,UNCON/ITUTIONALITY ( ! ,LAWS ( ,CONGRESS 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LYS&] ,SPOON] 

,TAGS 3 PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS1 P[] ( CONGRESS1 P[] ( E/ABLI%+1 /ATES OR PEOPLE1 /ATES OR 9DIVIDUALS1 AU?ORITY ( CONGRESS1 RULES ( 9T]PRETATION1 PO/ ROADS1 PO/ (FICES1 UNIT$ /ATES4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,LUIGI ,&REOLA1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,?IS WORK IS P>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,9/ITUTE = ,SOCIAL ,HI/ORY'S COLLECTION & APPE>S 9 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES ) ,I,S,%'S P]MISSION4 

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,! ,A,M,],I,C,A,N ,L,E,T,T,] ,M,A,I,L ,C,O,M,P,A,N,Y PRES5T ! FOLL[+ EXPOSITION ( ! GR\NDS ON :I* !Y ASS]T !IR RI<T TO E/ABLI% MAILS & PO/(FICES1 9 COMPETITION ) ?OSE ( ,CONGRESS4 

,IF ! PUBLIC >E SATISFI$ ( ! CORRECTNESS ( ! PR9CIPLE1 ! ,COMPANY ASK !IR PATRONAGE TO 5ABLE !M TO SU/A9 IT4 

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#a4 ,>GUM5T4 
 #b4 ,REVIEW ( ! ,PO/MA/] ,G5]AL'S ,>GUM5T4 

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,( ! FOLL[+ PROPOSITIONS1 ALMO/ ANY ONE ( !M IS SUFFICI5T1 ,I APPREH5D1 TO PROVE ! UNCON/ITUTIONALITY ( ALL LAWS PROHIBIT+ PRIVATE MAILS4  

#a4 ,! ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7,>T4 #a1 ,SEE4 #h7 DECL>ES ?AT ! ,CONGRESS %ALL HAVE P[] TO E/ABLI% PO/-(FICES & PO/ ROADS40  

,!SE WORDS CONTA9 ! :OLE GRANT1 & !RE=E EXPRESS ! EXT5T ( ! AU?ORITY GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS4 ,!Y DEF9E ! P[]1 & ! P[] IS LIMIT$ BY ! DEF9ITION4 ,! P[] ( ,CONGRESS1 !N1 IS SIMPLY TO #aa E/ABLI% PO/-(FICES & PO/ ROADS10 ( !IR [N-NOT TO 9T]F]E ) ?OSE E/ABLI%$ BY O!RS4  

#b4 ,! CON/ITUTION EXPRESSES1 NEI!R 9 T]MS1 NOT BY NECESS>Y IMPLICATION ANY PROHIBITION UPON ! E/ABLI%M5T ( MAILS1 PO/-(FICES & PO/ ROADS1 BY ! /ATES OR 9DIVIDUALS4  

#c4 ,! CON/ITUTION EXPRESSES1 NEI!R 9 T]MS1 NOR BY NECESS>Y IMPLICATION ANY SURR5D]1 ON ! P>T ( ! PEOPLE1 (' !IR [N NATURAL RI<TS TO E/ABLI% MAILS1 PO/-(FICES1 OR PO/ ROADS1 AT PLEASURE4  

#d4 ,! SIMPLE GRANT ( AN AU?ORITY1 :E!R TO AN 9DIVIDUAL OR A GOV]NM5T1 TO DO A P>TICUL> ACT1 GIVES ! GRANTEE NO AU?ORITY TO =BID O!RS TO DO ACTS ( ! SAME K9D4 ,IT GIVES HIM NO AU?ORITY AT ALL1 RELATIVE TO ! ACTS ( O!RS1 UNLESS ! ACTS ( O!RS W\LD BE 9COMPATIBLE1 OR 9 CONFLICT1 OR COLLISION1 ) ! ACT HE IS AU?ORIZ$ TO DO4 ,IT DOES NOT AU?ORIZE HIM TO CONSID] M]E COMPETITION & RIVALRY AS CONFLICT1 COLLISION1 OR 9COMPATIBILITY4  

,?IS DOCTR9E FULLY ADMITS ?AT ,CONGRESS 0 HAVE P[] TO MAKE ALL LAWS :I* %ALL BE NECESS>Y & PROP] = C>RY+ 9TO EXECUTION !IR [N P[] ( E/ABLI%+ PO/-(FICES & PO/ ROADS40 ,BUT1 !N1 IT ASS]TS ?AT EV]Y LAW !Y PASS1 MU/1 9 ORD] TO BE CON/ITUTIONAL1 BE A DIRECT1 POSITIVE1 AFFIRMATIVE /EP 9 ACTUAL 0 EXECUTION 0 ( !IR [N P[]4 IT MU/1 9 SOME WAY1 CONTRIBUTE1 AFFIRMATIVELY1 TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( !IR [N MAILS4 ,BUT ! SUPPRESSION ( PRIVATE MAILS IS NOT AN ACT AT ALL 9 0EXECUTION0 ( ! P[] 0TO E/ABLI%0 O!RS4 ,IF ,CONGRESS W]E TO SUPPRESS ALL PRIVATE MAILS1 !Y W\LD NOT !REBY HAVE DONE ! FIR/ ACT 9 0EXECUTION 0 ( ! P[] GIV5 !M BY ! CON/ITUTION1 TO E/ABLI% MAILS4 ,! 5TIRE WORK ( EXECUT+ !IR P[] ( E/ABLI%+ MAILS1 W\LD /ILL REMA9 TO BE DONE4  

,?IS DOCTR9E ALSO FULLY ADMITS ! ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY ( ,CONGRESS OV] :ATEV] MAILS !Y DO E/ABLI%4 ,IT ADMITS !IR RI<T TO =BID ANY RESI/ANCE BE+ (F]$ TO !IR PROGRESS1 & TO PROHIBIT & PUNI% DEPR$ATIONS UPON !M4 ,BUT IT1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ASS]TS ?AT ! P[] ( ,CONGRESS IS CONF9$ EXCLUSIVELY TO ! E/ABLI%M5T1 MANAGEM5T1 TRANSPORTATION & PROTECTION ( !IR [N MAILS4  

#e4 ,IT CANNOT BE SAID TO BE NECESS>Y TO PROHIBIT COMPETITION1 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 FUNDS = E/ABLI%+ ! GOV]NM5T MAIL-BECAUSE ,CONGRESS1 9 ORD] TO C>RY \T ?IS P[]1 AS WELL AS O!RS1 >E AU?ORIZ$1 IF NECESS>Y1 0 TO ,JAY & COLLECT TAXES1 DUTIES1 IMPO/S & EXCISES10-& ?IS IS ! ONLY COMPULSORY MODE1 M5TION$ 9 ! CON/ITUTION1 = PROVID+ = ! SUPPORT ( ANY DEP>TM5T ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y >E UND] NO MORE CON/ITUTIONAL CON/RA9T TO MAKE ! PO/-(FICE SUPPORT ITSELF1 ?AN TO MAKE ! >MY1 ! NAVY1 ! ,JUDICI>Y1 OR ! ,EXECUTIVE1 SUPPORT ITSELF4"9 

#f4 ,! P[] GIV5 TIE ,CONGRESS1 IS SIMPLY TO #aa E/ABLI% PO/-(FICES & PO/ ROADS #aa ( !IR [N1 NOT TO =BID SIMIL> E/ABLI%M5TS BY ! /ATES OR PEOPLE4  

,! P[] 0 TO E/ABLI% PO/-(FICES & PO/ ROADS 0 ( !IR [N1 & ! P[] TO =BID COMPETITION1 >E1 9 !IR NATURE1 DI/9CT P[]S- ! =M] NOT AT ALL IMPLY+ ! LATT]-ANY MORE ?AN ! P[]1 ON ! P>T ( ,CONGRESS1 TO BORR[ MONEY1 IMPLIES A P[] TO =BID ! PEOPLE & /ATES TO COME 9TO M>KET & BID = MONEY 9 COMPETITION ) ,CONGRESS4 ,CONGRESS C\LD PROBABLY BORR[ MONEY MU* MORE ADVANTAGE\SLY1 IF !Y C\LD PROHIBIT ! PEOPLE FROM COM+ 9TO ! M>KET & BIDD+ = IT 9 COMPETITION ) !M4 ,BUT ! ADVANTAGE TO BE D]IV$ BY ,CONGRESS FROM SU* A PROHIBITION UPON ! PEOPLE1 W\LD NOT AU?ORIZE !M TO RESORT TO IT1 EV5 ?\< ! PEOPLE W]E TO (F] SO HI< A RATE ( 9T]E/1 ?AT ,CONGRESS C\LD NOT BORR[ A DOLL> 9 COMPETITION ) !M4 ,CONGRESS MU/ ABIDE ! COMPETITION ( ! PEOPLE 9 BORR[+ MONEY1 BE ! RESULT :AT IT MAY4 ,& !Y MU/ ABIDE ! SAME COMPETITION 9 ! BUS9ESS ( C>RY+ LETT]S 2 & = ! SAME REASON1 VIZ3-BECAUSE NO P[] HAS BE5 GRANT$ !M TO PROHIBIT ! COMPETITION4  

#g4 ,! P[] GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS1 ON ! SUBJECT ( MAILS1 IS1 BO? 9 ITS T]MS1 & 9 ITS NATURE1 ADDITIONAL TO1 NOT DE/RUCTIVE (1 ! PRE- EXI/+ RI<TS ( ! /ATES1 & ! NATURAL RI<TS ( ! PEOPLE4  

,! OBJECT ( ! GRANT TO ,CONGRESS UND\BT$LY WAS TO 5ABLE ! GOV]NM5T1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 TO PROVIDE = ITS [N WANTS1 & !N TO CONTRIBUTE1 9CID5TALLY1 AS F> AS IT MI<T1 TO ! CONV5I5CE ( ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT ! GRANT CONTA9S NO EVID5CE ( ANY 9T5TION TO PROHIBIT ! /ATES OR PEOPLE FROM US+ SU* MEANS AS !Y HAD1 SO F> AS !SE MEANS MI<T BE ADEQUATE TO !IR WANTS4 ,ANY O!R DOCTR9E ?AN ?IS W\LD IMPLY ?AT ! PEOPLE W]E MADE = ! B5EFIT ( ! DEP>TM5T1 & NOT ! DEP>TM5T = ! B5EFIT ( ! PEOPLE4  

#h4 ,9 MATT]S ( GOV]NM5T1 ! PEOPLE >E PR9CIPALS1 & ! GOV]NM5T M]E AG5TS4 ,& IT IS ONLY AS ! S]VANTS & AG5TS ( ! PEOPLE1 ?AT ,CONGRESS CAN 0 E/ABLI% PO/-(FICES & PO/ ROADS40 ,N[ IT IS P]FECTLY CLE> ?AT A PR9CIPAL1 BY SIMPLY AU?ORIZ+ AN AG5T TO C>RY ON A P>TICUL> BUS9ESS 9 HIS NAME1 GIVES ! AG5T NO PROMISE ?AT HE1 7! PR9CIPAL17 WILL NOT ALSO HIMSELF P]SONALLY ,C>RY ON BUS9ESS ( ! SAME K9D4 ,HE PLA9LY SURR5D]S NO RI<T TO C>RY ON ! SAME K9D ( BUS9ESS AT PLEASURE4 ,& ! AG5T HAS NO CLAIM EV5 TO BE CONSULT$1 AS TO :E!R HIS PR9CIPAL %ALL SET TIP A RIVAL E/ABLI%M5T TO ! ONE ?AT IS 5TRU/$ TO ! AG5T1 ,! :OLE AU?ORITY ( ! AG5T IS LIMIT$ SIMPLY TO ! MANAGEM5T ( ! E/ABLI%M5T CONFID$ TO HIM4  

#i4 ,IT IS A NATURAL RI<T ( M5 TO LABOR = EA* O!R = HIRE4 ,?IS RI<T IS 9VOLV$ 9 ! RI<T TO ACQUIRE PROP]TY 2 A RI<T :I* IS GU>ANTI$ BY MO/ ( ! /ATE CON/ITUTIONS1 & NOT =BIDD5 BY ! NATIONAL CON/ITUTION4 ,NO LAW :I* =BIDS ! EX]CISE ( ?IS RI<T 9 A P>TICUL> CASE1 CAN BE CON/ITUTIONAL1 UNLESS A CLE> AU?ORITY BE %[N = IT 9 ! CON/ITUTION4 ,NO AU?ORITY IS %[N = PROHIBIT+ ! LABOR ( ,C>RY+ LETT]S4  

