES ( CASUAL CIRCUM/ANCES MADE HIM PRAISE ,%AKESPE>E4 ,! ES!TIC CRITICS CAU<T UP ?IS PRAISE & TOOK TO WRIT+ !IR L5G?Y1 MI/Y1 LE>N$ >TICLES1 & ! GREAT ,EUROPEAN PUBLIC BEGAN TO BE 5*ANT$ ) ,%AKESPE>E4 ,! CRITICS1 ANSW]+ TO ! POPUL> 9T]E/1 & 5DEAVOR+ TO COMPETE ) ONE ANO!R1 WROTE NEW & EV] NEW ESSAYS AB\T ,%AKESPE>E2 ! READ]S & SPECTATORS ON !IR SIDE W]E 9CREAS+LY CONFIRM$ 9 !IR ADMIRATION1 & ,%AKESPE>E'S FAME1 LIKE A LUMP ( SN[1 KEPT GR[+ & GR[+1 UNTIL 9 \R TIME IT HAS ATTA9$ ?AT 9SANE WOR%IP :I* OBVI\SLY HAS NO O!R F\NDATION ?AN 0SUGGE/ION40 

,%AKESPE>E F9DS NO RIVAL1 NOT EV5 APPROXIMATELY1 EI!R AMONG ! OLD OR ! NEW WRIT]S4 ,H]E >E SOME ( ! TRIBUTES PAID TO HIM4 

0,POETIC TRU? IS ! BRI<TE/ FL[] 9 ! CR[N ( ,%AKESPE>E'S M]ITS20 0,%AKESPE>E IS ! GREATE/ MORALI/ ( ALL TIMES20 0,%AKESPE>E EXHIBITS SU* MANY-SID$NESS & SU* OBJECTIVISM ?AT !Y C>RY HIM BEYOND ! LIMITS ( TIME & NATIONALITY20 0,%AKESPE>E IS ! GREATE/ G5IUS ?AT HAS HI!RTO EXI/$20 0,= ! CREATION ( TRAG$Y1 COM$Y1 HI/ORY1 IDYLL1 IDYLLI/IC COM$Y1 ES!TIC IDYLL1 = ! PR(\NDE/ PRES5TATION1 OR = ANY CASUALLY ?R[N (F1 PASS+ PIECE ( V]SE1 HE IS ! ONLY MAN4 ,HE NOT ONLY WIELDS AN UNLIMIT$ P[] OV] \R MIR? & \R TE>S1 OV] ALL ! WORK+S ( PASSION1 HUMOR1 ?\<T1 & OBS]VATION1 BUT HE POSSESSES ALSO AN 9F9ITE REGION FULL ( ! FANTASY ( FICTION1 ( A HORRIFY+ & AN AMUS+ *>ACT]4 ,HE POSSESSES P5ETRATION BO? 9 ! WORLD ( FICTION & ( REALITY1 & ABOVE ?IS REIGNS ONE & ! SAME TRU?FULNESS TO *>ACT] & TO NATURE1 & ! SAME SPIRIT ( HUMANITY20 0,TO ,%AKESPE>E ! EPI!T ( ,GREAT COMES ( ITSELF2 & IF ONE ADDS ?AT 9DEP5D5TLY ( HIS GREATNESS HE HAS1 FUR!R1 BECOME ! RE=M] ( ALL LIT]ATURE1 &1 MOREOV]1 HAS 9 HIS WORKS NOT ONLY EXPRESS$ ! PH5OM5ON ( LIFE AS IT WAS 9 HIS DAY1 BUT ALSO1 BY ! G5IUS ( ?\<T :I* FLOAT$ 9 ! AIR HAS PROPHETICALLY =E/ALL$ ! DIRECTION ?AT ! SOCIAL SPIRIT WAS GO+ TO TAKE 9 ! FUTURE 7( :I* WE SEE A /RIK+ EXAMPLE 9 ,HAMLET71--ONE MAY1 )\T HESITATION1 SAY ?AT ,%AKESPE>E WAS NOT ONLY A GREAT POET1 BUT ! GREATE/ ( ALL POETS :O EV] EXI/$1 & ?AT 9 ! SPH]E ( POETIC CREATION HIS ONLY WOR?Y RIVAL WAS ?AT SAME LIFE :I* 9 HIS WORKS HE EXPRESS$ TO SU* P]FECTION40 

,! OBVI\S EXAGG]ATION ( ?IS E/IMATE PROVES MORE CONCLUSIVELY ?AN ANY?+ ?AT IT IS ! CONSEQU5CE1 NOT ( COMMON S5SE1 BUT ( SUGGE/ION4 ,! MORE TRIVIAL1 ! L[]1 ! EMPTI] A PH5OM5ON IS1 IF ONLY IT HAS BECOME ! SUBJECT ( SUGGE/ION1 ! MORE SUP]NATURAL & EXAGG]AT$ IS ! SIGNIFICANCE ATTRIBUT$ TO IT4 ,! ,POPE IS NOT M]ELY SA9TLY1 BUT MO/ SA9TLY1 & SO =?4 ,SO ,%AKESPE>E IS NOT M]ELY A GOOD WRIT]1 BUT ! GREATE/ G5IUS1 ! ET]NAL TEA*] ( MAN K9D4 

,SUGGE/ION IS ALWAYS A DECEIT1 & EV]Y DECEIT IS AN EVIL4 ,9 TRU?1 ! SUGGE/ION ?AT ,%AKESPE>E'S WORKS >E GREAT WORKS ( G5IUS1 PRES5T+ ! HEI<T ( BO? ES!TIC & E?ICAL P]FECTION1 HAS CAUS$1 & IS CAUS+1 GREAT 9JURY TO M54 

,?IS 9JURY IS TW(OLD3 FIR/1 ! FALL ( ! DRAMA1 & ! REPLACEM5T ( ?IS IMPORTANT WEAPON ( PROGRESS BY AN EMPTY & IMMORAL AMUSEM5T2 & SECONDLY1 ! DIRECT DEPRAVITION ( M5 BY PRES5T+ TO !M FALSE MODELS = IMITATION4 

,HUMAN LIFE IS P]FECT$ ONLY ?R\< ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS1 ! ONLY ELEM5T :I* P]MAN5TLY UNITES M54 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS ( M5 IS ACCOMPLI%$ ?R\< ALL ! SIDES ( MAN'S SPIRITUAL ACTIVITY4 ,ONE DIRECTION ( ?IS ACTIVITY IS 9 >T4 ,ONE SECTION ( >T1 P]HAPS ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL1 IS ! DRAMA4 

,!RE=E ! DRAMA1 9 ORD] TO DES]VE ! IMPORTANCE ATTRIBUT$ TO IT1 %\LD S]VE ! DEVELOPM5T ( RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS4 ,SU* HAS ! DRAMA ALWAYS BE51 & SU* IT WAS 9 ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD4 ,BUT UPON ! APPE>ANCE ( ,PROTE/ANTISM 9 ITS BROAD] S5SE1 I4E41 ! APPE>ANCE ( A NEW UND]/&+ ( ,*RI/IANITY AS ( A TEA*+ ( LIFE1 ! DRAMATIC >T DID NOT F9D A =M CORRESPOND+ TO ! NEW UND]/&+ ( ,*RI/IANITY1 & ! M5 ( ! ,R5AISSANCE W]E C>RI$ AWAY BY ! IMITATION ( CLASSICAL >T4 ,?IS WAS MO/ NATURAL1 BUT ! T5D5CY WAS B\ND TO PASS1 & >T HAD TO DISCOV]1 AS 9DE$ IT IS N[ BEG9N+ TO DO1 ITS NEW =M CORRESPOND+ TO ! *ANGE 9 ! UND]/&+ ( ,*RI/IANITY4 

,BUT ! DISCOV]Y ( ?IS NEW =M WAS >RE/$ BY ! TEA*+ >IS+ AMONG ,G]MAN WRIT]S AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? & BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURIES--AS TO SO-CALL$ OBJECTIVE >T1 I4E41 >T 9DIFF]5T TO GOOD OR EVIL--& !RE9 ! EXAGG]AT$ PRAISE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS1 :I* P>TLY CORRESPOND$ TO ! ES!TIC TEA*+ ( ! ,G]MANS1 & P>TLY S]V$ AS MAT]IAL = IT4 ,IF !RE HAD NOT BE5 EXAGG]AT$ PRAISE ( ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMAS1 PRES5T+ !M AS ! MO/ P]FECT MODELS1 ! M5 ( ! EI<TE5? & N9ETE5? C5TURIES W\LD HAVE HAD TO UND]/& ?AT ! DRAMA1 TO HAVE A RI<T TO EXI/ & TO BE A S]I\S ?+1 MU/ S]VE1 AS IT ALWAYS HAS S]V$ & CAN NOT BUT DO O!RWISE1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS4 ,& HAV+ UND]/OOD ?IS1 !Y W\LD HAVE SE>*$ = A NEW =M ( DRAMA CORRESPOND+ TO !IR RELIGI\S UND]/&+4 

,BUT :5 IT WAS DECID$ ?AT ! HEI<T ( P]FECTION WAS ,%AKESPE>E'S DRAMA1 & ?AT WE \<T TO WRITE AS HE DID1 NOT ONLY )\T ANY RELIGI\S1 BUT EV5 )\T ANY MORAL1 SIGNIFICANCE1 !N ALL WRIT]S ( DRAMAS 9 IMITATION ( HIM BEGAN TO COMPOSE SU* EMPTY PIECES AS >E ?OSE ( ,GOE!1 ,S*ILL]1 ,HUGO1 &1 9 ,RUSSIA1 ( ,PU%K91 OR ! *RONICLES ( ,O/ROVSKI1 ,ALEXIS ,TOL/OY1 & AN 9NUM]ABLE NUMB] ( O!R MORE OR LESS CELEBRAT$ DRAMATIC PRODUCTIONS :I* FILL ALL ! !AT]S1 & CAN BE PREP>$ :OLESALE BY ANY ONE :O HAPP5S TO HAVE ! IDEA OR DESIRE TO WRITE A PLAY4 ,IT IS ONLY ?ANKS TO SU* A L[1 TRIVIAL UND]/&+ ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! DRAMA ?AT !RE APPE>S AMONG US ?AT 9F9ITE QUANTITY ( DRAMATIC WORKS DESCRIB+ M5'S ACTIONS1 POSITIONS1 *>ACT]S1 & FRAMES ( M9D1 NOT ONLY VOID ( ANY SPIRITUAL SUB/ANCE1 BUT (T5 ( ANY HUMAN S5SE4 

,LET NOT ! READ] ?9K ?AT ,I EXCLUDE FROM ?IS E/IMATE ( CONTEMPOR>Y DRAMA ! !ATRICAL PIECES ,I HAVE MYSELF 9CID5TALLY WRITT54 ,I RECOGNIZE !M1 AS WELL AS ALL ! RE/1 AS NOT HAV+ ?AT RELIGI\S *>ACT] :I* MU/ =M ! F\NDATION ( ! DRAMA ( ! FUTURE4 

,! DRAMA1 !N1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT BRAN* ( >T1 HAS1 9 \R TIME1 BECOME ! TRIVIAL & IMMORAL AMUSEM5T ( A TRIVIAL & IMMORAL CR[D4 ,! WOR/ ( IT IS1 MOREOV]1 ?AT TO DRAMATIC >T1 FALL5 AS L[ AS IT IS POSSIBLE TO FALL1 IS /ILL ATTRIBUT$ AN ELEVAT$ SIGNIFICANCE NO LONG] APPROPRIATE TO IT4 ,DRAMATI/S1 ACTORS1 !ATRICAL MANAG]S1 & ! PRESS--?IS LA/ PUBLI%+ 9 ! MO/ S]I\S TONE REPORTS ( !AT]S & OP]AS--& ! RE/1 >E ALL P]FECTLY C]TA9 ?AT !Y >E DO+ SOME?+ V]Y WOR?Y & IMPORTANT4 

,! DRAMA 9 \R TIME IS A GREAT MAN FALL51 :O HAS REA*$ ! LA/ DEGREE ( HIS DEGRADATION1 & AT ! SAME TIME CONT9UES TO PRIDE HIMSELF ON HIS PA/ ( :I* NO?+ N[ REMA9S4 ,! PUBLIC ( \R TIME IS LIKE ?OSE :O M]CILESSLY AMUSE !MSELVES OV] ?IS MAN ONCE SO GREAT & N[ 9 ! L[E/ /AGE ( HIS FALL4 

,SU* IS ONE ( ! MIS*IEV\S EFFECTS ( ! EPIDEMIC SUGGE/ION AB\T ! GREATNESS ( ,%AKESPE>E4 ,ANO!R DEPLORABLE RESULT ( ?IS WOR%IP IS ! PRES5TATION TO M5 ( A FALSE MODEL = IMITATION4 ,IF PEOPLE WROTE ( ,%AKESPE>E ?AT = HIS TIME HE WAS A GOOD WRIT]1 ?AT HE HAD A FAIRLY GOOD TURN = V]SE1 WAS AN 9TELLIG5T ACTOR & GOOD /AGE MANAG]--EV5 W]E ?IS APPRECIATION 9CORRECT & SOME:AT EXAGG]AT$--IF ONLY IT W]E MOD]ATELY TRUE1 PEOPLE ( ! RIS+ G5]ATION MI<T REMA9 FREE FROM ,%AKESPE>E'S 9FLU5CE4 ,BUT :5 EV]Y Y\NG MAN 5T]+ 9TO LIFE 9 \R TIME HAS PRES5T$ TO HIM1 AS ! MODEL ( MORAL P]FECTION1 NOT ! RELIGI\S & MORAL TEA*]S ( MANK9D1 BUT FIR/ ( ALL ,%AKESPE>E1 CONC]N+ :OM IT HAS BE5 DECID$ & IS H&$ D[N BY LE>N$ M5 FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION1 AS AN 9CONTE/ABLE TRU?1 ?AT HE WAS ! GREATE/ POET1 ! GREATE/ TEA*] ( LIFE1 ! Y\NG MAN CAN NOT REMA9 FREE FROM ?IS P]NICI\S 9FLU5CE4 ,:5 HE IS READ+ OR LI/5+ TO ,%AKESPE>E ! QUE/ION = HIM IS NO LONG] :E!R ,%AKESPE>E BE GOOD OR BAD1 BUT ONLY3 ,9 :AT CONSI/S ?AT EXTRAORD9>Y BEAUTY1 BO? ES!TIC & E?ICAL1 ( :I* HE HAS BE5 ASSUR$ BY LE>N$ M5 :OM HE RESPECTS1 & :I* HE HIMSELF NEI!R SEES NOR FEELS8 ,& CON/RA9+ HIMSELF1 & DI/ORT+ HIS ES!TIC & E?ICAL FEEL+1 HE TRIES TO CON=M TO ! RUL+ OP9ION4 ,HE NO LONG] BELIEVES 9 HIMSELF1 BUT 9 :AT IS SAID BY ! LE>N$ PEOPLE :OM HE RESPECTS4 ,I HAVE EXP]I5C$ ALL ?IS4 ,!N READ+ CRITICAL EXAM9ATIONS ( ! DRAMAS & EXTRACTS FROM BOOKS ) EXPLANATORY COMM5TS1 HE BEG9S TO IMAG9E ?AT HE FEELS SOME?+ ( ! NATURE ( AN >TI/IC IMPRESSION4 ,! LONG] ?IS CONT9UES1 ! MORE DOES HIS ES!TIC & E?ICAL FEEL+ BECOME DI/ORT$4 ,HE CEASES TO DI/+UI% DIRECTLY & CLE>LY :AT IS >TI/IC FROM AN >TIFICIAL IMITATION ( >T4 ,BUT1 ABOVE ALL1 HAV+ ASSIMILAT$ ! IMMORAL VIEW ( LIFE :I* P5ETRATES ALL ,%AKESPE>E'S WRIT+S1 HE LOSES ! CAPACITY ( DI/+UI%+ GOOD FROM EVIL4 ,& ! ]ROR ( EXTOLL+ AN 9SIGNIFICANT1 9>TI/IC WRIT]--NOT ONLY NOT MORAL1 BUT DIRECTLY IMMORAL--EXECUTES ITS DE/RUCTIVE WORK4 

,?IS IS :Y ,I ?9K ?AT ! SOON] PEOPLE FREE !MSELVES FROM ! FALSE GLORIFICATION ( ,%AKESPE>E1 ! BETT] IT WILL BE4 

,FIR/1 HAV+ FRE$ !MSELVES FROM ?IS DECEIT1 M5 WILL COME TO UND]/& ?AT ! DRAMA :I* HAS NO RELIGI\S ELEM5T AT ITS F\NDATION IS NOT ONLY NOT AN IMPORTANT & GOOD ?+1 AS IT IS N[ SUPPOS$ TO BE1 BUT ! MO/ TRIVIAL & DESPICABLE ( ?+S4 ,HAV+ UND]/OOD ?IS1 !Y WILL HAVE TO SE>* =1 & WORK \T1 A NEW =M ( MOD]N DRAMA1 A DRAMA :I* WILL S]VE AS ! DEVELOPM5T & CONFIRMATION ( ! HI<E/ /AGE ( RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS 9 M54 

,SECONDLY1 HAV+ FRE$ !MSELVES FROM ?IS HYPNOTIC /ATE1 M5 WILL UND]/& ?AT ! TRIVIAL & IMMORAL WORKS ( ,%AKESPE>E & HIS IMITATORS1 AIM+ M]ELY AT ! RECREATION & AMUSEM5T ( ! SPECTATORS1 CAN NOT POSSIBLY REPRES5T ! TEA*+ ( LIFE1 & ?AT1 :ILE !RE IS NO TRUE RELIGI\S DRAMA1 ! TEA*+ ( LIFE %\LD BE S\<T = 9 O!R S\RCES4 

,F,O,O,T,N,O,T,E,S3 

  

 ,?IS ESSAY [ES ITS ORIG9 TO ,LEO ,TOL/OY'S DESIRE TO CONTRIBUTE A PREFACE TO ! >TICLE HE H]E M5TIONS BY ,]NE/ ,CROSBY1 :I* LATT] FOLL[S 9 ?IS VOLUME4--7,TRANS47 

 0,%AKESPE>E & ,HIS ,WRIT+S10 BY ,GEORGE ,BR&ES4 

 ,A ,RUSSIAN POET1 REM>KABLE = ! DELICACY ( HIS WORKS4 

O ,APP5DIX 
,A,P,P,5,D,I,X ,C,O,N,T,5,T,S 

  

