,:AT ',APP5 TO ,S\? ,AFRICA8 #a#i#g#f-#b#e4 ,DEFIANCE TO ,AP>!ID1 ,NEOLIB]ALISM1 & ,RECUP]ATORS ( ,DEFIANCE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANONYM\S 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] #a4 ,9TRODUCTION BY ,5DANG]$ ,PH5IX 7,WRITT5 9 ,FEBRU>Y #b#e7 

0,9 ,S\? ,AFRICA NORMAL NATIONAL OR RUL+-CLASS BEHAVIOR IS R5D]$ UNIQUELY CONTROV]SIAL BY ! COLOR DIM5SION40 

-- ,P]EGR9E ,WOR/HORNE1 RI<T-W+ ASSI/ANT $ITOR ( ! ,SUNDAY ,TELEGRAPH1 ,MAY #a#c1 #aihd 

,QUOT$ ON ! COV] ( A RADICAL PAMPHLET 9 #a#i#h#d1 ?IS SEEMS P>TICUL>LY APT N[ ?AT ! 0COLOR DIM5SION0 HAS BE5 'VIRTUALLY' ]ADICAT$ FROM ,S\? ,AFRICAN POLITICS4 ,! NORMAL NATIONAL RUL+-CLASS BEHAVIOR ( ! ,A,N,C IS1 PR$ICTABLY1 N[ EV]Y BIT AS HORRIFIC AS ITS :ITE PR$ECESSORS4 

,H[EV]1 CLE>LY ?IS WAS NOT PR$ICTABLE = SOME -- :I* IS 9DICATIVE ( SOME ( ! WEAKNESSES ( ! P]IOD FROM #aigf TO ! E>LY #iS4 ,! GLOBAL RUL+ CLASS1 ) ! HELP ( A SECTION ( ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN :ITE RUL]S1 HAV+ BE5 FAC$ ) AN 9CREAS+LY UNIT$ & VIOL5T OPPOSITION ?REAT5+ ITS DIVIDE & RULE TACTICS BAS$ ON RACE1 DECID$ ?AT RACE NE$ NO LONG] BE ITS C5TRAL ME?OD ( DIVIDE & RULE1 & US$ ! RELATIVE ABS5CE ( CRITIQUE ( BLACK P>TIES1 LEAD]S & UMBRELLA ORGANIZATIONS 7= ORGANIZATIONS' SAKE7 -- ONE ( ! MOVEM5TS WEAKNESSES -- AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO /OP ! REVOLUTION4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT AP>!ID HAS BE5 CONV5I5TLY CONF9$ TO ! AP>!ID MUSEUM 9 ,JOHANNESBURG4 ,! ,/ATE /ILL USES RACE1 P>TICUL>LY AGA9/ =EIGN IMMIGRANTS &1 :5 CONV5I5T1 0COLOR$S10 ,9DIANS & ,ZULUS4 ,JU/ ?AT IT DOESN'T USE IT AS ITS C5TRAL & LEGAL MEANS ( DIVISION BECAUSE IT'S ESS5TIAL TO PRES5T A POSITIVE IMAGE ( PROGRESS1 ( A REVOLUTION>Y BREAK ) ! (FICIAL RACISM ( ! PA/ 7A SMALL EXAMPLE ( ?IS IS ! RECON/RUCTION1 AS A SYMBOL = ! 0HEAL+0 ( ! NATION UND] :AT IS LAU<ABLY CALL$ 0MAJORITY RULE10 ( ,DI/RICT #f -- A SUBURB ( ,CAPE ,T[N :I* WAS BULLDOZ$ 9 #aiff BECAUSE ( ITS MULTI-RACIAL *>ACT]2 SIGNIFICANTLY1 ITS RE-CREATION1 BEGUN AMID MU* FANF>E 9 #b#c1 HAS BE5 HELD UP BY A %ORTAGE ( MONEY74 ,?IS IMAGE ( FUNDAM5TAL PROGRESS IS PROMOT$ AS AN ATTEMPT TO HIDE ! PROGRESS ( EV5 WORSE MIS]IES ?AN ,/ATE-SANCTION$ AP>!ID -- ! PROGRESS ( A VICI\S MONET>ISM4 ,9 ,JUNE #b#a1 A #e YE> OLD WOMAN EVICT$ FROM :AT HAD BE5 H] & H] *ILDR5'S HOME = #ab YE>S1 SAID3 

0,?IS IS ! WOR/ DAY ( MY LIFE444 ,I DON'T M9D MOV+1 BUT !Y MU/ GIVE ME ANO!R H\SE4 ,?AT IS :AT IS DRIV+ MY HEAD CRAZY -- TO GO TO A %ACK4 ,WE'RE GO+ TO USE P>AFF9 9 A %ACK & ,I'VE GOT ELECTRICITY 9 MY H\SE4 ,I'VE GOT WAT] & A TOILET3 ,I WON'T HAVE ?AT 9 A %ACK4 ,?AT MEANS ,I'M GO+ BACK TO ! OLD ,S\? ,AFRICA AGA94 ,?AT'S NOT FRE$OM = US4 ,AP>!ID WAS BETT] ?AN ?IS40 

,! MA9 DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! BAILIFFS N[ & ?OSE UND] AP>!ID IS ONE ( /YLE3 !Y G5]ALLY 7?\< C]TA9LY NOT ALWAYS7 >E LESS VIOL5T & SOMETIMES SPEAK K9DLY TO ! PEOPLE BE+ EVICT$ & C>EFULLY LIFT !IR BELONG+S 9TO ! /REET & ONTO ! LORRY4 ,MAYBE !Y DO ,S5SITIVITY ,TRA9+ AS P>T ( !IR ,PH,D 9 ,BAILIFF+4 ,BY #bd TWO MILLION HAD BE5 EVICT$4 ,AN AV]AGE ( ,R#d A MON? IS NE$$ = R5T1 LI<TS & WAT]1 BUT BY #bb ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION WAS LIV+ ON LESS ?AN ,R#a#d 7AB\T @s#a#e7 P] MON?4 ,A TYPICAL JOB W\LD BE WORK+ ELEV5 OR TWELVE H\RS A DAY1 SEV5 DAYS A WEEK = ,R#a#e P] WEEK4 ,SOME CLEAN]S EMPLOY$ BY ! C\NCIL = ,R#b#b A DAY SP5D ,R#a#d A DAY ON ! BUS F>E TO WORK4 

,ALL ?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 IMPOSSIBLE )\T ,SA9T ,NELSON -- ABOVE ALL1 IMPOSSIBLE )\T ! UNJU/IFIABLE RESPECT HE & ! ,A,N,C GOT FROM ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ?OSE 9 ! MOVEM5T :O LOOK$ TO ! ,A,N,C = A POLITICAL SOLUTION :I* %\LD HAVE COME FROM A MORE ?OR\< CRITIQUE ( POLITICS1 ( HI]>*ICAL P[]4 ,& N[ EV]Y:]E 9T]NATIONAL />S >E DESP]ATE TO MEET HIM1 HE'S GOT A BRIDGE NAM$ AFT] HIM & HE IS AT ! TOP ( EV]Y SPECTATOR'S 0,MAN ,I ,MO/ ,ADMIRE0 LI/4 ,AFT] ALL1 ANYBODY :O WAS IMPRISON$ = SU* A LONG TIME BY A VILE REGIME MU/ BY DEF9ITION BE A H]O1 & C]TA9LY LITTLE Y\ MU/ LOOK UP TO HIM4 ,:O >E Y\ TO CRITICIZE8 ,Y\'RE NO?+4 ,! FACT ?AT #aS ( #aS ( ,S\? ,AFRICANS SUFF]$ AS MU* OR EV5 MORE ?AN HIM UND] AP>!ID 7& CONT9UE TO7 IS IGNOR$ 9 ?IS CRASS DEIFICATION4 ,HE IS ! EPITOME ( ! ',PROGRESSSSSSSSSS' ( ,S\? ,AFRICA & EV]YONE CONC]N$ ) PUBLICIZ+ ,S\? ,AFRICA ) A SMILEY FACE HOPES HE'LL LIVE TILL ! ,WORLD ,CUP BECAUSE ,MBEKI'S NO MORE ! IMAGE BLACK CAPITAL 7& ITS 9TELLIG5TSIA WANT TO PROMOTE ( ?IS PROGRESS7 ?AN ! BURGEON+ CRIME RATE4 ,IT'S BECAUSE ( ,M&ELA AS PROMOT] ( ?IS IMAGE ( PROGRESS ?AT WE CAN BUY ,S\? ,AFRICAN W9E & SOME CAN GO ON GUILT-FREE EXP5SIVE HOLIDAYS 9 O!R PEOPLE'S MIS]Y3 ! FA/E/ GR[+ SECTOR 9 ! LOCAL LEISURE 9DU/RY IS T[N%IP T\RS4 ,! :OLE PLACE HAS BE5 GIFT WRAPP$ 9 T\RI/ SLICK FROM 0LIFE/YLE 5C\NT]S0 9 ,KWA ,ZULU TO 0P>TY+ 9 A ,S[ETO ,B@&,B10 TO ! 0,AFRICAN TABLEAU10 0,DURBAN IS SURF-C5TRAL10 0,JOHANNESBURG MAKEOV]S10 ! 0,CAPE ,T[N DOCKS EXP]I5CE10 0HIP HOTELS0 & SO ON AD NAUSEAM4 

,SOME >E NOT SO IMPRESS$ BY ,SA9T ,NELSON1 H[EV]4 0,M&ELA CAN GO TO HELL60 SAID ! MO!R ( ONE GUY KILL$ BY ! ,A,N,C'S COPS ON A DEMO4 

,:5 ,M&ELA CAME \T ( PRISON HIS FIR/ GIFT TO ! RUL]S WAS TO CALL = DISCIPL9E1 AN 5D TO LOOT+ & AN 5D TO ! !FT & BURN+ ( C>S 7! SUBV]SION ( EX*ANGE VALUE71 & AN 5D TO CLASSROOM BOYCOTTS 7! SUBV]SION ( IDEOLOGICAL CONDITION+ AIM$ AT ACCEPTANCE ( RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION & SUBMISSION74 ,IT'S NO SURPRISE ?AT 9 ! WORLD FOLL[+ ! FALL ( ! ,B]L9 ,WALL1 A =M] PROMOT] ( ,/ATE CAPITALISM W\LD MAGICALLY TRANS=M HIMSELF 9TO A NEO-LIB]AL 7?\< HE'S BE5 C>EFUL TO PROMOTE AN IMAGE ( DETA*M5T & DI/ANCE FROM !SE HORR5D\S POLICIES ( MASS IMPOV]I%M5T74 ,ALREADY 9 ! MID-#hS1 WELL BE=E HIS RELEASE1 HE HAD SAID3 

0,WE WANT ,JOHANNESBURG TO REMA9 ! BEAUTIFUL & ?RIV+ CITY ?AT IT IS N[4 ,!RE=E1 WE >E WILL+ TO MA9TA9 SEP>ATE LIV+ UNTIL !RE >E 5\< NEW EMPLOYM5T OPPORTUNITIES & NEW HOMES TO ALL[ BLACKS TO MOVE 9TO ,JOHANNESBURG ) DIGNITY40 

,) ! NATIONAL UNEMPLOYM5T LEVEL AT #d#b.0 7,SEPTEMB] #b#c71 & 9 SOME ( ! POOR] >EAS ! FIGURES REA*+ #h.0 OR EV5 HI<]2 & ) NO UNEMPLOYM5T B5EFIT OR SOCIAL AID1 CLE>LY !RE >E NO NEW EMPLOYM5T OPPORTUNITIES TO DI/URB ! SEP>ATE DEVELOPM5T ( ! :ITE & BLACK MIDDLE & RUL+ CLASS4 ,! DEGREE ( RACIAL SEGREGATION 9 NEI<BORHOODS1 S*OOLS & LIFE/YLE IS /ILL V]Y EVID5T4 ,ONLY 9 SOME ( ! CAV]N\S MALLS :I* HAVE MU%ROOM$ ACROSS ,JOHANNESBURG DO ! RACES M+LE1 0UNIT$0 9 !IR SEP>ATION -- AS CONSUM]S4 

,SO1 :ILE MO/ ( ! WEAL? /ILL REMA9S FIRMLY 9 :ITE H&S1 ! OPTIMI/IC BLACK MIDDLE CLASS1 UNDI/URB$ BY VISIBLE PROLET>IAN SUBV]SION1 CAN CLAIM 0RI* PEOPLE HAVE WORK$ H>D = !IR MONEY1 IT W\LDN'T BE FAIR TO TAKE IT AWAY FROM !M0 7,GU>DIAN1 #b#e_/#e_/#d74 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ?OSE RI* :ITE SUPPORT]S ( AP>!ID :O FL$ ! C\NTRY #a YE>S AGO >E N[ BE+ 5C\RAG$ TO COME BACK -- ALL IS =GIV53 ADV]TISEM5TS ON SATELLITE TELEVISION WILL BE BACK$ LAT] ?IS YE> BY AN 9T]NATIONAL ROAD-%[ ( SEM9>S & EXHIBITIONS URG+ EXPATRIATES COMMODITY RELATIONS 5COMPASS+ TO RETURN TO A L& ( SUN%9E & OPPORTUNITY1 AS P>T ( ! 0,HOMECOM+ ,REVOLUTION10 SPONSOR$ BY ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONAL ,BANK4 ,AS ,PAMELA ,COX1 =M] ,HEAD ( ! ,S\? ,AFRICA ,DIVISION AT ! ,WORLD ,BANK1 HAS SAID1 0,:AT .<! ,A,N,C.> HAVE DONE TO PUT ! ECONOMY ON A RI<T FOOT+1 IS1 ,I ?9K1 ALMO/ MIRACUL\S40 ,9 FACT1 GIV5 !IR 0MIRACUL\S0 P[] TO /OP :AT SEEM$ LIKE AN UN/OPPABLE SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! ,A,N,C HAVE FELT ALMO/ OMNIPOT5T 9 !IR ABILITY TO 9T5SIFY CAPITAL ACCUMULATION BY EV5 GO+ BEYOND ! ADVICE ( ! ,I,M,F & ! ,WORLD ,BANK4 ,AFT] !Y CAME TO P[] 0BY EV]Y MEASURE 7LIFE EXPECTANCY1 MORBIDITY1 ACCESS TO FOOD1 WAT]1 ETC47 ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ( ! POOR RAPIDLY WORS5$0 7,A%W9 ,DESAI.<#a.>1 0,WE >E ! POORS10 ,MON?LY ,REVIEW ,PRESS1 #b#b74 ,:IL/ ! =M] ,NATIONAL ,UNION ( ,M9EWORK]S & ,A,N,C G5]AL SECRET>Y1 ,CYRIL ,RAMAPHOSA1 N[ [NS SOME ( ! GOLD M9ES HE US$ TO ORGANIZE WORK]S 91 ! NUMB] ( BLACKS LIV+ BEL[ ! POV]TY L9E HAS RIS5 FROM #e.0 TO #f#b.01 :IL/ #b#i.0 ( ALL COLOR$S1 #a#a.0 ( ALL ,ASIANS & #d.0 ( ALL :ITES ALSO CURR5TLY LIVE BEL[ ! POV]TY L9E1 A DRAMATIC 9CREASE DUR+ ! 0DECADE ( DEMOCRACY40 ,MANY BLACK PEOPLE HAVE COMM5T$ ON H[ LIFE UND] ! OLD AP>!ID REGIME WAS 9 SOME WAYS BETT] 9 ?AT !RE WAS MORE JOB SECURITY & !RE W]E /ATE SUBSIDIES 9 S]VICES1 :I* HAVE BE5 ]OD$ BY ! NEO-LIB]AL ,G,E,> 7,GR[?1 ,EMPLOYM5T ,& ,R$I/RIBUTION7 ECONOMIC POLICY ( ! ,A,N,C4 ,NEO-LIB]ALISM HAS MEANT /UP5D\S WEAL? = SOME #c BLACK DYNA/IES-9-!MAK+1 ! #e.0 ( ! ,JOHANNESBURG ,/OCK ,EX*ANGE ?AT REPRES5TS 0BLACK EMP[]M5T40 ,:IL/ AN E/IMAT$ #a MILLION ,S\? ,AFRICANS HAVE HAD !IR ELECTRICITY CUT (F & ANO!R #a MILLION !IR WAT] CUT (F1 M9E [N] ,BRIGITTE ,RADEBE1 WIFE ( ,A,N,C M9I/] & ,S,A ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY LEAD] ,JEFF ,RADEBE1 HAS BECOME ! RI*E/ BLACK WOMAN 9 ,AFRICA4 ,! BOSSES' %>E ( PR(IT 9 #bc WAS !IR BIGGE/ S9CE #a#i#h#a4 ,COMPANY TAX HAS BE5 BR\<T D[N FROM #di P]C5T UND] AP>!ID TO BEL[ #c P]C5T4 ,IT'S CLE> ?AT ALL ?AT IDEOLOGICAL CRAP EMANAT+ FROM ! 0,TRU? & ,RECONCILIATION ,COMMISSION0 -- :I* GAVE AN AMNE/Y TO ! CRIMES ( ! :ITE RUL+ CLASS DUR+ ! AP>!ID ]A -- WAS AIM$ AT MAK+ ! POOR RECONCILE !MSELVES TO ! CONT9UATION ( ! P[] ( !IR OPPRESSORS2 ?IS TIME >M 9 >M ) A BURGEON+ BLACK MIDDLE & RUL+ CLASS4 ,?IS GR[+ MIDDLE CLASS IS BEG9N+1 LIKE 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD1 TO G5TRIFY >EAS :I* PREVI\SLY HAD BE5 EXCLUSIVELY POOR COMMUNITIES1 S5D+ PROP]TY VALUES UP 5ORM\SLY = ?OSE :O [N PROP]TY1 :I* 9 A G5]ALLY EXTREMELY IMPOV]I%$ C\NTRY1 C\LD WELL BE ! S\RCE ( SIGNIFICANT CONFLICT 9 ! FUTURE4 