#a4 ,IF !RE W]E ANY D\BTS AS TO ! LEGAL CON/RUCTION ( ! AU?ORITY GIV5 TO ,CONGRESS1 ?AT D\BT W\LD HAVE TO BE DECID$ 9 FAVOR ( ! L>GE/ LIB]TY1 & ! NATURAL RI<TS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 BECAUSE \R GOV]NM5TS1 /ATE & NATIONAL1 PR(ESS TO BE F\ND$ ON ! ACKN[L$GM5T ( M5'S NATURAL RI<TS1 & TO BE DESIGN$ TO SECURE !M 2 & ANY ?+ AMBIGU\S MU/ BE DECID$ 9 CON=MITY ) ?IS PR9CIPLE4  

#a#a4 ,! IDEA1 ?AT ! BUS9ESS ( C>RY+ LETT]S IS1 9 ITS NATURE1 A UNIT1 OR MONOPOLY1 IS D]IV$ FROM ! PRACTICE ( >BITR>Y GOV]NM5TS1 :O HAVE EI!R MADE ! BUS9ESS A MONOPOLY 9 ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T1 OR GRANT$ IT AS A MONOPOLY TO 9DIVIDUALS4 ,!RE IS NO?+ 9 ! NATURE ( ! BUS9ESS ITSELF1 ANY MORE ?AN 9 ! BUS9ESS ( TRANSPORT+ PASS5G]S & M]*&ISE1 ?AT %\LD MAKE IT A MONOPOLY1 EI!R 9 ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T OR ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,PROBABLY ONE GREAT1 IF NOT ! PR9CIPAL1 MOTIVE ( DESPOTIC GOV]NM5TS1 = MA9TA9+ ?IS MONOPOLY 9 !IR [N B&S1 IS1 ?AT1 9 CASE ( NECESSITY1 !Y MAY USE IT AS AN 5G9E ( POLICE1 &1 9 TIMES ( CIVIL COMMOTION1 IT IS US$ 9 ?IS MANN]4 ,! ADOPTION ( ! SAME SY/EM 9 ?IS C\NTRY %[S H[ BL9DLY & ?\<TLESSLY WE FOLL[ ! PREC$5TS ( O!R C\NTRIES1 )\T REF]5CE TO ! DESPOTIC PURPOSES 9 :I* !Y BAD !IR ORIG94  

#a#b4 ,AN 9DIVIDUAL :O C>RIES LETT]S1 CANNOT BE SAID TO USURP1 OR EV5 TO EX]CISE1 AN AU?ORITY ?AT IS GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS-= ,CONGRESS HAVE AU?ORITY TO C>RY ONLY SU* LETT]S AS 9DIVIDUALS *OOSE TO (F] !M = C>RIAGE4 ,:]EAS A PRIVATE MAIL C>RIES ONLY ?OSE LETT]S :I* 9DIVIDUALS *OOSE NOT TO (F] TO ! GOV]NM5T MAIL4 ,! AU?ORITY ( ,CONGRESS OV] LETT]S1 DOES NOT COMM5CE UNTIL ! LETT]S >E ACTUALLY DEPOSIT$ ) !M = CONVEYANCE 2 & !RE=E ! C>RY+ ( LETT]S ?AT HAVE NEV] BE5 DEPOSIT$ ) !M = CONVEYANCE1 DOES NOT CONFLICT AT ALL ) ! P[] ( ,CONGRESS TO C>RY ALL ! LETT]S ?AT !Y HAVE ANY AU?ORITY TO C>RY4  

#a#c4 ,IT CANNOT BE SAID ?AT AN 9DIVIDUAL :O C>RIES LETT]S1 IS DO+1 ! SAME ?+ ?AT ,CONGRESS >E AU?ORIZ$ TO DO4 ,HE IS NOT DO+ ! SAME ?+1 BUT ONLY A ?+ ( ! SAME K9D4 ,?IS DI/9CTION IS MAT]IAL & DECISIVE4 ,!RE IS ,D,O OBJECTION TO HIS DO+ ?+S ( ! SAME K9D AS ,CONGRESS1 7SO F> AS HE HAS ! NATURAL P[] & RI<T TO DO !M17 UNLESS ! CON/ITUTION PLA9LY PROHIBITS IT4  

#a#d4 ,IF ,CONGRESS C\LD =BID 9DIVIDUALS DO+ A ?+ SIMPLY BECAUSE IT WAS SIMIL> TO :AT ! GOV]NM5T HAD P[] TO DO1 !Y MI<T =BID HIS BORR[+ MONEY1 BECAUSE 0 TO BORR[ MONEY10 IS ONE ( ! P[]S GRANT- $ TO ,CONGRESS4 ,!Y MI<T ALSO1 ON ! SAME GR\NDS1 =BID P>TIES TO SETTLE !IR CONTROV]SIES BY REF]R+ !M TO M5 *OS5 BY !MSELVES1 BE- CAUSE GOV]NM5T HAS E/ABLI%$ C\RTS1 & GIV5 !M AU?ORITY TO SETTLE CONTROV]SIES1 & REF]5CES TO O!R TRIBUNALS1 *OS5 BY ! P>TIES1 IS DE- PRIV+ ?IS DEP>TM5T ( ! GOV]NM5T ( A P>T ( ITS BUS9ESS1 & ! M>%ALS1 CL]KS & JURORS1 ( ! OPPORTUNITY ( E>N+ FEES4 ,!RE IS JU/ AS MU* GR\ND1 9 ! CON/ITUTION1 = PROHIBITIONS UPON ! SETTLEM5T ,( ,CONTROV]SIES1 )\T ! AID ( ! GOV]NM5T C\RTS1 AS !RE IS = ! PROHIBITIONS UPON ! TRANSMISSION ( LETT]S )\T ! AID ( ! GOV]N- M5T MAIL4  

#a#e4 ,SUPPOSE ! CON/ITUTION HAD DECL>$ ?AT ,CONGRESS %\LD HAVE P[] 0 TO E/ABLI% ROADS & VEHICLES = ! TRANSPORTATION ( PASS5G]S & M]*&ISE10 79/EAD ( LETT]S47 ,W\LD SU* A GRANT HAVE AU?ORIZ$ ,CONGRESS TO =BID EI!R ! /ATES OR 9DIVIDUALS TO E/ABLI% ROADS & VEHICLES 9 COMPETITION ) ?OSE ( ,CONGRESS8 ,CLE>LY NOT4 ,YET ?AT CASE W\LD BE A P]FECT P>ALLEL TO ! CASE ( ! PO/-(FICE4  

#a#f4 ,IF ,CONGRESS CAN RE/RA9 9DIVIDUALS FROM C>RY+ LETT]S1 ON ! GR\ND ?AT ! REV5UES ( ! PO/-(FICE >E DIM9I%$ !REBY1 !Y MAY1 BY ! SAME RULE1 PROHIBIT ANY O!R LABOR1 ?AT T5DS TO DIM9I% ! REV5UES D]IV$ FROM ANY O!R P>TICUL> S\RCE4 ,!Y MAY1 = 9/ANCE1 =BID ! MANUFACTURE1 AT HOME1 ( >TICLES ?AT COME 9 COMPETITION ) >TI4 CLES IMPORT$1 ON ! GR\ND ?AT SU* HOME MANUFACTURES DIM9I% ! REV5UES FROM IMPORTS4  

#a#g4 ,! EXT5T ( ! P[] #aa TO E/ABLI% PO/-(FICES & PO/ ROADS10 C]TA9LY CANNOT GO BEYOND ! MEAN+ ( ! WORD 0 E/ABLI%40 ,?IS MEAN+ IS TO BE DET]M9$ BY REG>D+1 FIR/1 ! P]SONS US+ ! WORD1 &1 SECONDLY1 ! OBJECT TO :I* IT IS APPLI$4 ,! P]SONS US+ IT1 >E 0,WE1 ! PEOPLE10-= ! PREAMBLE TO ! CON/ITUTION DECL>ES ?AT 0 ,WE1 ! PEOPLE1 DO ORDA9 & E/ABLI% ?IS CON/ITUTION40 ,! WORD1 !N1 IS US$ 9 ITS POPUL> S5SE 2 9 ?AT S5SE 9 :I* IT IS ORD9>ILY US$ BY ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE4"9 ,?AT SU* IS ! TRUE MEAN+ ( ALL ! LANGUAGE ( ! CON/ITUTION1 IS OBVI\S FROM ! CONSID]ATION ?AT O!RWISE WE %\LD BE OBLIG$ TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! PEOPLE 5T]$ 9TO A COMPACT OR AGREEM5T ) EA* O!R1 )\T KN[+ :AT !Y !MSELVES MEANT BY ! LANGUAGE !Y US$4 ,BESIDES1 ! WORD #aa E/ABLI% 0 HAS NO TE*NICAL MEAN+ :ATEV]1 NOR HAD ANY1 SO F> AS WE KN[1 AT ! TIME ! CON/ITUTION WAS ADOPT$4 ,BUT1 SECONDLY1 ! MEAN+ ( ! ,WORD IS TO BE 9F]R$ ALSO FROM ! NATURE ( ! OBJECT TO :I* IT IS APPLI$4 ,?US1 WE 0 E/ABLI% 0 A PR9CIPLE1 BY MAK+ IT CLE>1 PROV+ IT TRUE1 & ?US FIX+ IT 9 ! M9D4 ,WE #aa E/ABLI% 0 A LAW1 BY GIV+ IT =CE & AU?ORITY4 ,A MAN 0 E/ABLI%ES 0 HIS *>ACT]1 BY MAK+ IT ?OR\<LY KN[N TO ! WORLD4 ,WE #aa E/ABLI% 0 A FACT1 BY ! EVID5CE NECESS>Y TO SU/A9 IT1 ,9 !RE1 & O!R CASES1 ! WORD #aa E/ABLI% #aa HAS NO EXCLUSIVE MEAN+ :ATEV]1 O!R ?AN ?IS4 ,IT EXCLUDES :AT IS NECESS>ILY 9CONSI/5T )1 CONTRADICTORY TO1 OR 9COMPATIBLE )1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ?+ DECL>$ TO BE E/ABLI%$4 ,IT DOES NOT EXCLUDE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ANY NUMB] ( O!R ?+S ( ! SAME K9D1 UNLESS !Y W\LD BE NECESS>ILY 9CONSI/5T ) ! ?+ FIR/ E/ABLI%$4 ,?US ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ONE TRU? DOES NOT IMPLY ! SUBV]SION OR SUPPRESSION ( T9Y O!R TRU? 2 BECAUSE ALL TRU?S >E CONSI/5T ) EA* O!R4 ,! E/ABLI%M5T ( ONE MAN'S *>ACT]1 DOES NOT IMPLY ! DE/RUCTION ( ANY O!R MAN'S *>ACT]4 ,:5 APPLI$ TO MATT]S ( BUS9ESS1 AS1 = 9/ANCE1 TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( FACILITIES = ! TRANSMISSION ( LETT]S1 7& ! TRANSMISSION ( LETT]S IS A M]E MATT] ( BUS9ESS17 ! WORD 0 E/ABLI% 0 HAS NO MEAN+ ?AT IMPLIES AN EXCLUSION ( COMPETITION4 ,?US WE SPEAK ( ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A BANK1 A /ORE1 A HOTEL1 A L9E ( /AGES1 OR /EAMBOATS1 OR PACKETS4 ,BUT ?IS EXPRESSION DOES NOT IMPLY AT ALL ?AT !RE >E NOT O!R BANKS1 /ORES1 HOTELS1 /AGES1 /EAMBOATS1 & PACKETS1 0 E/ABLI%$ 0 9 COMPETITION ) !M4 ,NEI!R DOES ! E/ABLI%M5T ( C]TA9 ROADS AS 0 PO/ ROADS10 IMPLY ! EXCLUSION ( #daa O!R PO/S1 ?AN ?OSE ( ,CONGRESS1 FROM ?OSE ROADS4 ,CONGRESS E/ABLI%ES A ROAD AS #h 0 ,PO/ ,TOAD10 BY SIMPLY DESIGNAT+ IT AS ONE OV] :I* !IR PO/S %ALL TRAVEL4 ,?IS DESIGNATION CLE>LY DOES NOT EXCLUDE ! PASSAGE ( ANY NUMB] ( PRIVATE PO/S OV] ! SAME ROAD1 7,PROVID$ ! GOV]NM5T PO/S >E NOT !REBY ACTUALLY OB/RUCT$ OR IMP$$ 9 !IR PROGRESS17 BECAUSE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ANY ONE ?+ IMPLIES ! EXCLUSION ( NO?+ :ATEV]1 EXCEPT :AT IS ABSOLUTELY 9CONSI/5T1 OR 9COMPATIBLE1 ) ! ?+ E/ABLI%$4 ,! DESIGNATION1 !RE=E1 OR ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A P>TICUL> ROAD AS A PO/ ROAD1 EXCLUDES NO?+ EXCEPT OB/ACLES TO ! PROGRESS ( ! PO/S OV] ?AT ROAD4 ,! PROHIBITION1 !RE=E1 ( ,CONGRESS UPON ! PASSAGE ( O!R PO/S OV] ! SAME ROADS TRAVEL$ BY !IR [N1 IS GO+ BEYOND ! SIMPLE P[] ( E/ABLI%+ ?OSE ROADS AS PO/ ROADS1 & BEYOND ! SIMPLE P[] ( E/ABLI%+ !IR [N PO/S UPON ?OSE ROADS4"9 