,I4,%AKESPE>E'S ,ATTITUDE ,T[>D ,! ,WORK+ ,CLASSES1 BY ,]NE/ ,CROSBY1#a#b#g,I,I4,LETT] ,FROM ,MR4 ,G4 ,B]N>D ,%AW1#a#f#f 

,%,A,K,E,S,P,E,>,E',S ,A,T,T,I,T,U,D,E ,T,[,>,D ,! ,W,O,R,K,+ ,C,L,A,S,S,E,S 

  
,BY ,]NE/ ,CROSBY 

  

0,%AKESPE>E WAS ( US10 CRIES ,BR[N+1 9 HIS 0,LO/ ,LEAD]10 :ILE LAM5T+ ! DEFECTION ( ,WORDSWOR? FROM ! RANKS ( PROGRESS & LIB]ALISM--0,MILTON WAS = US1 ,BURNS1 ,%ELLEY W]E ) US--!Y WAT* FROM !IR GRAVES60 ,!RE CAN1 9DE$1 BE NO QUE/ION ( ! FIDELITY TO DEMOCRACY ( ,MILTON1 ! REPUBLICAN PAMPHLETE]1 NOR ( ,BURNS1 ! PR\D PL[MAN1 :O PROCLAIM$ ! FACT ?AT 0A MAN'S A MAN = A' ?AT10 NOR ( ,%ELLEY1 ! AWAK5$ >I/OCRAT1 :O SANG TO SU* AS ,BURNS 

0,M5 ( ,5GL&1 :]E=E PL[ 

 ,= ! LORDS :O LAY YE L[80 

,BUT ,%AKESPE>E8--,%AKESPE>E8--:]E IS !RE A L9E 9 ,%AKESPE>E TO 5TITLE HIM TO A PLACE 9 ?IS BRO!RHOOD8 ,IS !RE ANY?+ 9 HIS PLAYS ?AT IS 9 ! LEA/ 9CONSI/5T ) ALL ?AT IS REACTION>Y8 

,A GLANCE AT ,%AKESPE>E'S LI/S ( DRAMATIS P]SONAE IS SUFFICI5T TO %[ ?AT HE WAS UNABLE TO CONCEIVE ( ANY SITUATION RIS+ TO ! DIGNITY ( TRAG$Y 9 O!R ?AN ROYAL & DUCAL CIRCLES4 ,IT MAY BE SAID 9 EXPLANATION ( ?IS P>TIALITY = HI< RANK ?AT HE WAS ONLY FOLL[+ ! CU/OM ( ! DRAMATI/S ( HIS TIME1 BUT ?IS IS A POOR PLEA = A MAN ( GREAT G5IUS1 :OSE BUS9ESS IT IS PRECISELY TO LEAD & NOT TO FOLL[4 ,NOR IS ! EXPLANATION ALTOGE!R ACCURATE4 ,9 HIS PLAY1 ! 0,P9N] ( ,WAKEFIELD10 FIR/ PR9T$ 9 #a#e#i#i1 ,ROB]T ,GRE5E MAKES A H]O1 & A V]Y /ALW>T ONE1 ( A M]E P\ND-KEEP]1 :O PR\DLY REFUSES KNI<?OOD AT ! H&S ( ! K+4 ,!RE W]E O!R & E>LI] PLAYS 9 VOGUE 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S DAY TREAT+ ( ! TRIUMPHS ( M5 ( ! PEOPLE1 ONE1 = 9/ANCE1 :I* COMMEMORAT$ ! RISE ( ,SIR ,?OMAS ,GRE%AM1 ! M]*ANT'S SON1 & ANO!R1 5TITL$ 0,! ,HI/ORY ( ,RI*>D ,:ITT+TON1 ( HIS ,L[ ,BIR?1 HIS ,GREAT ,=TUNE02 BUT HE C>EFULLY AVOID$ SU* MAT]IAL 9 SEEK+ PLOTS = HIS DRAMAS4 ,C>D9AL ,WOLSEY1 ! BUT*]'S SON1 IS 9DE$ ! H]O ( 0,H5RY ,V,I,I,I410 BUT HIS HUMBLE ORIG9 IS ONLY M5TION$ 9CID5TALLY AS SOME?+ TO BE A%AM$ (4 ,:AT GREAT] OPPORTUNITY = IDEALIZ+ ! COMMON PEOPLE EV] PRES5T$ ITSELF TO A DRAMATI/ ?AN TO ,%AKESPE>E :5 HE UND]TOOK TO DRAW ! *>ACT] ( ,JOAN ( ,>C 9 ! SECOND P>T ( 0,H5RY ,V,I408 ,HE KNEW H[ TO CREATE NOBLE WOM5--?AT IS ONE ( HIS SPECIAL GLORIES--BUT HE NOT ONLY REFUSES TO SEE ANY?+ NOBLE 9 ! PEASANT GIRL :O L$ ,FRANCE TO VICTORY1 BUT HE DELIB]ATELY 9SULTS H] MEMORY ) ! CO>SE/ & MO/ CRUEL CALUMNIES4 ,SURELY ! LAPSE ( MORE ?AN A C5TURY & A HALF MI<T HAVE 5ABL$ A MAN ( HONOR1 IF NOT ( G5IUS1 TO DO JU/ICE TO AN 5EMY ( ! WEAK] SEX1 & IF ,JOAN HAD BE5 A MEMB] ( ! ,FR5* ROYAL FAMILY WE MAY BE SURE ?AT %E W\LD HAVE RECEIV$ BETT] TREATM5T4 

,! QUE/ION ( ! >I/OCRATIC T5D5CY ( ! DRAMA WAS AN ACTIVE ONE 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S TIME4 ,!RE WAS A GOOD DEAL ( DEMOCRATIC FEEL+ 9 ! BUR<]S ( ,LONDON-T[N1 & !Y RES5T$ ! C\RTLY PREJUDICES ( !IR PLAYWRI<TS & !IR HABIT ( HOLD+ UP PLA9 CITIZ5S TO RIDICULE UPON ! /AGE1 :5EV] !Y DEIGN$ TO PRES5T !M AT ALL4 ,! ,PROLOGUE 9 ,BEAUMONT & ,FLET*]'S 0,KNI<T ( ! ,BURN+ ,PE/LE0 GIVES SUFFICI5T EVID5CE ( ?IS4 ,! AU?ORS ADOPT$ ! DEVICE ( HAV+ A ,CITIZ5 LEAP UPON ! /AGE & 9T]RUPT ! ,SPEAK] ( ! ,PROLOGUE BY %\T+ 

0,HOLD Y\R PEACE1 GOODMAN BOY60 

,SPEAK] ( ,PROLOGUE3 0,:AT DO Y\ MEAN1 SIR80 

,CITIZ53 0,?AT Y\ HAVE NO GOOD MEAN+2 ?IS SEV5 

 YE> !RE HA? BE5 PLAYS AT ?IS H\SE4 ,I HAVE OBS]V$ 

 IT1 Y\ HAVE /ILL GIRDS AT CITIZ5S40 

,! ,CITIZ5 GOES ON TO 9=M ! ,SPEAK] ( ! ,PROLOGUE ?AT HE IS A GROC]1 & TO DEM& ?AT HE 0PRES5T SOME?+ NOTABLY 9 HONOR ( ! COMMONS ( ! CITY40 ,= A H]O HE WILL HAVE 0A GROC]1 & HE %ALL DO ADMIRABLE ?+S40 ,BUT ?IS PROV$ TO BE A JOKE OV] TOO S]I\S A MATT]1 = AT ! FIR/ REPRES5TATION ( ! PLAY 9 #afaa IT WAS CRI$ D[N BY ! CITIZ5S & APPR5TICES1 :O DID NOT APPRECIATE ITS SATIRE UPON !M1 & IT WAS NOT REVIV$ = MANY YE>S !REAFT]4 ,IT WILL NOT ANSW]1 !RE=E1 TO SAY ?AT ! IDEA ( CELEBRAT+ ! MIDDLE & L[] CLASSES NEV] OCCURR$ TO ,%AKESPE>E1 = IT WAS A SUBJECT ( DISCUSSION AMONG HIS CONTEMPOR>IES4 

,IT IS H>DLY POSSIBLE TO CON/RUCT A PLAY ) NO *>ACT]S BUT MON>*S & !IR SUITES1 & AT ! SAME TIME PRES]VE ! V]ISIMILITUDES ( LIFE4 ,%AKESPE>E WAS OBLIG$ TO MAKE SOME USE ( S]VANTS1 CITIZ5S1 & POPULACE4 ,H[ HAS HE PORTRAY$ !M8 ,9 ONE PLAY ALONE HAS HE GIV5 UP ! :OLE /AGE TO !M1 & IT IS SAID ?AT ! 0,M]RY ,WIVES ( ,W9DSOR0 WAS ONLY WRITT5 AT ! REQUE/ ( ,QUE5 ,ELIZABE?1 :O WI%$ TO SEE ,SIR ,JOHN ,FAL/AFF 9 LOVE4 ,IT IS FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D ONE PROLONG$ 0GIRD AT CITIZ5S10 & WE CAN H>DLY WOND] ?AT !Y FELT A GRIEVANCE AGA9/ ! DRAMATIC PR(ESSION4 ,9 ! O!R PLAYS ( ,%AKESPE>E ! HUMBL] CLASSES APPE> = ! MA9 P>T ONLY OCCASIONALLY & 9CID5TALLY4 ,HIS OP9ION ( !M IS 9DICAT$ MORE OR LESS PICTURESQUELY BY ! NAMES :I* HE SELECTS = !M4 ,!RE >E1 = EXAMPLE1 ,BOTTOM1 ! WEAV]2 ,FLUTE1 ! BELL[S-MAK]2 ,SN\T & ,SLY1 T9K]S2 ,QU9CE1 ! C>P5T]2 ,SNUG1 ! JO9]2 ,/>VEL+1 ! TAILOR2 ,SMOO?1 ! SILKMAN2 ,%ALL[ & ,SIL5CE1 C\NTRY JU/ICES2 ,ELB[ & ,HULL1 CON/ABLES2 ,DOGB]RY & ,V]GES1 ,FANG & ,SN>E1 %]IFFS' (FIC]S2 ,MOLDY1 ,%AD[1 ,W>T1 & ,BULL-CALF1 RECRUITS2 ,FEEBEE1 AT ONCE A RECRUIT & A WOMAN'S TAILOR1 ,PIL* & ,PAT*-,BREE*1 FI%]M5 7?\< !SE LA/ TWO APPELLATIONS MAY BE M]E NICKNAMES72 ,POTPAN1 ,PET] ,?UMP1 ,SIMPLE1 ,GOBBO1 & ,SUSAN ,GR9D/ONE1 S]VANTS2 ,SPE$1 0A CL[NI% S]VANT02 ,SL5D]1 ,PI/OL1 ,NYM1 ,SNEAK1 ,DOLL ,TE>-%EET1 ,JANE ,SMILE1 ,CO/>D1 ,OATCAKE1 ,SEACOAL1 & V>I\S ANONYM\S 0CL[NS0 & 0FOOLS40 ,%AKESPE>E R>ELY GIVES NAMES ( ?IS *>ACT] TO ANY BUT ! L[LY 9 LIFE1 AL?\< P]HAPS WE %\LD CITE AS EXCEPTIONS ,SIR ,TOBY ,BEL* & ,SIR ,&REW ,AGUE-,*EEK 9 0,TWELF? ,NI<T02 ! VIC>1 ,SIR ,OLIV] ,M>-,TEXT1 9 0,AS ,Y\ ,LIKE ,IT02 ,MO?1 ! PAGE1 9 0,LOVE'S ,LABOR ,LO/10 & ,FRO?1 0A FOOLI% G5TLEMAN10 9 0,MEASURE = ,MEASURE10 BUT NONE ( !SE P]SONAGES QUITE DES]VES TO RANK AS AN >I/OCRAT4 ,SU* A SY/EM ( NOM5CLATURE AS WE HAVE EXPOS$ IS 5\< ( ITSELF TO FA/5 ! /IGMA ( ABSURDITY UPON ! *>ACT]S SUBJECT$ TO IT1 & !IR OCCUPATIONS4 ,MO/ ( ! TRADES >E HELD UP = RIDICULE 9 0,MIDSUMM] ,NI<T'S ,DREAM02 ,HOL(]NES1 ! S*OOLMA/]1 IS MADE RIDICUL\S 9 0,LOVE'S ,LABOR ,LO/10 & WE >E TOLD ( ! MIDDLE-CLASS ,NYM1 ,PI/OL1 & ,B>DOLPH ?AT 0?REE SU* ANTICS DO NOT AM\NT TO A MAN0 7,H5RY ,V41 ,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #b74 ,BUT IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO REHE>SE ! V>I\S FAMILI> SC5ES 9 :I* !SE FANTA/ICALLY NAM$ 9DIVIDUALS RAISE A LAU< AT !IR [N EXP5SE4 

,! LANGUAGE EMPLOY$ BY NOBILITY & ROYALTY 9 ADDRESS+ ?OSE ( 9F]IOR /ATION 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S PLAYS MAY BE TAK51 P]HAPS1 RA!R AS AN 9DICATION ( ! MANN]S ( ! TIMES ?AN AS AN EXPRESSION ( HIS [N FEEL+1 BUT EV5 SO IT MU/ HAVE BE5 A LITTLE GALL+ TO ! POOR] ( HIS AUDITORS4 0,:ORESON DOG10 0:ORESON PEASANT10 0SLAVE10 0Y\ CUR10 0ROGUE10 0RASCAL10 0DUN<ILL10 0CRACK-HEMP10 & 0NOTORI\S VILLA90--!SE >E A FEW ( ! EPI!TS ) :I* ! PLAYS AB\ND4 ,! ,DUKE ( ,YORK ACCO/S ,?OMAS ,HORN]1 AN >MOR]1 AS 0BASE DUN<ILL VILLA9 & ME*ANICAL0 7,H5RY ,V,I41 ,P>T #b1 ,ACT #b1 ,SC4 #c72 ,GLO/] SPEAKS ( ! W>D]S ( ! ,T[] AS 0DUN<ILL GROOMS0 7,IB41 ,P>T #a1 ,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #c71 & ,HAMLET ( ! GRAVE-DIGG] AS AN 0ASS0 & 0RUDE KNAVE40 ,VAL5T9E TELLS HIS S]VANT1 ,SPE$1 ?AT HE IS BORN TO BE HANG$ 7,TWO ,G5TLEM5 ( ,V]ONA1 ,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #a71 & ,GONZALO PAYS A LIKE COMPLIM5T TO ! BOATSWA9 :O IS DO+ HIS BE/ TO SAVE ! %IP 9 ! 0,TEMPE/0 7,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #a74 ,?IS BOATSWA9 IS NOT SUFFICI5TLY IMPRESS$ BY ! GR&EUR ( HIS NOBLE C>GO1 & = HIS PA9S IS CALL$ A 0BRAWL+1 BLASPHEM\S1 UN*>ITABLE DOG10 A 0CUR10 A 0:ORESON1 9SOL5T NOISE-MAK]10 & A 0WIDE-*APP$ RASCAL40 ,RI*>D ,I,I,I4'S ,QUE5 SAYS TO A G>D5]1 :O IS GUILTY ( NO?+ BUT GIV+ A TRUE REPORT ( H] LORD'S DEPOSITION & :O %[S HIMSELF A K9DHE>T$ FELL[1 0,?\ LITTLE BETT] ?+ ?AN E>?10 0?\ WRET*06 ,H5RY ,V,I,I,I4 TALKS ( A 0L\SY FOOTBOY10 & ! ,DUKE ( ,SUFFOLK1 :5 HE IS AB\T TO BE KILL$ BY HIS PIRATE CAPTOR AT ,DOV]1 CALLS HIM 0OBSCURE & L[LY SWA910 0JAD$ GROOM10 & 0BASE SLAVE10 DUBS HIS CREW 0PALTRY1 S]VILE1 ABJECT DRUDGES10 & DECL>ES ?AT HIS [N HEAD W\LD 

0SOON] DANCE UPON BLOODY POLE 

 ,?AN /& UNCOV]$ TO A VULG> GROOM40 

 7,H5RY ,V,I41 ,P>T #b1 ,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #a47 

,PETRU*IO 0WR+S ,GRUMIO BY ! E>10 & ,KA!R9E BEATS ! SAME UNLUCKY S]VANT4 ,HIS MA/] 9DULGES 9 SU* T]MS AS 0FOOLI% KNAVE10 0PEASANT SWA910 & 0:ORESON MAL?ORSE DRUDGE0 9 ADDRESS+ HIM2 CRIES \T TO HIS S]VANTS1 0(F ) MY BOOTS1 Y\ ROGUES1 Y\ VILLA9S60 & /RIKES !M4 ,HE PAYS HIS COMPLIM5TS TO A TAILOR 9 ! FOLL[+ L9ES3 

0,O MON/R\S >ROGANCE6 ,?\ LIE/1 ?\ ?READ1 ?\ ?IMBLE1 

 ,?\ Y>D1 ?REE-QU>T]S1 HALF-Y>D1 QU>T]1 NAIL1 

 ,?\ FLEA1 ?\ NIT1 ?\ W9T] CRICKET ?\2 

 ,BRAV$ 9 MY [N H\SE BY A SKE9 ( ?READ6 

 ,AWAY1 ?\ RAG1 ?\ QUANTITY1 ?\ REMNANT60 

 7,TAM+ ( ! ,%REW1 ,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #c47 

,JOAN ( ,>C SPEAKS ( H] 0CONTEMPTIBLE E/ATE0 AS A %EPH]D'S DAU<T]1 & AFT]W>DS1 D5Y+ H] FA!R1 CALLS HIM 0,DECREPIT MIS]6 BASE1 IGNOBLE WRET*60 7,H5RY ,V,I41 ,P>T #a1 ,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #b1 & ,ACT #e1 ,SC4 #d47 ,IT IS H>D TO BELIEVE ?AT ,%AKESPE>E W\LD HAVE SO FREQU5TLY ALL[$ HIS *>ACT]S TO EXPRESS !IR CONTEMPT = MEMB]S ( ! L[] ORD]S ( SOCIETY IF HE HAD NOT HAD SOME SYMPA?Y ) !IR OP9IONS4 