,A LETT] TO ! ,GU>DIAN 7#b#f_/#b_/#e7 SAYS3 

0,WE SAW MANY MIDDLE-CLASS BLACK FAMILIES1 DRIV+ NEW #dX#dS1 %OPP+ 9 MALLS & BE+ S]V$ BY :ITE ASSI/ANTS1 HAV+ MEALS 9 RE/AURANTS & S]V$ BY :ITE WAIT]S -- SURR\ND$ BY PROM95T ADV]TISEM5TS ( ATTRACTIVE1 HAPPY1 BLACK CONSUM]S4 444,WE W]E HE>T5$ BY ! LIVELY & POLITE 9T]ACTION BETWE5 ALL RACES & ECONOMIC GR\PS40 

,ANO!R LETT] REF]S TO ! AU?OR SEE+ 0A GR[+ BLACK MIDDLE CLASS DRIV+ SM>T C>S1 & POOR :ITES CLEAN+ W9D%IELDS = TIPS & BEGG+ AT CROSSROADS40 ,ISN'T EQUALITY WOND]FUL8 ,9 A S5SE ?IS IS PROGRESS1 ?\< NOT 9 ! S5SE ( ! 0HE>T5$0 LETT]-WRIT]S -- IT LAYS ! BASIS = ! POSSIBILITY ( COLLABORATION BETWE5 POOR :ITES & POOR BLACKS1 IMPOSSIBLE UND] AP>!ID1 & 9DE$1 !RE HAVE BE5 9/ANCES ( :ITES JO9+ 9 ! /ONE-?R[+4 ,H[EV]1 IT W\LD BE DANG]\S TO BE DET]M9I/ AB\T ?IS4 ,%\LD A MORE SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL MOVEM5T />T TO DEVELOP1 IT'S CLE> ?AT ! ,A,N,C IS PREP>$ TO USE ANTI-:ITE RACISM TO IMPOSE A DIVIDE & RULE1 EV51 IF NECESS>Y1 US+ A ,MUGABE-TYPE DEMAGOGY4 ,IT'S WELL-KN[N ?AT RI* :ITES CONT9UE TO OP]ATE RACI/ CRIT]IA :5EV] !Y SELL HOMES ) L&3 9 RURAL >EAS RACISM IS A DEEPLY 5TR5*$ REALITY -- BLACK LABOR]S HAVE BE5 MURD]$1 TORTUR$ OR %OT AT1 (T5 = ! MILDE/ ( SUPPOS$ 9FRACTIONS4 ,! RUL+ CLASS C\LD TRY TO RECUP]ATE ! V]Y REAL ANG] ( BLACKS T[>DS ! LACK ( PO/-AP>!ID L& DI/RIBUTION1 ATTACK+ SOME RI* :ITES :IL/ CONT9U+ TO HAMM] ! POOR1 :ITE & BLACK4 ,AS WE SAY1 IF NECESS>Y4 ,IT'S SIGNIFICANT ?AT ! MA9 >EA ( DEVELOPM5T ( OPPORTUNITIES = BLACKS HAS BE5 ! L>GE 9CREASE 9 BLACK 9TAKE 9TO ! POLICE =CE 7N[ RE-BR&$ UND] ! NAME ,SAFETY @& ,SECURITY -- O!RWISE KN[N AS ! ,S,S71 & 9TO ! UNIV]SITIES -- (T5 ! SAME ?+ 9 DIFF]5T CLO!S1 MO/ ( ?OSE AT ,UNIV]SITY TRA9+ TO BECOME IDEOLOGICAL COPS &_/OR AU?ORITY ROLES OV] ! POOR 7WE SAY 0MO/0 H]E -- !RE >E CLE>LY SOME EXCEPTIONS74 ,9 FACT1 ! POOR >E EFFECTIVELY EXCLUD$ FROM GO+ TO ,UNIV]SITY4 ,ON ,MAY #a#f1 #b1 ,MI*AEL ,MAKABANE WAS %OT DEAD AT PO9T-BLANK RANGE DUR+ A PEACEFUL PROTE/ AGA9/ ! EXCLUSION ( POOR /UD5TS FROM ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,DURBAN-,WE/VILLE4 ,! CAMPUS HAD BE5 CONSID]$ A HOTB$ ( MILITANT RESI/ANCE UND] ! OLD AP>!ID REGIME YET1 :ILE POLICE REPRESSION HAD BE5 BRUTAL1 NO /UD5TS HAD EV] BE5 KILL$ DUR+ ! AP>!ID ]A4 ,! LOCAL PAP]1 N[ UND] BLACK $ITOR%IP1 CALL$ = 0T\<]0 ACTION AGA9/ PROTE/+ /UD5TS 7,DAILY ,NEWS1 ,MAY #a#g1 #b74 

,EV]Y DAY FRONT-PAGE /ORIES *>T ! DEPR$ATIONS ( ,A,I,D,S3 ONCE MA9LY A DISEASE ( WE/]N GAY M51 IT IS N[ ONE ( POOR BLACK WOM5 -- #g#g.0 ( ,S\? ,AFRICA'S ,H,I,V POSITIVE >E WOM52 ,DURBAN IS RUNN+ \T ( L& 9 ITS CEMET]IES2 #g.0 ( *ILDR5 >E 9FECT$4 ,LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIR? IS #d#h1 A DEVA/AT+ DROP S9CE AP>!ID 7?IS IS NOT JU/ D[N TO ,A,I,D,S1 ( C\RSE74 ,S\? ,AFRICA HAS ! L>GE/ AM\NT ( PEOPLE ) ,H,I,V ( ANY S+LE C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD -- #b#a4#e.0 ( ! POPULATION4 ,9 SOME >EAS1 ,H,I,V 9FECTION AMONG PREGNANT WOM5 IS AS HI< AS #c#g4#e.04 ,BY ! TIME ,S\? ,AFRICA HO/S ! ,WORLD ,CUP 9 #b#a1 !RE WILL HAVE BE5 BETWE5 #h & #a MILLION DEA?S4 ,?IS 5ORM\S GR[? 9 ,A,I,D,S WAS 5C\RAG$ BY ! REFUSAL ( ! GOV]NM5T TO SUPPLY *EAP OR FREE ANTI-,H,I,V DRUGS1 TO EV5 ACKN[L$GE ,H,I,V AS BE+ A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,A,I,D,S4.<#b.> ,UND] 9T]NAL & 9T]NATIONAL PRESSURE1 NOT TO M5TION ! NE$ TO /EM ! DE/RUCTION ( FUTURE WAGE LABOR]S ESS5TIAL = CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 ! ,/ATE WAS =C$ MAKE A %[ ( REV]S+ ITS POLICY4 ,IT DID REV]SE IT -- BUT ONLY A BIT4 ,EV5 N[1 ?OSE RECEIV+ ANTI-,H,I,V DRUGS >E LESS ?AN #a.0 ( ?OSE 9FECT$ ) ,H,I,V4 ,?IS POLICY 'REV]SAL' WAS1 ESS5TIALLY1 AN ATTEMPT TO REHABILITATE ! ,/ATE'S IMAGE VIS-A-VIS ,A,I,D,S1 IMAGE BE+ SO NECESS>Y = ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION & SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,?\< IT %\LD BE SAID1 ! FACT ?AT ! RUL+ CLASS & !IR KIDS >E GETT+ IT N[ PROBABLY ALSO PLAYS A P>T 9 ?IS 'POLICY REV]SAL4' ,9 #b#c1 ) #e4#a MILLION 9FECT$ 7ALMO/ HALF A MILLION DI$ 9 #bb ALONE71 ! GOV]NM5T ALLOCAT$ ! R& EQUIVAL5T ( @s#a4#gBN1 SPREAD OV] #c YE>S1 TO ,H,I,V TREATM5T -- :I*1 EV5 IF ,H,I,V VICTIMS REMA9$ AT !IR #bc RATE1 W\LD ONLY MEAN @s#c#c P] P]SON OV] #c YE>S4 ,GIV5 ?AT HEAL? SP5D+ IS FIX$ AT #a#e.0 ( TOTAL GOV]NM5T SP5D+1 IT'S NOT MU* CONSID]+ ! 5ORMITY ( ! SCALE ( ! DISEASE & ( ! HEAL? PROBLEMS EXAC]BAT$ BY ,/ATE_/M>KET POLICY ELSE:]E -- NOT MU* MORE USE ?AN %UTT+ ! /ABLE DOOR AFT] ! HORSE HAS BOLT$4 ,& H[ MU* ( ?IS MONEY IS ACTUALLY EFFECTIVE8 ,DEA? BY ,T,B ACC\NTS = ALMO/ HALF ( DEA?S FROM ,A,I,D,S-RELAT$ ILLNESS1 YET IT CO/S JU/ ,G,B,P#e P] PATI5T TO SAVE SOMEONE FROM DY+ ( ,T,B4 ,T,B IS #a.0 CURABLE1 YET LESS ?AN HALF ( ?OSE :O HAVE IT >E CUR$4 ,& TO PUT ALL ?IS 9TO CLE>] P]SPECTIVE1 MILIT>Y SP5D+ 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA = ! YE> #b#a-#b#b WAS OV] @s#a#bBN4 

,ALL !SE FIGURES1 !SE BANAL CONTRADICTIONS 7& WE C\LD C]TA9LY CONT9UE LI/+ !M AD 9F9ITUM71 W\LD HAVE BE5 ! BASIC COMPON5T ( ,ANTI-,AP>!ID MOVEM5T LIT]ATURE PRIOR TO ! ,A,N,C GOV]NM5T1 BUT PRES5T$ 9 A PURELY MORAL FRAMEWORK )\T ANY CRITIQUE ( !IR USE = ! COMMODITY ECONOMY4 ,SU* MORAL CONSID]ATIONS W]E ALWAYS ! IDEOLOGY ( A NICE 'REASONABLE' RE=MISM ( CAPITALISM'S 9SANITY :I* WAS UTT]LY T]RIFI$ ( ! UNC]TA9TY ( REVOLUTION4 ,BEYOND SU* MORALISM1 PREVI\S GOV]NM5T POLICY HAS HAD ! DESIR$ EFFECT -- NAMELY3 

IT1 9ITIALLY AT LEA/ -- & = AS LONG AS IT WAS FEASIBLE TO MA9TA9 BE=E ! CRUDE ',H,I,V"7,A,I,D,S D5IAL' POLICY BECAME A LIABILITY -- 9CREAS$ ! PR(IT EXTRACT$ FROM ! PRODUCTION & SALE ( SU* DRUGS = ?OSE :O C\LD AF=D !M4 

IT GOT1 & OBVI\SLY /ILL GETS1 RID ( SOME ( ! POPULATION SURPLUS TO ! REQUIREM5TS ( SURPLUS VALUE -- RA!R LIKE ! COMMODIFICATION ( WAT] DOES -- ?\< AS ) EV]Y?+ UND] ! IRRATIONAL SELFCONTRADICTIONS ( CAPITAL1 IT MI<T BE GETT+ RID ( TOO MANY PEOPLE1 EV5 = ! SICK REQUIREM5TS ( A MEAN] & LEAN] ECONOMY4 

IT L[]$ ,/ATE SP5D+ AT A TIME :5 ! ,A,N,C NE$$ TO CONC5TRATE ITS RES\RCES ON E/ABLI%+ ITS P[] & ITS IMAGE ( PROVID+ SOME EXT]NAL HOPE4 

IT 9T5SIFIES ANXIETY AB\T SEX1 :I*1 AS ,WILHELM ,REI* LONG AGO PO9T$ \T1 5C\RAGES A SUBMISSIVE POPULATION4 ,&1 LIKE ALL ILLNESS1 IT MAKES PEOPLE MORE FRAGILE1 VULN]ABLE1 LESS ABLE TO TAKE RISKS & USUALLY LESS SOCIABLE1 =C+ ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 ON !MSELVES 7?\< IT %\LD BE PO9T$ \T ?AT 9 ,K5YA !RE IS A SOCIAL MOVEM5T ( SELFHELP1 \TSIDE ! BIG T[NS & CITIES1 TO DEAL ) ,A,I,D,S-RELAT$ ILLNESSES1 US+ PLANTS74 

,!SE >E ! RESULTS ( ,A,N,C POLICY -- WE C]TA9LY DON'T MEAN TO IMPLY SOME CONSPIRACY !ORY AB\T ,H,I,V_/,A,I,D,S4 ,WE DON'T ESS5TIALLY JUDGE ?+S BY !IR 9T5TIONS1 DELIB]ATE OR NOT1 BUT BY !IR CONSEQU5CES 7?\< ONE HAS TO ASK ONESELF :Y1 = EXAMPLE1 :5 A CURE = ,T,B IS SO *EAP1 IS DEA? BY ,A,I,D,S-RELAT$ ,T,B SO HI<74 

,! FACT ?AT ,M&ELA IMPLICITLY CRITICIZ$ ! GOV]NM5T'S POLICY AFT] HE ANN\NC$ ! DEA? ( SOME CLOSE RELATIVES TO ,A,I,D,S 9 ,JANU>Y1 IS ONE EXAMPLE ( HIS SUBTLE POLITICK+1 DI/ANC+ HIMSELF FROM CURR5T ,A,N,C POLICY1 A BIT LIKE ! ,QUE5 DID UND] ,?AT*]4 ,AS IF HE IS 'ABOVE' POLITICS4 ,CLE>LY ?OSE PU%+ ?IS IMAGE ( ,M&ELA HOPE EV]YONE WILL =GET ?AT IT WAS HALF WAY ?R\< HIS PRESID5CY ?AT ! NEO-LIB]AL POLITICS ( ,G,E,>.<#c.> W]E FIR/ 9TRODUC$4 

,BUT !N1 AS ALWAYS1 FICTION IS !RE TO PLAY A MAJOR P>T 9 BR++ A LITTLE LI<T 9TO ! D>KNESS ( LIFE3 ! TWO BE/-SELL+ BOOKS 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA >E A GUIDE TO TEA*+ Y\R *ILDR5 TO BECOME MILLIONAIRES1 & ,NELSON ,M&ELA'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ OV] #a YE>S AGO4 