,IF ,CONGRESS [N$ ! ROADS OV] :I* !IR PO/S TRAVEL1 !Y W\LD HAVE A RI<T TO EXCLUDE ALL O!R PO/S FROM !M 3 NOT1 H[EV]1 BY VIRTUE ( !IR P[] TO E/ABLI% ?OSE ROADS AS PO/ ROADS1 BUT BY VIRTUE ( !IR P[] TO CONTROL ! RISE ( !IR [N PROP]TY4  

#a#h4 ,! WORD 0E/ABLI%10 :5 APPLI$ TO ANY P>TICUL> ?+1 DOES NOT IMPLY ?AT ! ?+ E/ABLI%$ CONTRIBUTES1 EI!R 9 :OLE1 OR EV5 9 P>T1 TO ! NECESS>Y EXP5SES ( ITS [N MA9T5ANCE4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ,CONGRESS HAVE P[] TO E/ABLI% =TS1 >S5ALS & LI<?\SES-BUT IT DOES NOT FOLL[ ?AT ! =TS1 >S5ALS & LI<?\SES1 >E EXPECT$ TO SUPPORT !MSELVES4 ,CONGRESS HAVE P[] TO E/ABLI% C\RTS1 BUT IT DOES NOT FOLL[ ?AT ! C\RTS >E TO D]IVE-!IR SUPPORT1 EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY1 FROM ! BUS9ESS DONE 9 !M4 ,! SAME IS ! CASE ) ! >MY1 ! NAVY1 & ALL ! DEP>TM5TS ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,NONE ( !SE E/ABLI%M5TS >E EXPECT$ TO D]IVE !IR SUPPORT FROM !IR BUS9ESS4 ,YET NO COMPULSORY PROCESS1 EXCEPT ?AT ( #aa LAY+ & COLLECT+ TAXES1 DUTIES1 IMPO/S & EXCISES10 IS AU?ORIZ$ = ! SUPPORT ( ANY ( !M4 ,IF 9DIVIDUALS VOLUNT>ILY S5D LETT]S 5\< BY ! GOV]NM5T MAIL1 TO PAY ! EXP5SES ( ! E/ABLI%M5T- WELL-IF NOT1 ! E/ABLI%M5T MU/ GO D[N1 OR HE SU/A9$ LIKE ALL ! O!R DEP>TM5TS ( LIVE GOV]NM5T1 BY G5]AL TAXATION-& NOT BY RE/RA9TS UPON COMPETITION4  

#a#i1 ,BY ! OLD >TICLES ( ,CONF$]ATION1 IT WAS DECL>$ ?AT 0 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 ,CONGRESS ASSEMBL$1 %ALL HAVE ! SOLE & EXCLUSIVE RI<T & P[] ( E/ABLI%+ & REGULAT+ PO/-(FICES FROM ONE /ATE TO ANO!R ?R\<\T ALL ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES40  

,:5 ! CON/ITUTION CAME TO BE ADOPT$1 ?IS PHRASEOLOGY WAS ALT]$1 & ! WORDS 0SOLE & EXCLUSIVE0 W]E OMITT$4 ,?IS ALT]ATION ( ! P[]1 FROM A SOLE & EXCLUSIVE 0 ONE1 TO A SIMPLE 0 P[]10 MU/ C]TA9LY HAVE BE5 9T5TIONAL-& IT CLE>LY 9DICATES ?AT ! FRAM]S ( ! CON/ITUTION 7LID NOT 9T5D TO GIVE TO ,CONGRESS1 UND] ! CON/ITUTION1 ! SAME 0EXCLUSIVE0 P[]1 ?AT HAD BE5 POSSESS$ BY ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,CONF$]ATION4  

#b4 ,! #a? ,SEE4 ( ! #a/ ,>T4 ( ! ,CON/ITUTION CONTA9S AN 5UM]ATION ( V>I\S PROHIBITIONS UPON ! /ATE GOV]NM5TS4 ,!Y AYE PROHIBIT$ FROM 5T]+ 9TO ANY TREATY1 ALLIANCE OR CONF$]ATION-GRAN T+ LETT]S ( M>QUE & REPRISAL-CO9+ MONEY-EMITT+ BILLS ( CR$IT-MAK+ ANY ?+ BUT GOLD & SILV] CO9 A T5D] 9 PAYM5T ( DEBTS-PASS+ ANY BILL ( ATTA9D]1 EX PO/ FACTO LAW1 OR LAW IMPAIR+ ! OBLIGATION ( CONTRACTS-LAY+ ANY IMPO/S OR DUTIES ON IMPORTS OR EXPORTS1 )\T ! CONS5T ( ,CONGRESS1 EXCEPT :AT MAY BE NECESS>Y = EXECUT+ !IR 9SPECTION LAWS-OR1 )\T ! CONS5T ( ,CONGRESS1 LAY+ ANY 7,JULY ON TONNAGE1 KEEP+ TROOPS OR %IPS ( W> 9 TIME ( PEACE1 5T]+ 9TO ANY AGREEM5T OR COMPACT ) O!R /ATES1 OR ) =EIGN P[]S1 OR 5GAG+ 9 W>1 UNLESS ACTUALLY 9VAD$1 OR 9 SU* IMM95T DANG] AS WILL NOT ADMIT ( DELAY4  

,AMONG ALL !SE PROHIBITIONS1 :Y IS !RE NONE AGA9/ E/ABLI%+ MAILS8 ,! ANSW] IS OBVI\S4 ,! CON/ITUTION DID NOT 9T5D TO PROHIBIT !M4  

#b#a4 ,IF ! RI<T GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS1 TO C>RY LETT]S1 BE AN EXCLUSIVE RI<T1 IT IS1 ( NECESSITY1 AN EXCLUSIVE RI<T = ! :OLE C\NTRY1 & NOT M]ELY = SU* ROADS & (FICES AS ,CONGRESS MAY SEE FIT TO E/ABLI%4 ,& IT W\LD1 !RE=E1 BE AS MU* UNCON/ITUTIONAL = 9DIVIDUALS TO E/ABLI% MAILS ON R\TES :]E ,CONGRESS HAD NOT E/ABLI%$ ANY1 AS :]E !Y HAD4 ,& ! CONSEQU5CE W\LD BE1 ?AT ! PEOPLE W\LD HAVE NO CON/ITUTIONAL RI<T TO HAVE ANY MAILS AT ALL1 EXCEPT SU* AS ,CONGRESS MI<T PLEASE TO E/ABLI% = !M4 

#b#b4 ,IF ! CON/ITUTION HAD 9T5D$ TO GIVE TO ,CONGRESS ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( E/ABLI%+ MAILS1 IT W\LD HAVE REQUIR$1 & NOT M]ELY P]MITT$1 ,CONGRESS TO E/ABLI% !M-SO ?AT ! PEOPLE MI<T BE SURE ( HAV+ MAILS4 ,BUT N[ ,CONGRESS >E NO MORE OBLIG$ TO E/ABLI% MAILS1 ?AN !Y >E TO DECL>E W>4 ,& 9 CASE !Y %\LD NEGLECT OR REFUSE TO E/ABLI% !M1 ! PEOPLE C\LD HAVE NO MAILS1 UNLESS 9DIVIDUALS OR ! /ATES HAVE N[ ! RI<T ( E/ABLI%+ !M4 

#b#c4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 AS UNCON/ITUTIONAL = 9DIVIDUALS TO E/ABLI% MAILS1 IF ,CONGRESS HAD NEGLECT$ TO DO IT ALTOGE!R1 AS IT IS TO E/ABLI% !M 9 COMPETITION ) ?OSE E/ABLI%$ BY ,CONGRESS-= ! UNCON/ITUTIONALITY ( PRIVATE MAILS1 7IF !Y >E UNCON/ITUTIONAL17 CONSI/S1 NOT 9 ! COMPETITION1 BUT 9 ! EX]CISE ( A RI<T ?AT BELONGS EXCLUSIVELY TO ,CONGRESS4 

#b#d4 ,IF ! P[] GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS1 BE AN EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( E/ABLI%+ MAILS1 !N ,CONGRESS HAVE NO AU?ORITY EV5 TO P]MIT 9DIVIDUALS TO E/ABLI% MAILS ON !IR [N ACC\NT1 EI!R ON R\TES :]E ,CONGRESS HAVE1 OR ON ?OSE :]E !Y HAVE NOT E/ABLI%$ !M4 ,SU* P]MISSION W\LD BE1 SO F>1 ABDICAT+ GOV]NM5T 9 FAVOR ( SU* 9DIVIDUALS4 ,CONGRESS HAVE NO MORE RI<T TO ABDICATE ANY P[] ( ?IS K9D1 ?AN TO ABDICATE1 TO AN 9DIVIDUAL1 ! P[] ( MAK+ LAWS4 

#b#e4 ,IF ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( C>RY+ LETT]S1 HAS BE5 GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS1 !N IT IS UNCON/ITUTIONAL = A P]SON4 EV5 TO C>RY A S+LE LETT] = A FRI5D4 ,& ,CONGRESS >E B\ND TO PUNI% SU* AN ACT AS AN (F5SE AGA9/ ! CON/ITUTION4 

#b#f4 ,NO ONE1 ,I PRESUME1 HAS EV] D\BT$ ?AT 9DIVIDUALS W\LD HAVE A RI<T TO E/ABLI% MAILS1 BUT = ! LAW ( ,CONGRESS =BIDD+ !M4 ,YET IF ! CON/ITUTION HAD GIV5 ,CONGRESS ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T1 PRIVATE MAILS W\LD HAVE BE5 UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 )\T ! LAW4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF ! CON/ITUTION HAVE NOT GIV5 ,CONGRESS ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T1 !N ! LAW PROHIBIT+ PRIVATE MAILS1 IS )\T ANY CON/ITUTIONAL AU?ORITY4 ,IT IS C]TA91 !RE=E1 ?AT ,CONGRESS1 ! C\RTS1 & ! C\NTRY HAVE ALWAYS BE5 9 AN ]ROR1 EI!R AS TO ! GRANT 9 ! CON/ITUTION1 OR ! CON/ITUTIONALITY ( ! LAW-IF NOT AS TO BO?4 

#b#g4 ,IT MAY1 P]HAPS1 BE PRET5D$ ?AT AN EXCLUSIVE AU?ORITY TO E/ABLI% MAILS1 IS A PR]OGATIVE ( SOV]EIGNTY1 &1 !RE=E1 ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT ?IS IS A NOTION BORR[$ :OLLY FROM >BITR>Y GOV]NM5TS4 ,\R GOV]NM5TS HAVE NO PR]OGATIVES ( SOV]EIGNTY1 EXCEPT SU* AS >E GRANT$ TO !M BY \R CON/ITUTIONS4 ,& !SE PR]OGATIVES >E LIMIT$ BY ! T]MS ( ! GRANTS1 )\T ANY REG>D TO ! EXT5T ( SIMIL> PR]OGATIVES UND] MON>*ICAL OR DESPOTIC GOV]NM5TS4 

#b#h4 ,! ONLY RULES ( 9T]PRETATION1 SO F> AS ,I KN[1 ?AT HAVE EV] BE5 LAID D[N = DET]M9+ :E!R A P[] GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS1 IS TO BE HELD BY !M EXCLUSIVELY1 OR ONLY CONCURR5TLY ) ! /ATES OR PEOPLE1 >E ?OSE LAID D[N BY ,HAMILTON & ,MADISON1 :O1 ABOVE ALL O!R M51 W]E ! FA!RS ( ! CON/ITUTION4 ,?OSE RULES AX GIV5 BY !M1 9 ! ,F$]ALI/1 & >E !RE TREAT$ BY !M1 AS BE+ 9FALLIBLE CRIT]IA BY :I* ALL QUE/IONS ( ?IS NATURE MAY BE SETTL$4 ,! ESSAYS ( ! ,F$]ALI/ HAVE EV]1 FROM ! ADOPTION ( ! CON/ITUTION1 BE5 CONSID]$ ! V]Y HI<E/ AU?ORITY1 ON QUE/IONS ( CON/ITUTIONAL LAW1 NEXT TO ! DECISIONS ( ! ,SUPREME ,C\RT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,& !SE P>TICUL> RULES ( 9T]PRETATION >E CON/ANTLY CIT$1 9 DISCUSSIONS BE=E ?AT TRIBUNAL1 & HAVE NEV]1 SO F> AS ,I AM AW>E1 BE5 OV]RUL$ BY !M4 ,JUDGE ,/ORY EMPHATICALLY AFFIRM$ !M 9 ! CASE ( ,H\/ON VS ,MOORE1 & SAID HE DID 0NOT KN[ ?AT !Y HAD EV] BE5 S]I\SLY D\BT$40 7#e ,:EATON #dh TO #e47 ,! RULES >E !SE4 