,%AKESPE>E USUALLY EMPLOYS ! COMMON PEOPLE :OM HE BR+S UPON ! /AGE M]ELY TO RAISE A LAU< 7AS1 = 9/ANCE1 ! FLEA-BITT5 C>RI]S 9 ! 9N-Y>D AT ,RO*E/]1 9 ,H5RY ,I,V41 ,P>T #a1 ,ACT #b1 ,SC4 #a71 BUT OCCASIONALLY !Y >E SCAMPS AS WELL AS FOOLS4 ,!Y AMUSE US :5 !Y BECOME HOPELESSLY 5TANGL$ 9 !IR S5T5CES 7VIDE ,ROMEO & ,JULIET1 ,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #b71 OR :5 ,JULIET'S NURSE BLUND]+LY MAKES H] ?9K ?AT ,ROMEO IS SLA9 9/EAD ( ,TYBALT2 BUT :5 ?IS SAME LADY1 AFT] TAK+ ,ROMEO'S MONEY1 ESP\SES ! CAUSE ( ! ,C\NTY ,P>IS--OR :5 ON ! EVE ( ,AG9C\RT WE >E 9TRODUC$ TO A GR\P ( C[>DLY ,5GLI% SOLDI]S--OR :5 ,CORIOLANUS PO9TS \T ! POLTROON]Y ( ! ,ROMAN TROOPS1 & SAYS ?AT ALL W\LD HAVE BE5 LO/ 0BUT = \R G5TLEM510 WE MU/ FEEL DETE/ATION = !M4 ,JULIET'S NURSE IS NOT ! ONLY DISLOYAL S]VANT4 ,%YLOCK'S S]VANT1 ,LAUNCELOT ,GOBBO1 HELPS ,JESSICA TO DECEIVE H] FA!R1 & ,M>G>ET1 ! ,LADY ,H]O'S G5TLEWOMAN1 BR+S AB\T ! DISGRACE ( H] MI/RESS BY FRAUD4 ,OLIVIA'S WAIT+-WOMAN 9 0,TWELF? ,NI<T0 IS HONE/ 5\<1 BUT %E IS NONE TOO MODE/ 9 H] LANGUAGE1 BUT 9 ?IS RESPECT ,DAME ,QUICKLY 9 0,H5RY ,I,V40 CAN EASILY RIVAL H]4 ,PET] ,?UMP1 :5 =C$ TO A JUDICIAL COMBAT ) HIS MA/]1 DISPLAYS HIS C[>DICE1 AL?\< 9 ! 5D HE IS SUCCESSFUL 7,H5RY ,V,I41 ,ACT #b1 ,P>T #b1 ,SC4 #c71 & ,/EPHANO1 A DRUNK5 BUTL]1 ADORNS ! /AGE 9 ! 0,TEMPE/40 ,WE CAN NOT BLAME ,%AKESPE>E = MAK+ USE ( CUT?ROATS & VILLA9S 9 DEVELOP+ HIS PLOTS1 BUT WE MI<T HAVE BE5 SP>$ ! JOKES :I* ! JAIL]S ( ,PO/HUMUS P]PETRATE :5 !Y COME TO LEAD HIM TO ! SCAFFOLD1 & ! LUDICR\S ,5GLI% ( ! CL[N :O SUPPLIES ,CLEOPATRA ) AN ASP4 ,! APO!C>Y :O IS 9 SU* WRET*$ PLI<T ?AT HE SELLS POISON TO ,ROMEO 9 SPITE ( A ,DRACONIAN LAW1 GIVES US ANO!R UNFLATT]+ PICTURE ( A TRADESMAN2 & :5 ,FAL/AFF DECL>ES1 0,I W\LD ,I W]E A WEAV]2 ,I C\LD S+ PSALMS OR ANY?+10 WE HAVE A PREMATURE REFLECTION ON ! ,PURITAN1 MIDDLE-CLASS CONSCI5CE & RELIGION4 ,9 0,AS ,Y\ ,LIKE ,IT10 ,%AKESPE>E CAME NE> DRAW+ A PA/ORAL SKET* ( %EPH]DS & %EPH]DESSES ON CONV5TIONAL L9ES4 ,IF HE FAIL$ TO DO SO1 IT WAS AS MU* FROM LACK ( RESPECT = ! KEEP+ ( %EEP AS = ! UNREALITIES ( PA/ORAL POETRY4 ,ROSAL9D DOES NOT SCRUPLE TO CALL ! FAIR ,PHEBE 0F\L10 &1 AS = H] H&S1 %E SAYS3 

0,I SAW H] H&2 %E HAS A LEA!RN H&1 

 ,A FREE/ONE COLOR$ H&2 ,I V]ILY DID ?9K 

 ,?AT H] OLD GLOVES W]E ON1 BUT 'TWAS H] H&S2 

 ,%E HAS A H\SEWIFE'S H&40 

,NO ONE ) A HI< RESPECT = H\SEWIF]Y C\LD HAVE WRITT5 ?AT L9E4 ,:5 9 ! SAME PLAY ,JAQUES SEES ! PAIR ( RURAL LOV]S1 ,T\*/ONE & ,AUDREY1 APPROA*+1 HE CRIES3 0,!RE IS1 SURE1 ANO!R FLOOD1 & !SE C\PLES >E COM+ TO ! >K6 ,H]E COME A PAIR ( V]Y /RANGE BEA/S1 :I* 9 ALL TONGUES >E CALL$ FOOLS0 7,ACT #e1 ,SC4 #d74 ,! CL[N1 ,T\*/ONE1 SPEAKS ( KISS+ ! C['S DUGS :I* HIS =M] SWEE!>T HAD MILK$1 & !N M>RIES ,AUDREY 9 A TEMPE/ ( BUFFOON]Y4 ,H[BEIT1 ,T\*/ONE REMA9S ONE ( ! FEW RU/IC *>ACT]S ( ,%AKESPE>E :O W9 \R AFFECTIONS1 & AT ! SAME TIME HE IS WITTY 5\< TO DES]VE ! TITLE :I* ,JAQUES BE/[S UPON HIM ( A 0R>E FELL[40 

,OCCASIONALLY ,%AKESPE>E MAKES FUN ( P]SONS :O >E SOME:AT ABOVE ! L[] CLASSES 9 RANK4 ,I HAVE M5TION$ ?OSE ON :OM HE BE/[S COMICAL NAMES4 ,HE 9DULGES 9 HUMOR ALSO AT ! EXP5SE ( ! TWO ,SCOTTI% CAPTA9S1 ,JAMY & ,MACMORRIS1 & ! HONE/ ,WEL% CAPTA91 ,FLUELL5 7,H5RY ,V41 ,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #b ET PASSIM71 & %ALL WE =GET ! 9IMITABLE ,FAL/AFF8 ,BUT1 :ILE MAK+ EV]Y ALL[ANCE = !SE DIV]SIONS 9TO SOME:AT NOBL] QU>T]S 7! =M] ( :I* >E EXPLA9$ BY NATIONAL PREJUDICES71 DO !Y =M S]I\S EXCEPTIONS TO ! RULE1 & CAN ,FAL/AFF BE TAK51 = 9/ANCE1 AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! REAL >I/OCRACY8 ,AS ,QUE5 & C\RTI]S WAT*$ HIS ANTICS ON ! /AGE1 WE MAY BE SURE ?AT IT NEV] 5T]$ !IR HEADS ?AT ! 0GIRDS0 W]E DIRECT$ AT !M OR !IR K9D4 

,! APPE>ANCE ON ,%AKESPE>E'S /AGE ( A MAN ( HUMBLE BIR? :O IS VIRTU\S )\T BE+ RIDICUL\S IS SO R>E AN EV5T ?AT IT IS WOR? :ILE TO 5UM]ATE ! 9/ANCES4 ,N[ & !N A S]VANT OR O!R OBSCURE *>ACT] IS MADE USE ( AS A M]E LAY FIGURE ( :I* NO?+ GOOD OR EVIL CAN BE PR$ICAT$1 BUT USUALLY !Y >E MADE MORE OR LESS ABSURD4 ,ONLY AT LONG 9T]VALS DO WE SEE P]SONS ( ?IS CLASS AT ONCE S]I\S & UPRI<T4 ,AS MI<T HAVE BE5 EXPECT$1 IT IS MORE (T5 ! S]VANT ?AN ANY O!R MEMB] ( ! L[] CLASSES TO :OM ,%AKESPE>E ATTRIBUTES GOOD QUALITIES1 = ! S]VANT IS A SORT ( ATTA*M5T TO ! G5TLEMAN & %9ES ) ! REFLECTION ( HIS VIRTUES4 ,! NOBLE/ QUALITY :I* ,%AKESPE>E CAN CONCEIVE ( 9 A S]VANT IS LOYALTY1 & 9 0,RI*>D ,I,I40 7,ACT #e1 ,SC4 #c7 HE GIVES US A GOOD EXAMPLE 9 ! *>ACT] ( A GROOM :O REMA9S FAI?FUL TO ! K+ EV5 :5 ! LATT] IS CA/ 9TO PRISON4 ,9 0,CYMBEL9E0 WE >E TREAT$ TO LOYALTY AD NAUSEAM4 ,! K+ ORD]S ,PISANIO1 A TRU/Y S]VANT1 TO BE TORTUR$ )\T CAUSE1 & HIS REPLY IS1 

0,SIR1 MY LIFE IS Y\RS4 

 ,I HUMBLY SET IT AT Y\R WILL40 

 7,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #c47 

,9 0,K+ ,LE>0 A GOOD S]VANT PROTE/S AGA9/ ! CRUELTY ( ,REGAN & ,CORNWALL T[>D ,GL\CE/]1 & IS KILL$ = HIS C\RAGE4 0,GIVE ME MY SWORD10 CRIES ,REGAN4 0,A PEASANT /& UP ?US60 7,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #g74 ,& O!R S]VANTS ALSO %[ SYMPA?Y = ! UN=TUNATE E>L4 ,WE ALL REMEMB] ! FOOL :O1 ALMO/ ALONE1 WAS TRUE TO ,LE>1 BUT1 !N1 ( C\RSE1 HE WAS A FOOL4 ,9 0,TIMON ( ,A!NS0 WE HAVE AN UNUSUAL >RAY ( GOOD S]VANTS1 BUT IT IS D\BTFUL IF ,%AKESPE>E WROTE ! PLAY1 & !SE *>ACT]S MAKE HIS AU?OR%IP MORE D\BTFUL4 ,FLAM9IUS1 ,TIMON'S S]VANT1 REJECTS A BRIBE ) SCORN 7,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #a74 ,ANO!R ( HIS S]VANTS EXPRESSES HIS CONTEMPT = HIS MA/]'S FALSE FRI5DS 7,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #c71 & :5 ,TIMON F9ALLY LOSES HIS =TUNE & HIS FRI5DS =SAKE HIM1 HIS S]VANTS /& BY HIM4 0,YET DO \R HE>TS WE> ,TIMON'S LIV]Y0 7,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #b74 ,ADAM1 ! GOOD OLD S]VANT 9 0,AS ,Y\ ,LIKE ,IT10 :O FOLL[S HIS Y\NG MA/] ,ORL&O 9TO EXILE1 IS1 LIKE ,LE>'S FOOL1 A NOTEWOR?Y EXAMPLE ( ! LOYAL S]VITOR4 

0,MA/]1 GO ON1 & ,I WILL FOLL[ !E 

 ,TO ! LA/ GASP ) TRU? & LOYALTY40 

 7,ACT #b1 ,SC4 #c47 

,BUT ,%AKESPE>E TAKES C>E TO PO9T \T ?AT SU* FIDELITY 9 S]VANTS IS MO/ UNCOMMON & A RELIC ( ! GOOD OLD TIMES-- 

0,O GOOD OLD MAN1 B[ WELL 9 !E APPE>S 

 ,! CON/ANT S]VICE ( ! ANTIQUE WORLD1 

 ,:5 S]VICE SWEAT = DUTY1 NOR = ME$6 

 ,?\ >T NOT = ! FA%ION ( !SE TIMES1 

 ,:5 NONE WILL SWEAT BUT = PROMOTION40 

,\TSIDE ! RANKS ( DOME/IC S]VANTS WE F9D A FEW CASES ( HONORABLE POV]TY 9 ,%AKESPE>E4 ,9 ! PLAY JU/ QUOT$1 ,COR91 ! OLD %EPH]D1 SAYS3 

0,SIR1 ,I AM A TRUE LABOR]2 ,I E>N ?AT ,I EAT1 GET ?AT ,I WE>2 [E NO MAN HATE1 5VY NO MAN'S HAPP9ESS2 GLAD ( O!R M5'S GOOD1 CONT5T ) MY H>M2 & ! GREATE/ ( MY PRIDE IS TO SEE MY EWES GRAZE & MY LAMBS SUCK40 

7,AS ,Y\ ,LIKE ,IT1 ,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #b47 

9 %ORT1 AN IDEAL PROLET>IAN FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! >I/OCRAT4 

,! 0,W9T]'S ,TALE0 CAN BOA/ ( ANO!R GOOD %EPH]D 7,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #c71 BUT HE SAVORS A LITTLE ( BURLESQUE4 0,MACBE?0 HAS SEV]AL HUMBLE WOR?IES4 ,!RE IS A GOOD OLD MAN 9 ! SECOND ACT 7,SC4 #b71 & A GOOD MESS5G] 9 ! F\R? 7,SC4 #b74 ,K+ ,DUNCAN PRAISES HI<LY ! S]GEANT :O BR+S ! NEWS ( ,MACBE?'S VICTORY1 & USES LANGUAGE TO HIM SU* AS ,%AKESPE>E'S YEOM5 >E NOT ACCU/OM$ TO HE> 7,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #b74 ,& 9 0,ANTONY & ,CLEOPATRA0 WE MAKE ! ACQUA9TANCE ( SEV]AL EXEMPL>Y COMMON SOLDI]S4 ,%AKESPE>E PUTS FLATT]+ WORDS 9TO ! M\? ( ,H5RY ,V4 :5 HE ADDRESSES ! TROOPS BE=E ,AG9C\RT3 

0,= HE TO-DAY ?AT %$S HIS BLOOD ) ME 

 ,%ALL BE MY BRO!R2 BE HE NE'] SO VILE 

 ,?IS DAY %ALL G5TLE HIS CONDITION40 

 7,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #d47 

,& AT ,H>FLEUR HE IS EV5 MORE COMPLAISANT3 

0,& Y\1 GOOD YEOM51 

 ,:OSE LIMBS W]E MADE 9 ,5GL&1 %EW US H]E 

 ,! METAL ( Y\R PA/URE2 LET US SWE> 

 ,?AT Y\ >E WOR? Y\R BRE$+2 :I* ,I D\BT NOT1 

 ,= !RE IS NONE ( Y\ SO MEAN & BASE 

 ,?AT HA? NOT NOBLE LU/] 9 Y\R EYES40 7,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #a47 

,! RANK & FILE ALWAYS F>E WELL BE=E A BATTLE4 

0,OH1 IT'S ',TOMMY ?IS' & ',TOMMY ?AT' AN' ',TOMMY1 GO AWAY'2 

 ,BUT IT'S ',?ANK Y\1 ,MR4 ,ATK9S1' :5 ! B& BEG9S TO PLAY40 

,I %\LD LIKE TO ADD SOME 9/ANCES FROM ,%AKESPE>E'S WORKS ( S]I\S & E/IMABLE BEHAVIOR ON ! P>T ( 9DIVIDUALS REPRES5T+ ! L[] CLASSES1 OR ( CONSID]ATE TREATM5T ( !M ON ! P>T ( !IR 0BETT]S10 BUT ,I HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO F9D ANY1 & ! MEAG] LI/ MU/ 5D H]E4 

,BUT TO RETURN TO ,TOMMY ,ATK9S4 ,HE IS NO LONG] ,MR4 ,ATK9S AFT] ! BATTLE4 ,MONTJOY1 ! ,FR5* H]ALD1 COMES TO ! ,5GLI% K+ UND] A FLAG ( TRUCE & ASKS ?AT !Y BE P]MITT$ TO BURY !IR DEAD & 

0,SORT \R NOBLES FROM \R COMMON M52 

 ,= MANY ( \R PR9CES 7WO ! :ILE67 

 ,LIE DR[N$ & SOAK$ 9 M]C5>Y BLOOD2 

 ,SO DO \R VULG> DR5* !IR PEASANT LIMBS 

 ,9 BLOOD ( PR9CES40 7,H5RY ,V41 ,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #g47 

,) EQUAL C\RTESY ,RI*>D ,I,I,I41 ON ,BOSWOR? FIELD1 SPEAKS ( HIS OPPON5TS TO ! G5TLEM5 >\ND HIM3 

0,REMEMB] :AT Y\ >E TO COPE )AL-- 

 ,A SORT ( VAGABONDS1 RASCALS1 & RUNAWAYS1 

 ,A SCUM ( ,BRETAGNE & BASE LACKEY PEASANTS40 

 7,ACT #e1 ,SC4 #c47 

,BUT ,%AKESPE>E DOES NOT LIMIT SU* EPI!TS TO >MIES4 ,HAV+1 AS WE HAVE SE51 A POOR OP9ION ( ! L[] CLASSES1 TAK5 MAN BY MAN1 HE ?9KS1 IF ANY?+1 /ILL WORSE ( !M TAK5 5 MASSE1 & AT HIS H&S A CR[D ( PLA9 WORK+M5 F>ES WOR/ ( ALL4 0,HEMP5 HOME-SPUNS10 ,PUCK CALLS !M1 & AGA9 

0,A CREW ( PAT*ES1 RUDE ME*ANICALS1 

 ,?AT WORK = BREAD UPON ,A!NIAN /ALLS40 

,BOTTOM1 !IR LEAD]1 IS1 ACCORD+ TO ,OB]ON1 A 0HATEFUL FOOL10 & ACCORD+ TO ,PUCK1 ! 0%ALL[E/ ?ICK-SK9 ( ?AT B>R5 SORT0 7,MIDSUMM] ,NI<T'S ,DREAM1 ,ACT #c1 ,SCS4 #a & #b1 ,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #a74 ,BOTTOM'S ADVICE TO HIS PLAY]S CONTA9S A SMALL GALAXY ( COMPLIM5TS3 

0,9 ANY CASE LET ,?ISBY HAVE CLEAN L951 & LET NOT HIM ?AT PLAYS ! LION P>E HIS NAILS1 = !Y %ALL HANG \T = ! LION'S CLAWS4 ,&1 MO/ DE> ACTORS1 EAT NO ONION OR G>LIC1 = WE >E TO UTT] SWEET BREA?1 & ,I DO NOT D\BT TO HE> !M SAY1 IT IS A SWEET COM$Y40 