,AS ONE CAN SEE1 DESPITE ALL ?IS MIS]Y1 IT'S ESS5TIAL TO PRES5T ,S\? ,AFRICA AS PROGRESSIVE4 ,SO ,DAVID ,FRO/1 ,RORY ,BREMN]1 ,MALCOLM ,RIFK9D1 ,/EPH5 ,FRY1 ,TREVOR ,MC,DONALD1 ,JAMIE ,OLIV]1 ,JOOLS ,HOLL& & ,R[AN ,ATK9SON >E TO BE GIV5 A FREE LUXURY HOLIDAY4 ,WELL1 ! POOR H>D-WORK+ S\LS NE$ IT1 DON'T !Y8 ,?IS WELL-E>N$ RE/ 9CLUDES ! M&ATORY 7BUT1 UN=TUNATELY1 ONLY TEMPOR>Y7 /AY 9 ,ROBB5 ,ISL& PRISON1 A FREE TRIP ON ! ULTRA-EXP5SIVE ,BLUE ,TRA91 & A POSSIBLE PHOTO OPPORTUNITY ) ,! ,SA9T HIMSELF4 ,ALL SO AS TO PROMOTE ! ,NEW ,S\? ,AFRICA1 :I* !Y CAN DO )\T ! GUILTY CONSCI5CE !Y W\LD HAVE HAD UND] AP>!ID1 :5 SU* COLLABORATORS W]E PUBLICLY ATTACK$4 ,! SP>KL+ BR& NEW ,S\? ,AFRICA MU/ BE ALRI<T IF ALL ?OSE LOVELY PEOPLE >E !RE SAY+ H[ PROGRESSIVE IT IS4 ,:AT = !M IS PROGRESS IS ! OPPOSITE = ! VA/ MAJORITY4 ,= ?OSE :O ACCEPT DOM9ANT IDEOLOGY IT IS ALWAYS AN IDEOLOGY ( ! PROGRESS ( ALI5ATION ?AT'S ESS5TIAL1 AS P>T ( REPRESS+ ! PROGRESS ( ANY /RUGGLE AGA9/ IT4 ,AS EV]Y:]E ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 ! SPECTACLE ( PROGRESS -- 0WE'RE GETT+ !RE1 BUT !RE'S /ILL A LOT TO BE DONE0 -- IS US$ TO DEM& A PATI5CE T[>DS ! SY/EM :I* ! SY/EM NEV] %[S T[>DS ITS VICTIMS4 

,BUT SOME >E BEG9N+ TO LOSE PATI5CE4 ,!RE >E RUMBL+S UND] ! SURFACE4 ,>*BI%OP ,TUTU1 AT ! SAME TIME AS SUGGE/+ ! WEAL?Y 0ADOPT0 A POOR FAMILY 7GIV+ !M ,G,B,P#a#h A MON? OR PAY+ !IR KIDS S*OOL FEES71 W>NS ! RE/ ( ! RUL+ CLASS 0,WE >E SITT+ ON A P[D] KEG0 7,NOV4 #b#d74 

,BEG9N+S ( A ,NEW ,MOVEM5T3 0,WE >E NOT ,AFRICANS -- ,WE >E ! ,POORS60 

,! CURR5T /RUGGLES >E NO?+ LIKE AS P[]FUL1 OR AS C5TRAL TO ! G5]AL SITUATION 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 AS ?OSE ( ! '#gS & '#hS4 ,N[ADAYS /RUGGLES >E ESS5TIALLY M>G9AL1 EV5 IF GR[+ -- & MANY ( !M1 ?\< BY NO MEANS ALL1 TAKE ! =MS ( LEGAL *ALL5GES TO ! EVICTIONS & CUT(FS1 & ! CLASSIC SYMBOLIC =M ( DEMON/RATIONS4 ,:IL/ UND] AP>!ID1 DEMON/RATIONS W]E BANN$ & !RE=E A DEMO USUALLY L$ TO A VIOL5T CONFRONTATION ) ! COPS1 ?IS IS NOT SO MU* ! CASE TODAY4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ALL DEMOS DON'T 5D 9 A CONFRONTATION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ON ,HUMAN ,RI<TS DAY ON #ba ,M>* #bd 9 ,JOHANNESBURG NE> ! OP5+ C]EMONIES = ! C\NTRY'S NEW CON/ITUTIONAL C\RT1 ! COPS MET A PEACEFUL PROTE/ ) /UN GR5ADES & MASS >RE/S4 ,! ,ANTI-,PRIVATIZATION ,=UM 7,A,P,F7 & ITS AFFILIATES HAD CALL$ = A PROTE/ TO DEM& ?AT BASIC S]VICES SU* AS WAT] %\LD BE 9CLUD$ AS HUMAN RI<TS & AGA9/ ! 9/ALLATION ( PRE-PAY WAT] MET]S4 ,PROTE/]S W]E H>ASS$1 >RE/$ & F+]PR9T$ EV5 BE=E ANY M>* />T$4 ,OV] #e PEOPLE W]E HELD UND] ! ,GA!R+S ,ACT1 A LAW DAT+ FROM ! AP>!ID ]A ?AT GIVES POLICE WIDE P[]S TO BAN PROTE/4 ,:I* SAYS EV]Y?+ ?AT NE$S TO BE SAID AB\T ,HUMAN ,RI<TS4 

,9 ! P]IOD FROM #aiie TO #b IT SEEMS ?AT EVICTIONS -- 9VOLV+ POLICE DOGS1 TE> GAS1 AT LEA/ ONE P]SON KILL$ & HUNDR$S 9JUR$ -- W]E MO/LY NOT EFFECTIVELY OPPOS$4 ,BUT !N ! COMMUNITY />T$ TO TAKE ! (F5SIVE -- = EXAMPLE GO+ TO POLITICIANS' H\SES & SPEAK+ TO ! GANG/]S TO TELL !M NOT TO TR\BLE ! VULN]ABLE PEOPLE 9 ! >EA4 ,!Y ALSO TOOK ,DURBAN ,C\NCIL TO C\RT1 CLAIM+ ?AT ! EVICTIONS W5T AGA9/ ! HUMAN RI<TS TO %ELT] & WAT]4 

,! C\NCIL !N TRI$ TO GET ! PEOPLE TO BUY ! H\SES 7AFT] PAY+ !IR FULL R5T >RE>S74 ,9 ORD] TO %[ H[ RIDICUL\SLY \T ( T\* !Y W]E1 A C\NCIL ADM9I/RATION 5T\RAGE >RIV$ 9 ,*ATSWOR?1 TO 'SELL' ! H\SES4 0,AFT] ! PROTE/]S HAD SP5T TWO H\RS 5CIRCL+ ! ROOM1 ! PROCESS WAS =C$ TO /OP4 ,IT HAD BECOME CLE> TO ! (FICIALS ?AT !RE W]E NO TAK]S = ?AT DEAL0 7,DESAI74 ,:5 ONE ( ! (FICIALS ACCUS$ ! GR\P ( BE+ 'PRIVILEG$ ,9DIANS' AN ELD]LY WOMAN SCREAM$ BACK1 0,WE >E NOT ,9DIANS1 WE >E ! POORS40 ,)9 M9UTES ?IS C\LD BE ALSO HE>D AS1 0,WE >E NOT ,AFRICANS1 WE >E ! POORS40 ,! C\NCIL !N TRI$ RELOCATIONS ( ?OSE :O C\LDN'T PAY TO TOILET-SIZ$ BUILD+S EV5 FUR!R \T ( T[N 7!Y'RE (T5 CALL$ 0DOG K5NELS0 BY ?OSE =C$ TO 'LIVE' 9 !M74 ,EVICTIONS (T5 9VOLVE TE>-GAS4 ,BUT !Y >E SOMETIMES SUCCESSFULLY RESI/$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,*ATSWOR?1 ,FEBRU>Y #b1 ! EVICTION ( A S+LE ,AFRICAN FA!R ( F\R *ILDR5 & SELF-EMPLOY$ ME*ANIC WAS RESI/$ BY OV] #ae PEOPLE1 MO/LY ,9DIAN WOM51 BLOCKAD+ ! /AIRS TO ! GUY'S FLAT4 ,!Y ASK$ ! POLICE TO WAIT = HALF AN H\R :ILE !Y ATTEMPT$ TO GA9 A PO/PONEM5T FROM ! C\RTS4 ,! POLICE DID NOT WAIT4 ,!Y FIR$ LIVE AMMUNITION & TE> GAS AT ?OSE PREV5T+ ! EVICTION4 ,! ON-LOOK]S W]E SO ANGRY ?AT !Y ALL JO9$ 94 ,! F]OCITY ( ! COMMUNITY =C$ ! SECURITY =CES TO CALL = FUR!R BACKUP 9 ORD] TO RETREAT FROM ! >EA1 )\T EFFECT+ ! EVICTION4 ,ON ! SAME DAY1 9 ! SAME T[N1 ANO!R FAMILY TO BE EVICT$ W]E SQUATT+ A FLAT AFT] LIV+ = TWO YE>S 9 A %$ )\T WAT] OR ELECTRICITY1 & ) SNAKES NE/+ 9 ! FLOOR4 ,!Y HAD BE5 ON ! C\NCIL H\S+ LI/ = N9E YE>S4 ,! COMMUNITY & M$IA PRES5CE WAS SO /RONG ?AT ! AU?ORITIES DID NOT ATTEMPT ! EVICTION4 ,MANY PEOPLE TURN$ UP = ! C\RT CASES4 ,AS IT WAS ADJ\RN$ !Y W5T TO ! DEPUTY MAYOR'S H\SE4 ,AS HE WAS NOT AT HOME !Y OCCUPI$ ! R5T (FICES4 ,AT ! NEXT DATE ( ! C\RT CASE ! MAGI/RATES DIDN'T %[ UP -- BUT #b PROTE/]S FROM ! NE>BY ,AFRICAN T[N%IP1 ,BOTTLEBRU%1 DID4 ,:5 ! CASES F9ALLY DID GO TO C\RT1 ! EVICTIONS NOTICES W]E )DRAWN4 

,L9K+ /RUGGLES 9 ! ,CAPE ,T[N >EA1 ! MULTI-RACIAL ,WE/]N ,CAPE ,ANTI-,EVICTION ,CAMPAIGN WAS BORN4 

0,MU* LIKE ! ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,*ATSWOR?1 IT HAS BECOME AMOEBA-LIKE4 ,:5 !RE'S A NE$ = ACTION IT EXP&S & 9CREASES 9 D5SITY4 ,9 BETWE5 IT %R9KS1 CONC]N+ ITSELF MA9LY ) RESOLV+ COMMUNITY DISPUTES & PROVID+ A K9D ( SOCIAL WORK] S]VICE4 ,! 9ITIATIVE ( POOR COMMUNITIES 9 SELF-ORGANIZ+1 RE-H\S+ EVICT$ FAMILIES1 & RE-CONNECT+ DISCONNECT$ WAT] SUPPLIES 7(T5 US+ 9V5TIVE LOCAL TE*NOLOGY71 & ! C\RAGE ( CAMPAIGN]S TO FI<T ! POLICE 9 ! /REETS1 HAS MEANT ?AT TO 5=CE ! W> ON ! POOR 9 ,CAPE ,T[N IS NO SIMPLE ?+444 ,BY & L>GE ! ACTIONS ( ! C\NCIL GR9D TO A HALT40 7,DESAI7 

,PEOPLE SEEM TO BE G5]ALLY MORE ON ! MOVE N[ADAYS ?AN BE=E -- =M+ COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS & L9K+ ) O!R GR\PS 9 O!R >EAS2 'EM]G5CY' RECONNECTIONS BY '/RUGGLE ELECTRICIANS' & '/RUGGLE PLUMB]S2' MASS ACTIONS AGA9/ EVICTIONS2 DEMON/RATIONS TO & OCCUPATIONS ( ! H\SES ( ! C\NCILORS & (FIC]S RESPONSIBLE = ! DECISIONS2 DISCONNECT+ ! WAT] & ELECTRICITY ( !SE (FIC]S2 L& 9VASIONS & WORKPLACE /RIKES ?AT 9VOLVE ! :OLE COMMUNITY4 ,9 ,APRIL #bb !RE WAS A MASSIVE DEMON/RATION \TSIDE ! HOME ( ! ,MAYOR ( ,JOHANNESBURG1 ,AMOS ,MASONDE1 TO PROTE/ AGA9/ CUT(FS4 ,! POLICE >RE/$ #e ( ! DEMON/RATORS 9CLUD+ A FIVE YE> OLD BOY4 ,?OSE ( ! DEMON/RATORS :O /ILL BELONG$ TO ! ,A,N,C -- HUNDR$S ( !M -- PUBLICLY BURNT !IR P>TY C>DS4 ,9 ,JULY #b#b1 ! ,L&LESS ,PEOPLE'S ,MOVEM5T OCCUPI$ ,GAUT5G ,PREMI] ,MBHAZIMA ,%IL[A'S (FICE AMID AN ANGRY PROTE/ OV] L& & R5T DEFAULT]S ON ! ,CAPE ,FLATS AS !Y /ON$ A TRUCK 9VOLV$ 9 EVICTIONS1 & TRI$ TO NECKLACE A DRIV] 7NECKLAC+ WAS A COMMON PRACTICE DUR+ ! REVOLUTION ( ! '#hS1 9VOLV+ PUTT+ A RUBB] TIRE R\ND ! NECK ( A COLLABORATOR & SETT+ FIRE TO IT3 MORALI/S MAY CR+E1 BUT COLLABORATION ) ! SY/EM 9VOLV$ SUPPORT = A F> WORSE BRUTALITY -- A FUNDAM5TALLY IRRATIONAL & HI]>*ICAL VIOL5CE74 

,9 E>LY ,JULY #bd A RUMOR W5T >\ND ,DIEPSLOOT 7A BLACK SLUM MANY ( :OSE RESID5TS S]VICE ! NE>BY ULTRA-ULTRA-RI* GAT$ T[N ( ,DA9F]N PROTECT$ BY HOMICIDAL >M$ GU>DS & HOMICIDALLY HI<-VOLTAGE F5C+7 ?AT RESID5TS W]E TO BE MOV$ TO NEW H\S+ MILES AWAY -- SO ! T[N%IP ]UPT$ 9 RIOTS ?AT W5T ON = DAYS4 ,( ?OSE RIOTS ,!MBI1 :O IS \T ( WORK & #a#h1 SAYS3 0,IT WASN'T TRUE ?AT WE W]E MOV+1 BUT PEOPLE ?\<T IT WAS TRUE & !Y GOT V]Y ANGRY4 ,?IS IS HOME40 ,! ,JULY RIOTS %UT D[N ! 5TIRE >EA & !Y W]E ! MO/ VIOL5T SE5 S9CE ,S\? ,AFRICA PRET5D$ TO PUT ! AP>!ID ]A BEH9D IT4 ,C>S W]E /ON$1 REPORT]S ATTACK$1 POLICE FIR$ RUBB] BULLETS & MANY W]E >RE/$4 ,Y\NG ,MA?OBA TOLD A J\RNALI/ #f MON?S LAT] ?AT HE /ON$ ! J\RNALI/S BECAUSE 0Y\ HAVE TO TALK TO SOMEONE40 ,! BITT]NESS 9 ,DIEPSLOOT WAS NOT DIRECT$ AT ,DA9F]N]S BUT AT ! CITY C\NCIL ?AT 0IS MORE CORRUPT ?AN ! OLD AP>!ID PEOPLE10 SAID ,SOPHIE1 A MAID 9 ,DA9F]N -- 0,BIG JOBS & GOOD TIMES = BIGWIGS -- NO H\SE1 NO HOPE = US0 CONTRADICT+ ANO!R LETT] TO ! ,GU>DIAN 7#b#f_/#b_/#e71 :I* SAYS ?AT ITS AU?OR IS N[ 0ABLE TO DETECT IMPROVEM5TS 9 !IR .<! BLACKS.> POSITION -- IF ONLY ?AT !Y N[ HAVE HOPE = A BETT] FUTURE40 ,=TUNATELY ?IS MAID1 AT LEA/1 HAS NO SU* ILLUSIONS4 ,AS A '#fS REVOLUTION>Y SAID 0,HOPE IS ! LEA% ( SUBMISSION40 ,HOPE IS ! C>ROT 9T5D$ TO MAKE PEOPLE 5DURE ! /ICK4 ,HOPE 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA MEANS ?AT BLACKS FROM POOR BACKGR\NDS >E SUPPOS$LY BE+ 9DOCTR9AT$ ) ! IDEA ?AT !Y HAVE A GOOD *ANCE ( MAK+ IT 9TO ! MIDDLE CLASS1 :I* WAS NOT POSSIBLE UND] AP>!ID1 A *ANCE :I* 9 REALITY IS V]Y SLIM4 ,PRACTICAL HOPE1 H[EV]1 5TAILS PUTT+ Y\R DESP]ATION ON ! MAP1 :I* 9CREAS+ AM\NTS ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA >E BEG9N+1 YET AGA91 TO DO4 ,?OSE POLITICIANS :O TRY TO USE OR 9FLU5CE ! NEW COMMUNITY /RUGGLES >E (T5 FAC$ ) LAU<T] & D]ISION4 ,9 ,*ATSWOR?1 ,DURBAN1 ! ELECTION TURN\T 9 ! YE> #b WAS #b P]C5T1 NOT MU* BUT1 SADLY1 CONSID]ABLY HI<] ?AN UND] AP>!ID1 :5 IT WAS1 SUPPOS$LY1 #a#e.0 7I4E4 ( ?OSE REGI/]$ TO VOTE74 ,?IS WAS DUR+ ! HAT$ TRICAM]AL SY/EM ( #a#i#h#d1 9 :I* ',COLOR$S' & ',9DIANS' W]E GIV5 SOME TOK5 VOT+ RI<TS = A SEP>ATE P>LIAM5T>Y *AMB] -- :I* SP>K$ (F MASSIVE VIOL5T OPPOSITION & NATIONWIDE ONLY RESULT$ 9 #b#a.0 ( ?OSE REGI/]$ TO VOTE ACTUALLY VOT+ -- BUT MO/ DIDN'T BO!R TO REGI/] 7H5CE ! 'SUPPOS$LY'74 