,?AT NONE ( ! P[]S GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS1 >E HELD BY !M EXCLUSIVELY1 EXCEPT 94 !SE ?REE CASES1 #a/4 0,:]E AN EXCLUSIVE AU?ORITY IS1 9 EXPRESS T]MS1 GRANT$ TO ! UNION30 7,! GRANT ( 0EXCLUSIVE LEGISLATION0 OV] ! SEAT ( GOV]NM5T1 IS AN 9/ANCE ( ?IS K9D17 OR1 #bD4 :]E A P>TICUL> AU?ORITY IS GRANT$ TO ! UNION1 & ! EX]CISE ( A LIKE AU?ORITY IS PROHIBIT$ TO ! /ATES40 7,AN 9/ANCE ( ?IS K9D IS FURNI%$ 9 ! GRANT TO ,CONGRESS ( A P[] 0TO CO9 MONEY10 & ! COLLAT]AL PROHIBITION 0NO  /ATE %ALL CO9 MONEY107-OR #cD4 :]E AN AU?ORITY IS GRANT$ TO ! UNION1 ) :I* A SIMIL> AU?ORITY 9 ! /ATES W\LD BE UTT]LY 9COMPATIBLE40 7,! P[] TO PASS 0UNI=M LAWS ON ! SUBJECT ( BANKRUPTCIES ?R\<\T ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 IS AN 9/ANCE ( ?IS K9D4 ,BANKRUPT LAWS BY ! /ATES W\LD NECESS>ILY DE/ROY ! UNI=MITY ( ! LAWS ON ?IS SUBJECT1 & H5CE W\LD BE 9COMPATIBLE ) ! P[] GIV5 TO ,CONGRESS TO E/ABLI% UNI=MITY4 

,TRI$ BY !SE RULES1 ! P[] 0TO E/ABLI% PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS10 HAS NOT A %AD[ ( CLAIM TO BE CONSID]$ AN EXCLUSIVE ONE4 ,! T]MS ( ! GRANT >E NOT EXCLUSIVE-! /ATES OR PEOPLE >E NOT PROHIBIT$ BY ANY O!R CLAUSE1 FROM EX]CIS+ A SIMIL> P[]-!RE IS NO 9COMPATIBILITY 9 ! SIMULTANE\S EX]CISE ( SU* A P[] BY EA* ( ! GOV]NM5TS & BY 9DIVIDUALS4 

,! RULES ( 9T]PRETATION H]E /AT$1 >E TREAT$ AT L5G? 9 ! ,F$]ALI/1 9 CONNECTION ) ! P[] ( TAXATION1 & ! JUDICIAL P[]1 & IT IS MA9LY1 IF NOT SOLELY1 BY ! APPLICATION ( !M1 9 CON/RU+ ! CON/ITUTION1 ?AT ! AU?ORITY ( ,CONGRESS TO PROHIBIT ALL /ATE TAXES1 IS CONTROV]T$4 

,! P[] ( TAXATION1 7EXCEPT UPON EXPORTS17 IS GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS1 NOT ONLY 9 AS AMPLE T]MS1 BUT 9 PRECISELY ! SAME T]MS1 AS ! P[] 0 TO E/ABLI% PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS40 ,! TAXATION ( ! /ATES MAY (T5 9T]F]E ) ! TAXES ( ,CONGRESS1 BY R5D]+ !M LESS F]TILE1 OR MORE DIFFICULT ( COLLECTION2 & H5CE IT WAS >GU$1 BY ! OPPON5TS ( ! CON/ITUTION1 ?AT CONGRESS MI<T ASSUME TO =BID ! /ATES TO COLLECT !IR TAXES-,BUT ! AU?ORS ( ! ,F$]ALI/ REPLI$1 ?AT AL?\< 09CONV5I5CES0 & 09T]F]5CES ( POLICY0 MI<TPOSSIBLY >ISE FROM ?IS RIVAL TAXATION1 YET1 9ASMU* AS ! P[] ( TAXATION HAD NOT BE5 GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS 9 EXCLUSIVE T]MS1 & ! EX]CISE ( A SIMIL> P[] HAD NOT BE5 PROHIBIT$ TO ! /ATES1 & !RE WAS NO 9COMPATIBILITY1 OR NECESS>Y CONFLICT 9 ! CO-EXI/5CE ( SU* A P[] 9 EA* ( ! GOV]NM5TS1 !RE=E IT C\LD NOT BE CONSID]$ AN EXCLUSIVE ONE 9 ,CONGRESS-& ?AT ,CONGRESS C\LD !RE=E NO MORE PROHIBIT ! /ATE TAXES1 ?AN ! /ATES C\LD PROHIBIT ! TAXES ( ,CONGRESS4 ,?AT EA* GOV]NM5T MU/ SUBMIT TO ! COMPETITION ( ! O!R1 AS BE/ IT MI<T4 ,SU* W]E ! OP9IONS ( !SE FA!RS ( ! CON/ITUTION-& UNLESS !SE PR9CIPLES >E CORRECT1 EV]Y TAX1 ?AT HAS BE5 LEVI$ = ! SUPPORT ( ! /ATE GOV]NM5TS1 S9CE ! ADOPTION ( ! CON/ITUTION1 HAS BE5 UNCON/ITUTIONAL1 AS 9FR++ ! EXCLUSIVE AU?ORITY ( ,CONGRESS4#d 

,IF1 !N1 ! P[] ( TAXATION IS NOT AN EXCLUSIVE ONE1 ! P[] ( E/ABLI%+ PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS1 CLE>LY IS NOT-= BO? P[]S AX GRANT$ 9 PRECISELY ! SAME T]MS4 ,! WORDS ( ! GRANT >E SIMPLY1 0,! ,CONGRESS %ALL HAVE P[] TO LAY TAXES1 TO E/ABLI% PO/ (FICES0 @&,C4 ,NEI!R P[] IS GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS 9 EXCLUSIVE T]MS-NEI!R IS PROHIBIT$ TO ! /ATES-NOR IS !RE ANY 9COMPATIBILITY 9 ! EXI/5CE ( SU* P[]S 9 DIFF]5T GOV]NM5TS AT ! SAME TIME4 ,! OP]ATIONS ( RIVAL MAILS DO NOT NECESS>ILY CONFLICT1 BUT ONLY COMPETE1 ) EA* O!R4 

,IF !RE BE ANY P[]S :ATEV]1 GRANT$ TO ! G5]AL GOV]NM5T1 & YET HELD BY IT CONCURR5TLY EI!R ) ! /ATES OR 9DIVIDUALS1 ! P[] ( E/ABLI%+ MAILS IS ONE ( !M1 ACCORD+ TO EV]Y PR9CIPLE ( 9T]PRETATION ?AT HAS EV] BE5 LAID D[N  BY ANY RESPECTABLE AU?ORITY4 ,& ?OSE :O HOLD ?AT ?IS P[] IS NOT HELD CONCURR5TLY1 EI!R-) ! /ATES OR 9DIVIDUALS1 OR BO?1 MU/ HOLD ?AT ,CONGRESS HOLDS NO P[] CONCURR5TLY1 EI!R ) ! /ATES OR 9DIVIDUALS4 

,AGA9-,! #d#bD NUMB] ( ! ,F$]ALI/ SPECIALLY NOTICES ! PO/4 (FICE P[]2 & NOTICES IT 9 SU* LANGUAGE AS TO %[ CONCLUSIVELY ?AT ! AU?ORS CONSID]$ IT A CONCURR5T1 & NOT AN EXCLUSIVE P[]4 

,!Y SAY1 0,! P[] ( E/ABLI%+ PO/-ROADS1 MU/1 9 EV]Y VIEW1 BE A H>MLESS P[]-& MAY1 P]HAPS1 BY JUDICI\S MANAGEM5T1 BECOME PRODUCTIVE ( GREAT PUBLIC CONV5I5CY4 ,NO?+1 :I* T5DS TO FACILITATE ! 9T]C\RSE BETWE5 ! ,/ATES1 CAN BE DEEM$ UNWOR?Y ( ! PUBLIC C>E04 ,& ?IS IS ALL !Y SAY ON ! SUBJECT4 

,N[ M>K HIS LANGUAGE- 0,NO?+ ?AT T5DS TO FACILITATE ! 9T]C\RSE BETWE5 ! ,/ATES CAN BE DEEM$ UNWOR?Y ( ! PUBLIC C>E40 ',IT MAY1 P]HAPS1 BY JUDICI\S MANAGEM5T1 BECOME PRODUCTIVE ( GREAT PUBLIC CONV5I5CY40 0,IT MU/1 9 EV]Y VIEW1 BE A H>MLESS P[]40 ,ALL ?IS LANGUAGE EVID5TLY REF]S TO A P[]1 ?AT MI<T1 IF JUDICI\SLY MANAG$1 ADD TO EXI/+ FACILITIES1 BUT :I*1 AT ANY RATE1 C\LD NOT DO H>M1 BY TAK+ ?OSE FACILITIES AWAY4 ,IT APPLIES1 !RE=E1 TO A CONCURR5T1 & NOT TO AN EXCLUSIVE P[]4 

,BUT M>K AGA9 ! /R5G? ( ?IS EXPRESSION- ,IT MU/1 9 EV]Y VIEW1 7?AT IS 9 A POLITICAL1 AS WELL AS PRACTICAL ONE17 BE A H>MLESS P[]40 ,DID NOT ,MR4 ,MADISON & ,MR4 ,HAMILTON KN[ ! DESPOTIC PURPOSES1 TO :I* AN EXCLUSIVE P[] OV] ! TRANSMISSION ( ALLCOMM]CIAL SOCIAL & POLITICAL 9TELLIG5CE MI<T BE APPLI$8 ,?AT IT WAS CAPABLE ( BE+ MADE ONE ( ! MO/ P[]FUL 5G9ES ( POLICE8 

,AS EFFICI5T = PURPOSES ( DESPOTISM AS A /&+ >MY8 ,C]TA9LY !Y DID4 ,>E !Y1 !N1 *>GEABLE ) ! EFFRONT]Y ( TELL+ ! PEOPLE ( ?IS C\NTRY1 ?AT AN EXCLUSIVE P[]1 ( ?IS SORT1 0MU/1 9 EV]Y VIEW1 BE A H>MLESS P[]80 ,NO4 ,!IR *>ACT]S =BID SU* AN IDEA1 & !Y HAD NO MOTIVE = SU* A DECEPTION4 ,! CONCLUSION1 !N1 IS 9EVITABLE1 ?AT !Y DID NOT CONSID] IT AN EXCLUSIVE ONE4 

,MOREOV] IF ANY ( ! OPPON5TS ( ! CON/ITUTION1 BY :OM ! LURK+ DANG]S TO LIB]TY W]E HUNT$ ?R\< EV]Y L9E & WORD ( ! 9/RUM5T1 HAD CONSID]$ ?IS P[] AN EXCLUSIVE ONE1 !Y W\LD HAVE EXPOS$ IT2 & ! AU?ORS ( ! ,F$]ALI/ W\LD NOT !N HAVE TREAT$ IT 9 ?IS MANN]-BUT W\LD HAVE OBVIAT$ ! OBJECTION BY %[+ ?AT ! P[] WAS ONLY A CONCURR5T ONE4 ,& !Y W\LD HAVE %[N ?IS1 BY ! SAME RULES ( 9T]PRETATION BY :I* ! P[] ( TAXATION & C]TA9 JUDICIAL P[]S >E %[N TO BE CONCURR5T4 ,BUT ?AT IT WAS M]ELY A CONCURR5T P[]1 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 TAK5 = GRANT$1 BO? BY ! ADVOCATES & OPPON5TS ( ! CON/ITUTION4 