7,IB41 ,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #b47 

,! MATT] ( ! BREA? ( ! POOR WEI<S UPON ,%AKESPE>E & HIS *>ACT]S4 ,CLEOPATRA %UDD]S AT ! ?\<T ?AT 

0ME*ANIC SLAVES1 

 ,) GREASY APRONS1 RULES & HAMM]S1 %ALL 

 ,UPLIFT US TO ! VIEW2 9 !IR ?ICK BREA?S 

 ,RANK ( GROSS DIET1 %ALL WE BE 5CL\D$1 

 ,& =C$ TO DR9K !IR VAPOR40 

 7,ANTONY & ,CLEOPATRA1 ,ACT #e1 ,SC4 #b47 

,CORIOLANUS HAS HIS S5SE ( SMELL ESPECIALLY DEVELOP$4 ,HE TALKS ( ! 0/9K+ BREA?S0 ( ! PEOPLE 7,ACT #b1 ,SC4 #a71 & 9 ANO!R PLACE SAYS3 

0,Y\ COMMON CRY ( CURS1 :OSE BREA? ,I HATE 

 ,AS REEK ( ROTT5 F5S1 :OSE LOVE ,I PRIZE 

 ,AS ! DEAD C>CASSES ( UNBURI$ M5 

 ,?AT DO CORRUPT ! AIR1 ,I BANI% Y\10 

& HE GOES ON TO TAUNT !M ) C[>DICE 7,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #c74 ,!Y >E ! 0MUTABLE1 RANK-SC5T$ MANY0 7,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #a74 ,HIS FRI5D ,M55IUS IS EQUALLY COMPLIM5T>Y TO HIS FELL[ CITIZ5S4 0,Y\ >E !Y10 SAYS HE1 

0,?AT MAKE ! AIR UN:OLESOME1 :5 Y\ CA/ 

 ,Y\R /9K+1 GREASY CAPS1 9 HOOT+ AT 

 ,CORIOLANUS'S EXILE40 

 7,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #g47 

,& HE LAU<S AT ! 0APRON-M50 ( ,COM9IUS & !IR 0BREA? ( G>LIC-EAT]S0 7,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #g74 ,:5 ,CORIOLANUS IS ASK$ TO ADDRESS ! PEOPLE1 HE REPLIES BY SAY+3 0,BID !M WA% !IR FACES1 & KEEP !IR TEE? CLEAN0 7,ACT #b1 ,SC4 #c74 ,ACCORD+ TO ,%AKESPE>E1 ! ,ROMAN POPULACE HAD MADE NO ADVANCE 9 CLEANL9ESS 9 ! C5TURIES BETWE5 ,CORIOLANUS & ,CAES>4 ,CASCA GIVES A VIVID PICTURE ( ! (F] ( ! CR[N TO ,JULIUS1 & HIS REJECTION ( IT3 0,& /ILL AS HE REFUS$ IT ! RABBLEM5T %\T$1 & CLAPP$ !IR *APP$ H&S1 & ?REW UP !IR SWEATY NI<T-CAPS1 & UTT]$ SU* A DEAL ( /9K+ BREA?1 BECAUSE ,CAES> REFUS$ ! CR[N1 ?AT IT HAD ALMO/ *OK$ ,CAES>1 = HE SWOON$ & FELL D[N AT IT4 ,& = M9E [N P>T ,I DUR/ NOT LAU<1 = FE> ( OP5+ MY LIPS & RECEIV+ ! BAD AIR40 ,& HE CALLS !M ! 0TAG-RAG PEOPLE0 7,JULIUS ,CAES>1 ,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #b74 ,! PLAY ( 0,CORIOLANUS0 IS A M9E ( 9SULTS TO ! PEOPLE & IT BECOMES TIRESOME TO QUOTE !M4 ,! H]O CALLS !M ! 0BEA/ ) MANY HEADS0 7,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #c71 & AGA9 HE SAYS TO ! CR[D3 

0,:AT'S ! MATT]1 Y\ DISS5TI\S ROGUES1 

 ,?AT RUBB+ ! POOR IT* ( Y\R OP9ION 

 ,MAKE Y\RSELF SCABS8 

,FIR/ ,CITIZ54 ,WE HAVE EV] Y\R GOOD WORD4 

,CORIOLANUS4 ,HE ?AT WILL GIVE GOOD WORDS TO YE WILL FLATT] 

 ,B5EA? ABHORR+4 ,:AT W\LD Y\ HAVE1 Y\ CURS1 

 ,?AT LIKE NOT PEACE NOR W>8 ,! ONE AFFRI<TS Y\1 

 ,! O!R MAKES Y\ PR\D4 ,HE ?AT TRU/S TO Y\1 

 ,:]E HE W\LD F9D Y\ LIONS1 F9DS Y\ H>ES2 

 ,:]E FOXES1 GEESE2 Y\ >E NO SUR]1 NO1 

 ,?AN IS ! COAL ( FIRE UPON ! ICE1 

 ,OR HAIL/ONE 9 ! SUN4 ,Y\R VIRTUE IS 

 ,TO MAKE HIM WOR?Y :OSE (F5SE SUBDUES HIM1 

 ,& CURSE ?AT JU/ICE DID IT4 ,:O DES]VES GREATNESS 

 ,DES]VES Y\R HATE2 & Y\R AFFECTIONS >E 

 ,A SICK MAN'S APPETITE1 :O DESIRES MO/ ?AT 

 ,:I* W\LD 9CREASE HIS EVIL4 ,HE ?AT DEP5DS 

 ,UPON Y\R FAVORS1 SWIMS ) F9S ( LEAD1 

 ,& HEWS D[N OAKS ) RU%ES4 ,HANG YE6 ,TRU/ YE8 

 ,) EV]Y M9UTE Y\ DO *ANGE A M9D1 

 ,& CALL HIM NOBLE ?AT WAS N[ Y\R HATE1 

 ,HIM VILE ?AT WAS Y\R G>L&40 

 7,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #a47 

,HIS MO!R1 ,VOLUMNIA1 IS ( LIKE M9D4 ,%E CALLS ! PEOPLE 0\R G5]AL L\TS0 7,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #b74 ,%E SAYS TO ,JUNIUS ,BRUTUS1 ! TRIBUNE ( ! PEOPLE3 

0',TWAS Y\ 9C5S$ ! RABBLE1 

 ,CATS1 ?AT CAN JUDGE AS FITLY ( HIS WOR? 

 ,AS ,I CAN ( ?OSE MY/]IES :I* ,HEAV5 

 ,WILL NOT LEAVE ,E>? TO KN[40 

 7,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #b74 

,9 ! SAME PLAY ,COM9IUS TALKS ( ! 0DULL TRIBUNES0 & 0FU/Y PLEBEIANS0 7,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #i74 ,M55IUS CALLS !M 0BEA/LY PLEBEIANS0 7,ACT #b1 ,SC4 #a71 REF]S TO !IR 0MULTIPLY+ SPAWN0 7,ACT #b1 ,SC4 #b71 & SAYS TO ! CR[D3 

0,ROME & H] RATS >E AT ! PO9T ( BATTLE40 

7,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #b74 

,! DRAMATI/ MAKES ! MOB CR+E BE=E ,CORIOLANUS4 ,:5 HE APPE>S1 ! /AGE DIRECTIONS %[ ?AT ! 0CITIZ5S /EAL AWAY40 7,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #a47 

,AS ! ,ROMAN CR[D ( ! TIME ( ,CORIOLANUS IS FICKLE1 SO IS ?AT ( ,CAES>'S4 ,BRUTUS & ,ANTONY SWAY !M = & AGA9/ HIS ASSASS9S ) EASE3 

0,FIR/ ,CITIZ54 ,?IS ,CAES> WAS A TYRANT4 

,SECOND ,CITIZ54 ,NAY1 ?AT'S C]TA94 

 ,WE >E BLESS$ ?AT ,ROME IS RID ( HIM4444 

,FIR/ ,CITIZ54 7,AFT] HE>+ A DESCRIPTION ( ! MURD]47 

 ,O PITE\S SPECTACLE6 

#b ,CIT4 ,O NOBLE ,CAES>6 

#c ,CIT4 ,O WOEFUL DAY6 

#d ,CIT4 ,O TRAITORS1 VILLA9S6 

#a ,CIT4 ,O MO/ BLOODY SI<T6 

#b ,CIT4 ,WE WILL BE REV5G$2 REV5GE6 AB\T--SEEK--BURN1 

 FIRE--KILL--SLAY--LET NOT A TRAITOR LIVE60 7,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #b47 

,! ,TRIBUNE ,M>ULLUS REPROA*ES !M ) HAV+ =GOTT5 ,POMPEY1 & CALLS !M 

0,Y\ BLOCKS1 Y\ /ONES1 Y\ WORSE ?AN S5SELESS ?+S40 

,HE P]SUADES !M NOT TO FAVOR ,CAES>1 & :5 !Y LEAVE HIM HE ASKS HIS FELL[ TRIBUNE1 ,FLAVIUS1 

0,SEE1 :E'R !IR BASE/ METAL BE NOT MOV$80 

 7,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #a47 

,FLAVIUS ALSO TREATS !M ) SCANT C\RTESY3 

0,H5CE1 HOME1 Y\ IDLE CREATURES1 GET Y\ HOME4 

 ,IS ?IS A HOLIDAY8 ,:AT6 Y\ KN[ NOT1 

 ,BE+ ME*ANICAL1 Y\ \<T NOT WALK 

 ,UPON A LABOR+ DAY )\T ! SIGN 

 ,( Y\R PR(ESSION80 

 7,IB47 

,! POPULACE ( ,5GL& IS AS *ANGEABLE AS ?AT ( ,ROME1 IF ,%AKESPE>E IS TO BE BELIEV$4 ,! ,>*BI%OP ( ,YORK1 :O HAD ESP\S$ ! CAUSE ( ,RI*>D ,I,I4 AGA9/ ,H5RY ,I,V41 ?US SOLILOQUIZES3 

0,! COMMONWEAL? IS SICK ( !IR [N *OICE2 

 ,!IR OV] GRE$Y LOVE HA? SURFEIT$2 

 ,AN HABITATION GIDDY & UNSURE 

 ,HA? HE ?AT BUILDE? ON ! VULG> HE>T4 

 ,O ?\ FOND MANY6 ,) :AT L\D APPLAUSE 

 ,DID/ ?\ BEAT ,HEAV5 ) BLESS+ ,BOL+BROKE1 

 ,BE=E HE WAS :AT ?\ W\LD'/ HAVE HIM BE6 

 ,& N[ BE+ TRIMM$ 9 ?9E [N DESIRES1 

 ,?\1 BEA/LY FE$]1 >T SO FULL ( HIM1 

 ,?AT ?\ PROVOKE/ ?YSELF TO CA/ HIM UP4 

 ,SO1 SO1 ?\ COMMON DOG1 DID/ ?\ DISGORGE 

 ,?Y GLUTTON BOSOM ( ! ROYAL ,RI*>D1 

 ,& N[ ?\ W\LD/ EAT ?Y DEAD VOMIT UP1 

 ,& H[L/ TO F9D IT40 

 7,H5RY ,I,V41 ,P>T #b1 ,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #c47 

,GL\CE/] 9 0,H5RY ,V,I40 7,P>T #b1 ,ACT #b1 ,SC4 #d7 NOTES ! FICKL5ESS ( ! MASSES4 ,HE SAYS1 ADDRESS+ HIS ABS5T WIFE3 

0,SWEET ,NELL1 ILL CAN ?Y NOBLE M9D ABROOK 

 ,! ABJECT PEOPLE1 GAZ+ ON ?Y FACE 

 ,) 5VI\S LOOKS1 LAU<+ AT ?Y %AME1 

 ,?AT ]/ DID FOLL[ ?Y PR\D *>IOT :EELS 

 ,:5 ?\ DID/ RIDE 9 TRIUMPH ?R\< ! /REETS40 

,:5 %E >RIVES UPON ! SC5E 9 DISGRACE1 %E SAYS TO HIM3 

0,LOOK H[ !Y GAZE2 

 ,SEE H[ ! GIDDY MULTITUDE DO PO9T 

 ,& NOD !IR HEADS & ?R[ !IR EYES ON !E4 

 ,AH1 ,GLO/]1 HIDE !E FROM !IR HATEFUL LOOKS40 

,& %E CALLS ! CR[D A 0RABBLE0 7,IB471 A T]M ALSO US$ 9 0,HAMLET0 7,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #e74 ,AGA91 9 P>T ,I,I,I4 ( 0,H5RY ,V,I410 ,CLIF=D1 DY+ ON ! BATTLEFIELD :ILE FI<T+ = ,K+ ,H5RY1 CRIES3 

0,! COMMON PEOPLE SW>M LIKE SUMM] FLIES1 

 ,& :I!R FLY ! GNATS BUT TO ! SUN8 

 ,& :O %9ES N[ BUT ,H5RY'S 5EMIES80 

 7,ACT #b1 ,SC4 #f47 

,& ,H5RY HIMSELF1 CONV]S+ ) ! KEEP]S :O HAVE IMPRISON$ HIM 9 ! NAME ( ,$W>D ,I,V41 SAYS3 

0,AH1 SIMPLE M56 Y\ KN[ NOT :AT Y\ SWE>4 

 ,LOOK1 AS ,I BL[ ?IS FEA!R FROM MY FACE1 

 ,& AS ! AIR BL[S IT TO ME AGA91 

 ,OBEY+ ) MY W9D :5 ,I DO BL[1 

 ,& YIELD+ TO ANO!R :5 IT BL[S1 

 ,COMM&$ ALWAYS BY ! GREAT] GU/1 

 ,SU* IS ! LI<TNESS ( Y\ COMMON M540 

 7,IB41 ,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #a47 

,SUFFOLK1 9 ! ,FIR/ ,P>T ( ! SAME TRILOGY 7,ACT #e1 ,SC4 #e71 TALKS ( 0WOR?LESS PEASANTS10 MEAN+1 P]HAPS1 0PROP]TY-LESS PEASANTS10 & :5 ,SALISBURY COMES TO PRES5T ! DEM&S ( ! PEOPLE1 HE CALLS HIM 

0! ,LORD ,AMBASSADOR 

 ,S5T FROM A SORT ( T9K]S TO ! K+10 

 7,P>T #b1 ,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #b47 

& SAYS3 

0',TIS LIKE ! ,COMMONS1 RUDE UNPOLI%$ H9DS 

 ,C\LD S5D SU* MESSAGE TO !IR SOV]EIGN40 

,C>D9AL ,BEAU=T M5TIONS ! 0UNCIVIL K]NES ( ,IREL&0 7,IB41 ,P>T #b1 ,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #a71 & 9 ! SAME PLAY ! CR[D MAKES ITSELF RIDICUL\S BY %\T+1 0,A MIRACLE10 :5 ! FRAUDUL5T BEGG> ,SIMPCOX1 :O HAD PRET5D$ TO BE LAME & BL9D1 JUMPS OV] A /OOL TO ESCAPE A :IPP+ 7,ACT #b1 ,SC4 #a74 ,QUE5 ,M>G>ET RECEIVES PETITION]S ) ! WORDS 0,AWAY1 BASE CULLIONS0 7,IB41 ,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #c71 & AMONG O!R FLATT]+ REM>KS APPLI$ H]E & !RE TO ! L[] CLASSES WE MAY CITE ! EPI!TS 0YE RASCALS1 YE RUDE SLAVES10 ADDRESS$ TO A CR[D BY A PORT] 9 ,H5RY ,V,I,I,I41 & ?AT ( 0LAZY KNAVES0 GIV5 BY ! ,LORD ,*AMB]LA9 TO ! PORT]S = HAV+ LET 9 A 0TRIM RABBLE0 7,ACT #e1 ,SC4 #c74 ,HUB]T1 9 ,K+ ,JOHN1 PRES5TS US ) AN UNV>NI%$ PICTURE ( ! COMMON PEOPLE RECEIV+ ! NEWS ( ,PR9CE ,>?UR'S DEA?3 

0,I SAW A SMI? /& ) HIS HAMM]1 ?US1 

 ,! :IL/ HIS IRON DID ON HIS ANVIL COOL1 

 ,) OP5 M\? SWALL[+ A TAILOR'S NEWS2 

 ,:O1 ) HIS %E>S & MEASURE 9 HIS H&1 

 ,/&+ ON SLIPP]S 7:I* HIS NIMBLE HA/E 

 ,HAD FALSELY ?RU/ UPON CONTR>Y FEET71 

 ,TOLD ( A MANY ?\S& W>LIKE ,FR5* 

 ,?AT W]E EMBATTAIL$ & RANK'D 9 ,K5T4 

 ,ANO!R LEAN1 UNWA%$ >TIFIC]1 

 ,CUTS (F HIS TALE1 & TALKS ( ,>?UR'S DEA?40 

 7,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #b47 

,MACBE?1 :ILE S\ND+ ! MURD]]S :OM HE 9T5DS TO EMPLOY1 & :O SAY TO HIM1 0,WE >E M51 MY LIEGE10 ANSW]S3 

0,AYE1 9 ! CATALOG1 YE GO = M5 

 ,AS H\NDS & GREYH\NDS1 MONGRELS1 SPANIELS1 CURS1 

 ,%\<S1 WAT]-SUGS1 & DEMI-WOLVES1 >E CLEP$ 

 ,ALL BY ! NAME ( DOGS40 

 7,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #a47 

,AS ,CORIOLANUS IS HELD UP TO \R VIEW AS A PATT]N ( NOBLE BE>+ T[>D ! PEOPLE1 SO ,RI*>D ,I,I4 CONDEMNS ! C\RTE\S BEHAVIOR ( ! FUTURE ,H5RY ,I,V4 ON HIS WAY 9TO BANI%M5T4 ,HE SAYS3 

0,\RSELVES1 & ,BU%Y1 ,BAGOT H]E & ,GRE5 

 ,OBS]V$ HIS C\RT%IP TO ! COMMON PEOPLE2 

 ,H[ HE DID SEEM TO DOVE 9TO !IR HE>TS 

 ,) HUMBLE & FAMILI> C\RTESY2 

 ,:AT REV]5CE HE DID ?R[ AWAY ON SLAVES2 

 ,WOO+ POOR CRAFTSM5 ) ! CRAFT ( SMILES 

 ,& PATI5T OV]BE>+ ( HIS =TUNE1 

 ,AS 'TW]E TO BANI% !IR EFFECTS ) HIM4 

 ,(F GOES HIS BONNET TO AN OY/]-W5*2 

 ,A BRACE ( DRAYM5 DID ,GOD SPE$ HIM WELL 

 ,& HAD ! TRIBUTE ( HIS SUPPLE KNEE1 

 ,) ',?ANKS1 MY C\NTRYM51 MY LOV+ FRI5DS4'0 

 7,RI*>D ,I,I41 ,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #d47 

,! ,K+ ( ,FRANCE1 9 0,ALL'S ,WELL ?AT ,5DS ,WELL10 COMM5DS TO ,B]TRAM ! EXAMPLE ( HIS LATE FA!R 9 HIS RELATIONS ) HIS 9F]IORS3 