,WAT]1 ,WAT] ,EV]Y:]E1 ,YET ,NOT A ,DROP TO ,DR9K 

,AS A RESULT ( OV] A MILLION WAT] DISCONNECTIONS 9 ! #h YE>S FROM #a#i#i#d1 #d1 *ILDR5 W]E DY+ FROM DI>RHEA CAUS$ BY DIRTY WAT] EV]Y YE>4 ,*OL]A RETURN$ ) A V5GEANCE1 9FECT+ OV] #a1 PEOPLE 9 ,KWA-,ZULU ,NATAL ALONE4 ,:5 ! WAT] COMPANY CAME TO DISCONNECT WAT] 9 A H\SE 9 ,BAYVIEW1 9 ,*ATSWOR?1 ! COMMUNITY TURN$ UP 5 MASSE & =M$ A HUMAN WALL >\ND ! T>GET$ H\SES4 ,! SECURITY COMPANY )DREW4 ,!RE WAS A MOOD ( ELATION & MILITANCY1 ) PEOPLE DANC+ 9 ! CUL-DE-SACS BETWE5 ! R[S ( FLATS TO HA/ILY IMPROVIS$ MUSIC4 ,?IS WAS N[ ! FIF? BATTLE 9 A R[ !Y HAD WON AGA9/ ?OSE :O W\LD EI!R EVICT !M OR CUT (F !IR WAT]4 ,*ATSWOR? WAS FA/ BECOM+ A T]RA9 ( DEFEAT = ! ,METRO ,C\NCIL4 ,! NEXT DAY AN AGREEM5T WAS REA*$ ?AT ! WAT] CUT(FS W\LD BE /OPP$1 ACC\NTS W\LD BE FROZ5 ) NO FUR!R 9T]E/ *>G$ ON >RE>S1 & ! WAT] C\LD BE TURN$ BACK ON4 ,ON ! DAY ! ,BAYVIEW WAT] CASE WAS TO BE HE>D1 #b PEOPLE FROM ,UMLAZI >RIV$ AT ! ,HI< ,C\RT4 ,!IR WAT] HAD ALSO BE5 CUT -- !Y HAD COME TO PROTE/ 9 SOLID>ITY4 ,/RUGGLE PLUMB]S AB\ND -- & >E NOT PROSECUT$4 ,! C\NCIL R$ISCONNECTS1 & ! /RUGGLE PLUMB]S DIS-RE-DISCONNECT4 ,MPUMALANGA WAS VIOL5TLY DIVID$ DUR+ ! ANTI-AP>!ID /RUGGLE4 ,! Y\? W]E SUCCESSFULLY MANIPULAT$ BY ! :ITE /ATE ) ! COMPLICITY ( ! ,9KA?A ,P>TY ( ! ,ZULU AP>!ID COLLABORATOR ,BU!LEZI ON ! ONE H& & ! ,A,N,C & ,U,D,F ON ! O!R H&4 ,?\S&S & ?\S&S W]E KILL$4 ,IT IS ALSO A PLACE ( DESP]ATE ECONOMIC WA/EL&4 ,A ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NATAL SURVEY CONCLUD$ ?AT 9 #ba ! AV]AGE 9COME P] P]SON WAS ,R#b#c4#g P] MON?4 ,! C\NCIL'S ELECTRICITY & RATES BILLS >E ,R#b A MON?4 ,N[ADAYS !RE IS A VIBRANT1 MILITANT & UNIT$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ BO? ! ,A,N,C-DOM9AT$ LOCAL GOV]NM5T & ! ,9KA?A CONTROLL$ PROV9CIAL GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS WAS SP>K$ 9 #aiii :5 ! C\NCIL TRI$ TO 9/ALL WAT] MET]S4 ,! COMMUNITY REACT$ BY RIPP+ UP ! MET]S & *AS+ ! CONTRACTORS AWAY4 ,RUNN+ BATTLES W]E F\<T ) ! POLICE & ! BROK5 WAT] MET] GADGETS W]E LEFT /REWN EV]Y:]E4 ,9 #ba ! C\NCIL TRI$ AGA94 ,AGA9 RESID5TS RESI/$1 RIPP+ UP ! WAT] MET]S4 ,T5 ?\S& PEOPLE ATT5D$ RALLIES1 ! SPEE*ES W]E HOT & ! DEM&S /RAI<T=W>D -- FREE ESS5TIAL S]VICES = ! POOR4 ,AMAZ+LY1 ! PHYSICALLY CAPABLE Y\? ( ! ,9KA?A ,Y\? ,BRIGADE & ! E>NE/ Y\NG/]S FROM A ,CONGRESS TRADITION REA*$ \T TO EA* O!R DUR+ !SE TIMES4 ,9 ,MAY #ba A MASS MEET+ TOOK PLACE TO PROTE/ ! 9/ALLATION ( WAT] MET]S ATT5D$ BY3 ! ,CONC]N$ ,CITIZ5S ,GR\P FROM ,*ATSWOR?1 ! ,MPUMALANGA ,CONC]N$ ,GR\P1 ACTIVI/S FROM ! ,S[ETO ,ELECTRICITY ,CRISIS ,COMMITTEE & COMMUNITY LEAD]S FROM ,UMLAZI4 ,BUT !RE WAS ALSO POLICE REPRESSION1 >RE/S1 IMP\NDM5T ( COMMUNAL C>S1 & TWO PEOPLE %OT DEAD BY A %AD[Y ,A,N,C VIGILANTE GR\P4 

,BUT ! MO/ DANG]\S TACTIC EMPLOY$ BY ! C\NCIL WAS TO EMPLOY LOCAL PEOPLE TO 9/ALL ! MET]S1 !REBY RISK+ A RETURN TO VIOL5CE )9 ! COMMUNITY4 ,H[EV]1 ! COMMUNITY REALIZ$ ?IS & AGRE$ TO SUSP5D ! VIOL5T SABOTAGE POLICY & 9/EAD WAIT$ = ! FIR/ NONPAYM5T DISCONNECTION LETT]S4 ,9 ,M>* #bb ! :OLE COMMUNITY CLOS$ D[N2 S*OOLS1 TAXI RANKS & ROADS W]E %UT AS T5S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE M>*$ TO ! LOCAL R5T (FICE4 ,!RE !Y DEM&$ TO PAY ,R#a A MON? & ! ,UNI,CITY (FICIALS HAD TO PROCESS EA* S+UL> PAYM5T4 ,! IDEA CAU<T ON & !RE W]E 'T5 R& M>*ES' 9 ,TAFELSIG1 ,*ATSWOR?1 ,W5TWOR?1 ,UMLAZI & ,MPUMALAGNA4 

,S9CE ,AUGU/ #bc AT ! />T ( ,OP]ATION ,GC9A',AMANZI 9 ,PHIRI1 ! WAT] COMPANY HAS CONFRONT$ RESI/ANCE TO ITS PROJECT TO COMMODIFY WAT]4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] #b#c1 RESID5TS ( ,PHIRI1 SUPPORT$ BY ! ,GAUT5G ,ANTI-,PRIVATIZATION ,=UM 7,A,P,F71 RESI/$ ! 9/ALLATION ( PRE-PAID WAT] MET]S 9 ! T[N%IP BY DE/ROY+ ! 9FRA/RUCTURE ?AT HAD BE5 LAID TO ALL[ !SE MET]S TO BE 9/ALL$ 7?\< SOME ( ?OSE 9VOLV$ HAVE BE5 >RE/$ & JAIL$ -- ONE = #b YE>S74 ,ON ,OCTOB] #e? #b#d1 RESID5TS ( ,*IAWELO1 ,PHIRI & ,DLAM9I JO9$ RESID5TS FROM ELSE:]E 9 ,S[ETO 9 BLOCK+ ! ,OLD ,POT* ROAD1 A MA9 ,JOHANNESBURG HI<ROAD1 TO DEM& ?AT ! 9/ALLATION ( PREPAID WAT] MET]S BY ,JOHANNESBURG ,WAT] BE /OPP$4 ,POLICE W]E \T 9 =CE TO DISP]SE ! PROTE/]S US+ /UN GR5ADES & R&OM >RE/S4 ,FRU/RAT$ BY CONT9U+ COMMUNITY RESI/ANCE TO ! PREPAID SY/EM1 ,JOHANNESBURG ,WAT] HAS NOT BE5 ABLE TO COMPLETE ! 9/ALLATION ( ! NEW MET]S 9 ,PHIRI4 ,& AGA91 ON ,JANU>Y #e? #b#e1 RESID5TS ( ,BAYVIEW 9 ,*ATSWOR?1 ,DURBAN1 RESI/$ C\NCIL WAT] DISCONNECTION TEAMS1 TURN+ !M AWAY1 BUT ! C\NCIL ?REAT5$ TO RETURN ) R5EW$ =CE -- A T]RIFY+ ?REAT1 AS PREVI\SLY C\NCIL SECURITY MURD]$ ,M>CEL ,K+ 9 ,PH5IX1 ,DURBAN :ILE DISCONNECT+ ELECTRICITY4 ,ON #b#cRD ,JANU>Y1 A MEET+ ( ! ,S,E,C,C HELD 9 ! COMMUNITY ( ,EMD5I TO MOBILIZE_/ORGANIZE COMMUNITY MEMB]S AGA9/ ! 9/ALLATION ( PRE-PAID WAT] MET]S WAS DISRUPT$ BY ?REE LOCAL ,A,N,C C\NCILORS1 ACCOMPANI$ BY A NUMB] ( ,A,N,C MEMB]S & A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,MAYOR'S (FICE4 ,ONE ( ! ?REE ,A,N,C C\NCILORS !N PHYSICALLY ASSAULT$ ,S,E,C,C ORGANIZ] ,BONGANI ,LUBISI1 :O WAS SPEAK+ TO ! ASSEMBL$ CR[D4 ,! RE/ ( ! ,A,N,C MOB REPEAT$LY ISSU$ V]BAL ?REATS TO ! ,S,E,C,C ACTIVI/S PRES5T1 TELL+ !M ?AT !Y W\LD BE 0KILL$0 IF !Y CONT9U$ TO HOLD SU* MEET+S & PROMIS+ ?AT NO?+ W\LD /OP ! 9/ALLATION ( PRE-PAID WAT] MET]S4 ,SADLY1 ! ,S,E,C,C ACTIVI/S *OSE NOT TO RETALIATE & 9/EAD IGNOR$ ! ,A,N,C GANG & !IR CRUDE NEO-LIB]AL ?UGG]Y1 HA/ILY CONCLUD+ ! MEET+ & S5D+ A DELEGATION TO ,NAL$I ,POLICE ,/ATION1 :]E *>GES ( ASSAULT & 9TIMIDATION AGA9/ ! ,A,N,C ,C\NCILOR W]E LAID4 ,AS ALWAYS1 ! POLICE FAIL$ TO ACT ON ! =MAL *>GES LAID4 ,IT'S A SIGN ( ! WEAKNESS ( ?IS NEW MOVEM5T AS COMP>$ ) ! OLD ?AT !Y NOT ONLY FAIL$ TO CONFRONT ! SICK VIOL5CE ( ! ,A,N,C BUT ALSO TRI$ TO LOOK TO ! COPS = R$RESS1 SOME?+ UN?9KABLE #b YE>S AGO4 ,& SU* WEAKNESSES WILL 5C\RAGE ! ,A,N,C TO DO !IR WOR/4 

,A Y\NG ,S[ETO BLACK SAID 9 ! LATE '#gS3 

0,WE W\LD LIKE TO MAKE IT CLE> TO ! \TSIDE WORLD ?AT WE WILL GET :ATEV] WE WANT1 & ?AT :ATEV] WE WANT WE WILL GET4 ,IF POSSIBLE WE WILL USE VIOL5CE -- IF POSSIBLE444 ,BECAUSE BY SITT+ >\ND A TABLE & TALK+ AB\T !SE ?+S ) ! :ITES BR+S NO GOOD FUTURE TO US4 ,IT'S JU/ LIKE TALK+ TO A /ONE4 ,N[ BY VIOL5CE !Y WILL UND]/& A LITTLE ( :AT WE SAY -- A LITTLE4 ,N[ BY W> !Y WILL UND]/& EV]Y?+ -- BY W>40 

,SUB/ITUTE 0:ITES0 ) 0! RUL+ CLASS1 BLACK OR :ITE0 & WE CAN SEE A PROGRAM APPLICABLE TO ! PO/-AP>!ID ]A4 ,SURE1 SU* A LEAP 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 9TO ! TAK+ ( C\RAGE\S RISKS1 DOESN'T COME M]ELY BY WILL+ IT -- & WE \RSELVES HAVE HAD \R CONFID5CE 5ORM\SLY WEAK5$ BY ! RETREATS =C$ ON US BY ! PROGRESSIVE DEFEATS ( /RUGGLES OV] ! PA/ TWO DECADES4 ,WE W\LD C]TA9LY NOT ADVOCATE 'H]OIC' /RATEGIES 9 :AT IS /ILL RELATIVELY A VACUUM1 P>TICUL>LY FROM AF>4 ,BUT A CRITICAL REFLECTION ON ! PRACTICAL POSSIBLITIES ( DEVELOP+ MOVEM5TS T[>DS SU* A SITUATION IS AN ESS5TIAL MOM5T 9 COMBAT+ CURR5T WEAKNESSES4 

,SP>KIES ,LI<T+ ! ,PR>IE ,FIRE 

0,WE DON'T ASK :Y OR :5 PEOPLE >E CUT (F1 WE JU/ SWIT* !M BACK ON4 ,EV]YONE %\LD HAVE ELECTRICITY0 -- ,VIRG9IA ,SET%$I1 ,S,E,C,C 7,S[ETO ,ELECTRICITY ,CRISIS ,COMMITTEE7 

,9 #a#i#i#g1 PEOPLE 9 ! POOR ,JOHANNESBURG SUBURBS ( ,EL ,DORADO ,P>K & ,WE/BURY ORGANIZ$ A 0/AYAWAY0 -- EXHORT+ PEOPLE NOT TO GO TO WORK -- OV] 9CREASES 9 LOCAL C\NCIL RATES & ?REATS TO CUT P[] & WAT] = NONPAYM5T4 ,HUNDR$S ( Y\NG PEOPLE BUILT B>RICADES 9 ! /REETS TO PREV5T RESID5TS FROM GETT+ TO WORK4 ,:ILE ! COPS CLE>$ AWAY ! B>RICADES1 !IR VEHICLES W]E /ON$ & A FULL-BL[N CONFRONTATION DEVELOP$ AS ! COPS KILL$ A #g YE> OLD BOY4 ,BY MIDDAY1 ?\S&S HAD JO9$ ! CONFRONTATION 9 ?REE >EAS S\? & WE/ ( ! CITY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ?\< SYMPTOMATIC ( A GR[+ FURY AGA9/ ! ,A,N,C1 IT APPE>S NOT TO HAVE DEVELOP$ EI!R 9 TIME OR GEOGRAPHICALLY3 IT REMA9$1 AS F> AS WE KN[1 A ONE-(F1 ?\< 9DICATIVE ( ! TRADTION ( REVOLT ?AT ,S\? ,AFRICA /ILL MA9TA9S4 