,BUT IF ALL ! PREC$+ CONSID]ATIONS HAVE FAIL$ ( E/ABLI%+ ! UNCON/ITUTIONALITY ( ! LAWS AGA9/ PRIVATE MAILS1 !RE IS /ILL ANO!R :I* ALONE W\LD BE DECISIVE4 

,! FIR/ >TICLE ( AM5DM5T TO ! CON/ITUTION1 DECL>ES ?AT 0,CONGRESS %ALL MAKE NO LAW ABRIDG+ ! FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 OR ( ! PRESS40 

0,! FRE$OM ( SPEE*10 :I*1 IS H]E =BIDD5 TO BE ABRIDG$1 IS ! NATURAL FRE$OM1 OR ?AT FRE$OM TO :I* A MAN IS 5TITL$ ( NATURAL RI<T4 ,& ! WORD 0SPEE*0 DOES NOT MEAN SIMPLY UTT]ANCE ) VOICE1 BUT ! COMMUNICATION ( IDEAS4 ,& ! RI<T ( SPEE* 9CLUDES A RI<T TO COMMUNICATE IDEAS 9 ANY ( ! V>I\S MODES1 9 :I* IDEAS MAY BE CONVEY$4 ,A MAN HAS ! SAME NATURAL RI<T TO SPEAK TO ANO!R ON PAP]1 AS VIVA VOCE4 ,& TO SPEAK TO A P]SON A ?\S& MILES DI/ANT1 AS TO ONE :O IS PRES5T4 ,ANY LAW1 :I* COMPELS A MAN TO PAY A C]TA9 SUM ( MONEY TO ! GOV]NM5T1 = ! PRIVILEGE ( SPEAK+ TO A DI/ANT 9DIVIDUAL1 OR :I* DEB>S HIM ( ! RI<T ( EMPLOY+ SU* A MESS5G] AS HE PREF]S TO 5TRU/ ) HIS COMMUNICATIONS1 0ABRIDGES0 HIS 0FRE$OM ( SPEE*40 

0,! FRE$OM ( ! PRESS10 TOO1 :I* IS =BIDD5 TO BE 0ABRIDG$10 IS NOT ! FRE$OM ( B>ELY PR9T+ BOOKS & PAP]S1 7= ?AT K9D ( FRE$OM ALONE W\LD BE ( NO VALUE1 EI!R TO ! PR9T] OR ! PUBLIC17 BUT IT 9CLUDES ! FRE$OM ( SELL+ & CIRCULAT+4 ,& ! FRE$OM ( SELL+ & CIRCULAT+1 9VOLVES ! RI<T ( CONVEY+ !M TO PUR*AS]S BY SU* MESS5G]S AS ONE PLEASES TO EMPLOY4 

,IF ANY ONE IS DISPOS$ TO D5Y ?AT MANUSCRIPT CORRESPOND5CE COMES UND] ! D5OM9ATION ( 0SPEE*10 AS ?AT T]M IS US$ 9 ! CON/ITUTION1 HE MU/ ADOPT ! ALT]NATIVE1 ( 9CLUD+ IT 9 ! T]M1 0! PRESS0-= IT C]TA9LY MU/ BE EMBRAC$ BY ONE OR ! O!R4 

,F9ALLY4 ,IF ! CON/ITUTION HAD 9T5D$ TO GIVE TO ,CONGRESS1 ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( E/ABLI%+ MAILS1 IT W\LD HAVE PRESCRIB$ SOME RULES = ! GOV]NM5T ( !M1 SO AS TO HAVE SECUR$ !IR PRIVACY1 SAFETY1 *EAPNESS1 & ! RI<T ( ! PEOPLE TO S5D :AT 9=MATION !Y %\LD PLEASE ?R\< !M4 ,BUT ! CON/ITUTION HAS DONE NO?+ ( ?IS K9D4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! GRANT IS 5TIRELY UNQUALIFI$-& IT HAS MADE ! P[] ( ,CONGRESS OV] SU* MAILS AS !Y DO E/ABLI%1 5TIRELY ABSOLUTE4 ,!Y MAY SAY :AT %ALL GO 9 !M1 & :AT %ALL NOT:E!R !Y WILL C>RY SEAL$ PAP]S1 OR ONLY OP5 ONES-& EV5 :E!R SEAL$ PAP]S1 DEPOSIT$ 9 !IR (FICES1 %ALL BE SACR$ FROM ! ESPIONAGE ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,!IR P[] OV] !IR [N MAILS IS UNQUALIFI$ QUALIFI$ 9 EV]Y RESPECT4 ,& IF ! PEOPLE HAVE NO P[] TO E/ABLI% MAILS ( !IR [N1 !IR :OLE RI<TS1 BO? ( PRIVATE CORRESPOND5CE1 & ( TRANSMITT+ PR9T$ 9TELLIG5CE1 >E AT ! FEET ( ! GOV]NM5T4 

,IF ?IS P[]1 SO ABSOLUTE OV] ITS [N MAILS1 W]E ALSO AN EXCLUSIVE ONE OV] ALL MAILS1 IT W\LD BE 9COMP>ABLY ! MO/ TYRANNICAL1 IF NOT ! ONLY PURELY TYRANNICAL FEATURE ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! O!R DESPOTIC P[]S1 SU* AS ?OSE ( UNLIMIT$ TAXATION1 & UNLIMIT$ MILIT>Y E/ABLI%M5TS1 MAY BE P]V]T$ TO PURPOSES ( OPPRESSION4 ,YET IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT !SE P[]S %\LD BE 5TRU/$ TO ! GOV]NM5T1 = ! DEF5SE ( ! NATION4 ,BUT AN EXCLUSIVE & UNQUALIFI$ P[] OV] ! TRANSMISSION ( 9TELLIG5CE1 HAS NO SU* APOLOGY4 ,IT HAS NO ADAPTATION TO FACILITATE ANY ?+ BUT ! OP]ATIONS ( TYRANNY4 ,IT HAS NO ASPECT :ATEV]1 ?AT IS FAVORABLE EI!R TO ! LIB]TY OR ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT IS A P[] ?AT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BE EX]CIS$ AT ALL1 )\T BE+ EX]T$ UNJU/IFIABLY4 ,! V]Y MA9T5ANCE ( ! EXCLUSIVE PR9CIPLE 9VOLVES A TYRANNY1 & A DE/RUCTION ( 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS1 ?AT >E N[1 & EV] MU/ BE1 FELT ?R\< EV]Y RAMIFICATION ( SOCIETY4 ,! P[] IS ALREADY EX]T$ TO ! GREAT OB/RUCTION ( COMM]CIAL 9TELLIG5CE1 & NE>LY TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL SOCIAL CORRESPOND5CE1 EXCEPT AMONG ! WEAL?Y4 ,BUT ?AT WE >E ACCU/OM$ TO SU* FETT]S1 WE W\LD NOT SUBMIT TO !M = A MOM5T4 

,TO :AT FUR!R EXT5T ( TYRANNY & MIS*IEF1 ?IS P[]1 9 ! FUTURE GR[? ( ! C\NTRY1 MAY BE EX]T$1 WE CANNOT =ESEE4 ,BUT ! ONLY ABSOLUTE CON/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEE1 ?AT ! PEOPLE HAVE AGA9/ ALL!SE EVILS & DANG]S1 IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! PR9CIPLE1 ?AT !Y HAVE ! RI<T1 AT PLEASURE1 TO E/ABLI% MAILS ( !IR [N4 ,& IF ! PEOPLE %\LD N[ SURR5D] ?IS PR9CIPLE1 !Y W\LD !REBY PROVE ?AT !IR M9DS >E MO/ HAPPILY ADAPT$ TO ! DEGRADATION ( SLAV]Y4 

,! ,P,O,/,M,A,/,] ,G,5,],A,L',S ,>,G,U,M,5,T4 

,! >GUM5T ( ! ,PO/MA/] ,G5]AL IS AS FOLL[S3- 

0,?IS GRANT ( P[]0 7?AT IS1 0TO E/ABLI% PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS107 0IS F\ND 9 ! SAME CLAUSE1 7%\LD BE 0SECTION107 & IS EXPRESS$ 9 ! SAME WORDS & LANGUAGE ( ! GRANTS ( P[] TO CO9 MONEY1 TO REGULATE COMM]CE1 DECL>E W>1 @&C40 

,NO >GUM5T1 9 FAVOR ( ! EXCLUSIV5ESS ( ! P[]1 CAN BE DRAWN FROM ! FACT H]E /AT$4 ,NE>LY ALL ! P[]S GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS1 >E 9CLUD$ 9 ! SAME SECTION-BUT :O BE=E EV] >GU$ ?AT ALL ! P[]S M5TION$ 9 ?AT SECTION1 W]E !RE=E EXCLUSIVE8 

,! P[] 0TO LAY & COLLECT TAXES10 & ! P[] 0TO BORR[ MONEY10 >E 0F\ND 9 ! SAME CLAUSE10 7SECTION71 & 0EXPRESS$ 7SUB/ANTIALLY7 9 ! SAME WORDS & LANGUAGE ( ! GRANTS TO CO9 MONEY1 TO DECL>E W>1 @&C40 ,BUT ! P[]S TO BORR[ MONEY1 & TO LAY & COLLECT TAXES1 >E NOT !RE=E EXCLUSIVE4  

,! ,PO/MA/] ,G5]AL IS C]TA9LY V]Y UN=TUNATE 9 HIS ANALOGIES4 ,! EXCLUSIV5ESS ( ! P[]S 0TO CO9 MONEY01 & 0TO DECL>E W>10  DOES NOT RESULT FROM ! T]MS ( ! GRANTS1 AS HIS >GUM5T SUPPOSES1 BUT FROM ! SPECIAL PROHIBITIONS 9 ANO!R SECTION1 TO WIT1-0NO ,/ATE %ALL CO9 MONEY10 & 0NO /ATE %ALL DECL>E W>40 ,BUT = !SE EXPRESS PROHIBITIONS UPON ! ,/ATES1 ! P[]S TO CO9 MONEY1 & DECL>E W>1 W\LD HAVE BE5 CONCURR5T P[]S-ELSE :Y W]E !SE PROHIBITIONS 9S]T$8 ,!RE BE+ NO SU* PROHIBITION 9 REG>D TO E/ABLI%+ PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS1 ?AT P[] IS CONCURR5T1 AS ?OSE W\LD HAVE BE51 BUT = ! PROHIBITIONS4 

,BESIDES1 !RE IS NO ANALOGY1 9 PR9CIPLE1 BETWE5 AN EXCLUSIVE P[] 0TO DECL>E W>10 OR 0TO CO9 MONEY10 & AN EXCLUSIVE P[] TO E/ABLI% PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS2 BECAUSE AN 9DIVIDUAL HAS A NATURAL P[] & RI<T TO E/ABLI% PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS2 BUT HE HAS NO NATURAL P[] OR RI<T 0TO DECL>E 7PUBLIC7 W>40 ,HE HAS P[] ONLY TO SPEAK & ACT = HIMSELF4 ,NEI!R HAS HE ANY NATURAL P[] OR RI<T 0TO CO9 MONEY10 BECAUSE 0TO CO90 SIGNIFIES1 7ACCORD+ TO LEXICOGRAPH]S71 AN ACT ( GOV]NM5T1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! ACTS ( 9DIVIDUALS4 

,BUT ! P[]S ( ,CONGRESS 0TO DECL>E W>10 & 0TO CO9 MONEY40 >E 9 REALITY EXCLUSIVE1 ONLY AS AGA9/ ! ,/ATE GOV]NM5TS4 ,!Y >E NOT EXCLUSIVE ( ANY NATURAL RI<TS ON ! P>TS ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! CON/ITUTIONAL PROHIBITION UPON 9DIVIDUALS1 TO CO9 MONEY1 EXT5DS NO F>!R ?AN TO PROHIBITIONS UPON 0C\NT]FEIT+ ! SECURITIES & CURR5T CO9 ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES40 ,PROVID$ 9DIVIDUALS DO NOT 0C\NT]FEIT0 OR IMITATE 0! SECURITIES OR CURR5T CO9 ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 !Y HAVE A P]FECT RI<T1 & ,CONGRESS HAVE NO P[] TO PROHIBIT !M1 TO WEI< & ASSAY PIECES ( GOLD & SILV]1 M>K UPON !M !IR WEI<T & F95ESS1 & SELL !M = :ATEV] !Y WILL BR+1 9 COMPETITION ) ! CO9 ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,IT WAS /AT$ 9 ,CONGRESS A FEW YE>S S9CE1 BY ,MR4 ,RAYN]1 ,I ?9K1 ( ,NOR? ,C>OL9A1 ?AT 9 SOME P>TS ( ! GOLD REGION ( ?AT ,/ATE1 A CONSID]ABLE PORTION ( !IR LOCAL CURR5CY CONSI/$ ( PIECES ( GOLD1 WEI<$1 ASSAY$1 & M>K$ BY AN 9DIVIDUAL1 9 :OM ! PUBLIC HAD CONFID5CE4 ,& ?IS PRACTICE WAS AS UNQUE/IONABLY LEGAL1 AS ! SALE ( GOLD 9 ANY O!R WAY4 ,IT WAS NO 9FR+EM5T ( ! RI<TS ( ,CONGRESS4 