0,:O W]E BEL[ HIM 

 ,HE US$ AS CREATURES ( ANO!R PLACE1 

 ,& B[$ HIS EM95T TOP TO !IR L[ RANKS1 

 ,MAK+ !M PR\D ( HIS HUMILITY 

 ,9 !IR POOR PRAISE HE HUMBL$4 ,SU* A MAN 

 ,MI<T BE A COPY TO !SE Y\NG] TIMES40 

 7,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #b47 

,%AKESPE>E HAD NO FONDNESS = !SE 0Y\NG] TIMES10 ) !IR 9CREAS+ SUGGE/ION ( DEMOCRACY4 ,DESPIS+ ! MASSES1 HE HAD NO SYMPA?Y ) ! IDEA ( IMPROV+ !IR CONDITION OR 9CREAS+ !IR P[]4 ,HE SAW ! SIGNS ( ! TIMES ) =EBOD+1 AS DID HIS H]O1 ,HAMLET3 

0,BY ! ,LORD1 ,HORATIO1 !SE ?REE YE>S ,I HAVE TAK5 NOTE ( IT2 ! AGE HAS GR[N SO PICK$1 ?AT ! TOE ( ! PEASANT COMES SO NE> ! HEEL ( ! C\RTI]1 HE GALLS HIS KIBE40 ,!RE CAN EASILY BE TOO MU* LIB]TY1 ACCORD+ TO ,%AKESPE>E--0TOO MU* LIB]TY1 MY ,LUCIO1 LIB]TY0 7,MEASURE = ,MEASURE1 ,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #c71 BUT ! IDEA ( TOO MU* AU?ORITY IS =EIGN TO HIM4 ,CLAUDIO1 HIMSELF UND] >RE/1 S+S ITS PRAISES3 

0,?US CAN ! DEMI-GOD1 ,AU?ORITY1 

 ,MAKE US PAY D[N = \R (F5SE BY WEI<T1-- 

 ,! WORDS ( ,HEAV52--ON :OM IT WILL1 IT WILL2 

 ,ON :OM IT WILL NOT1 SO2 YET /ILL 'TIS JU/40 

 7,IB47 

,ULYSSES1 9 0,TROILUS & ,CRESSIDA0 7,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #c71 DELIV]S A LONG PANEGYRIC UPON AU?ORITY1 RANK1 & DEGREE1 :I* MAY BE TAK5 AS ,%AKESPE>E'S CONFESSION ( FAI?3 

0,DEGREE BE+ VIZ>D$1 

 ,?' UNWOR?IE/ %EWS AS FAIRLY 9 ! MASK4 

 ,! HEAV5S !MSELVES1 ! PLANETS1 & ?IS C5T]1 

 ,OBS]VE DEGREE1 PRIORITY1 & PLACE1 

 ,9SI/URE1 C\RSE1 PROPORTION1 SEASON1 =M1 

 ,(FICE & CU/OM1 9 ALL L9E ( ORD]2 

 ,& !RE=E IS ! GLORI\S PLANET1 ,SOL1 

 ,9 NOBLE EM95CE 5?RON$ & SPH]$ 

 ,AMID ! O!R2 :OSE M$'C9ABLE EYE 

 ,CORRECTS ! ILL ASPECTS ( PLANETS EVIL1 

 ,& PO/S1 LIKE ! COMM&M5TS ( A K+1 

 ,SANS *ECK1 TO GOOD & BAD4 ,BUT :5 ! PLANETS1 

 ,9 EVIL MIXTURE1 TO DISORD] W&]1 

 ,:AT PLAGUES & :AT PORT5TS6 :AT MUT9Y6 

 ,:AT RAG+ ( ! SEA1 %AK+ ( ! E>?1 

 ,COMMOTION ( ! W9DS1 FRI<TS1 *ANGES1 HORRORS1 

 ,DIV]T & CRACK1 R5D & D]AC9ATE 

 ,! UNITY & M>RI$ CALM ( /ATES 

 ,QUITE FROM !IR FIXTURE6 ,OH1 :5 DEGREE IS %AK$1 

 ,:I* IS ! LADD] ( ALL HI< DESIGNS1 

 ,! 5T]PRISE IS SICK4 ,H[ C\LD COMMUNITIES1 

 ,DEGREES 9 S*OOLS1 & BRO!RHOODS 9 CITIES1 

 ,PEACEFUL COMM]CE FROM DIVIDABLE %ORES1 

 ,! PRIMOG5ITY & DUE ( BIR?1 

 ,PR]OGATIVE ( AGE1 CR[NS1 SCEPT]S1 LAURELS1 

 ,BUT BY DEGREE /& 9 AU!NTIC PLACE8 

 ,TAKE BUT DEGREE AWAY1 UNTUNE ! /R+1 

 ,& H>K1 :AT DISCORD FOLL[S6 EA* ?+ MEETS 

 ,9 M]E OPPUGNANCY2 ! B\ND$ WAT]S 

 ,%\LD LIFT !IR BOSOMS HI<] ?AN ! %ORES1 

 ,& MAKE A SOP ( ALL ?IS SOLID GLOBE2 

 ,/R5G? %\LD BE LORD ( IMBECILITY1 

 ,& ! RUDE SON %\LD /RIKE HIS FA!R DEAD2 

 ,=CE %\LD BE RI<T2 OR1 RA!R1 RI<T & WRONG1 

 7,BETWE5 :OSE 5DLESS J> JU/ICE RESIDES7 

 ,%\LD LOSE !IR NAMES1 & SO %\LD JU/ICE TOO4 

 ,!N EV]Y?+ 9CLUDES ITSELF 9 P[]4 

 ,P[] 9TO WILL1 WILL 9TO APPETITE2 

 ,& APPETITE1 A UNIV]SAL WOLF1 

 ,SO D\BLY SECOND$ ) WILL & P[]1 

 ,MU/ MAKE P]=CE AN UNIV]SAL PREY1 

 ,& LA/ EAT UP HIMSELF4 ,GREAT ,AGAMEMNON1 

 ,?IS *AOS1 :5 DEGREE IS SUFFOCATE1 

 ,FOLL[S ! *OK+2 

 ,& ?IS NEGLECTION ( DEGREE IT IS1 

 ,?AT BY A PACE GOES BACKW>D1 9 A PURPOSE 

 ,IT HA? TO CLIMB4 ,! ,G5]AL'S DISDA9$ 

 ,BY HIM ONE /EP BEL[2 HE BY ! NEXT2 

 ,?AT NEXT BY HIM B5EA?2 SO EV]Y /EP1 

 ,EXAMPL$ BY ! FIR/ PACE ?AT IS SICK 

 ,( HIS SUP]IORS1 GR[S TO AN 5VI\S FEV] 

 ,( PALE & BLOODLESS EMULATION2 

 ,& 'TIS ?IS FEV] ?AT KEEPS ,TROY ON FOOT1 

 ,NOT H] [N S9EWS4 ,TO 5D A TALE ( L5G?1 

 ,TROY 9 \R WEAKNESS /&S1 NOT 9 H] /R5G?40 

,!RE IS NO H9T 9 ?IS ELOQU5T APO/ROPHE ( ! DIFFICULTY ( DET]M9+ AMONG M5 :O %ALL BE ! SUN & :O ! SATELLITE1 NOR ( ! FACT ?AT ! ACTUAL >RANGEM5TS1 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S TIME1 AT ANY RATE1 DEP5D$ ALTOGE!R UPON ?AT V]Y =CE :I* ,ULYSSES DEPRECATES4 ,9 ANO!R SC5E 9 ! SAME PLAY ! WILY ,I?ACAN AGA9 GIVES WAY TO HIS PASSION = AU?ORITY & EULOGIZES SOME:AT EXTRAVAGANTLY ! PAT]NAL1 PRY+1 OMNIPRES5T ,/ATE3 

0,! PROVID5CE ?AT'S 9 A WAT*FUL /ATE 

 ,KN[S ALMO/ EV]Y GRA9 ( ,PLUTUS' GOLD1 

 ,F9DS BOTTOM 9 ?' 9COMPREH5SIVE DEEPS1 

 ,KEEPS PLACE ) ?\<T1 & ALMO/1 LIKE ! GODS1 

 ,DOES ?\<TS UNVEIL 9 !IR DUMB CRADLES4 

 ,!RE IS A MY/]Y 7) :I* RELATION 

 ,DUR/ NEV] M$DLE7 9 ! S\L ( /ATE1 

 ,:I* HA? AN OP]ATION MORE DIV9E 

 ,?AN BREA? OR P5 CAN GIVE EXPRESSURE TO40 

 7,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #c47 

,! ,/ATE TO :I* ,ULYSSES REF]S IS ( C\RSE A MON>*ICAL ,/ATE1 & ! IDEA ( DEMOCRACY IS ABHORR5T TO ,%AKESPE>E4 ,CORIOLANUS EXPRESSES HIS OP9ION ( IT :5 HE SAYS TO ! PEOPLE3 

0,:AT'S ! MATT]1 

 ,?AT 9 !SE SEV]AL PLACES ( ! CITY 

 ,Y\ CRY AGA9/ ! NOBLE ,S5ATE1 :O1 

 ,UND] ! GODS1 KEEP Y\ 9 AWE1 :I* ELSE 

 ,W\LD FE$ ON ONE ANO!R80 

 7,ACT #b1 ,SC4 #a47 

,! PEOPLE %\LD HAVE NO VOICE 9 ! GOV]NM5T-- 

0,?IS D\BLE WOR%IP1-- 

 ,:]E ONE P>T DOES DISDA9 ) CAUSE1 ! O!R 

 ,9SULT )\T ALL REASON1 :]E G5TRY1 TITLE1 WISDOM1 

 ,CAN NOT CONCLUDE1 BUT BY ! YEA & NO 

 ,( G5]AL IGNORANCE1--IT MU/ OMIT 

 ,REAL NECESSITIES1 & GIVE AWAY ! :ILE 

 ,TO UN/ABLE SLI<TNESS4 ,PURPOSE SO B>R$1 IT FOLL[S1 

 ,NO?+ IS DONE TO PURPOSE2 !RE=E1 BESEE* Y\1 

 ,Y\ ?AT WILL BE LESS FE>FUL ?AN DISCREET1 

 ,?AT LOVE ! FUNDAM5TAL P>T ( /ATE 

 ,MORE ?AN Y\ D\BT ! *ANGE ON'T1 ?AT PREF] 

 ,A NOBLE LIFE BE=E A LONG1 & WI% 

 ,TO JUMP A BODY ) A DANG]\S PHYSIC 

 ,?AT'S SURE ( DEA? )\T IT1 AT ONCE PLUCK \T 

 ,! MULTITUD9\S TONGUE2 LET !M NOT LICK 

 ,! SWEET :I* IS !IR POISON40 

 7,IB4 ,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #a47 

,IT IS ! NOBILITY :O %\LD RULE-- 

0,IT IS A PURPOS$ ?+ & GR[S BY PLOT 

 ,TO CURB ! WILL ( ! NOBILITY2 

 ,SUFF]'T & LIVE ) SU* AS CAN NOT RULE1 

 ,NOR EV] WILL BE RUL$40 

 7,IB47 

,JUNIUS ,BRUTUS TRIES 9 VA9 TO >GUE ) HIM1 BUT ,CORIOLANUS HAS NO PATI5CE ) HIM1 A 0TRITON ( ! M9N[S02 & ! V]Y FACT ?AT !RE %\LD BE TRIBUNES APPO9T$ = ! PEOPLE DISGU/S HIM-- 

0,FIVE TRIBUNES TO DEF5D !IR VULG> WISDOMS1 

 ,( !IR [N *OICE2 ONE'S ,JUNIUS ,BRUTUS1 

 ,SIC9US ,VELUTUS1 & ,I KN[ NOT--',SDEA?6 

 ,! RABBLE %\LD HAVE FIR/ UNRO($ ! CITY1 

 ,]E SO PREVAIL$ ) ME2 IT WILL 9 TIME 

 ,W9 UPON P[]1 & ?R[ =? GREAT] !MES40 

,& AGA93 

0,! COMMON FILE1 A PLAGUE6--,TRIBUNES = !M60 

 7,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #f47 

,%AKESPE>E TOOK HIS MAT]IAL = ! DRAMA ( 0,CORIOLANUS0 FROM ,PLUT>*'S 0,LIVES10 & IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT HE SELECT$ FROM ?AT LI/ ( WOR?IES ! MO/ CONSPICU\S ADV]S>Y ( ! COMMONALTY ?AT ,ROME PRODUC$4 ,HE PRES5TS HIM TO US AS A H]O1 &1 SO F> AS HE CAN1 5LI/S \R SYMPA?Y = HIM FROM BEG9N+ TO 5D4 ,:5 ,M55IUS SAYS ( HIM3 

0,HIS NATURE IS TOO NOBLE = ! WORLD10 

 7,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #a47 

HE IS EVID5TLY BUT REGI/]+ ! V]DICT ( ! AU?OR4 ,PLUT>*'S TREATM5T ( ,CORIOLANUS IS F> DIFF]5T4 ,HE EXHIBITS HIS F9E QUALITIES1 BUT HE DOES NOT HESITATE TO SPEAK ( HIS 0IMP]I\S TEMP] & ?AT SAVAGE MANN] :I* WAS TOO HAU<TY = A REPUBLIC40 0,9DE$10 HE ADDS1 0!RE IS NO O!R ADVANTAGE TO BE HAD FROM A LIB]AL $UCATION EQUAL TO ?AT ( POLI%+ & S(T5+ \R NATURE BY REASON & DISCIPL9E40 ,HE ALSO TELLS US ?AT ,CORIOLANUS 9DULG$ HIS 0IRASCIBLE PASSIONS ON A SUPPOSITION ?AT !Y HAVE SOME?+ GREAT & EXALT$ 9 !M10 & ?AT HE WANT$ 0A DUE MIXTURE ( GRAVITY & MILDNESS1 :I* >E ! *IEF POLITICAL VIRTUES & ! FRUITS ( REASON & $UCATION40 0,HE NEV] DREAM$ ?AT SU* OB/9ACY IS RA!R ! EFFECT ( ! WEAKNESS & EFFEM9ACY ( A DI/EMP]$ M9D1 :I* BREAKS \T 9 VIOL5T PASSIONS LIKE SO MANY TUMORS40 ,NOR APP>5TLY DID ,%AKESPE>E EV] DREAM ( IT EI!R1 AL?\< HE HAD ,PLUT>*'S SAGE OBS]VATIONS BE=E HIM4 ,IT IS A PITY ?AT ! GREAT DRAMATI/ DID NOT SELECT FROM ,PLUT>*'S WORKS SOME H]O :O TOOK ! SIDE ( ! PEOPLE1 SOME ,AGIS OR ,CLEOM5ES1 OR1 BETT] YET1 ONE ( ! ,GRAC*I4 ,:AT A TRAG$Y HE MI<T HAVE BAS$ ON ! LIFE ( ,TIB]IUS1 ! FRI5D ( ! PEOPLE & ! M>TYR 9 !IR CAUSE6 ,BUT ! SPIRIT :I* GUID$ ,S*ILL] 9 ! *OICE ( ,WILLIAM ,TELL = A H]O WAS A /RANG] TO ,%AKESPE>E'S HE>T1 & ITS PROMPT+S W\LD HAVE MET ) NO RESPONSE !RE4 

,EV5 MORE /RIK+ IS ! TREATM5T :I* ! AU?OR ( 0,CORIOLANUS0 METES \T TO ,5GLI% HI/ORY4 ,ALL BUT TWO ( HIS ,5GLI% HI/ORICAL DRAMAS >E DEVOT$ TO ! ,W> ( ! ,ROSES & ! 9CID5TAL /RUGGLE OV] ! ,FR5* CR[N4 ,! MOTIVE ( ?IS PROLONG$ /RIFE--SO ATTRACTIVE TO ,%AKESPE>E--HAD MU* ! SAME DIGNITY :I* DI/+UI%ES ! FAMILY 9TRIGUES ( ! ,SUBLIME ,PORTE1 & ,%AKESPE>E PRES5TS ! HI/ORY ( HIS C\NTRY AS A M]E PAGEANT ( W>R+ ROYALTIES & !IR TRA9S4 ,:5 ! PEOPLE >E P]MITT$ TO APPE>1 AS !Y DO 9 ,CADE'S REBELLION1 TO :I* ,%AKESPE>E HAS ASSIGN$ ! *>ACT] ( ! RIS+ UND] ,WAT ,TYL]1 !Y >E MADE ! SUBJECT ( BURLESQUE4 ,TWO ( ! POPUL> P>TY SPEAK AS FOLL[S3 

0,JOHN ,HOLL&4 ,WELL1 ,I SAY1 IT WAS NEV] M]RY WORLD 9 ,5GL& S9CE G5TLEM5 CAME UP4 

,GEORGE ,BEVIS4 ,O MIS]ABLE AGE6 ,VIRTUE IS NOT REG>D$ 9 H&ICRAFTSM54 

,JOHN4 ,! NOBILITY ?9K SCORN TO GO 9 LEA!R APRONS40 

,:5 ,JACK ,CADE1 ALIAS ,WAT ,TYL]1 COMES ON ! SC5E1 HE %[S HIMSELF TO BE A BRAGG>T & A FOOL4 ,HE SAYS3 

0,BE BRAVE !N1 = Y\R CAPTA9 IS BRAVE & V[S RE=MATION4 ,!RE %ALL BE 9 ,5GL& SEV5 HALF-P5NY LOAVES SOLD = A P5NY2 ! ?REE-HOOP$ POT %ALL HAVE T5 HOOPS1 & ,I WILL MAKE IT A FELONY TO DR9K SMALL BE]4 ,ALL ! REALM %ALL BE 9 COMMON1 & 9 ,*EAPSIDE %ALL MY PALFREY GO TO GRASS4 ,& :5 ,I AM K+ ASK+ ,I WILL BE-- 