,9 L9E ) !IR PROGRAM TO CLE> OLD DEBTS1 9 #ba ! MANAG] ( ,ESKOM 7! /ATE-RUN ELECTRICITY COMPANY7 ANN\NC$1 0,! AIM IS TO DISCONNECT AT LEA/ #ge P]C5T ( ,S[ETO RESID5TS40 #b1 H\SEHOLDS A MON? W]E CUT (F DUR+ #ba -- MANY TIMES MORE ?AN W]E CONNECT$ BY ! ,A,N,C'S GREAT PROGRAM TO CONNECT MILLIONS ( BLACK H\SEHOLDS TO ! NATIONAL GRID4 ,9 ,S[ETO1 ! CO/ ( ONE KIL[ATT UNIT ( ELECTRICITY IS #bh C5TS1 9 ,S&TON 7! ULTRA-RI* >EA ( ,JOHANNESBURG7 IT IS #af C5TS1 BIG BUS9ESS PAY #g C5TS & ! WOR/-(F RURAL >EAS PAY #dh C5TS4 

,AS !Y W5T TO DISCONNECT1 ,ESKOM SECURITY =CES ASSAULT$ & BULLI$ MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY & OP5$ FIRE ON PROTE/]S4 ,! COMMUNITY M>*$ TO ! ,MAYOR'S H\SE & PL$G$ TO 0EMB>K ON A CAMPAIGN ( MASS NONPAYM5T40 ,AFT] ,EM]G5CY ,ELECTRICIANS 9 ,S[ETO RECONNECT$ #c1 H\SES 9 SIX MON?S1 ,ESKOM ANN\NC$ ?AT IT W\LD NOT BE CUTT+ (F ?OSE :O C\LD NOT PAY -- NOT A BAD RESULT6 ,! ,S,E,C,C ALSO W5T TO ! HOME ( ! ,JOHANNESBURG ,MAYOR ,AMOS ,MASONDO & DISCONNECT$ HIS WAT] SUPPLY & ELECTRICITY4 ,C\NCILOR ,ROCKY ,NAIDOO ALSO HAD HIS ELECTRICITY & WAT] DISCONNECT$ AT HIS H\SE 9 ,MAY #b#a4 ,AS P>T ( ?IS MOVEM5T ! (FICES ( BANKS 9 ,CAPE ,T[N HAVE BE5 OCCUPI$1 & ! DEBT-COLLECTION BUILD+ ( ! ,!KW9I ,C\NCIL 9 ,DURBAN WAS LAY$ SIEGE TO4 ,APP>5TLY1 ! /RUGGLE TO RE-CONNECT DISCONNECT$ ELECTRICITY SUPPLIES WAS 9ITIAT$ BY AN>*I/S 9 ! ,Z,A,C,F COLLECTIVE & 9 ! ,%E%A ,ACTION ,GR\P 7,S,A,G7 9 ,S[ETO :O />T$ ,OP]ATION ,KHANYISA1 MEAN+ 0LI<T10 ! OP]ATION ?AT ILLEGALLY RE-CONNECT$ SOME #b#e1 HOMES 9 ,S[ETO4 

0,WE ,>E ,NOT ,/RIK+ ,= ,DEM&S1 ,WE ,>E ,/RIK+ ,= ,DIGNITY40 

,UND] AP>!ID1 WORK]S1 USUALLY ORGANIZ$ )9 BLACK ,TRADE ,UNIONS :I* HAD 9ITIALLY BE5 ILLEGAL1 WON CONSID]ABLE GA9S -- SOMETIMES A*IEV+ WAGE HIKES AS HI< AS #b.07671 ?\< (T5 ?IS WAS D[N TO JU/ BLOODY-M9D$ AUTONOMY & TRADE UNIONS SEEM$ JU/ A MEANS TO PROGRESS4 ,N[ -- SURPRISE1 SURPRISE -- !Y >E CLE>LY TOTALLY COLLUSIVE ) ! ,A,N,C GOV]NM5T4 ,TAKE ,C,O,S,A,T,U'S 5DORSEM5T ( A ,LABOR ,RELATIONS ,ACT ?AT1 :ILE SUPPOS$LY GU>ANTEE+ MORE LABOR RI<TS1 9 FACT PLACES SO MANY M$IATION OBLIGATIONS BE=E AGGRIEV$ WORK]S ?AT IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO EMB>K ON A LEGAL /RIKE 7ALSO1 ,C,O,S,A,T,U IS P>TY TO ,N,$,L,A,C1 A CROSS-CLASS LABOR_/GOV]NM5T_/BUS9ESS POLICY =UM ?AT T5DS TO LOCK IT 9TO AGREEM5TS ) ! RUL+ CLASS74 ,OR TAKE = 9/ANCE1 ! ,NATIONAL ,UNION ( ,METALWORK] AT ,VOLKSWAG5 -- 9 #b IT SIGN$ A DEAL :I* 9CLUD$1 AMONG O!R ?+S3 NO OV]TIME PAY = WEEK5D WORK1 COMPULSORY OV]TIME ) NO NOTICE1 HALF ! BREAK TIME1 & A P5SION R$UCTION4 ,WORK]S LE>N$ AB\T ! SIGN+ 9 ! NEWSPAP]S4 ,:5 WORK]S /RUCK AGA9/ ! DEAL1 )\T ! ,UNION1 !Y DIDN'T SUFFICI5TLY CONFRONT ! 9EVITABLE SCAB LABOR ! BOSSES BR\<T 91 & !N TRI$ TO GET ! LABOR M$IATION C\RT TO RULE 9 !IR FAVOR -- BUT !Y LO/4 

,H[EV]1 AT ,5G51 ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN AFFILIATE ( ! OIL MULT9ATIONAL ,EXXON1 WORK]S =G$ BETT] L9KS ) ! LOCAL COMMUNITY & DIDN'T PUT FAI? 9 ! C\RTS4 ,! ,5G5 PLANT IS ! S+LE BIGGE/ EMPLOY] ( PEOPLE LIV+ 9 ,W5TWOR?1 A ,DURBAN T[N%IP ) TYPICAL HI< UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,ONCE A YE>1 ,5G5 EMPLOYS ?\S&S ( TEMPOR>Y WORK]S = SIX WEEKS DUR+ ! ANNUAL FACTORY OV]HAUL4 ,5G5 HAS ITS [N TRA9+ C5T] BUT USES TEMP AG5CIES TO EMPLOY PEOPLE4 ,ANY ATTEMPT AT UNIONIZ+ RESULTS 9 ! TEMP AG5CY CONTRACT BE+ DISMISS$4 

,9 #ba A /RIKE WAS PLANN$4 ,BUT !RE WAS A DANG] ( ! ANG] TURN+ 9 ON ! COMMUNITY ITSELF1 VIA EI!R ! SCABS1 OR ! TEMP AG5CY BOSSES1 MANY ( :OM ALSO LIV$ 9 ,W5TWOR?4 ,SO ! WORK]S 9VIT$ PROM95T MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY TO BE ON !IR ORGANIZ+ COMMITTEE4 ,A JO9T BODY CALL$ ! ,9DU/RIAL ,RELATIONS ,=UM WAS =M$ & OP]AT$ AS BO? ! /RIKE COMMITTEE & ! EQUIVAL5T ( ! RESID5TS ASSOCIATIONS 9 ! O!R >EAS4 ,! EXECUTIVE ( ! UNION DEVOLV$ !IR ORGANIZATION 9TO A LOOSE & V]Y BROAD GR\P+ ( ACTIVI/S & COMMUNITY & RELIGI\S LEAD]S4 ,! UNEMPLOY$ 7SOME ( ! BETT] (F CALL !M 'GANG/]S'7 W]E REPRES5T$ AT ! DISCUSSIONS & !IR 9CLUSION PLAY$ A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 CUTT+ (F ,5G5'S ABILITY TO RECRUIT SCABS4 ,ALL ! TIME ! WORK]S TRI$ TO 5SURE ,5G5 WAS TOTALLY ISOLAT$ FROM REA*+ POT5TIAL ALLIES 9 ! COMMUNITY1 BY 0GETT+ !RE FIR/0 9 ! 9=MATION BATTLE & CREAT+ SPACE = V>I\S 9T]E/ GR\PS TO BECOME P>T ( ! /RIKE COMMITTEE4 ,= MU* ( ! TIME ! UNION & COMMUNITY /RUCTURES APPE>$ AS ONE4 

,! /RIKE WAS SOLID FROM ! BEG9N+1 DESPITE ! KN[L$GE ?AT ?IS TWO MON?S WORK WAS ALL MANY ( ! PEOPLE W\LD GET ALL YE>4 ,AT ! FIR/ MEET+ EV]Y S+LE WORK] ATT5D$1 ALONG ) !IR WIVES & TE5AGE SONS -- 0KE5 = ACTION40 ,!Y ALL PUT !IR BADGES NE$$ TO GA9 5TRY TO ! PLANT 9TO A L>GE BAG & A CON/ANT ROV+ PICKET WAS PLANN$1 BUT AS ! MEET+ BROKE UP SOME ( ! KEY ORGANIZ]S W]E >RE/$ & ! BAG ( BADGES W]E TAK5 BY ! POLICE4 ,DESAI WAS AT ! MEET+ ! NEXT DAY3 

0,REGGIE1 ONE ( ! WORK]S1 TAKES TO ! /AGE4 ,9 A SPEE*1 REPLETE ) ,DURBAN SLANG1 HE TALKS ( LABOR+ AT ,5G5 = OV] TWO DECADES4 ,HE TALKS ( EXPLOITATION1 ( BE+ PU%$ >\ND1 & ! HURT ( /ILL HAV+ TO F9D EMPLOYM5T AGA9 & AGA9 EV]Y YE> ?R\< A LABOR BROK]1 BE+ '9DUCT$' ANEW EA* TIME 9TO A PLANT HE BUILT4 ,IT IS A MOV+ SPEE* ?AT HE TRANSLATES HIMSELF 9TO ,ZULU = ! B5EFIT ( ! ,AFRICAN '*>GEH&S' ( A P>TICUL> LABOR BROK] :O HAS JU/ JO9$ ! /RIKE AFT] WALK+ (F ! NI<T%IFT4 ,!Y =M A BRI<T BLUE KNOT 9 ! BACK ( ! HALL :]E !Y /& 9 !IR OV]ALLS4 ,SPIRITS >E UNBELIEVABLY HI<4 ,I FEEL TRANSPORT$ BACK 9TO ! #a#i#hS & ! MEET+S ( RI<TE\S ANG] AGA9/ AP>!ID ?AT AB\ND$4 ,A MEMB] ( ! ,CAPE ,T[N GANG ( METALWORK]S BR\<T D[N TO ASSI/ ON ! %UT1 PL$GES HIS CREW'S SUPPORT = ! /RIKE4 ,HE SPEAKS 9 ,AFRIKAANS & ! MESSAGE IS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI% & ,ZULU40 

,AFT] ! MEET+1 EV]YONE W5T TO ! POLICE /ATION TO DEM& BACK !IR BADGES4 ,NOT A S+LE W9D[ 9 ! ,W5TWOR? POLICE /ATION REMA9$ UNBROK54 ,! >MY MOV$ 9TO ,W5TWOR? US+ AP>!ID-]A SECURITY LEGISLATION4 ,! COMPANY WAS TRY+ EV]Y TRICK TO BULLY1 CAJOLE1 BRIBE & PROPAG&IZE ! PEOPLE BACK TO WORK4 ,IT DIDN'T WORK4 ,!N !Y LET ! TEMP AG5CIES KN[ ?AT !Y W\LD ACCEPT ! /RIK]S' DEM&S & MADE A WRITT5 (F] TO UND]WRITE ! IMPORTANT WAGE P>ITY DEM&4 

,BUT N[ ?AT ! COMMUNITY HAD F\ND ITS VOICE & ITS /R5G? !RE WAS A S5SE ( PURPOSE BEYOND ! COMPROMISES & !Y /AY$ \T ON /RIKE4 ,DESAI3 

0,:5 ,I PO9T$ \T TO ONE ( ! COMMUNITY LEAD]S ?AT !Y HAD WON ! /RIKE & C\LD JU/ AS WELL CALL IT (F HIS ANSW] CONF\ND$ ME3 ',WE >E NOT /RIK+ = DEM&S1 WE >E /RIK+ = DIGNITY4' ,I TOLD HIM ?AT ,5G5 C\LD NOT PROVIDE 'DIGNITY4' ',EXACTLY1 MY FRI5D1 EXACTLY6' WAS HIS ANSW]40 

,! /RIKE W5T ON = ANO!R WEEK UNTIL ,5G5 ITSELF NEGOTIAT$ ) ! /RIK]S & CAPITULAT$ TO ALL !IR DEM&S 9CLUD+ ! 9/ATEM5T ( A MAN BADLY 9JUR$ BY ! POLICE4 

,! /RIKE AT ,5G51 UNLIKE ?AT AT ,VOLKSWAG51 DID NOT TAKE S]I\SLY ! CONCILIATION & O!R LEGAL MEASURES AF=D$ 9 PO/-AP>!ID ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,IT RELI$ ON TIM+ A WILDCAT /RIKE TO FIT 9 ) ! COMPANY TURN>\ND :5 ! COMPANY WAS MO/ VULN]ABLE4 ,A CONSID]ABLE AM\NT ( 5]GY WAS DEVOT$ TO BUILD+ COMMUNITY SUPPORT :IL/ NOT BECOM+ A CAPTIVE ( ONE POLITICAL T5D5CY OR CA/+ ITSELF 9 DOGMATIC IDEOLOGICAL T]MS4 ',IT WAS AS IF ! :OLE ( ,W5TWOR? WAS ON /RIKE4' 

,! ,DURBAN ,SOCIAL ,=UM 

,IT'S HE>T5+ TO SEE 9 ?IS T5TATIVE R5EWAL ( PROLET>IAN SELF-ORGANIZATION A REJECTION ( MANY ( ! ORGANIZATIONS OPPOS$ TO SU* SELF-ORGANIZATION4 ,TAKE1 = 9/ANCE1 ! DECL>ATION ( ! ,DURBAN ,SOCIAL ,=UM 7,D,S,F7 9 ,AUGU/ #b#a3 

0,COLONIALISM IS DEAD BUT NEW OV]LORDS IMPOSE !MSELVES4 ,! ,WORLD ,BANK1 ,W,E,F1 ,G#h1 ,I,M,F1 & ,W,T,O4 ,!Y >E SUPPORT$ NOT ONLY BY LACKEY GOV]NM5TS LIKE \R [N BUT ALSO BY A LEGION ( O!R =K$-TONGU$ ABBREVIATIONS3 ,N,G,OS1 ,U,N,OS1 ,U,S,A,I,D,S1 & ,W,C,>S1 ( :I* WE >E ALL DEEPLY SUSPICI\S1 DESPITE !IR PRET5SE AT C>+ = US40 

,! ,D,S,F1 HAV+ ORGANIZ$ A NATIONAL M>* & A S]IES ( MEET+S QUE/ION+ ! ,WORLD ,ANTI-,RACISM ,CONF]5CE1 F\ND ?AT !Y HAD 0ATTRACT$ ! USUAL >RAY :O E>N !IR KEEP LOBBY+1 POLITICK+ & GA9+ PUBLIC NOTICE = SOME OR O!R CAUSE444 ,! WORLD ( ! ,N,G,O IS A CYNICAL YET SELF-RI<TE\S1 POPULI/ YET UNDEMOCRATIC1 SYMPA!TIC YET DISEMP[]+ >5A0 &1 AS PRO( ( ?IS CRITIQUE1 ! ,N,G,OS :O W]E HOLD+ AN 'ALT]NATIVE' CONF]5CE AT ! ,CRICKET GR\ND1 CALL$ ! COPS TO DISP]SE ! ,D,S,F :5 !Y WANT$ TO CAMP & SLEEP ! NI<T !RE4 ,& ! M>* ( OV] #c1 PEOPLE ?AT ! ,D,S,F ORGANIZ$ 5D$ ) AN ATTEMPT TO BREAK ?R\< POLICE L9ES & /ORM ! CONF]5CE4 