,! SAME IS TRUE 9 REG>D TO W>4 ,9DIVIDUALS HAVE NO NATURAL P[] TO DECL>E PUBLIC W>4 ,BUT ! NATURAL RI<T ( 9DIVIDUALS TO MAKE PRIVATE W> IS SECUR$ TO !M BY ?AT CLAUSE ( ! CON/ITUTION1 ?AT SECURES TO !M ! RI<T TO KEEP & BE> >MS4 ,IT IS TRUE1 ! NATURAL RI<T ( 9DIVIDUALS TO MAKE W>1 EXT5DS NO F>!R ?AN IS NECESS>Y = PURPOSES ( DEF5SE4 ,!IR NATURAL P[]1 H[EV]1 GOES BEYOND ?IS LIMIT-& IF AN 9DIVIDUAL W]E TO EX]CISE HIS NATURAL P[] ( MAK+ W> = O!R PURPOSES ?AN DEF5SE1 HE W\LD BE PUNI%$ ONLY AS A MURD]] OR PIRATE1 & SOLELY ON ! GR\ND ( HIS HAV+ TRANSC5D$ HIS NATURAL RI<T-C]TA9LY NOT ON ! GR\ND ( HIS HAV+ 9FR+$ ! EXCLUSIVE P[] ( ,CONGRESS4 

,! P[] ( ,CONGRESS 0TO REGULATE COMM]CE10 7:I* IS QUOT$ BY ! ,PO/MA/] ,G5]AL AS A P>ALLEL CASE TO ! PO/ (FICE P[]71 IS HELD TO BE EXCLUSIVE SOLELY ON ! GR\MD .<SIC.> ( ! UNITY ( ! SUBJECT4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,GIBBONS VS4 ,OGD51 7#i ,:EATON17 ,MR4 ,WEB/]'S >GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( ! EXCLUSIVE P[] ( ,CONGRESS OV] COMM]CE1 WAS ?IS-?AT 0COMM]CE WAS A UNIT10 & ?AT REGULATIONS BY ! ,/ATES1 OP]AT+ UPON ! ID5TICAL ?+ ?AT WAS UND] ! REGULATION ( ,CONGRESS1 W\LD NECESS>ILY CONFLICT ) ! REGULATIONS ( ,CONGRESS-BECAUSE1 HE SAID1 ! REGULATIONS ( ,CONGRESS MAY CONSI/ AS MU* 9 LEAV+ SOME P>TS FREE1 AS 9 REGULAT+ O!RS4 ,& ! C\RT CONCURR$ 9 ?IS OP9ION4 

,?AT 0COMM]CE0 IS A UNIT1 IS OBVI\S4 ,!RE IS BUT ONE 0COMM]CE ) =EIGN NATIONS10 9TO H[EV] MANY P>TS & V>IETIES IT MAY BE SUBDIVID$4 0,COMM]CE0 IS A WORD ?AT HAS NO PLURAL4 ,IT EMBRACES EV]Y V>IETY1 P>T & P>CEL ( ALL ! DIFF]5T K9DS ( COMM]CE ?AT >E C>RI$ ON BY 9DIVIDUALS4 

,BUT !RE IS NO UNITY 9 ! T]M 0PO/ (FICES0 OR 0PO/ ROADS0-ANY MORE ?AN !RE IS 9 ! T]M /AGE COA*ES OR /EAMBOATS4 ,SUPPOSE ! CON/ITUTION HAD SAID ?AT 0,CONGRESS %ALL HAVE P[] TO E/ABLI% /AGE COA*ES & /EAMBOATS0-W\LD ANY ONE HAVE IMAG9$ ?AT ,CONGRESS HAD !REBY ACQUIR$ ! EXCLUSIVE RI<T ( E/ABLI%+ /AGE COA*ES & /EAMBOATS8 

,BUT !RE IS A LACK ( ANALOGY1 9 ANO!R P>TICUL>1 BETWE5 ! P[] 0TO REGULATE COMM]CE0 & ! P[] 0TO E/ABLI% PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS40 ,! P[] TO 0REGULATE0 & ! P[] TO 0E/ABLI%10 >E1 9 !IR NATURE1 V]Y DIFF]5T P[]S4 ,NO4 P[] IS GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS1 TO C>RY ON OR 0E/ABLI%0 COMM]CE ON !IR [N ACC\NT-BUT ONLY TO 0REGULATE0 ?AT :I* IS C>RI$ ON BY O!RS4 ,!IR PO/ (FICE P[] IS DIRECTLY ! REV]SE ( ?IS4 ,IT IS A P[] 0TO E/ABLI% PO/ (FICES0 ( !IR [N-BUT NOT TO 0REGULATE0 ! (FICES OR BUS9ESS ( O!RS4 

,BUT ! ,PO/MA/] ,G5]AL SAYS FUR!R1 ?AT ! GRANT ( P[] 0TO E/ABLI% PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS0 0IS AMPLE1 FULL1 & ,CONSEQU5TLY EXCLUSIVE40 

,ACCORD+ TO ?IS REASON+1 ! P[] ( ,CONGRESS 0TO BORR[ MONEY0 IS EXCLUSIVE-= IT IS BO? 0AMPLE0 & 0FULL0-PRECISELY AS AMPLE & FULL AS ! P[] TO E/ABLI% PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS4 ,! P[] ( TAXATION 7EXCEPT UPON EXPORTS7 IS ALSO 0AMPLE1 FULL1 & 7ACCORD+ TO ! >GUM5T ( ! ,PO/MA/] ,G5]AL7 CONSEQU5TLY EXCLUSIVE40 

,SU* >E ! ABSURDITIES 9TO :I* M5 >E OBLIG$ TO RUN1 9 ORD] TO F9D APOLOGIES = CLAIM+ ?AT A SIMPLE 0P[] TO E/ABLI% PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS0 IS AN EXCLUSIVE ONE4 

,BUT ! ,PO/ ,MA/] ,G5]AL SAYS FUR!R3 ,IF A D\BT C\LD EXI/ AS TO ! EXCLUSIV5ESS ( ?IS GRANT1 ?AT D\BT MU/ VANI% UPON A REF]5CE TO ! ^*#a? >TICLE ( ! AM5DM5TS TO ! CON/ITUTION1 :I* DECL>ES ',! P[]S NOT DELEGAT$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BY ! CON/ITUTION1 NOR PROHIBIT$ BY IT TO ! ,/ATES1 >E RES]V$ TO ! /ATES RESPECTIVELY1 OR TO ! PEOPLE4' ,! P[] TO E/ABLI% PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS1 IS PLA9LY & DI/9CTLY DELEGAT$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 NOT A P[] RES]V$ TO ! /ATES RESPECTIVELY1 OR TO ! PEOPLE40 

,?IS IMPLICATION IS AS UNF\ND$1 AS IT IS F>-FET*$ & UNNATURAL4 ,! LANGUAGE QUOT$ BY ! ,PO/ ,MA/] ,G5]AL IS NOT CONTA9$ 9 ! ORIG9AL CON/ITUTION1 BUT CON/ITUTES AN AM5DM5T1 ?AT WAS SUBSEQU5TLY ADOPT$4 ,IT IS ONE ( ! T5 AM5DM5TS1 ?AT W]E ADOPT$ SOON AFT] ! ORIG9AL CON/ITUTION HAD GONE 9TO OP]ATION4 ,!SE AM5DM5TS W]E ALL ADOPT$ = ! AV[$ PURPOSE ( QUIET+ ! FE>S ( ?OSE :O ?\<T ?AT TOO GREAT P[]S HAD ALREADY BE5 GIV5 TO ! GOV]NM5T4 ,NOT ONE ( ! :OLE T5 PURPORTS TO GRANT ANY NEW P[] TO ,CONGRESS1 OR TO 5L>GE ANY ( ! P[]S ?AT HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY GRANT$4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 EV]Y ONE ( !M1 )\T AN EXCEPTION1 PURPORTS EI!R TO PROHIBIT ,CONGRESS FROM /RET*+ !IR P[]S BEYOND ! T]MS ( ! ORIG9AL GRANTS1 OR TO SECURE SOME PR9CIPLE ( CIVIL LIB]TY AGA9/ ALL PRET5SES ( P[] ON ! P>T ( ,CONGRESS4 ,& ! V]Y AM5DM5T1 QUOT$ BY ! ,PO/MA/] ,G5]AL1 WAS OBVI\SLY DESIGN$1 & DESIGN$ SOLELY1 AS A PROHIBITION UPON ! USURPATION ( ANY P[] NOT PREVI\SLY GRANT$4 ,YET N[ ! ,PO/MA/] ,G5]AL1 BY A BACK-H&$ & UNNATURAL IMPLICATION1 W\LD DRAW1 FROM A SIMPLE AM5DATORY PROHIBITION ( ?IS K9D1 A W>RANT = 5L>G+ ALL ! ORIG9AL P[]S1 & MAK+ ?OSE EXCLUSIVE & DESPOTIC1 :I* W]E BE=E H>MLESS & CONCURR5T4 

,BUT AGA94 ,! LANGUAGE ( ?IS AM5DM5T IS SIMPLY ?AT3 0,! P[]S1 NOT DELEGAT$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 BY ! CON/ITUTION10 7AS DI/9CT FROM ! AM5DM5TS17 0NOR PROHIBIT$ BY IT TO ! /ATES1 >E RES]V$ TO ! /ATES RESPECTIVELY1 OR TO ! PEOPLE40 ,N[ ! 9F]5CE ( ! ,PO/MA/] ,G5]AL FROM ?IS LANGUAGE1 MI<T1 SAFELY TO ! >GUM5T1 BE ADMITT$ TO BE CORRECT1 IF IT W]E ALSO CONSID]$ :AT K9D ( A P[]1 7ON ! SUBJECT ( PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS17 HAD REALLY BE5 0DELEGAT$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BY ! CON/ITUTION40 ,:AT WAS ?AT P[]8 ,IT WAS1 AS HAS BE5 %[N1 M]ELY A P[] CONCURR5T ) ?AT ( ! /ATES & PEOPLE1 0TO E/ABLI% PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS40 ,ONLY A CONCURR5T P[]1 !N1 HAV+ BE5 DELEGAT$1 & A LIKE P[] NOT HAV+ BE5 PROHIBIT$ TO ! /ATES OR PEOPLE1 IT NECESS>ILY FOLL[S1 FROM ! T]MS ( ! AM5DM5T ITSELF1 ?AT A CONCURR5T P[] TO E/ABLI% !M IS 0RES]V$0 TO ! /ATES RESPECTIVELY1 OR TO ! PEOPLE-OR TO BO?4 

,BUT ! ,PO/MA/] ,G5]AL REASONS AS IF NONE BUT EXCLUSIVE P[]S HAD BE5 EI!R DELEGAT$ OR RES]V$4 ,HIS :OLE >GUM5T HANGS UPON ?IS IDEA4 ,HE CANNOT CONCEIVE ( CONCURR5T P[]S4 ,IT IS PROBABLY A MY/]Y TO HIM H[ EV5 TWO 9DIVIDUALS CAN HAVE CONCURR5T RI<TS TO E/ABLI% BUS9ESS ( ANY K9D 9 COMPETITION ) EA* O!R4 

,IF ! IMPLICATION ( ! ,PO/MA/] ,G5]AL W]E CORRECT1 ! P[]S ( ,CONGRESS 0TO LAY & COLLECT TAXES10 & 0TO BORR[ MONEY10 >E N[ EXCLUSIVE P[]S-= !Y >E 0PLA9LY & DI/9CTLY DELEGAT$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 & 0!RE=E0 7ACCORD+ TO HIS >GUM5T7 >E 0NOT RES]V$ TO ! /ATES RESPECTIVELY1 OR TO ! PEOPLE40 