,ALL4 ,GOD SAVE Y\R MAJE/Y6 

,CADE4 ,I ?ANK Y\1 GOOD PEOPLE--!RE %ALL BE NO MONEY2 ALL %ALL EAT & DR9K ON MY SCORE1 & ,I WILL APP>EL !M ALL 9 ONE LIV]Y1 ?AT !Y MAY AGREE LIKE BRO!RS & WOR%IP ME !IR LORD40 

7,H5RY ,V,I41 ,P>T #b1 ,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #b47 

,! CR[D WI%ES TO KILL ! CL]K ( ,*A?AM BECAUSE HE CAN READ1 WRITE1 & CA/ ACC\NTS4 7,CADE4 0,O MON/R\S607 ,SIR ,HUMPHREY ,/AF=D CALLS !M 

0,REBELLI\S H9DS1 ! FIL? & SCUM ( ,K5T1 

 ,M>K$ = ! GALL[S40 

 7,IB47 

,CLIF=D SUCCE$S )\T MU* DIFFICULTY 9 TURN+ ! 5MITY ( ! MOB AGA9/ ,FRANCE1 & ,CADE EJACULATES DISCONSOLATELY1 0,WAS EV] A FEA!R SO LI<TLY BL[N TO & FRO AS ?IS MULTITUDE80 7,IB41 ,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #h47 ,9 ! /AGE DIRECTIONS ( ?IS SC5E1 ,%AKESPE>E %[S HIS [N OP9ION ( ! MOB BY WRIT+1 0,5T] ,CADE & HIS RABBLEM5T40 ,ONE LOOKS 9 VA9 H]E AS 9 ! ,ROMAN PLAYS = A SUGGE/ION ?AT POOR PEOPLE SOMETIMES SUFF] WRONGFULLY FROM HUNG] & WANT1 ?AT !Y OCCASIONALLY HAVE JU/ GRIEVANCES1 & ?AT !IR EF=TS TO PRES5T !M1 SO F> FROM BE+ LUDICR\S1 >E ! MO/ S]I\S P>TS ( HI/ORY1 BESIDE :I* ! /RUTT+S ( K+S & C\RTI]S S9K 9TO 9SIGNIFICANCE4 

,ONE ( ! POPUL> SONGS 9 ,TYL]'S REBELLION WAS ! FAMILI> C\PLET3 

0,:5 ,ADAM DELV$ & ,EVE SPAN1 

 ,:O WAS !N ! G5TLEMAN80 

,%AKESPE>E REF]S TO IT 9 0,HAMLET10 :]E ! GRAVE-DIGG]S SPEAK AS FOLL[S3 

0,FIR/ ,CL[N4 ,COME1 MY SPADE4 ,!RE IS NO ANCI5T G5TLEMAN BUT G>DN]S1 DIT*]S & GRAVE-MAK]S2 !Y HOLD UP ,ADAM'S PR(ESSION4 

,SECOND ,CL[N4 ,WAS HE A G5TLEMAN8 

,FIR/ ,CL[N4 ,HE WAS ! FIR/ ?AT EV] BORE >MS4 

,SECOND ,CL[N4 ,:Y1 HE HAD NONE4 

,FIR/ ,CL[N4 ,:AT1 >T A HEA!N8 ,H[ DO/ ?\ UND]/& ! ,SCRIPTURE8 ,! ,SCRIPTURE SAYS1 ,ADAM DUG2 C\LD HE DIG )\T >MS80 

7,ACT #e1 ,SC4 #a47 

,?AT ,%AKESPE>E'S C>ICATURE ( ,TYL]'S REBELLION IS A FAIR 9DICATION ( HIS VIEW ( ALL POPUL> RIS+S APPE>S FROM ! REM>KS ADDRESS$ BY ,WE/MOREL& TO ! ,>*BI%OP ( ,YORK 9 ! ,SECOND ,P>T ( 0,H5RY ,I,V40 7,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #a74 ,SAYS HE3 

0,IF ?AT REBELLION 

 ,CAME LIKE ITSELF1 9 BASE & ABJECT R\TS1 

 ,L$ ON BY BLOODY Y\?1 GU>D$ ) RAGS1 

 ,& C\NT5ANC$ BY BOYS & BEGG>Y2 

 ,I SAY IF DAMN$ COMMOTION SO APPE>$1 

 ,9 HIS TRUE1 NATIVE1 & MO/ PROP] %APE1 

 ,Y\1 ,REV]5D ,FA!R1 & !SE NOBLE LORDS 

 ,HAD NOT BE5 H]E TO DRESS ! UGLY =M 

 ,( BASE & BLOODY 9SURRECTION 

 ,) Y\R FAIR HONORS40 

,! FIR/ & LA/ ( ,%AKESPE>E'S ,5GLI% HI/ORICAL PLAYS1 0,K+ ,JOHN0 & 0,H5RY ,V,I,I,I410 LIE BEYOND ! LIMITS ( ! CIVIL W>S1 & EA* ( !M TREATS ( A P]IOD MOM5T\S 9 ! ANNALS ( ,5GLI% LIB]TY1 A FACT :I* ,%AKESPE>E ABSOLUTELY IGNORES4 ,JOHN AS K+ HAD TWO GREAT MIS=TUNES--HE SUFF]$ DISGRACE AT ! H&S ( HIS B>ONS & ( ! POPE4 ,! FIR/ EV5T1 ! WR++ ( ,MAGNA ,*>TA FROM ! K+1 ,%AKESPE>E PASSES OV]4 ,A S5SE ( NATIONAL PRIDE MI<T HAVE EXCUS$ ! OMISSION ( ! LATT] HUMILIATION1 BUT NO1 IT WAS A TRIUMPH ( AU?ORITY1 & AS SU* ,%AKESPE>E MU/ RECORD IT = ! $IFICATION ( HIS HE>]S1 & CONSEQU5TLY WE HAVE ! K+ PRES5T$ ON ! /AGE AS MEEKLY RECEIV+ ! CR[N FROM ! PAPAL LEGATE 7,ACT #e1 ,SC4 #a74 ,5GL& WAS FRE$ FROM ! ,ROMAN YOKE 9 ! REIGN ( ,H5RY ,V,I,I,I41 & 9 ! DRAMA ( ?AT NAME ,%AKESPE>E MI<T HAVE BALANC$ ! 9DIGNITY =C$ UPON ,K+ ,JOHN1 BUT N[ HE IS SIL5T4 ,NO?+ MU/ BE SAID AGA9/ AU?ORITY1 EV5 AGA9/ ?AT ( ! POPE1 & ! PLAY CULM9ATES 9 ! POMP & P>ADE ( ! *RI/5+ ( ! 9FANT ,ELIZABE?6 ,SU* IS ,%AKESPE>E'S CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY6 ,:O C\LD GUESS FROM READ+ !SE ,5GLI% HI/ORICAL PLAYS ?AT ?R\<\T ! P]IOD :I* !Y COV] ,5GLI% FRE$OM WAS GR[+1 ?AT JU/ICE & ! RI<TS ( MAN W]E ASS]T+ !MSELVES1 :ILE DESPOTISM WAS GRADUALLY CURB$ & LIMIT$8 ,?IS IS ! ONE GREAT GLORY ( ,5GLI% HI/ORY1 EXHIBIT+ ITSELF AT ,RUNNYM$E1 REFLECT$ 9 ,WYCLIF & ,JOHN ,BALL & ,WAT ,TYL]1 & %9+ DIMLY 9 ! BIR? ( A NATIONAL *UR* UND] ! EI<? ,H5RY4 ,AS ,%AKESPE>E WROTE1 IT WAS PREP>+ = A NEW & CONSPICU\S \TBUR/4 ,:5 HE DI$1 ,OLIV] ,CROMWELL WAS ALREADY SEV5TE5 YE>S ( AGE & ,JOHN ,HAMPD5 TW5TY-TWO4 ,! SPIRIT ( ,HAMPD5 WAS PREEM95TLY ! ,5GLI% SPIRIT--! SPIRIT :I* HAS GIV5 DI/9CTION TO ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON RACE--& HE & ,%AKESPE>E W]E CONTEMPOR>IES1 & YET ( ?IS SPIRIT NOT A VE/IGE IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! ,5GLI% HI/ORICAL PLAYS & NO OPPORTUNITIES LO/ TO OBLIT]ATE OR DI/ORT ITS MANIFE/ATIONS4 ,ONLY 9 ,BRUTUS & HIS FELL[-CONSPIRATORS--( ALL ,%AKESPE>IAN *>ACT]S--DO WE F9D ! LEA/ CONSID]ATION = LIB]TY1 & EV5 !N HE MAKES ! COMMON1 & P]HAPS 9 HIS TIME ! UNAVOIDABLE1 MI/AKE ( OV]LOOK+ ! G5U9ELY DEMOCRATIC LEAN+S ( ,JULIUS ,CAES> & ! ANTI-POPUL> *>ACT] ( ! SUCCESSFUL PLOT AGA9/ HIM4 

,IT HAS 9 ALL AGES BE5 A PA/IME ( NOBLE M9DS TO TRY TO DEPICT A P]FECT /ATE ( SOCIETY4 ,=TY YE>S BE=E ,%AKESPE>E'S BIR?1 ,SIR ,?OMAS ,MORE PUBLI%$ HIS 0,UTOPIA0 TO ! WORLD4 ,BACON 9T5D$ TO DO ! SAME ?+ 9 ! 0,NEW ,ATLANTIS10 BUT NEV] COMPLET$ ! WORK1 :ILE ,SIR ,PHILIP ,SIDNEY GIVES US HIS DREAM 9 HIS 0,>CADIA40 ,MONTAIGNE MAKES A SIMIL> ESSAY1 & WE QUOTE FROM ,FLORIO'S TRANSLATION1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#f#c1 ! FOLL[+ PASSAGE 7,MONTAIGNE'S 0,ESSAYS10 ,BOOK ,I1 ,*APT] #c73 

0,IT IS A NATION1 W\LD ,I ANSW] ,PLATO1 ?AT HA? NO K9D ( TRAFFIC1 NO KN[L$GE ( LETT]S1 NO 9TELLIG5CE ( NUMB]S1 NO NAME ( MAGI/RATE NOR ( POLITICAL SUP]IORITY2 NO USE ( S]VICE1 ( RI*ES1 OR ( POV]TY2 NO CONTRACTS1 NO SUCCESSION1 NO DIVID5CES2 NO OCCUPATION1 BUT IDLE2 NO RESPECT ( K9DR$1 BUT COMMON2 NO APP>EL1 BUT NATURAL2 NO MANUR+ ( L&S2 NO USE ( W9E1 CORN1 OR METAL4 ,! V]Y WORDS ?AT IMPORT LY+1 FALSEHOOD1 TREASON1 DISSIMULATION1 COVET\SNESS1 5VY1 DETRACTION1 & P>DON W]E NEV] HE>D AMONG !M40 

,WE MAY READILY 9F] ?AT ,%AKESPE>E F\ND LITTLE TO SYMPA?IZE ) 9 ?IS SOME:AT EXTRAVAGANT \TL9E ( A HAPPY NATION1 BUT HE GOES \T ( HIS WAY TO TRAVE/Y IT4 ,9 0,! ,TEMPE/0 HE MAKES ,GONZALO1 ! NOBLE/ *>ACT] 9 ! PLAY1 HOLD ! FOLL[+ LANGUAGE TO ! 9EVITABLE K+ 7,%AKESPE>E CAN NOT IMAG9E EV5 A DES]T ISL& )\T A K+673 

0,HAD ,I PLANTATION ( ?IS ISLE1 MY LORD1 

 ,I' ?' COMMONWEAL? ,I W\LD BY CONTR>IES 

 ,EXECUTE ALL ?+S2 = NO K9D ( TRAFFIC 

 ,W\LD ,I ADMIT2 NO NAME ( MAGI/RATE2 

 ,LETT]S %\LD NOT BE KN[N2 RI*ES1 POV]TY1 

 ,& USE ( S]VICE1 NONE2 CONTRACT1 SUCCESSION1 

 ,B\RN1 B\ND ( L&1 TIL?1 V9EY>D1 NONE2 

 ,NO USE ( METAL1 CORN OR W9E OR OIL2 

 ,NO OCCUPATION2 ALL M5 IDLE1--ALL1 

 ,& WOM5 TOO1 BUT 9NOC5T & PURE2 

 ,NO SOV]EIGNTY1 444 

,SEBA/IAN4 ,YET HE W\LD BE K+ ON'T4 

,ANTONIA4 ,! LATT] 5D ( HIS COMMONWEAL? =GETS 

 ! BEG9N+4 

,GONZALO4 ,ALL ?+S 9 COMMON4 ,NATURE %\LD PRODUCE 

 ,)\T SWEAT OR 5DEAVOR2 TREASON1 FELONY1 

 ,SWORD1 PIKE1 KNIFE1 GUN1 OR NE$ ( ANY 5G9E1 

 ,W\LD ,I NOT HAVE2 BUT ,NATURE %\LD BR+ =? 

 ,( ITS [N K9D1 ALL FOISON1 ALL ABUNDANCE1 

 ,TO FE$ MY 9NOC5T PEOPLE4 

,SEB4 ,NO M>RY+ 'MONG HIS SUBJECTS8 

,ANT4 ,NONE1 MAN2 ALL IDLE1 :ORES1 & KNAVES4 

,GON4 ,I W\LD ) SU* P]FECTION GOV]N1 SIR1 

 ,TO 'XCEL ! GOLD5 AGE4 

,SEB4 ',SAVE HIS ,MAJE/Y6 

,ANT4 ,LONG LIVE ,GONZALO6 

,GON4 ,& DO Y\ M>K ME1 SIR8 

,K+4 ,PR'Y!E1 NO MORE2 ?\ DO/ TALK NO?+ TO ME4 

,GON4 ,I DO WELL BELIEVE Y\R ,HI<NESS2 & DID IT TO 

 M9I/] OCCASION TO !SE G5TLEM51 :O >E ( SU* 

 S5SIBLE & NIMBLE LUNGS ?AT !Y ALWAYS USE TO LAU< 

 AT NO?+4 

,ANT4 ',TWAS Y\ WE LAU<$ AT4 

,GON4 ,:O1 9 ?IS K9D ( M]RY FOOL+1 AM NO?+ 

 TO Y\2 SO Y\ MAY CONT9UE & LAU< AT NO?+ /ILL40 

 7,TEMPE/1 ,ACT #b1 ,SC4 #a47 

,?AT ALL ?+S >E NOT = ! BE/ 9 ! BE/ ( ALL POSSIBLE WORLDS W\LD SEEM TO RESULT FROM ! WISE REM>KS MADE BY ! FI%]M5 :O 5LIV5 ! SC5E 9 0,P]ICLES1 ,PR9CE ( ,TIRE40 ,!Y COMP>E L&LORDS TO :ALES :O SWALL[ UP EV]Y?+1 & SUGGE/ ?AT ! L& BE PURG$ ( 0!SE DRONES ?AT ROB ! BEE ( H] HONEY02 & ,P]ICLES1 SO F> FROM BE+ %OCK$ AT SU* REVOLUTION>Y & VULG> S5TIM5TS1 IS IMPRESS$ BY !IR WEI<T1 & SPEAKS K9DLY ( ! HUMBLE PHILOSOPH]S1 :O 9 !IR TURN >E HOSPITABLE TO ! %IPWRECK$ PR9CE--ALL ( :I* UN-,%AKESPE>IAN MATT] ADDS D\BT TO ! AU!NTICITY ( ?IS DRAMA 7,ACT #b1 ,SC4 #a74 

,H[EV] KE5 ! 9SI<T ( ,%AKESPE>E MAY HAVE BE5 9TO ! HE>TS ( HIS HI<-BORN *>ACT]S1 HE HAD NO CONCEPTION ( ! UNITY ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,= HIM ! PR9CE & ! PEASANT W]E NOT ( ! SAME BLOOD4 

0,= PR9CES >E 

 ,A MODEL1 :I* HEAV5 MAKES LIKE TO ITSELF10 

SAYS ,K+ ,SIMONIDES 9 0,P]ICLES10 & H]E AT LEA/ WE SEEM TO SEE ! H& ( ,%AKESPE>E 7,ACT #b1 ,SC4 #b74 ,! TWO PR9CES1 ,GUID]IUS & ,>VIRAGUS1 BR\<T UP SECRETLY 9 A CAVE1 %[ !IR ROYAL ORIG9 7,CYMBEL9E1 ,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #c71 & ! S]VANTS :O SEE ,CORIOLANUS 9 DISGUISE >E /RUCK BY HIS NOBLE FIGURE 7,CORIOLANUS1 ,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #e74 ,BA/>DS >E VILLA9S AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 WITNESS ,$MUND 9 0,LE>0 & ,JOHN 9 0,MU* ,ADO AB\T ,NO?+10 & NO DEGREE ( CONTEMPT IS TOO HI< = A 

0H$GE-BORN SWA9 

 ,?AT DO? PRESUME TO BOA/ ( G5TLE BLOOD40 

 7,H5RY ,V,I41 ,P>T #a1 ,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #a47 

,C\RAGE IS ONLY TO BE EXPECT$ 9 ! NOBLE-BORN4 ,! ,DUKE ( ,YORK SAYS3 

0,LET PALE-FAC$ FE> KEEP ) ! MEAN-BORN MAN1 

 ,& F9D NO H>BOR 9 A ROYAL HE>T40 

 7,H5RY ,V,I41 ,P>T #b1 ,ACT #c1 ,SC4 #a47 

,9 SO F> AS ! L[] CLASSES HAD ANY RELATION TO ! UPP] CLASSES1 IT WAS ONE1 ?\<T ,%AKESPE>E1 ( DEP5D5CE & OBLIGATION4 ,IT WAS NOT ! TILL] ( ! SOIL :O F$ ! LORD ( ! MANOR1 BUT RA!R ! LORD :O SUPPORT$ ! PEASANT4 ,DOES NOT ! K+ HAVE TO LIE AWAKE & TAKE ?\<T = HIS SUBJECTS8 ,?US ,H5RY ,V4 COMPLA9S ?AT HE CAN NOT SLEEP 