,NEV]!LESS1 !RE'S A DANG] ?AT SU* AN UMBRELLA ORGANIZATION AS ?IS CAN DEVELOP T5D5CIES AWAY FROM SU* CONCRETE ACTS & T[>DS BE+ AS SELF-P]PETUAT+ AS ! ORGANIZATIONS IT D5\NCES1 EV5 IF IT HAS A DIFF]5T CONT5T -- ORGANIZ+ ITSELF ABOVE ALL AS AN ORGANIZATION RA!R ?AN ORGANIZ+ PRECISE ACTIVITIES1 :I* BECOME SECOND>Y4 ,P>TICUL>LY AS ?IS ORGANIZATION IS AMBIGU\SLY CONCILIATORY T[>DS SOME ( ! WORSE ASPECTS ( ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T AGA9/ AP>!ID -- 0,9 ! PROCESS1 WE HAD BUILT /RONG1 DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS & ELECT$ 9DIVIDUALS TO LEAD US :OM WE TRU/$ AS HONE/ & PR9CIPL$ PEOPLE40 ,?IS IS A PRES5T-DAY COMM5T AB\T ! SITUATION 9 ! '#hS )\T ! SLI<TE/ H9T ( CRITICAL REFLECTION AB\T ! SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T ( SU* ORGANIZATIONS1 OR ( SU* HONE/ & PR9CIPL$ PEOPLE4 ,IT SEEMS OBVI\S -- BUT P]HAPS IT ALWAYS NE$S TO BE RE-SAID3 REG>DLESS ( :E!R SOMEONE APPE>S TO BE HONE/ & PR9CIPL$1 ONCE !Y HAVE A POSITION ( PR(ESSIONAL ELECT$ LEAD] !Y DEVELOP SEP>ATE 9T]E/S1 P>TICUL>LY AS ?OSE :O WANT TO BE L$1 9 !IR TRU/1 GIVE UP !IR [N ABILITY TO 9ITIATE ACTIVITY4 ,& ?IS IS P>T ( :AT HAPP5$ AS SOON AS ,M&ELA WAS RELEAS$ FROM PRISON4 ,( C\RSE WE DON'T MEAN TO FIXATE PURELY ON 9DIVIDUAL P]SONALITIES -- ,M&ELA WAS ! 9/RUM5T & PRODUCT ( ! ,A,N,C & ! L>G] RUL+ CLASS-9-WAIT+1 ! COLLECTIVE P]PETUATORS ( HI]>*Y4 

,AL?\< IT FLIES 9 ! FACE ( ! DEEPLY 5TR5*$ 'COMMONS5SE' LOGIC ( ?IS WORLD1 ! ESS5TIAL QUE/ION IS NOT TO BUILD ORGANIZATIONS1 /RONG OR WEAK1 DEMOCRATIC OR NOT1 BUT TO 9ITIATE DIFF]5T ATTACKS ON \R MIS]Y & ORGANIZ+ ?IS1 RA!R ?AN ORGANIZ+ ! ORGANIZATION AS A PR]EQUISITE = ?IS1 :I* LOSES SI<T ( ! PO9T ( ORGANIZ+3 IT'S A WAY ( DEVELOP+ ORGANIZATION AS AN IMAGE1 A %[1 AN 5D 9 ITSELF1 :I* IS ULTIMATELY ! BUREAUCRATIC LOGIC ( ! COMMODITY ECONOMY & ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS ORGANIZATION QUE/ION IS AN 9H]5T PITFALL 9 ALL /RUGGLES ( ANY DURATION4 ,BUT 9 ! 5D1 IT'S A QUE/ION ( CON/ANT VIGILANCE ON ! P>T ( ?OSE ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES4 ,:AT MI<T BE TEMPOR>ILY PRACTICAL 9 ONE SITUATION CAN BECOME AN OB/ACLE TO ! PROGRESS ( /RUGGLE 9 ANO!R4 ,! HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE HAS ALWAYS 9VOLV$ A T5SION BETWE51 ON ! ONE H&1 ! /RUGGLE ( 9DIVIDUALS /RUGGL+ = COMMUNITY &1 ON ! O!R H&1 SUBMISSION TO ! PO9T ( VIEW ( A SEP>ATE SPECIFIC ORGANIZATION -- PROLET>IAN ID5TITY V]SUS COLLECTIVI/ ID5TITY -- ID5TIFY+ ) A P>TICUL> COLLECTIVITY 7! HI/ORY ( TRADE UNIONS IS ONLY ! MO/ OBVI\S EXAMPLE ( ?IS COMPLEX DIALECTIC72 SOON] OR LAT]1 ONE MU/ DOM9ATE ! O!R4 

,& :AT DOES ?IS QUOTE FROM ! ,D,S,F IMPLY8 

0,REC5TLY1 WE HAVE COME TO UND]/& MORE AB\T ! 0GLOBAL VILLAGE0 & >E A%AM$ AB\T ! ROLE \R GOV]NM5T HAS *OS5 TO PLAY AS AN 9DUNA ( ! ,WE/4 ,WE WI% TO APOLOGIZE TO ! PEOPLE ( ,PALE/9E1 ,H>LEM1 ,EA/ ,TIMOR1 ,CONGO1 ,*IAPAS1 ,ALG]IA1 ,BURMA1 ,SUDAN1 ,IRAQ1 ! ,DALITS ( ,9DIA1 ! WORK]S 9 ,ASIAN SWEAT%OPS1 ! WOM5 D[NTRODD5 9 ,AF<ANI/AN1 ! /REET-*ILDR5 9 ,SAO ,PAULO1 ! POLITICAL PRISON]S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! VILLAG]S 9 ! ,MALUTI ,M\NTA9 ,VALLEY1 ! ,ABORIG9ES 9 ,AU/RALIA1 ! IMMIGRANTS ( ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 & EV]Y O!R PLACE 9 \R WORLD :]E 9JU/ICE IS P]PETUAT$ :ILE ! LEAD]S ( \R C\NTRY KEEP CONV5I5TLY QUIET1 OR EV5 SUPPORT Y\R OPPRESSORS40 

,?IS S\NDS LIKE MIDDLE CLASS GUILT -- AS IF !Y'RE KIDS ( ! RUL]S FEEL+ BAD AB\T !IR NA/Y P>5TS4 ,DO !Y REALLY EXPECT RUL]S NOT TO ACT LIKE RUL]S8 ,IT SEEMS TO BE SOME?+ MORE ?AN AN UNJU/IFIABLE %AME = VOT+ = ! ,A,N,C -- AFT] ALL1 ! :OLE WORLD HI]>*Y ADV]TIS+ ! JOYS ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY C\PL$ ) ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( A PRACTICAL MOVEM5T WAS ! EXT]NAL PRESSURE TO VOTE4 ,GUILT = BELIEV+ !Y W\LD BE DIFF]5T IS NOT ONLY USELESS -- IT DOESN'T CONFRONT ! =CES ?AT 5C\RAG$ SU* 0%AMEFUL0 ILLUSIONS & P]PETUATES ! ILLUSION ?AT LEAD]S ( C\NTRIES C\LD SOMEH[ BE OK4 ,DESPITE ITS 9T]NATIONALISM1 IT /ILL IMPLIES A /RONG EMOTIONAL ATTA*M5T TO ! NATION1 & A BELIEF 9 ! IDEAL ( A ,GOOD ,/ATE -- ?AT IT C\LD BE COMPOS$ ( TRU/WOR?Y LEAD]S1 & H5CE IMPLIES SU* AN AMBITION ON ! P>T ( SOME ( ! P>TICIPANTS ( ! ,D,S,F 7! FACT ?AT ! ,D,S,F 9CLUDES ,KEEP ,LEFT1 A SEMI-,TROTSKYI/ ORGANIZATION ) L9KS TO ! ,S,W,P1 IS ADDITIONAL EVID5CE = ?IS ATTITUDE3 ,KEEP ,LEFT EV5 TOLD MEMB]S TO VOTE ,A,N,C -- BECAUSE1 APP>5TLY1 ?AT'S :]E ! WORK+ CLASS IS1 SOME?+ = :I* !Y %\LD TRULY FEEL ABJECTLY A%AM$ & GUILTY AB\T74 ,WE >E NOT CONC]N$ ) :E!R SU* PEOPLE >E G5U9E & S9C]E OR NOT -- PROBABLY MO/ ( !M >E4 ,BUT ! ESS5TIAL ?+ IS ?AT ?IS IS NOT M]ELY AN ILLUSION ?AT FLIES 9 ! FACE ( ! :OLE HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ( ALL ! V>I\S ,/ATES BUT ALSO AN ILLUSION ?AT SUPPRESSES ! CONSCI\SNESS ( HI/ORY AS BE+ SOME?+ O!R ?AN HI]>*ICAL SOCIAL RELATIONS 7TO TAKE JU/ ONE SMALL MEMORABLE EXAMPLE ( ANTI-HI]>*ICAL SELF-ORGANIZATION -- ! BLACKS ( ,ALEX&RA.<#d.> ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES DUR+ ! '#hS PUBLICLY 9 '/REET COMMITTEES' AS AN OP5 COMMUNITY1 :]E EV]Y?+ -- FROM ATTACKS ON COLLABORATORS & COPS1 TO H[ TO DEAL ) RAPI/S TO /OPP+ M5 H>ASS+ !IR EX-GIRLFRI5DS -- WAS DISCUSS$ & ORGANIZ$ BY MASS MEET+S74 ,ABOVE ALL1 IT IMPLIES 7?\<1 ( C\RSE1 WE'RE GUESS+7 ! CONT9UATION ( HI]>*ICAL RESPECT 9 ! PRES5T1 9 ! ,D,S,F ITSELF4 

,AS A CONTRIBUTION TO REEXAM9+ ! PA/ & OV]COM+ IT1 WE (F] ! FOLL[+ ?REE TEXTS4 ,IF ANY?+ USEFUL IS TO COME \T ( ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T ( ! PA/ -- = !SE MOVEM5TS NOT TO HAVE BE5 'WA/$' -- IT'S ESS5TIAL TO LOOK AT :AT WAS AN 9SPIRATION AS WELL AS :AT WAS WEAK 9 ! MOVEM5TS -- :AT 5ABL$ PEOPLE TO 5D ! REVOLUTION & PUT !IR FAI? 9 ! ,A,N,C1 ESPECIALLY CONSID]+ H[ LITTLE ! ,A,N,C HAD TO DO ) ! REAL MOVEM5T4 ,:IL/ ANY FUTURE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WILL C]TA9LY NOT PUT ITS FAI? 9 ! ,A,N,C1 IT MI<T WELL PUT ITS FAI? 9 SOME O!R REPRES5TATION ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,( C\RSE1 WE'RE A HELL ( A LONG WAY FROM ?AT1 ?\< IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT A FEW WEEKS1 EV5 DAYS1 BE=E ! #aigf ,S[ETO UPRIS+1 NO-ONE EXPECT$ SU* A WIDESPREAD MOVEM5T TO DEVELOP1 LET ALONE ?AT IT %\LD BE S*OOLKIDS :O 9ITIAT$ IT4 ,WE'RE NOT SAY+ ?IS SIMPLY >OSE SPONTANE\SLY \T ( NO:]E3 ! SE$S W]E ALREADY S[N 9 ! !ORY ( ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS1 &1 MOREOV]1 IT TOOK PLACE 9 A GLOBAL ATMOSPH]E ( 9CREAS+ SELF-CONFID5CE ON ! P>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS -- V]Y DIFF]5T FROM TODAY4 ,& IT EXPLOD$ PRECISELY BECAUSE ! BLACKS REALIZ$ !Y C\LDN'T RELY ON ANYBODY BUT !MSELVES4 ,IT WAS ONLY LAT] ?AT ! ,A,N,C1 HAV+ 9ITIALLY BE5 CONTEMPTU\SLY DISMISSIVE ( ! ,S[ETO UPRIS+1 OPPORTUNI/ICALLY HONOR$ IT A FEW YE>S AFT]W>DS 7YES1 IT TOOK !M ?AT LONG67 & ?US C\LD SEEM TO BE SOME?+ PEOPLE C\LD RELY ON O!R ?AN !MSELVES4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 WE %\LDN'T IGNORE ! SIMPLE FACT ( CLASS W>-WE>9ESS AFT] #ae YE>S ( DESP]ATE VIOL5T /RUGGLE AS A FACTOR 9 ! DOM9ANT P[]S REGA9+ ! 9ITIATIVE4 ,:I* IS ANO!R WAY ( SAY+ ?AT IF Y\ WANT PEACE Y\'VE GOT TO CON/ANTLY FI<T TO CREATE ! CONDITIONS = IT4 ,?IS IS :Y WE NE$ TO P>TLY LOOK AT ! PA/ TO R5EW ?IS /RUGGLE1 = ! PROLET>IAT TO REGA9 ! 9ITIATIVE AFT] ALL !SE YE>S4 ,?IS IS :Y WE %\LD NEV] =GET ! 9CR$IBLE MOM5TS 9 ! /RUGGLES ( ! '#gS & '#hS1 :I*1 AS F> AS WE KN[1 DON'T COMP>E ) ANY?+ GO+ ON TODAY4 ,:IL/ ! SICK SCUM :O SUPPORT ! ,A,N,C SMUGLY CLAIM ! 5D ( AP>!ID AS MA9LY D[N TO ?IS HORR5D\S ORGANIZATION & ITS FELL[ TRAVEL]S1 !RE >E A H&FUL (1 EQUALLY1 IF DIFF]5TLY1 >ROGANT1 ULTRA-LEFTI/ 'REVOLUTION>IES' :O ALSO PUT ! 5D ( AP>!ID D[N TO M]ELY A BATTLE BETWE5 COMPET+ B\RGEOIS P>TIES4 ,SU* >ROGANCE DOGMATICALLY DISMISSES ! COMPLEXITIES ( ALL PRACTICAL RISK 9 ! /RUGGLE = FRE$OM BY ONLY LOOK+ AT ! EV5TUALLY VICTORI\S WEAKNESSES ( SU* MOVEM5TS1 BY :I* CRIT]IA ONE C\LD DISMISS ! MOVEM5TS ( #a#h#d#h1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION1 ! #a#i#h#d_/#e M9]S /RIKE1 ETC4 ,9 !IR COMPLAC5T AB/RACT 'CRITIQUE' !Y %[ !IR CONTEMPTIBLE CONTEMPT = ! UNEV5 PROCESS ( ANY CONCRETE PRACTICAL OPPOSITION TO ?IS %IT WORLD1 AS WELL AS A REFUSAL TO EXAM9E ! CONTRADICTIONS ( SU* MOVEM5TS1 AS IF !RE'S NO?+ TO BE LE>N$ FROM !M4 ,SU* PETRIFI$ ATTITUDES >E WILLFULLY IGNORANT ( ANY?+ REAL ?AT HAPP5$ DUR+ ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN REVOLUTION ( ! '#gS & '#hS4 

,TAKE ?IS FROM ! ,DAILY ,MIRROR 7#a#g_/#a#a_/#h#d71 = EXAMPLE3 0,WON'T PAY8 ,CAN'T PAY6 ,MORE ?AN #b BLACKS W]E >RE/$ = NONPAYM5T ( R5T YE/]DAY :5 ,S\? ,AFRICAN POLICE SWAMP$ ON COMP\NDS NE> ,JOHANNESBURG4 ,! BLACKS SAID !Y C\LD NOT PAY BECAUSE !Y HAD BURNT D[N ! R5T (FICE40 

,OR TAKE ?IS FROM A SMALL PAMPHLET WRITT5 9 #a#i#h#d1 ,! ,?IRD ,DAY ,( ,SEPTEMB]1 AN ACC\NT ( ! UPRIS+ AGA9/ R5T HIKES 9 ,SEBOK5G BY ,JOHANNES ,RANTETE1 A #b YE> OLD SON ( A FACTORY WORK] :O1 AS A RESULT ( WRIT+ IT1 WAS 'DISAPPE>$' BY ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN POLICE3 