,NE>LY ALL ! PLAUSIBILITY ( ! ,PO/MA/] ,G5]AL'S >GUM5T1 7IF IT HAVE ANY PLAUSIBILITY17 IS D]IV$ FROM ! UNAU?ORIZ$ USE ( ! >TICLE 0,!40 ,HE SAYS ?AT 0,! P[]10 7AS IF !RE W]E1 OR C\LD BE1 BUT ONE P[] ( ! K9D1 9 ! C\NTRY17 0IS PLA9LY & DI/9CTLY DELEGAT$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES0-& !N 9F]S ?AT IT CANNOT ( C\RSE1 BE RES]V$ TO ! /ATES OR PEOPLE-BECAUSE ?AT W\LD 9VOLVE AN IMPOSSIBILITY4 ,N[ IT HAPP5S ?AT ! P[] DELEGAT$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ON ?IS SUBJECT1 IS NOT DESCRIB$1 9 ! CON/ITUTION1 AS 0! P[]10 7MEAN+ !REBY A SOLE P[]7-BUT IT IS DESCRIB$ SIMPLY AS 0P[]40 ,! CON/ITUTION DOES NOT SAY ?AT ,CONGRESS %ALL HAVE 0! P[]0-BUT ONLY ?AT !Y %ALL HAVE 0P[]0-?AT IS1 A P[]-OR 7MORE PROP]LY /ILL7 SUFFICI5T P[]-0TO E/ABLI% PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS4- ,HE MI<T1 ) ! SAME PROPRIETY1 HAVE SAID ?AT 0,! P[]10 79/EAD ( A P[]17 0TO BORR[ MONEY10 HAD BE5 DELEGAT$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ?AT !RE=E NO SIMIL> P[] C\LD BE RES]V$ TO ! /ATES OR PEOPLE-AS IF !RE W]E1 OR C\LD BE1 BUT ONE P[]1 9 ! :OLE C\NTRY1 CON/ITUTIONALLY CAPABLE ( BORR[+ MONEY4 ,OR HE MI<T1 ) ! SAME PROPRIETY1 HAVE SAID ?AT 0,! P[]0 ( TAXATION-9/EAD ( A P[] ( TAXATION-HAD BE5 DELEGAT$ TO ,CONGRESS-& ?AT !RE=E NO SIMIL> P[] HAD BE5 RES]V$ TO ! /ATES OR PEOPLE4 

,:51 9 COMMON P>LANCE1 WE USE ! >TICLE 0,!10 9 CONNECTION ) A P[] GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS-AS1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ! EXPRESSION1 0,! P[] ( CONGRESS TO BORR[ MONEY10 OR 0,! P[] ( CONGRESS TO LAY & ,COLLECT TAXES10 OR 0,! P[] ( ,CONGRESS TO E/ABLI% PO/ (FICES1 & PO/ ROADS0-WE DO NOT USE IT TO DESIGNATE C]TA9 SOLE P[]S1 OR UNITS1 BUT TO DESIGNATE ! P[]S EXI/+ 9 CONGRESS1 AS DI/+UI%$ FROM SIMIL> OR O!R P[]S EXI/+ 9 ! /ATES OR 9DIVIDUALS4 ,BUT ! ,PO/MA/] ,G5]AL HAS NOT ONLY SUB/ITUT$ ! LANGUAGE ( COMMON P>LANCE = ! LANGUAGE ( ! CON/ITUTION1 BUT HAG ALSO GIV5 TO IT A DIFF]5T MEAN+ FROM :AT1 EV5 9 COMMON P>LANCE1 IS ATTA*$ TO IT4 

,! :OLE >GUM5T ( ! ,PO/MA/] ,G5]AL1 AS HAS ALREADY BE5 SAID1 RE/S UPON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT !RE IS1 OR CAN BE1 BUT ONE P[] ( ANY ONE K9D1 9 ! :OLE C\NTRY-& ?AT IF ?IS ONE P[] BE GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS1 IT CANNOT1 ( C\RSE1 REMA9 ) ! /ATES OR PEOPLE4 ,IF ?IS DOCTR9E W]E CORRECT1 ALL ! P[]S GRANT$ TO ,CONGRESS1 W\LD NECESS>ILY HAVE BE5 EXCLUSIVE1 )\T ANY EXPRESS PROHIBITIONS EI!R UPON ! /ATES OR 9DIVIDUALS-& CONSEQU5TLY ALL ! EXPRESS PROHIBITIONS1 9 ! CON/ITUTION1 W\LD HAVE BE5 M]E SURPLUSSAGE4 

,BUT !RE IS /ILL ANO!R OV]SI<T 9 ! >GUM5T ( ! ,PO/MA/] ,G5]AL4 

,A SIMPLE P[] 0TO E/ABLI% PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS10 & ! P[] ( PROHIBIT+ SIMIL> E/ABLI%M5TS BY O!RS1 >E1 9 !IR NATURE1 DI/9CT P[]S4 ,! =M] ALONE HAV+ BE5 DELEGAT$ TO ,CONGRESS1 ! LATT] NECESS>ILY REMA9S1 & IS DECL>$1 BY ! AM5DM5T CIT$1 TO REMA9 ) ! /ATES1 OR ! PEOPLE4 ,NEI!R ! /ATES1 NOR ! PEOPLE1 HAVE SE5 FIT TO EX]CISE ?IS PROHIBITORY P[]1 ?AT IS ?US RES]V$ TO !M-& !Y PROBABLY NEV] WILL4 ,!Y CANNOT EX]CISE IT1 )\T ABRIDG+ ! FRE$OM ( SPEE* & ! PRESS1 & 9FR++ A FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( CIVIL LIB]TY4 

,/ILL FUR!R4 ,NO IMPLICATION1 NATURAL OR UNNATURAL1 LOGICAL OR ILLOGICAL1 NECESS>Y OR UNNECESS>Y1 CAN PREVAIL AGA9/ AN EXPRESS PROVISION4 ,! PROVISION IS EXPRESS1 ?AT 0,CONGRESS %ALL MAKE NO LAW0 7PO/ (FICE LAW1 OR ANY O!R17 0ABRIDG+ ! FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 OR ( ! PRESS40 ,! P[] ( ,CONGRESS1 !N1 ON ?IS SUBJECT1 IS JU/ :AT IT W\LD HAVE BE51 & ONLY :AT IT W\LD HAVE BE51 IF ! TWO CLAUSES HAD /OOD 9 CONNECTION1 9 ?IS WISE4 0,CONGRESS %ALL HAVE P[] TO E/ABLI% PO/ (FICES & PO/ ROADS10 BUT 0%ALL MAKE NO LAW ABRIDG+ ! FRE$OM ( SPEE*1 OR ( ! PRESS40 

,E,X,P,$,I,5,C,Y4 

,! :OLE >GUM5T ( EXP$I5CY 9 FAVOR ( MA9TA9+ AN EXCLUSIVE P[] 9 ! GOV]NM5T OV] MAILS1 MAY BE SUMM$ UP 9 ?IS4 ,IT 5ABLES ! GOV]NM5T TO ?R[ UPON ?OSE :O LIVE 9 ! POPUL\S PORTIONS ( ! C\NTRY1 & :O HAVE BE5 AT ! EXP5SE ( CON/RUCT+ EXTRAORD9>Y FACILITIES = TRANSPORTATION1 ! BURD5 ( ALL ! GOV]NM5T PO/AGE1 & A PORTION ( ! EXP5SE ( C>RY+ MAILS TO ?OSE :O HAVE VOLUNT>ILY GONE BEYOND ! REA* ( ?OSE FACILITIES1 & :O HAVE NO MORE CLAIM ?AT !IR LETT]S %ALL BE C>RI$ TO !M AT ! EXP5SE ( O!R PEOPLE1 ?AN ?AT !IR FOOD OR CLO?+ %ALL BE4 

,PALPABLY UNJU/ & TYRANNICAL AS >E !SE OBJECTS ( ! LAW1 !Y >E 9 REALITY ! ONLY >GUM5TS ?AT CAN BE 9V5T$ 9 SUPPORT ( IT4 

,! POLICY ( ! LAW IS ON A P> ) ITS MORALITY4 ,A LAW = DEFRAY+ EXP5SES ( GOV]NM5T1 BY A TAX UPON1 & CONSEQU5TLY BY OB/RUCT+ ! DISSEM9ATION (1 COMM]CIAL1 SOCIAL & POLITICAL 9=MATION1 PROBABLY COMB9ES AS MANY ( ! ELEM5TS ( B>B>ISM AS ANY LAW ?AT P]V]T$ +5UITY OR POLITICAL DEPRAVITY HAS EV] DEVIS$4 

,! EXTORTION ALSO ( MONEY FROM 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! POPUL\S PORTIONS ( ! C\NTRY1 9 ORD] TO SUPPORT ! PRES5T EXP5SIVE MODE ( C>RY+ MAILS TO ! LESS POPUL\S PORTIONS1 IS1 9 ONE RESPECT1 LIKE 0FIL*+ FROM ONE HIS GOOD NAME0-IT IS ROBB+ ONE )\T 5RI*+ ANO!R4 ,IF ! BUS9ESS W]E OP5 TO FREE COMPETITION1 !RE PROBABLY IS NOT A MAN1 :O LIVES FAIRLY )9 ! LIMITS ( CIVILIZATION1 ?AT W\LD NOT RECEIVE HIS LETT]S AT LESS CO/ ?AN HE N[ PAYS4 ,& IF ANY MAN HAS *OS5 TO GO BEYOND ?OSE LIMITS1 HE C]TA9LY HAS NO RI<T TO CLAIM ?AT WE1 :O REMA9 BEH9D1 %ALL BE TAX$ TO C>RY CIVILIZATION TO HIM4 ,IF1 H[EV]1 ! GOV]NM5T *OOSES TO PURSUE SU* M5 ) ITS G5]OSITY1 IT %\LD AT LEA/ HAVE ! DEC5CY TO BE G5]\S ) MEANS HONE/LY OBTA9$1 9/EAD ( OBTA9+ !M BY SO UNEQUAL & MIS*IEV\S A TAX AS ?AT UPON ! DIFFUSION ( KN[L$GE1 ,! PROGRESS ( ! :OLE CIVILIZ$ PORTION ( ! C\NTRY1 C]TA9LY \<T NOT TO BE RET>D$1 9 ORD] ?AT ! GOV]NM5T MAY %[ ?AT ITS P>TIALITY = ?OSE FEW 9DIVIDUALS1 :O1 BY GO+ BEYOND ! LIMITS ( CIVILIZATION1 GIVE /RONG EVID5CE ?AT !Y DO NOT APPRECIATE ITS B5EFITS4 

,BUT1 9 REALITY1 ! 9MATES ( ! F>!/ CAB9S ON \R FRONTI] >E 9T]E/$ 9 FREE COMPETITION1 AS A CON/ITUTIONAL PR9CIPLE-= EV5 IF !Y %\LD NOT AT ONCE1 UND] ?AT SY/EM1 7AL?\< !Y PROBABLY W\LD SOON17 HAVE AS GOOD FACILITIES AS !Y N[ 5JOY1 IT WILL YET BE BUT A FEW YE>S BE=E !SE SAME CAB9S WILL BE 9 ! MID/ ( A NUM]\S POPULATION1 ALL ( :OM WILL BE B5EFIT$ BY ! FREE PR9CIPLE4 ,! 9HABITANTS ( ! FRONTI] >E ALSO1 7= !IR PO/]ITY1 IF NOT = !MSELVES17 EQUALLY 9T]E/$ ) O!R PORTIONS ( ! C\NTRY1 9 MA9TA9+ ! FRE$OM ( SPEE* & ! PRESS1 & ! FREE PR9CIPLES G5]ALLY ( \R CON/ITUTION4 

,! PRES5T EXP5SIVE1 DILATORY & EXCLUSIVE SY/EM ( MAILS1 IS A GREAT NATIONAL NUISANCE-COMM]CIALLY1 MORALLY & SOCIALLY4 ,ITS IMM5SE PATRONAGE & P[]1 US$1 AS !Y ALWAYS WILL BE1 CORRUPTLY1 MAKE IT ALSO A V]Y GREAT POLITICAL EVIL4 

,! MORAL1 SOCIAL & POLITICAL EVILS ( ! SY/EM >E ( A NATURE NOT TO BE E/IMAT$ 9 MONEY4 ,! COMM]CIAL ONES1 AL?\< 9CAPABLE ( ANY ACCURATE E/IMATE1 >E YET ( A NATURE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE ( CALCULATION4 ,LET US LOOK AT !M = A MOM5T4 