0SO S\NDLY AS ! WRET*$ SLAVE1 

 ,:O ) A BODY FILL$ & VACANT M9D1 

 ,GETS HIM TO RE/1 CRAMM$ ) DI/RESSFUL BREAD1 

 ,NEV] SEES HORRID NI<T1 ! *ILD ( ,HELL1 

 ,BUT LIKE A LACKEY1 FROM ! RISE TO SET1 

 ,SWEATS 9 ! EYE ( ,PHOEBUS1 & ALL NI<T 

 ,SLEEPS 9 ,ELYSIUM4444 

 ,! SLAVE1 A MEMB] ( ! C\NTRY'S PEACE1 

 ,5JOYS IT1 BUT 9 GROSS BRA9 LITTLE WOTS 

 ,:AT WAT* ! K+ KEEPS TO MA9TA9 ! PEACE1 

 ,:OSE H\RS ! PEASANT BE/ ADVANTAGES40 

 7,H5RY ,V41 ,ACT #d1 ,SC4 #a47 

,& !SE L9ES OCCUR AT ! 5D ( A PASSAGE 9 :I* ! K+ LAM5TS ! 0C]EMONY0 ?AT OPPRESSES HIM & CONFESSES ?AT BUT = IT HE W\LD BE 0BUT A MAN40 ,HE MAKES ?IS ADMISSION1 H[EV]1 9 A MOM5T ( DANG] & DEPRESSION4 ,H5RY ,I,V4 ALSO 9VOKES SLEEP 7,P>T #b1 ,ACT #b1 ,SC4 #a73 

0,O ?\ DULL GOD6 :Y LIE/ ?\ ) ! VILE 

 ,9 LOA?SOME B$S80 

,BUT PLA9 PEOPLE HAVE TO WAT* AT TIMES1 & ! ,FR5* S5T9EL F9DS OCCASION TO SPEAK 9 ! SAME /RA93 

0,?US >E POOR S]VITORS 

 7,:5 O!RS SLEEP UPON !IR QUIET B$S7 

 ,CON/RA9$ TO WAT* 9 D>KNESS1 RA91 & COLD40 

 7,H5RY ,V,I41 ,P>T #a1 ,ACT #b1 ,SC4 #a47 

,H5RY ,V,I4 IS ALSO ATTRACT$ BY ! PEASANT'S LOT3 

0,O ,GOD1 ME?9KS IT W]E A HAPPY LIFE1 

 ,TO BE NO BETT] ?AN A HOMELY SWA94444 

 444 ,! %EPH]D'S HOMELY CURDS1 

 ,HIS COLD ?9 DR9K \T ( HIS LEA!R BOTTLE1 

 ,HIS WONT$ SLEEP UND] A FRE% TREE'S %ADE1 

 ,ALL :I* SECURE & SWEETLY HE 5JOYS1 

 ,AS F> BEYOND A PR9CE'S DELICATES40 

 7,H5RY ,V,I41 ,P>T #c1 ,ACT #b1 ,SC4 #e47 

,ALL ( :I* IS NATURAL 5\<1 BUT SAVORS ( CANT 9 ! M\?S ( M5 :O F\<T LONG & H>D TO MA9TA9 !MSELVES UPON !IR ?RONES4 

,WE HAVE ALREADY %[N BY REF]5CES TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y DRAMA ?AT ! PLEA ( CU/OM IS NOT SUFFICI5T TO EXPLA9 ,%AKESPE>E'S ATTITUDE TO ! L[] CLASSES1 BUT IF WE WID5 \R SURVEY TO ! 5TIRE FIELD ( ,5GLI% LETT]S 9 HIS DAY1 WE %ALL SEE ?AT HE WAS RUNN+ C\NT] TO ALL ! BE/ TRADITIONS ( \R LIT]ATURE4 ,FROM ! TIME ( ,PI]S ,PL[MAN D[N1 ! PEASANT HAD /OOD HI< ) ! GREAT WRIT]S ( POETRY & PROSE ALIKE4 ,*AUC]'S FAM\S CIRCLE ( /ORY-TELL]S AT ! ,TAB>D ,9N 9 ,S\?W>K WAS EM95TLY DEMOCRATIC4 ,) ! KNI<T & ! FRI> W]E GA!R$ TOGE!R 

0,AN HAB]DA%] & A C>P5T]1 

 ,A WEBBE1 A DEY] & TAPIS]10 

& ! TALES ( ! COOK & ! MILL] TAKE RANK ) ?OSE ( ! SQUIRE & LAWY]4 ,! ,5GLI% ,BIBLE1 TOO1 WAS 9 ,%AKESPE>E'S H&S1 & HE MU/ HAVE BE5 FAMILI> ) %EPH]D K+S & FI%]M5-APO/LES4 ,9 ! V]Y YE> 9 :I* 0,HAMLET0 FIR/ APPE>$1 A WORK WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,SPA9 :I* WAS AT ONCE TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI%1 A WORK AS WELL KN[N TO-DAY AS ,%AKESPE>E'S [N WRIT+S4 ,IF ! PEASANTRY WAS ANY:]E TO BE NEGLECT$ & DESPIS$1 :]E %\LD IT BE RA!R ?AN 9 PR\D1 >I/OCRATIC ,SPA91 & YET1 TO PLACE BESIDE ,%AKESPE>E'S ,BOTTOMS & ,SLYS1 ,C]VANTES HAS GIV5 US ! ADMIRABLE ,SAN*O ,PANZA1 & HAS SPREAD HIS LOV+ HUMOR 9 EQUAL MEASURE OV] S]VANT & MA/]4 ,>E WE TO BELIEVE ?AT ! YEOM5 ( ,5GL&1 :O BEAT BACK ! ,>MADA1 W]E 9F]IOR TO ! ,SPANI% PEASANTRY :OM !Y OV]CAME1 OR IS IT NOT RA!R TRUE ?AT ! ,SPANI% AU?OR HAD A DEEP] 9SI<T 9TO HIS C\NTRY'S HE>T ?AN WAS ALLOTT$ TO ! ,5GLI% DRAMATI/8 ,C]VANTES1 ! SOLDI] & ADV5TUR]1 ROSE ABOVE ! PREJUDICES ( HIS CLASS1 :ILE ,%AKESPE>E NEV] LIFT$ HIS EYES BEYOND ! N>R[ HORIZON ( ! ,C\RT TO :I* HE CAT]$4 ,IT WAS LOVE ?AT OP5$ ,C]VANTES'S EYE1 & IT IS 9 ALL-EMBRAC+ LOVE ?AT ,%AKESPE>E WAS DEFICI5T4 ,AS F> AS ! COMMON PEOPLE W]E CONC]N$1 HE NEV] HELD ! MIRROR UP TO NATURE4 

,BUT ! BOOK ( ALL O!RS :I* MI<T HAVE SUGGE/$ TO ,%AKESPE>E ?AT !RE WAS MORE 9 ! CLAIMS ( ! L[] CLASSES ?AN WAS DREAM$ ( 9 HIS PHILOSOPHY WAS ,MORE'S 0,UTOPIA10 :I* 9 ITS ,5GLI% =M WAS ALREADY A CLASSIC4 ,MORE1 ! RI*E/ & MO/ P[]FUL MAN 9 ,5GL& AFT] ! K+1 NOT ONLY BELIEV$ 9 ! WORK+MAN1 BUT KNEW ?AT HE SUFF]$ FROM UNJU/ SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,HE C\LD NEV] HAVE REPRES5T$ ! D[N-TRODD5 FOLL[]S ( ,CADE-,TYL] NOR ! HUNGRY MOB 9 0,CORIOLANUS0 ) ! UTT] LACK ( SYMPA?Y :I* ,%AKESPE>E MANIFE/S4 0,:AT JU/ICE IS !RE 9 ?IS10 ASKS ! GREAT ,LORD ,*ANCELLOR1 :OSE *>ACT] /OOD ! TE/ ( DEA?--0:AT JU/ICE IS !RE 9 ?IS1 ?AT A NOBLEMAN1 A GOLDSMI?1 A BANK]1 OR ANY O!R MAN1 ?AT EI!R DOES NO?+ AT ALL OR AT BE/ IS EMPLOY$ 9 ?+S ?AT >E ( NO USE TO ! PUBLIC1 %\LD LIVE 9 GREAT LUXURY & SPL5DOR UPON :AT IS SO ILL ACQUIR$2 & A MEAN MAN1 A C>T]1 A SMI?1 A PL[MAN1 ?AT WORKS H>D] EV5 ?AN ! BEA/S !MSELVES1 & IS EMPLOY$ ON LABORS SO NECESS>Y ?AT NO COMMONWEAL? C\LD HOLD \T A YE> )\T !M1 CAN ONLY E>N SO POOR A LIVELIHOOD1 & MU/ LEAD SO MIS]ABLE A LIFE1 ?AT ! CONDITION ( ! BEA/S IS MU* BETT] ?AN !IRS80 

,H[ DIFF]5T FROM ?IS IS ,%AKESPE>E'S CONCEPTION ( ! PLACE ( ! WORK+MAN 9 SOCIETY6 ,AFT] A FULL & C&ID SURVEY ( HIS PLAYS1 ,BOTTOM1 ! WEAV] ) ! ASS'S HEAD1 REMA9S HIS TYPE ( ! >TIZAN & ! 0MUTABLE1 RANK-SC5T$ MANY10 HIS TYPE ( ! MASSES4 ,IS IT UNFAIR TO TAKE ! MIS%AP5 0S]VANT-MON/]0 ,CALIBAN AS HIS LA/ WORD ON ! SUBJECT8 

0,PROSP]O4 ,WE'LL VISIT ,CALIBAN MY SLAVE :O NEV] 

 ,YIELDS US K9D ANSW]4 

,MIR&A4            ',TIS A VILLA91 SIR1 

 ,I DO NOT LOVE TO LOOK ON4 

,PROSP]O4            ,BUT AS 'TIS1 

 ,WE CAN NOT MISS HIM6 HE DOES MAKE \R FIRE1 

 ,FET* 9 \R WOOD1 & S]VE 9 (FICES 

 ,?AT PR(IT US40 7,TEMPE/1 ,ACT #a1 ,SC4 #b47 

,TO :I* ,I W\LD FA9 REPLY 9 ! WORDS ( ,$W>D ,C>P5T]3 

0,:O >T ?\ 444 

 ,) ?Y FA9T SNE] = HIM :O W9S !E BREAD 

 ,& HIM :O CLO!S !E1 & = HIM :O TOILS 

 ,DAY-LONG & NI<T-LONG D>K 9 ! E>? = !E80 

,L,E,T,T,] ,F,R,O,M ,M,R4 ,G4 ,B,],N,>,D ,%,A,W 

  
7,EXTRACTS7 

  

,AS Y\ KN[1 ,I HAVE /RIV5 H>D TO OP5 ,5GLI% EYES TO ! EMPT9ESS ( ,%AKESPE>E'S PHILOSOPHY1 TO ! SUP]FICIALITY & SECOND-H&$NESS ( HIS MORALITY1 TO HIS WEAKNESS & 9COH]5CE AS A ?9K]1 TO HIS SNOBB]Y1 HIS VULG> PREJUDICES1 HIS IGNORANCE1 HIS DISQUALIFICATIONS ( ALL SORTS = ! PHILOSOPHIC EM95CE CLAIM$ = HIM4444 ,! PREFACE TO MY 0,?REE ,PLAYS = ,PURITANS0 CONTA9S A SECTION HEAD$ 0,BETT] ?AN ,%AKESPE>E80 :I* IS1 ,I ?9K1 ! ONLY UTT]ANCE ( M9E ON ! SUBJECT TO BE F\ND 9 A BOOK4444 ,!RE IS AT PRES5T 9 ! PRESS A NEW PREFACE TO AN OLD NOVEL ( M9E CALL$ 0,! ,IRRATIONAL ,KNOT40 ,9 ?AT PREFACE ,I DEF9E ! FIR/ ORD] 9 ,LIT]ATURE AS CONSI/+ ( ?OSE WORKS 9 :I* ! AU?OR1 9/EAD ( ACCEPT+ ! CURR5T MORALITY & RELIGION READY-MADE )\T ANY QUE/ION AS TO !IR VALIDITY1 WRITES FROM AN ORIG9AL MORAL /&PO9T ( HIS [N1 !REBY MAK+ HIS BOOK AN ORIG9AL CONTRIBUTION TO MORALS1 RELIGION1 & SOCIOLOGY1 AS WELL AS TO BELLES LETT]S4 ,I PLACE ,%AKESPE>E ) ,DICK5S1 ,SCOTT1 ,DUMAS P]E1 ETC41 9 ! SECOND ORD]1 BECAUSE1 ?O !Y >E 5ORM\SLY 5T]TA9+1 !IR MORALITY IS READY-MADE2 & ,I PO9T \T ?AT ! ONE PLAY1 0,HAMLET10 9 :I* ,%AKESPE>E MADE AN ATTEMPT TO GIVE AS A H]O ONE :O WAS DISSATISFI$ ) ! READY-MADE MORALITY1 IS ! ONE :I* HAS GIV5 ! HI<E/ IMPRESSION ( HIS G5IUS1 AL?\< ,HAMLET'S REVOLT IS UNSKILLFULLY & 9CONCLUSIVELY SUGGE/$ & NOT WORK$ \T ) ANY PHILOSOPHIC COMPET5CE4 

,MAY ,I SUGGE/ ?AT Y\ %\LD BE C>EFUL NOT TO IMPLY ?AT ,TOL/OY'S GREAT ,%AKESPE>IAN H]ESY HAS NO O!R SUPPORT ?AN M9E4 ,! PREFACE ( ,NI*OLAS ,R[E TO HIS $ITION ( ,%AKESPE>E1 & ! V>I\S PREFACES ( ,DR4 ,JOHNSON CONTA91 ON ,R[E'S P>T1 AN APOLOGY = HIM AS A WRIT] ) OBVI\S & ADMITT$ %ORTCOM+S 7V]Y RIDICUL\SLY ASCRIB$ BY ,R[E TO HIS WORK+ BY 0A M]E LI<T ( NATURE071 &1 ON ,JOHNSON'S1 A GOOD DEAL ( D[NRI<T H>D-HITT+ CRITICISM4 ,Y\ %\LD ALSO LOOK UP ! HI/ORY ( ! ,IREL& =G]IES1 UNLESS1 AS IS V]Y PROBABLE1 ,TOL/OY HAS ANTICIPAT$ Y\ 9 ?IS4 ,AMONG N9ETE5?-C5TURY POETS ,BYRON & ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS SAW CLE>LY ?AT ,%AKESPE>E WAS 5ORM\SLY OV]RAT$ 9TELLECTUALLY4 ,A ,FR5* BOOK1 :I* HAS BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI%1 HAS APPE>$ )9 ! LA/ T5 YE>S1 GIV+ ,NAPOLEON'S OP9IONS ( ! DRAMA4 ,HIS 9SI/5CE ON ! SUP]IORITY ( ,CORNEILLE TO ,%AKESPE>E ON ! GR\ND ( ,CORNEILLE'S P[] ( GRASP+ A POLITICAL SITUATION1 & ( SEE+ M5 9 !IR RELATION TO ! /ATE1 IS 9T]E/+4 

,( C\RSE Y\ KN[ AB\T ,VOLTAIRE'S CRITICISMS1 :I* >E ! MORE NOTEWOR?Y BECAUSE ,VOLTAIRE BEGAN ) AN EXTRAVAGANT ADMIRATION = ,%AKESPE>E1 & GOT MORE & MORE BITT] AGA9/ HIM AS HE GREW OLD] & LESS DISPOS$ TO ACCEPT >TI/IC M]IT AS A COV] = PHILOSOPHIC DEFICI5CIES4 

,F9ALLY1 ,I1 = ONE1 %ALL VALUE ,TOL/OY'S CRITICISM ALL ! MORE BECAUSE IT IS CRITICISM ( A =EIGN] :O CAN NOT POSSIBLY BE 5*ANT$ BY ! M]E WORD-MUSIC :I* MAKES ,%AKESPE>E SO IRRESI/IBLE 9 ,5GL&4 ,9 ,TOL/OY'S E/IMATION1 ,%AKESPE>E MU/ FALL OR /& AS A ?9K]1 9 :I* CAPACITY ,I DO NOT ?9K HE WILL /& A MOM5T'S EXAM9ATION FROM SO TREM5D\SLY KE5 A CRITIC & RELIGI\S REALI/4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! ,5GLI% WOR%IP !IR GREAT >TI/S QUITE 9DISCRIM9ATELY & ABJECTLY2 SO ?AT IS QUITE IMPOSSIBLE TO MAKE !M UND]/& ?AT ,%AKESPE>E'S EXTRAORD9>Y LIT]>Y P[]1 HIS FUN1 HIS MIMICRY1 & ! 5DE>+ QUALITIES ?AT E>N$ HIM ! TITLE ( 0! G5TLE ,%AKESPE>E0--ALL ( :I*1 :ATEV] ,TOL/OY MAY SAY1 >E QUITE UNQUE/IONABLE FACTS--DO NOT /& OR FALL ) HIS ABSURD REPUTATION AS A ?9K]4 ,TOL/OY WILL C]TA9LY TREAT ?AT SIDE ( HIS REPUTATION ) ! SEV]ITY IT DES]VES2 & Y\ WILL F9D ?AT ! ,5GLI% PRESS WILL 9/ANTLY ANN\NCE ?AT ,TOL/OY CONSID]S HIS [N WORKS GREAT] ?AN ,%AKESPE>E'S 7:I* 9 SOME RESPECTS !Y MO/ C]TA9LY >E1 BY ! WAY71 & ?AT HE HAS ATTEMPT$ TO /IGMATIZE \R GREATE/ POET AS A LI>1 A ?IEF1 A =G]1 A MURD]]1 AN 9C5DI>Y1 A DRUNK>D1 A LIB]T9E1 A FOOL1 A MADMAN1 A C[>D1 A VAGABOND1 & EV5 A MAN ( QUE/IONABLE G5TILITY4 ,Y\ MU/ NOT BE SURPRIS$ OR 9DIGNANT AT ?IS3 IT IS :AT IS CALL$ 0DRAMATIC CRITICISM0 9 ,5GL& & ,AM]ICA4 ,ONLY A FEW ( ! BE/ ( \R J\RNALI/-CRITICS WILL SAY ANY?+ WOR? READ+ ON ! SUBJECT4 

,Y\RS FAI?FULLY1 

       ,G4 ,B]N>D ,%AW4 

,F,O,O,T,N,O,T,E,S3 

  

 ,BESIDES ! PREFACES H]E REF]R$ TO1 ,MR4 ,G4 ,B]N>D ,%AW HAS AT V>I\S TIMES WRITT5 O!R >TICLES ON ! SUBJECT4--7,V4 ,T47 

 ,IT %\LD BE BORNE 9 M9D ?AT ?IS LETT] WAS WRITT5 BE=E ,MR4 ,G4 ,B4 ,%AW HAD SE5 ! ESSAY 9 QUE/ION1 BY ,TOL/OY1 N[ PUBLI%$ 9 ?IS VOLUME4--7,V4 ,T47 