0,!RE WAS NO RO( ( ! BUS9ESS BUILD+S ?AT REMA9$ TALL AFT] ! /RIKES EXCEPT ! WELL-PLANN$ ,MPHATALATSANE HALL1 ,P]M BUILD+ & V>I\S *UR*ES4 ,9 ,ZONE #a#a1 ALL ! %OPS W]E BURNT D[N4 ,! R5T (FICE1 ! BOTTLE/ORE & ! BE]HALL W]E BURNT4 ,?REE H\SES W]E BURNT1 9CLUD+ A BR&-NEW ,HONDA ,BALLADE4 ,! PETROL /ATION & ! S(T-DR9K CA%-&C>RY :OLESALE W]E ALSO ATTACK$4 ,! ROADH\SE CAFE WAS BROK5 9TO & GOODS W]E TAK5 AWAY444 ,ROADS 9 ?IS ZONE W]E BLOCK$ ) /ONES1 BOXES1 & ANY?+ ELSE ?AT WAS EASY TO C>RY4 ,! ,SEBOK5G ,PO/ ,(FICE WAS ATTACK$ & BURNT1 NOT SURPRIS+LY4 ,ALL ! %OPS 9 ,ZONE #ab W]E BURNT D[N1 TOO4 ,! R5T (FICE1 ! BOTTLE/ORE1 ! BE]HALL1 A DOCTOR'S SURG]Y & ! H\SE ( A C\NCILOR W]E DE/ROY$ BY FIRE4 ,! T>R$ ROADS 9 ?IS ZONE W]E BLOCK$ ) /ONES & PELT$ ) BOTTLES & BURN+ OBJECTS TO HAMP] ! PASS+ ( VEHICLES -- ESPECIALLY POLICE VEHICLES4 ,ZONE #a#c444 NOT A S+LE %OP KEPT ITS ORIG9AL %APE4 ,EV]Y?+ WAS A%ES4 ,H]E AGA91 ! R5T (FICE WAS ATTACK$1 BUT ! LIBR>Y & TWO CL9ICS W]E SP>$4 ,A H\SE NE> ! %OPP+ C5T] WAS BURNT4 ,ROADS US$ BY BUSSES W]E PELT$ ) /ONES & BROK5 BOTTLES4 ,ZONE #a#d444 C>RIES PUBLIC BUILD+S & O!R L>GE BUILD+S :I* >E NOT F\ND 9 O!R ZONES4 ,!RE IS !444 ,MPHATALATSANE HALL1 ! ,P]M BUILD+1 ,TEXIDO SUP]M>KET1 ! BANKS & BUILD+ SOCIETIES 7,/&>D1 ,B>CLAYS1 ,VOLKSKAS1 ,UNIT$1 ,ALLI$7 & ! LONG FRONTAGE ( ! ,P @& ,A ,DRYCLEAN]S BUILD+4 ,FIRE RAG$ ?R\< ALL !SE BUILD+S4 ,ALL ! %OPS -- A 0,HIRE A ,T,V0 %OP1 A ,K5TUCKY1 A BE]HALL1 A BOTTLE/ORE -- W]E BURNT4 ,ZONE #g444 ! R5T (FICE & A PETROL /ATION BURNT D[N4 ,ZONE #c444 ,A BAK]Y1 %OPS1 A BE]HALL1 ! R5T (FICE & A BOTTLE/ORE W]E BURNT444 ,! /RIKES SPREAD AS F> AS ,%>PEVILLE1 ,BOIPATONG1 ,EVATON & ,RESID5SIA444 ,/RIKES ALSO ]UPT$ 9 ! ,SEBOK5G'S M5S HO/ELS444 A L\NGE HAD BE5 BURNT1 ALL ! %OPS1 ! ADM9I/RATION BO>D (FICE444 ,! /RIKES REALLY PROV$ TO ME ?AT UNITY IS ALIVE & /RONG AMONG BLACKS444 ,:AT IS MO/ FATAL TO BLACK UNITY IS ! NUM]\S P>TIES =M$1 ?AT (T5 LEAD TO HATR$ & MI/RU/444 ,! /RIKES TOOK F\R DAYS & AFT]W>DS #ca PEOPLE W]E DEAD4 ,MORE ?AN #e W]E 9JUR$ & AB\T #h POLICEM51 :ILE #cg W]E >RE/$4 ,! POLICE US$ TE> GAS & RUBB] BULLETS TO DISP]SE ! RIOT+ CR[DS444 ! C\NT ( POLICE VICTIMS WILL PROBABLY NEV] BE KN[N1 BECAUSE ( NEWS CLAMPD[NS4 ,SOME ( ! VICTIMS ( ! /RIKE CAN BE ID5TIFI$4 ,! ,ZONE #aa C\NCILOR1 ,MR4,JAMES ,M(OK5G1 WAS KILL$2 ,C\NCILOR ,CES> ,MOTJEANE WAS KILL$ AFT] %OOT+ TWO Y\?S1 & ON HIS CORPSE READ ! PLAC>D1 0,AWAY ) R5TALS6 ,AS9AMALI60 ,NTOMBA ,MAJOLA 7#a#b7 WAS KILL$444 ,EVATON'S DEPUTY MAYOR DI$ 9 ! HOSPITAL ON ,TUESDAY4 ,EVATON'S MAYOR HAD TO REMA9 HOMELESS AFT] HIS H\SE WAS BURNT D[N4 ,HIS G[N WAS WORN BY AN ELD]LY WOMAN :O DANC$ D[N ! /REETS & CALL$ H]SELF ! FIR/ MAYOR4 ,ON ,MONDAY444 ,%>PEVILLE C\NCILOR WAS KILL$ BY AN ANGRY MOB444 ,:5 ! S*OOLS REOP5$ ON #bf ,SEPTEMB] NO /UD5T 9 ! ,VAAL >EA WAS SE5 9 ! S*OOL Y>DS1 NOR SE5 WE>+ A S*OOL UNI=M4 ,:AT WAS ! CAUSE ( !IR /AY+ AWAY1 :]EAS ! /RIKES W]E SIMM]+ D[N8444 ,! ANSW] FROM ONE4440 ,IT WILL BE TOO DIFFICULT = US TO GO TO S*OOL :5 SOME ( \R MATES >E LANGUI%+ 9 JAIL = UNSPECIFIC 9FR+EM5TS40 

,A LOT MORE C\LD BE SAID AB\T ?IS P]IOD1 ESPECIALLY BY ?OSE :O LIV$ IT4 ,= \RSELVES1 WE'LL CONF9E \RSELVES TO ! REPRODUCTION ( !SE TWO EXCELL5T TEXTS3 

,S\? ,AFRICA #a#i#h#e3 ,! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,P[] 9 ,BLACK & ,:ITE 7,AUGU/ #a#i#h#e7 

,REFLECTIONS ON ! ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ,MOVEM5T & ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,REVOLUTION 7,AUGU/ #a#i#g#i7 

,/OP ,PRESS 

,AT ! 5D ( ,JUNE #b#e1 WE'VE HAD NEWS ( FUR!R DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,NAMELY1 A V>IETY ( CONFRONTATIONS OV] MIS]ABLE H\S+ CONDITIONS1 9 ! LA/ WEEK OR SO ( ,MAY & ! FIR/ WEEK ( ,JUNE1 ) BURN+ B>RICADES ( TIRES & RUBBI% 9 DIFF]5T P>TS ( ,CAPE ,T[N1 & ATTEMPTS TO BLOCK ONE ( ,CAPE ,T[N'S MAJOR HI<WAYS1 ! ,N#b4 ,9 ,GUGULE?U1 ! :OLE ( ,N,Y#a1 ! T[N%IP ?OR\<F>E1 WAS BLOCKAD$ EV]Y #a MET]S ) PILES ( BURN+ TIRES4 ,RESID5TS W]E EXPRESS+ ANG] AT ! LACK ( S]VICE DELIV]Y 9 T]MS ( H\SES AS WELL AS WAT] & ELECTRICITY = 9=MAL SETTLEM5TS4 ,A,N,C-ALIGN$ REPRES5TATIVES FROM ! CITY C\NCIL & PROV9CIAL GOV]NM5T W]E BOO$ & *AS$ FROM MEET+S :5 !Y TRI$ TO PACIFY ANGRY RESID5TS ) APPEALS = PATI5CE4 ,POLICE REPRESSION HAS BE5 BRUTAL1 9CLUD+ ! USE ( LIVE AMMUNITION & /UN GR5ADES1 ) ONE PROTE/]1 ,TEBOGO ,MKHONZA FROM ! ,FREE ,/ATE1 BE+ KILL$4 ,T[N #b RESID5TS GRAPHICALLY ILLU/RAT$ !IR DISCONT5T :5 !Y DUMP$ ! EXCREM5T FROM !IR BUCKETS 9 ! H\SE ( ,W>D ,C\NCILOR ,PHAKAMILE ,KULA4 ,AN ILLU/RATION ( ! 9T5SIFICATION ( SOCIAL CONFLICT IS ?AT ,COSATU1 ! L>GE/ TRADE UNION F$]ATION1 HAS ANN\NC$ A PROGRAM ( ROLL+ MASS ACTION 9CLUD+ A G5]AL /RIKE ON #bg ,JUNE AGA9/ JOB LOSSES2 ( C\RSE1 WE HAVE NO ILLUSIONS 9 ,COSATU1 BUT IF !Y HAVE TO CALL A G5]AL /RIKE ?AT'S 9 ORD] TO RECUP]ATE ! BEG9N+S ( A POT5TIALLY EXPLOSIVE SOCIAL CONFRONTATION4 

,?ANKS TO ,Z AT ,PROL-,POSITION = SOME ( ! 9=MATION H]E4 

,*APT] #b4 ,S\? ,AFRICA #a#i#h#e4 ,! ,ORGANIZATION ( ,P[] 9 ,BLACK & ,:ITE4 ,BY ,SAM ,?OMPSON & ,NORMAN ,ABRAHAM4 

,ORIG9ALLY WRITT5 9 ,AUGU/ #aihe C_/O ,P,O ,BOX #d#e#b1 ,B]KELEY1 ,C,A #i#d#g#d1 ,U,S,A ,?IS V]SION PRODUC$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #aihe BY ,B,M ,COMBU/ION1 ,LONDON 

,9TRODUCTION 

,! POLICE /ATIONS >E SURR\ND$ BY S&BAGS & B>B$ WIRE4 ,!Y LOOK LIKE TR5*ES 9 A BATTLEFIELD4 ,! POLICE BUILD+S >E FLANK$ BY ,S>AC5S & ,HIPPOS4 

,BLACK & :ITE POLICEM51 >M$ ) AUTOMATIC RIFLES1 COME 9 & \T4 ,!RE >E MASSIVE VEHICLES2 >MY VEHICLES ADAPT$ TO RIOT CONDITIONS4 ,!RE >E FUNNY LOOK+ TE>-GAS MA*9ES4 

,MANY %OPS HAVE GONE UP 9 SMOKE4 ,H\SES HAVE BE5 DE/ROY$4 ,! BURNT-\T %ELLS ( C>S1 LORRIES & BUSSES LITT] ! /REETS4 

,BLACK POLICEM5 NO LONG] LIVE 9 !IR HOMES4 ,?OSE :O HAVE NOT BE5 KILL$ HAVE FL$1 LIV+ EI!R ON POLICE PROP]TY OR ELSE:]E 9 HID+4 ,ALL LOCAL BLACK C\NCILORS >E OBJECTS ( ATTACK BECAUSE ( !IR COLLABORATION ) ! /ATE4 

,BE+ A T[N C\NCILOR IS LIKE COMMITT+ SUICIDE4 ,?OSE :O HAVE NOT YET BE5 KILL$ LIVE 9 CON/ANT FE>4 ,:5 !Y MOVE >\ND !Y >E ESCORT$ BY SOLDI]S4 

,EV]Y DAY !RE >E CLA%ES BETWE5 SOLDI]S & POLICE ON ! ONE H& & ! PEOPLE ON ! O!R4 ,TE> GAS EXPLODES 9 ! SKY4 ,RIFLES CRACK4 ,RUBB] BULLETS & BIRD %OT FLY4 ,PEOPLE >E 9JUR$4 ,PEOPLE >E KILL$4 ,CR[DS ( HUNDR$S1 (T5 ?\S&S >E SCATT]$ & DISP]S$4 ,!N !Y PLAY CAT & M\SE ) ! AU?ORITIES2 %\T+ SLOGANS1 ?R[+ /ONES1 HURL+ PETROL BOMBS1 LOOT+ C>S1 BURN+ %OPS1 KILL+ ANYONE !Y SUSPECT ( COLLABORATION ) ! GOV]NM5T OR EV5 :ITE BUS9ESS1 OR ANYONE :O DISOBEYS ! MOOD ( ! PEOPLE ON ! /REETS4 

,! SOLDI]S >E EV]Y:]E4 ,SO >E ! POLICE4 ,!Y ATTACK PEOPLE 9DISCRIM9ATELY4 ,!Y HAVE ! GUNS & AMMUNITION4 ,!Y RIDE 9 >MOR$ C>S4 ,!Y HAVE BATONS1 :IPS & TE> GAS4 ,! PEOPLE >E NOT C[$4 ,!Y GET ANGRI] & ANGRI]4 

,?IS IS ! SITUATION 9 ,LANGA1 ,NEW,BRI<TON1 ,KWA ,NOBUHLE1 ,KWAZAKHELE1 ,LITTLE,S[ETO1 ,=T ,BEAU=T1 ,L+ELIHLE 9 ! ,EA/]N ,CAPE4 ,?IS IS ! SITUATION 9 ,DUDUZA1 ,DAVEYTON1 ,SEBOK5G1 ,EVATON1 ,TEMBISA1 ,KWA!MA & ,KATLEHONG 9 ! ,TRANSVAAL4 

,! >MY & ! POLICE HAVE A MASSIVE PRES5CE 9 !SE T[N%IPS4 ,U,D,F 7,UNIT$ ,DEMOCRATIC ,FRONT7 ORGANIZATIONS >E V]Y ACTIVE4 ,ITS LEAD]S HAVE TAK5 A HI< PR(ILE & !Y HAVE PAID ! PRICE BY BE+ CUT D[N LEFT & RI<T BY ! SY/EM & ITS PAID ASSASS9S4 ,ON A LESS] SCALE1 BUT NO LESS AGGRESSIVELY & DESP]ATELY1 ,A,Z,A,P,O IS TAK+ MILITANT /EPS4 ,EV5 SOME ,A,N,C 9FILTRATORS >E OP]AT+ CL&E/9ELY4 ,BUT 9 REALITY NO ONE CONTROLS !SE T[N%IPS4 

,! >MY & ! POLICE 9TIMIDATE & CORDON US+ EV]Y?+ FROM DRAGNETS TO DEA? SQUADS TO PROVOKE FE> & UNC]TA9TY4 ,!Y DO NOT ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% ORD]4 ,U,D,F & ,A,Z,A,P,O ORGANIZE TIRELESSLY1 BUT FAIL TO E/ABLI% !SE >EAS AS ZONES UND] !IR LEAD]%IP4 

,! T[N%IPS >E BATTLEGR\NDS BETWE5 ! SY/EM & JU/ AB\T ANYBODY :O IS ON ! /REETS ON ANY GIV5 DAY4 ,! PEOPLE ( ! T[N%IPS >E FI<T+ BECAUSE !Y >E BITT] & ANGRY1 BECAUSE !Y WANT TO 5D !IR OPPRESSION1 BUT MO/LY BECAUSE !Y HAVE TO4 ,IF Y\ >E ON ! /REETS :5 ! POLICE & >MY >RIVE Y\ HAVE ?REE *OICES3 TO COLLABORATE ) ! SY/EM & !N FACE ! RISK ( A VIOL5T DEA? AT ! H&S ( PEOPLE 9 ! COMMUNITY2 OR Y\ CAN RUN AWAY & HIDE 9 Y\R HOME :]E Y\ >E /ILL NOT SAFE FROM ! BULLETS1 ! TE>GAS1 & ! SPIES2 OR O!RWISE1 Y\ GO ) ! FL[ & Y\ FI<T BACK1 9 :I*EV] WAY Y\ CAN -- ) ROCKS & ) PETROL BOMBS1 ) FI/S & ) FIRE4 

,! SITUATION MAKES PEOPLE DEFIANT & C\RAGE\S4 ,!Y >E NOT >M$1 BUT !Y >E ! T\<E/1 MO/ POLITICIZ$1 MO/ REBELLI\S PROLET>IAT 9 ! WORLD TODAY4 ,! Y\? >E 5GAG$ 9 A POTLAT*1 FLAUNT+ !IR FE>LESSNESS1 DANC+ & GYRAT+ ?R\< ! RU9S ( !IR <ETTOES1 9 AN EFFUSION ( 9T5SITY1 DEFIANCE & LIBIDO4 