,! IMPORTANCE ( DISPAT* 9 COMM]CIAL CORRESPOND5CE1 MAY BE1 9 SOME MEASURE1 CONCEIV$ (1 :5 IT IS CONSID]$ ?AT EV]Y DAY'S & H\R'S DELAY1 9 ! SALE & TRANSMISSION ( M]*&ISE1 7:OSE SALE  & TRANSMISSION WAIT ON CORRESPOND5CE17 9VOLVES A LOSS1 DUR+ ! TIME ( SU* DELAY1 ( !1 9T]E/1 9SURANCE & /ORAGE ( SU* M]*&ISE1 & ALSO A LAPSE1 9 P>T1 ( ! SEASON1 :5 P>TICUL> K9DS ( M]*&ISE >E MO/ VALUABLE TO CONSUM]S1 & ( C\RSE COMM& ! BE/ PRICES 9 ! H&S ( ! M]*ANT4 ,DELAYS 9 BUS9ESS CORRESPOND5CE ( ALL O!R K9DS1 AS WELL AS ?AT /RICTLY COMM]CIAL1 >E ALSO ATT5D$ ) LOSSES MORE OR LESS IMPORTANT4 

,SUPPOSE N[ ?AT1 ON AN AV]AGE ?R\<\T ! :OLE C\NTRY1 ONE FIF? ( ! TIME ?AT IS N[ OCCUPI$ 9 ! TRANSMISSION ( COMM]CIAL & O!R LETT]S1 %\LD BE SAV$ BY OP5+ ! BUS9ESS TO COMPETITION1 :AT W\LD BE ! AGGREGATE SAV+1 9 DOLL>S & C5TS1 TO ! :OLE C\NTRY8 ,IS NOT TWELVE ?\S& DOLL>S A DAY A MOD]ATE E/IMATE8 ,UND\BT$LY 7,I ?9K7 ! REAL SAV+ W\LD BE V]Y MU*1 PROBABLY SEV]AL TIMES1 GREAT] ?AN ?IS SUM4 ,BUT ,I HAVE M5TION$ ?IS AM\NT1 BECAUSE IT IS 79 R\ND NUMB]S7 ! ACTUAL EXP5SES ( ! PRES5T E/ABLI%M5T4 ,IF1 !N1 ?IS SUM ONLY C\LD BE SAV$ BY OP5+ ! BUS9ESS TO COMPETITION1 ! C\NTRY1 AS A :OLE1 C\LD ACTUALLY AF=D1 AS A MATT] ( M]E DOLL>S & C5TS1 TO LET ! PRES5T E/ABLI%M5T RETIRE UPON AN ANNUAL P5SION1 EQUAL 9 AM\NT TO ! :OLE ( ITS PRES5T RECEIPT1 AS A COMP5SATION = ITS SIMPLY GETT+ \T ( ! WAY ( PRIVATE 5T]PRISE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! C\NTRY C\LD AF=D TO SUPPORT ! E/ABLI%M5T 9 IDL5ESS1 = ! SAKE ( GETT+ RID ( ITS S]VICES4 

,WE %\LD ALSO GA91 9 ! B>GA91 ! SOCIAL B5EFITS ( *EAP PO/AGE1 & ! POLITICAL B5EFITS ( A V]Y MAT]IAL PURIFICATION ( ! GOV]NM5T4 

,! QUE/ION1 !N1 IS1 W\LD ONE FIF? ( ! TIME N[ OCCUPI$ 9 ! TRANSMISSION ( LETT]S1 BE SAV$ BY A SY/EM ( FREE COMPETITION8 ,!RE CAN BE BUT ONE ANSW] TO ?IS QUE/ION4 ,?AT AM\NT ( SAV+ MI<T NOT BE ACCOMPLI%$ AT ! \TSET-BUT IT SPE$ILY W\LD BE4 ,UNIV]SAL EXP]I5CE ATTE/S ?AT GOV]NM5T E/ABLI%M5TS CANNOT KEEP PACE ) PRIVATE 5T]PRISE 9 MATT]S ( BUS9ESS-7& ! TRANSMISSION ( LETT]S IS A M]E MATT] ( BUS9ESS47 ,PRIVATE 5T]PRISE HAS ALWAYS ! MO/ ACTIVE PHYSICAL P[]S1 & ! MO/ +5I\S M5TAL ONES4 ,IT IS CON/ANTLY 9CREAS+ ITS SPE$1 & SIMPLIFY+ & *EAP5+ ITS OP]ATIONS4 ,BUT GOV]NM5T FUNCTION>IES1 SECURE 9 ! 5JOYM5T ( W>M NE/S1 L>GE SAL>IES1 (FICIAL HONORS & P[]1 & PRESID5TIAL SMILES-ALL ( :I* !Y >E SURE ( SO LONG AS !Y >E ! P>TISANS ( ! ,PRESID5T-FEEL FEW QUICK5+ IMPULSES TO LABOR1 & >E ALTOGE!R TOO 9DEP5D5T & DIGNIFI$ P]SONAGES TO MOVE AT ! SPE$ ?AT COMM]CIAL 9T]E/S REQUIRE4 ,!Y TAKE (FICE TO 5JOY ITS HONORS & EMOLUM5TS1 NOT TO GET !IR LIV+ BY ! SWEAT ( !IR BR[S4 ,!Y >E TOO WELL SATISFI$ ) !IR [N CONDITIONS1 TO TR\BLE !IR HEADS ) PLANS = IMPROV+ ! ACCU/OM$ MODES ( DO+ ! BUS9ESS ( !IR DEP>TM5TS-TOO WISE 9 !IR [N E/IMATION1 OR TOO JEAL\S ( !IR ASSUM$ SUP]IORITY1 TO ADOPT ! SUGGE/IONS ( O!RS- TOO C[>DLY TO 9NOVATE-& TOO SELFI% TO P>T ) ANY ( !IR P[]1 OR RE=M ! ABUSES ON :I* !Y ?RIVE4 ,! CONSEQU5CE IS1 AS WE N[ SEE1 ?AT :5 A CUMBR\S1 CLUMSY1 EXP5SIVE & DILATORY GOV]NM5T SY/EM IS ONCE E/ABLI%$1 IT IS NE>LY IMPOSSIBLE TO MODIFY OR MAT]IALLY IMPROVE IT4 ,OP5+ ! BUS9ESS TO RIVALRY & FREE COMPETITION1 IS ! ONLY WAY TO GET RID ( ! NUISANCE4 

,BUT EV5 IF ! GOV]NM5T E/ABLI%M5T W]E TO CONT9UE ITS OP]ATIONS1 COMPETITION IS /ILL AN IMPORTANT PR9CIPLE TO ITS UTILITY2 = IT IS ! ONLY PR9CIPLE ?AT CAN ALWAYS COMPEL IT TO ADAPT ITS SPE$ & PRICES TO ! CONV5I5CE ( ! PUBLIC4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a4     ,!RE IS NOT EV5 A PROPRIETY 9 MAK+ ! PO/-(FICE SUPPORT ITSELF1 ANY MORE ?AN 9 MAK+ ANY O!R DEP>TM5T ( ! GOV]NM5T SUPPORT ITSELF4 ,AN IMPORTANT PORTION ( ! EXP5SES ( ! DEP>TM5T >E 9CURR$ = PUBLIC OBJECTS-SU* AS ! TRANSMISSION ( (FICIAL CORRESPOND5CE1 ! PRIVATE CORRESPOND5CE ( (FICIAL M51 & ( TONS1 & HUNDR$S ( TONS1 ( POLITICAL DOCUM5TS4 ,IF ! GOV]NM5T >E B\ND TO PROVIDE = TILL !SE ?+S1 IT %\LD BE DONE AT ! G5]AL *>GE1 & NOT BY ! P>TIAL & UNEQUAL MODE ( LEVY+ D\BLE OR TRIPLE *>GES UPON ! PRIVATE CORRESPOND5CE ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,IF ,CONGRESS CANNOT C>RY ! LETT]S ( 9DIVIDUALS AS *EAPLY AS 9DIVIDUALS W\LD DO IT1 !RE IS NO PROPRIETY 9 !IR C>RY+ !M AT ALL4 ,! CORRESPOND5CE ( PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS1 :I* IS N[ S5T ?R\< ! PUBLIC MALLS1 C\LD PROBABLY1 ON AN AV]AGE1 BE S5T ?R\< PRIVATE MAILS1 = ,ONE ?IRD ( ! PRES5T EXP5SE4 ,! OV]PLUS1 DEM&$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 IS AN EXTORTION = :I* !RE IS NO JU/IFICATION4 

#b4     ,9 ! CASE ( ,OGD5 VS4 ,SAUND]S 7#a#b ,:EATON #c#c#b7 ,*IEF ,JU/ICE ,M>%ALL SAID1 ?AT 9 CON/RU+ ! CON/ITUTION1 0! ,9T5TION ( ! 9/RUM5T MU/ PREVAIL2 ?AT ?IS 9T5TION MU/ BE COLLECT$ FROM ITS WORDS 2 ?AT ITS WORDS >E TO BE UND]/OOD 9 ?AT S5SE 9 :I* !Y >E G5]ALLY US$ BY ?OSE = :OM ! 9/RUM5T WAS 9T5D$40 

,MR4 ,WEB/] ALSO1 9 A SPEE* MADE 9 ! ,S5ATE1 9 #a#h#d1 ON ! ,BANKRUPT ,BILL1 DECL>$ ! SAME PR9CIPLE ( 9T]PRETATION TO BE ! TRUE ONE4 ,HE SAID3 

0,:AT1 !N1 IS '! SUBJECT ( BANKRUPTCIES8' OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 :AT >E 'BANKRUPTCIES8' ,IT IS TO BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ! CON/ITUTION GRANTS ! P[]S TO ,CONGRESS1 BY P>TICUL> OR SPECIFIC 5UM]ATION2 &1 9 MAK+ ?IS 5UM]ATION1 IT M5TIONS BANKRUPTCIES AS A HEAD ( LEGISLATION1 OR AS ONE ( ! SUBJECTS OV] :I* ,CONGRESS IS TO AU?ORITY4 ,BANKRUPTCIES >E ! SUBJECT1 & ! WORD IS MO/ C]TA9LY TO A TAK5 9 ITS COMMON & POPUL> S5SE2 9 ?AT S5SE 9 :I* ! PEOPLE MAY BE SUPPOS$ TO HAVE UND]/OOD IT1 :5 !Y RATIFI$ ! CON/ITUTION4 HI IS ! TRUE RULE ( 9T]PRETATION4 ,& ,I MAY REM>K1 ?AT IT IS ALWAYS A LITTLE DANG]\S1 9 CON/RU+ ! CON/ITUTION1 TO SE>* = ! OP9IONS OR UND]/&+ ( MEMB]S ( ! CONV5TION 9 ANY O!R S\RCES ?AN ! CON/ITUTION ITSELF1 BECAUSE ! CON/ITUTION [ES ITS :OLE =CE & AU?ORITY TO ITS RATIFICATION BY ! PEOPLE1 & ! PEOPLE JUDG$ ( IT BY ! MEAN+ MO/ APP>5T ON ITS FACE4 ,H[ P>TICUL> MEMB]S MAY HAVE UND]/OOD ITS PROVISIONS1 IF IT C\LD BE ASC]TA9$1 W\LD NOT BE CONCLUSIVE4 ,! QUE/ION W\LD /ILL BE1 ,H[ DID ! PEOPLE UND]/& IT8 ,& ?IS CAN BE DECID$ ONLY BY GIV+ !IR USUAL ACCEPTATION TO ALL WORDS NOT EVID5TLY US$ 9 A TE*NICAL S5SE1 & BY 9QUIR+1 9 ANY CASE1 :AT WAS ! 9T]PRETATION OR EXPOSITION PRES5T$ TO ! PEOPLE1 :5 ! SUBJECT WAS UND] CONSID]ATION40 

#c4     ,CONGRESS !MSELVES HAVE UNI=MLY ADOPT$ ! ABOVE CON/RUCTION1 AS BE+ ! TRUE MEAN+ ( ! WORD 0E/ABLI%10 :5 APPLI$ TO PO/ ROADS2 =1 9 ADDITION TO !IR LAWS 0E/ABLI%+0 C]TA9 ROADS AS PO/ ROADS1 !Y HAVE PASS$ O!R LAWS SPECIALLY TO EXCLUDE O!R PO/S ?AN !IR [N4 ,IF ! SIMPLE 0E/ABLI%M5T0 ( A ROAD BY ,CONGRESS AS A PO/ ROAD1 EXCLUD$1 IPSO FACTO1 ALL O!R PO/S1 ALL !IR SPECIAL LAWS ( EXCLUSION W\LD BE UNNECESS>Y4 

#d4     ,SEE ! ,F$]ALI/ ,NOS4 #c#a4 #c#b4 #c#c4 #c#d4 #c#e4 #c#f4 & #g#b4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahdc 3 ,UNCON/ITUTIONALITY ( ! ,LAWS ( ,CONGRESS -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bag 3 ,UNCON/ITUTIONALITY ( ! ,LAWS ( ,CONGRESS -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,UNCON/ITUTIONALITY ( ! ,LAWS ( ,CONGRESS -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/