0,NO ONE WILL P]USE A PAGE )\T LAY+ D[N ! BOOK A BETT] & A WIS] MAN40--,DUNDEE ,C\RI]4 

,TOL/OY'S ,ESSAYS 

 & ,LETT]S 

,BY ,L,E,O ,T,O,L,/,O,Y 

  
,TRANSLAT$ BY ,A,Y,L,M,] ,M,A,U,D,E 

  

,?IS WORK CONTA9S TW5TY-SIX ESSAYS & LETT]S 7MANY PUBLI%$ = ! FIR/ TIME7 BELONG+ TO ! LA/ FIFTE5 YE>S ( ,TOL/OY'S C>E]1 ! P]IOD 9 :I* HE HAS DEVOT$ HIMSELF EXCLUSIVELY TO HUMANIT>IAN LABORS4 ,!RE=E EA* HAS A DEF9ITE ALTRUI/IC PURPOSE4 ,9 ! LETT]S 9 P>TICUL> WE HAVE1 9 ! WORDS ( ! TRANSLATOR1 0,TOL/OY'S OP9IONS 9 APPLICATION TO C]TA9 DEF9ITE CONDITIONS4 ,!Y ?US HELP TO BRIDGE ! GULF BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE40 

,H,I,<,L,Y ,C,O,M,M,5,D,$ 

  

0,! SUBJECTS >E V>I$1 & PRES5T ,TOL/OY'S WELL-KN[N VIEWS 9 HIS ALWAYS =CEFUL MANN]40--,! ,\TLOOK4 

0,IT CONTA9S ! ,RUSSIAN PHILOSOPH] & PHILAN?ROPI/'S BE/ ?\<T1 & FURNI%ES CONSID]ABLE 9SI<T 9TO HIS WOND]FUL P]SONALITY40--,! ,MIRROR1 ,/4 ,L\IS4 

0,= ?OSE :O WI% TO BE WELL 9/RUCT$ 9 ,TOL/OYANA ?IS H&Y LITTLE BOOK WILL BE 9VALUABLE40--,BROOKLYN ,EAGLE4 

0,!SE ESSAYS =M AN ADMIRABLE 9TRODUCTION TO ,TOL/OY'S PHILOSOPHY40--,WE/]N ,DAILY ,M]CURY1 ,PLYM\?1 ,5G4 

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,TOL/OY'S ,PLAYS 

,ALSO ,ANNOTAT$ ,LI/ ( ,WORKS 

  

,?IS VOLUME1 A NEW TRANSLATION BY ,L\ISE & ,AYLM] ,MAUDE1 CONTA9S ,TOL/OY'S ?REE GREAT PLAYS1 TOGE!R ) ! ,RUSSIAN FOLK-TALE ( :I* ONE ( !M IS ! DRAMATIZ$ V]SION4 ,IT ALSO 9CLUDES A COMPLETE ANNOTAT$ & *RONOLOGICAL LI/ ( ,TOL/OY'S WORKS ( SPECIAL HELPFULNESS TO ALL READ]S & /UD5TS ( ! GREAT ,RUSSIAN WRIT]4 

,L,I,/ ,( ,! ,P,L,A,Y,S 

  

,! ,P[] ( ,D>KNESS2 OR1 ,IF A ,CLAW IS ,CAU<T ! ,BIRD IS ,LO/--,A DRAMA 9 FIVE ACTS4 

,! ,FIR/ ,DI/ILL]--,A COM$Y 9 SIX ACTS4 

,FRUITS ( ,CULTURE--,A COM$Y 9 F\R ACTS4 

,9,C,L,U,D,+ ,A,L,S,O 

  

,! ,IMP & ! ,CRU/--,?IS IS A ,RUSSIAN FOLK-TALE1 ( :I* 

 0,! ,FIR/ ,DI/ILL]0 IS ! DRAMATIZ$ V]SION4 

,!IR ,HI< ,LIT]>Y & ,DRAMATIC ,VALUE 

  

,TO !IR LIT]>Y M]IT ,TOL/OY'S PLAYS ADD ! QUALITY ( BE+ EXCELL5T ACT+ DRAMAS1 AS !IR SUCCESS BO? 9 ,RUSSIA & ELSE:]E HAS ABUNDANTLY %[N4 ,MR4 ,LAUR5CE ,IRV+ LATELY WROTE3 0,I SUPPOSE ,5GL& IS ! ONLY C\NTRY 9 ,EUROPE :]E ',! ,P[] ( ,D>KNESS' HAS NOT BE5 ACT$4 ,IT \<T TO BE DONE4 ,IT IS A /UP5D\S TRAG$Y2 ! EFFECT ON ! /AGE IS UNP>ALLEL$40 

,!IR ,WIDE ,RANGE ( ,S5TIM5T 

  

0,BETWE5 ,TOL/OY'S TWO GREAT PLAYS10 SAYS ! TRANSLATOR1 0',! ,P[] ( ,D>KNESS' & ',! ,FRUITS ( ,CULTURE1' ! CONTRA/ IS V]Y /RIK+4 ,! FIR/ IS 9T5SELY MORAL1 T]RIBLE 9 ITS E>NE/NESS & =CE4444 ,V]Y DIFF]5T IS ',FRUITS ( ,CULTURE1' A PLAY BRIMFUL ( LAU<T] & M]RIM5T40 

,H&SOMELY PR9T$ ON DECKLE-$GE PAP]1 GILT-TOP1 HALF-TONE FRONTISPIECE1 %[+ ,ANISYA & ,NIKITA 9 0,! ,P[] ( ,D>KNESS10 COV] DESIGN 9 GOLD1 EXTRA-QUALITY RIBB$ OLIVE CLO?1 #be "4 XII PAGES4 ,PRICE @s#a4#e1 PO/PAID4 

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 ,NEW ,YORK      ,P,U,B,L,I,%,],S      ,LONDON 

  

,A ,C,L,E,> ,& ,H,O,P,E,F,U,L ,E,X,P,O,S,I,T,I,O,N 

 ,( ,T,O,L,/,O,Y',S ,T,E,A,*,+,S 

  

0,/UD5TS ( ! MA/] WILL F9D ?IS LITTLE BOOK 9DISP5SABLE40--,SAN ,FRANCISCO ,NEWS-,LETT]4 

,TOL/OY & 

 ,HIS ,PROBLEMS 

,ESSAYS BY ,A,Y,L,M,] ,M,A,U,D,E 

  

,EA* ESSAY 9 ?IS VOLUME EXPRESSES1 9 ONE =M OR O!R1 ,TOL/OY'S VIEWS ( LIFE2 & ! MA9 OBJECT ( ! BOOK IS NOT TO PRAISE HIS VIEWS1 BUT TO EXPLA9 !M4 ,BE+ ! ONLY ,5GLI%MAN :O 9 REC5T YE>S HAS HAD ! ADVANTAGE ( 9TIMATE P]SONAL 9T]C\RSE1 CONT9U$ OV] A P]IOD ( SOME YE>S1 ) ,TOL/OY1 ,MR4 ,MAUDE IS WELL QUALIFI$ = HIS PRES5T WORK4 

,C,O,N,T,5,T,S 

  

,BIOGRAPHY ( ,TOL/OY,9TRODUCTION TO 0,! ,SLAV]Y ( ,\R ,TIMES0,TOL/OY'S ,TEA*+S,! ,CZ>'S ,CORONATION,AN ,9TRODUCTION TO 0,:AT ,IS ,>T80,RI<T & ,WRONG,H[ 0,RESURRECTION0 ,WAS ,WRITT5,W> & ,PATRIOTISM,TALKS ,) ,TOL/OY 

0,ANY ONE :O TAKES UP ?IS DELI<TFUL S]IES ( ESSAYS WILL NOT WILL+LY LAY IT D[N )\T AT LEA/ ! DET]M9ATION TO F9I% IT40--,BRITI% ,FRI5D4 

0,MR4 ,MAUDE'S LONG & 9TIMATE ACQUA9TANCE ) ,TOL/OY 5ABLES HIM TO SPEAK ) KN[L$GE PROBABLY NOT POSSESS$ BY ANY O!R ,5GLI%MAN40--,MORN+ ,PO/4 

#a#bMO1 ,CLO?1 #bb PAGES4 ,PRICE1 @s#a4 

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,SEVA/OPOL 

,& ,O,!,R ,M,I,L,I,T,>,Y ,T,A,L,E,S 

  
,BY ,L,E,O ,T,O,L,/,O,Y 

  

,A NEW TRANSLATION BY ,L\ISE & ,AYLM] ,MAUDE1 SPECIALLY APPROV$ BY ! AU?OR4 ,?IS BOOK RELATES ! AU?OR'S [N EXP]I5CES1 S5SATIONS1 & REFLECTIONS DUR+ ! MO/ NOT$ SIEGE ( MOD]N HI/ORY4 ,! TRANSLATION HAS BE5 AU?ORIZ$ BY ,C\NT ,TOL/OY1 :O HAS SPECIALLY COMM5D$ IT = ITS ACCURACY1 SIMPLICITY1 & DIRECTNESS4 

0,NO O!R MOD]N BOOK APPROA*ES ',SEVA/OPOL' 9 ! COMPLET5ESS & DIRECTNESS ) :I* IT UNVEILS ! REALITIES ( W>4 ,!RE >E PICTURESQUE GLIMPSES 9 ,MR4 ,KIPL+'S VULG> /ORIES ( FI<T+4 ,BUT ! /RONGE/ MEAT ,MR4 ,KIPL+ CAN PROVIDE IS MILK = BABES BESIDE ,C\NT ,TOL/OY'S SEEM+LY CASUAL SKET*ES1 :I* YET COMPREH5D ) M]CILESS AMPLITUDE ! :OLE ATMOSPH]E ( W>40--,! ,MORN+ ,LEAD]1 ,LONDON4 

,:AT ,C\NT ,TOL/OY ,SAYS ( ! ,TRANSLATORS 

 & ,TRANSLATION 

  

0,BETT] TRANSLATORS1 BO? = KN[L$GE ( ! TWO LANGUAGES & = P5ETRATION 9TO ! V]Y MEAN+ ( ! MATT] TRANSLAT$1 C\LD NOT BE 9V5T$40 ,( !IR TRANSLATION ( ,SEVA/OPOL1 ,TOL/OY ALSO SAYS3 0,I ?9K ,I ALREADY WROTE Y\ H[ UNUSUALLY ! FIR/ VOLUME ( Y\R $ITION PLEASES ME4 ,ALL 9 IT IS EXCELL5T3 ! $ITION & ! REM>KS1 & *IEFLY ! TRANSLATION1 & YET MORE ! CONSCI5TI\SNESS ) :I* ALL ?IS HAS BE5 DONE40 

,H&SOMELY PR9T$ ON DECKLE-$GE PAP]1 GILT TOP1 PHOTOGRAVURE PORTRAIT ( ,TOL/OY FROM A DAGU]REOTYPE TAK5 9 #a#h#e#e1 MAP ( ,SEVA/OPOL2 COV] DESIGN 9 GOLD1 EXTRA-QUALITY RIBB$ OLIVE CLO?1 #cbe "4 XLVIII4 PP4 @s#a4#e4 

7,?IS BOOK IS NOT = SALE BY US 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA947 

,F,U,N,K @& ,W,A,G,N,A,L,L,S ,C,O,M,P,A,N,Y1 ,PUBLI%]S 

 ,N,E,W ,Y,O,R,K & ,L,O,N,D,O,N 

  

,?REE ,NEW ,/ORIES BY ,C\NT ,LEO ,TOL/OY1 ,WRITT5 = ! ,B5EFIT ( ! ,KI%9EF ,SUFF]]S4 ,PUBLI%]'S & ,AU?OR'S ,PR(ITS >E TO GO TO ! ,KI%9EF ,RELIEF ,FUND 

,E,S,>,H,A,D,D,O,N 

,K+ ( ,ASSYRIA1 & ,O!R ,/ORIES 

  
,BY ,C,\,N,T ,L,E,O ,T,O,L,/,O,Y 

  

,TRANSLAT$ BY ,L\ISE & ,AYLM] ,MAUDE1 ) AN ,9TRODUCTION 

 ,CONTA9+ ,LETT]S BY ,TOL/OY 

,ES>HADDON1 ,K+ ( ,ASSYRIA4 ,AN ALLEGORICAL /ORY ) AN ,ORI5TAL SETT+1 TELL+ H[ A CRUEL K+ WAS MADE TO FEEL & UND]/& ! SUFF]+S ( ONE ( HIS CAPTIVES1 & TO REP5T HIS [N CRUELTY4 

,WORK1 ,DEA?1 & ,SICKNESS4 ,A LEG5D ACCR$IT$ TO ! ,S\? ,AM]ICAN ,9DIANS1 %[+ ! ?REE MEANS ,GOD TOOK TO MAKE M5 MORE K9D & BRO!RLY T[>D EA* O!R4 

,?REE ,QUE/IONS4 ,A QUA9T FOLKLORE TALE ANSW]+ ! ?REE QUE/IONS ( LIFE3 0,:AT IS ! ,BE/ ,TIME80 0,:O ,>E ! ,MO/ ,IMPORTANT ,P]SONS80 0,:AT ,?+ ,%\LD BE ,DONE ,FIR/80 

,O,P,9,I,O,N ,( ,! ,P,R,E,S,S 

  

,/4 ,L\IS ,GLOBE-,DEMOCRAT3 0,C\NT ,TOL/OY IS A MAN SO SURE ( HIS MESSAGE & SO CLE> AB\T IT ?AT HE ALWAYS F9DS SOME?+ WOR? :ILE TO SAY4444 ,!RE IS A QUALITY 9 ! LITTLE TALES PUBLI%$ UND] ! TITLE ',ES>HADDON' :I* IS QUICKLY SUGGE/IVE ( C]TA9 ,BIBLICAL N>RATIVES4 ,!RE IS ONE CALL$ ',?REE ,QUE/IONS1' :I* CONTA9S1 9 HALF A DOZ5 PAGES1 AN 5TIRE PHILOSOPHY ( LIFE1 & IT IS PRES5T$ 9 SU* APT PICTURES & IDEAS ?AT ITS MEAN+ IS NOT TO BE OV]LOOK$4 ,IT W\LD BE H>D TO SUGGE/ ANY?+ ?AT C\LD BE READ 9 FIVE M9UTES ?AT W\LD IMP>T SO MU* TO ?9K AB\T4 ',ES>HADDON1' ! SKET* FROM :I* ! VOLUME TAKES ITS NAME1 IS ( ! SAME *>ACT]1 & ! ?IRD TALE1 ',WORK1 ,DEA?1 & ,SICKNESS1' IS FULL ( V]Y F9E ?\<T4 ,!RE IS1 P]HAPS1 NO WRIT] WORK+ TO-DAY :OSE M9D IS C5T]$ ON BROAD] & BETT] ?+S ?AN ! ,RUSSIAN MA/]1 & ! PRES5T (F]+ %[S HIM AT HIS V]Y BE/40 

0,H\R-,GLASS ,/ORIES40 ,DA9TY #a#bMO1 ,CLO?1 ,FRONTISPIECE1 

 ,ORNAM5TAL ,COV]1 #d C5TS1 ,PO/PAID 

  
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,:AT ,IS ,>T8 

,TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,ORIG9AL ,MANUSCRIPT1 ) 

 AN ,9TRODUCTION BY ,A,Y,L,M,] ,M,A,U,D,E 

  

,>T IS A HUMAN ACTIVITY1 DECL>ES ,TOL/OY4 ,! OBJECT ( ?IS ACTIVITY IS TO TRANSMIT TO O!RS FEEL+S ! >TI/ HAS EXP]I5C$4 ,BY C]TA9 EXT]NAL SIGNS--MOVEM5TS1 L9ES1 COLORS1 S\NDS OR >RANGEM5TS ( WORDS--AN >TI/ 9FECTS O!R PEOPLE SO ?AT !Y %>E HIS FEEL+S2 ?US1 0>T IS A MEANS ( UNION AMONG M51 JO9+ !M TOGE!R 9 ! SAME FEEL+40 ,)\T ADEQUATE EXPRESSION !RE IS NO >T1 = !RE IS NO 9FECTION1 NO TRANSF]5CE TO O!RS ( ! AU?OR'S FEEL+4 ,! TE/ ( >T IS 9FECTION4 ,IF AN AU?OR HAS MOV$ Y\ SO ?AT Y\ FEEL AS HE FELT1 IF Y\ >E SO UNIT$ TO HIM 9 FEEL+ ?AT IT SEEMS TO Y\ ?AT HE HAS EXPRESS$ JU/ :AT Y\ HAVE LONG WI%$ TO EXPRESS1 ! WORK ?AT HAS SO 9FECT$ Y\ IS A WORK ( >T4 

,A ,P,[,],F,U,L ,W,O,R,K ,F,U,L,L ,( 

 ,G,5,I,U,S ,& ,O,R,I,G,9,A,L,I,T,Y 

  

0,! P[]FUL P]SONALITY ( ! AU?OR1 ! />TL+ ORIG9ALITY ( HIS VIEWS1 GRIP ! READ] & C>RY HIM1 ?\< HIS DEEPE/ CONVICTIONS BE \TRAG$1 PROTE/+ ?R\< ! BOOK40--,PALL ,MALL ,GAZETTE4 

0,! DISCUSSION IS B\ND TO %AKE ! :OLE WORLD TO ITS V]Y C5T]1 & TO RESULT 9 A CONSID]ABLE READJU/M5T ( !ORIES40--,PITTSBURG ,TIMES4 

0,IT IS ! ABLE/ & MO/ S*OL>LY WRIT+ ( A GREAT ?9K]40--,*ICAGO ,9T] ,OCEAN4 

0,NO REC5T BOOK ON ! SUBJECT IS SO NOVEL1 SO READABLE1 OR SO QUE/IONABLE40--,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES ,SATURDAY ,REVIEW4 

,SMALL #a#bMO1 ,CLO?1 #bfh PP4 #h CTS41 PO/PAID 

  
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,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aie 3 ,TOL/OY ON ,%AKESPE>E -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a#g1 #bag 3 ,TOL/OY ON ,%AKESPE>E -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,TOL/OY ON ,%AKESPE>E -- ,UPDAT$4 

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