,?IS IS :AT IS HAPP5+ ON ! /REETS ( ,S\? ,AFRICA'S T[N%IPS4 ,IT IS %AP+ ! EV]YDAY REALITY ( LIFE 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ( LIFE 9 A C\NTRY :]E A REVOLUTION IS RAG+4 

,AT ! SAME TIME ANO!R W> IS BE+ WAG$4 ,IT IS A W> ( IDEOLOGY & PROPAG&A1 ,IT IS A BATTLE = HI]>*ICAL P[]1 NOT A BATTLE AGA9/ IT4 ,AT ! MOM5T !RE >E FIVE MAJOR PROTAGONI/S4 ,EA* W>RANTS CLOSE EXAM9ATION4 

,! ,/ATE 

,AS BELEAGU]$ AS IT MI<T BE1 ! :ITE AP>!ID GOV]NM5T IS /ILL V]Y MU*1 9 P[]4 

,MO/ ( ! FACES 9 ! GOV]NM5T1 ) A FEW IMPORTANT EXCEPTIONS1 >E ! SAME TODAY AS !Y W]E A DECADE AGO4 

,! /ATE HAS EFFECTIVELY DEALT ) ! MILIT>Y ?REAT FROM \TSIDE ITS BORD]S4 ,9 SPITE ( 9CREAS$ T]RORI/ ATTACKS ?IS YE>1 ! ,A,N,C WAS DEALT A SEV]E BL[ MILIT>ILY BY ! ,NKOMATI ,ACCORD SIGN$ 9 #a#i#h#c4 ,S\? ,AFRICA HAS R5D]$ ! ,A,N,C GU]RILLA W> EV5 MORE RIDICUL\S ?AN EV] BE=E4 ,IT HAS SIMPLY BULLI$ 9TO SUBMISSION ! FRONTL9E /ATES1 ON :OM ! ,A,N,C IS DEP5D5T = BASES & = LAUN*+ PADS = ITS ATTACKS4 

,9SIDE ITS BORD]S ! /ATE HAS SPORADICALLY /UMBL$ UPON ! PA? ( SOME RE=MS REQUIR$ = ! IMPROV$ FUNCTION+ ( L>GE CAPITAL4 ,! EXPANSION ( A BLACK MIDDLE CLASS WAS NOT EXCLUSIVELY A POLITICAL CREATION1 BUT ALSO RESPOND$ TO A REAL NE$ = A /ABLE SKILL$ WORK=CE 9 ! PRIVATE SECTOR4 

,DESPITE OBVI\S RELUCTANCE1 COMPLETE DIS9CL9ATION1 & HAV+ BITT5 (F MORE ?AN IT C\LD *EW1 ! /ATE LEGALIZ$ BLACK TRADE UNIONS1 GIV+ CAPITAL A MORE PR$ICTABLE CONTEXT 9 :I* TO OP]ATE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?IS ANSW]$ A PRESS+ POLITICAL NE$ FROM BLACK WORK]S :O W]E ALREADY =M+ UNIONS1 LEGALLY OR NOT4 

,9 %ORT1 ! /ATE HAS ADJU/$ ITS ME?ODS ( CONTROL4 

,9T]NATIONALLY1 ! BATTLE AGA9/ EXT]NAL PRESSURE HAS1 = ! MO/ P>T1 RESOLV$ ITSELF 9 A /ALEMATE4 ,A /ALEMATE IS EXACTLY :AT ,PRETORIA WANTS1 &1 AT ANY RATE1 IS ! BE/ IT CAN HOPE =4 ,M9OR /ATUTORY & SOCIAL CONCESSIONS >E BROADCA/ AT FULL VOLUME 9T]NATIONALLY1 9 ORD] TO PROMOTE ! IMAGE ( RE=M4 ,BUT BEYOND ?IS1 ! ATTITUDES ( =EIGN GOV]NM5TS >E RELATIVELY L[ ON ! /ATE'S LI/ ( PRIORITIES4 ,FIR/ & =EMO/1 IT MU/ /OP REVOLUTION4 ,SATISFY+ ! NE$S ( DOME/IC CAPITAL IS SECOND 9 L9E4 ,=EIGN CAPITAL ALREADY 9 ! C\NTRY IS F> MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ,PRETORIA'S POPUL>ITY RAT+ 9 ! CAPITALS ( ! WE/]N WORLD1 & IS EV5 EXP5DABLE IF ! 'WOR/ COMES TO ! WOR/4' 

,! CURR5T 9T]NATIONAL \TCRY AGA9/ ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN REGIME IS PRES5T$ TO ! WE/]N PUBLIC AS A MORAL REACTION4 ,S9CE ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I VIRTUALLY EV]Y NATION 9 ! WORLD EXCEPT ,S\? ,AFRICA HAS REJECT$ RACISM AS (FICIAL POLICY4 ,P[] HAS DISCOV]$ ?AT !RE IS MORE MILEAGE TO BE GA9$ FROM CRITICIZ+ RACISM ?AN !RE IS FROM ORGANIZ+ IT4 ,! 9T]NATIONAL SYMPA?IZ]S1 MOTIVAT$ BY A MORAL \TLOOK1 SOON] OR LAT] EVOKE ! SAME PLEA AS !IR HEADS ( /ATE2 IF SOME?+ ISN'T DONE1 ?+S WILL GET REALLY BAD4 ,!Y SAY !Y FE> BLOOD%$1 :I* !Y PROPOSE TO /OP BY ASK+ SOME AU?ORITY OR O!R TO DO SOME?+4 ,:AT !Y ALL REALLY FE> IS REVOLUTION4 ,& NOT ONLY 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA4 

,9T]NAL REVOLUTION IS ! >S5IC 9 ! GOV]NM5T'S BO]WORS4 ,IT CAN TRY :ATEV] IT LIKES4 ,A PO9T HAS BE5 REA*$ :]E JU/ AB\T ANY /EP ! GOV]NM5T TAKES1 EI!R BY MEANS ( 9CREAS$ REPRESSION OR BY MEANS ( RE=M1 M]ELY 9CURS ! WRA? ( Y\NG BLACK ,S\? ,AFRICANS4 ,! /ATE SETS UP A TRICAM]AL ,P>LIAM5T2 ALL P>TICIPANTS FROM ! COLOR$ & ,9DIAN COMMUNITIES 9/ANTLY LOSE CR$IBILITY4 ,IT GIVES MORE P[] TO LOCAL BLACK C\NCILORS 9 ! T[N%IPS4 ,MORE P[] DOESN'T SAVE ! GOV]NM5T LACKEYS FROM PETROL BOMB+S & FROM LYN*+S4 

,! POLICE & ! >MY M>* ?R\< ! T[N%IPS 9 A %[ ( =CE %OOT+ & >RE/+ PEOPLE VIRTUALLY AT R&OM4 ,ALL ?AT DOES IS 9CREASE ! ANG] 9 ! BLACK COMMUNITY1 GALVANIZ+ 9TO ACTION PEOPLE :O W]E PREVI\SLY UNPOLITICIS$4 

,! DECL>ATION ( A /ATE ( EM]G5CY ON #b? ,JULY DID NOT GIVE ! POLICE & ! MILIT>Y MU* 9 ! WAY ( NEW P[]S4 ,IT SIMPLY GAVE !M ! GO-AHEAD TO FREELY USE ! P[]S !Y ALREADY 5JOY1 & :I*1 AS A NECESS>Y COMPLEM5T TO RE=M HAVE BUILT UP TO AN UNPREC$5T$ LEVEL OV] ! LA/ T5 YE>S4 

,! MASS >RE/S & 9T5SIFI$ 9TIMIDATION HAVE MO/ DEF9ITELY HAD A S]I\S IMPACT ON ! AFFECT$ BLACK COMMUNITIES4 

,! %AKY BALANCE BETWE5 RE=M & REPRESSION HAS1 = ! PRES5T1 BE5 TIPP$ T[>DS ! LATT]4 

,! /ATE ( EM]G5CY ALSO GAVE SOME =EIGN BUREAUCRACIES A CONV5I5T OPPORTUNITY TO SUSP5D RELATIONS1 & AT ! SAME /ROKE TO EXPUNGE ! BAD IMAGE ( HAV+ BE5 !RE 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 

0,!RE >E1 ( C\RSE1 TWO *>ACT]I/IC SNAGS ) :I* WE >E CON/ANTLY CONFRONT$2 ! CONFLICT+ REQUIREM5TS ( A TOTAL /RATEGY & A DEMOCRATIC SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T4 ,! FACT IS ?AT /RATEGY IS DYNAMIC & REQUIRES CON/ANT & CONT9U$ ADAPTATION4 ,A 'GAME-PLAN' IS1 ( C\RSE1 ! !ORETICAL IDEAL4 ,WE >E WORK+ T[>DS SOME?+ LIKE IT )9 ! RE/RICTIONS 9H]5T 9 \R DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS444 ,! TIME = A 'RE?9K' ( ALL \R NATIONAL RES\RCES IS N[4 ,?IS 'RE?9K' DEF9ITELY DOES NOT MEAN *ANGES 9 ! ,CON/ITUTION OR SOCIAL SY/EM1 BUT IT AIMS AT A REORI5TATION ( ACTIVITIES )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! PREVAIL+ ORD]444 ,= :ITES1 MOD]ATE BLACKS & COOP]ATIVE TRIBAL LEAD]S1 ! ISSUE AT /AKE IS SURVIVAL4440 -- ,G5]AL ,MAGNUS ,MALAN1 ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,M9I/] ( ,DEF5SE 

,! ,CL]GY 

,C]TA9 D5OM9ATIONS ( ! *UR* 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA >E TRY+ TO MAKE MIRACLES1 BUT NO ONE :O MAKES A PRACTICAL DIFF]5CE IS TAK+ !M V]Y S]I\SLY4 ,S\? ,AFRICA'S HOLY TR9ITY ( ,DESMOND ,TUTU1 ,BY]S ,NAUDE & ,ALLAN ,BOESAK RATTLE !IR TEE? ?R\<\T ! L&1 PREA*+ NONVIOL5CE AT ! DAILY FUN]ALS ( BLACK PEOPLE KILL$ BY ! POLICE4 

,/RICTLY SPEAK+ !SE ?REE CL]ICS >E 5EMIES ( ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,/ATE4 ,BUT 9 EV]Y CRISIS !Y EX]T !MSELVES TO DISSUADE VIOL5CE1 & SOMETIMES EV5 TO PREV5T IT4 ,FROM ! GOV]NM5T'S PO9T ( VIEW ?IS MEANS DISSUAD+ OR PREV5T+ ANY EFFECTIVE ACTION :ATEV]4 ,BESIDES1 !Y >E CALL+ UPON :ITES TO REP5T OR BE DAMN$1 ,TUTU EMPHASIZ+ ! REP5TANCE BIT BECAUSE HE IS ,ANGLICAN1 ,BOESAK & ,NAUDE /RESS+ DAMNATION1 A PR$ELICTION !Y %>E BECAUSE ( !IR ,AFRIKAANS BACKGR\ND4 ,SURELY ! GOV]NM5T & ! :ITES F9D !SE M5 A LOT LESS DANG]\S ?AN ! PEOPLE ALL ?REE ( !M >E URG+ TO BE NONVIOL5T4 

0,OBVI\SLY1 ?OSE :O ADVOCATE PEACEFUL *ANGE WILL HAVE !IR CR$IBILITY V]Y DRA/ICALLY ]OD$ BECAUSE !Y HAVE NO?+ TO %[ = ALL !IR ADVOCACY4 ,WE \<T TO BE JETTISON$ V]Y QUICKLY4 ,WE >E M]ELY SAY+ ?AT \R PEOPLE MU/ ACCEPT !Y HAVE TO BE VICTIMS ( ?IS VICI\S POLICY40 

-- ,BI%OP ,DESMOND ,TUTU 

,9 ! SUMM] ( ?IS YE> 7#a#i#h#e7 ,TUTU WAS ACCLAIM$ BY ! 9T]NATIONAL M$IA = 9T]V5+ AMONG AN ANGRY CR[D TO SAVE ! LIFE ( AN 9=M]4 ,NOT = NO?+ IS ?IS COP 9 %EPH]D'S CLO?+ KN[N BY O!R BLACKS 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA AS ',! ,CL[N ( ,EXPLOITATION4' ,9 ! SUMM] HE PROMIS$ TO LEAVE ,S\? ,AFRICA IF ! ANTI-,/ATE VIOL5CE DIDN'T /OP2 UN=TUNATELY ,NOBEL ,PEACE ,PRIZE W9N]S1 & O!R CELEBRITY SPECIALI/S1 NEV] KEEP !IR PROMISES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! ONLY REAL 9FLU5CE ?IS CL[N HAS IS ON ?OSE \TSID]S :O CON !MSELVES 9TO BELIEV+ HE C\LD POSSIBLY HAVE SOME 9FLU5CE ON ! REAL /RUGGLE 9 ! T[N%IPS1 ! /REETS & ! FACTORIES4 

,! ,AFRICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS 7,A,N,C7 

0,WE WANT ,JOHANNESBURG TO REMA9 ! BEAUTIFUL & ?RIV+ CITY ?AT IT IS N[4 ,!RE=E1 WE >E WILL+ TO MA9TA9 SEP>ATE LIV+ UNTIL !RE >E 5\< NEW EMPLOYM5T OPPORTUNITIES & NEW HOMES TO ALL[ BLACKS TO MOVE 9TO ,JOHANNESBURG ) DIGNITY40 

-- ,NELSON ,M&ELA 

,= ! PA/ QU>T] C5TURY1 ! ,A,N,C HAS BE5 ! =EMO/ SURROGATE GOV]NM5T ( ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,IT HAS E>N$ A NAME = ITS RHETORIC & ITS RAV+S1 & HAS BE5 OV]-G5]\S ) ITS PRAISES = ! ,RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACY4 ,BUT B5EA? ! IDEOLOGICAL BOMBA/1 IT HAS DEVELOP$ A BUREAUCRACY MORE CAPABLE ?AN ANY O!R ( REPLAC+ ! AP>!ID /ATE & ( SUCCESSFULLY NEGOTIAT+ 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL CORRIDORS ( P[]4 

,= DECADES1 ! ,A,N,C ADVOCAT$ GU]RILLA W> AS ! ONLY VIABLE SALVATION = BLACK ,S\? ,AFRICANS4 ,DUR+ ! UPRIS+S ( #a#i#g#f-#g & #a#i#h1 ! ,A,N,C WAS CONSPICU\SLY ABS5T FROM ! HEAT ( /RUGGLE4 ,A,N,C EV5 W5T SO F> AS TO M9IMIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( !SE /RUGGLES AS LEAD]LESS1 AN>*IC & EV5 9FANTILE4 

,! EV5TS ( ! LA/ YE> HAVE L$ ,A,N,C TO ABRUPTLY *ANGE ITS TUNE3 IT N[ RECOGNIZES 9T]NAL REVOLT AS ! ?REAT TO ! :ITE /ATE1 & ! ONLY VIABLE AV5UE = AN ASC5T TO P[]4 ,?IS RECOGNITION CO9CIDES ) AN ADMISSION BY ! ,/ATE ?AT ! C5T] ( ITS PROBLEMS LIES )9 ! C\NTRY1 NOT \TSIDE4 

,A NUMB] ( FACTORS COMB9$ TO ALL[ ,A,N,C TO KEEP ITS HAT 9 ! R+ DESPITE ITS 9EFFECTIV5ESS4 

,NO SMALL CR$IT CAN BE GIV5 TO ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN GOV]NM5T1 :I*1 = #b YE>S DEF9$ ! ,A,N,C AS ! 5EMY1 BO? = SELFS]V+ REASONS & BECAUSE ( ! GOV]NM5T'S [N ILLUSIONS4 

,! PRE/IGE ( BE+ ! OLDE/ LIB]ATION MOVEM5T1 ) WELL-KN[N FIGURES & M>TYRS1 PLAY$ A P>T4 

,! HOPE ( BLACKS = AN \TSIDE SOLUTION1 SIMIL> TO ! HOPE ( RELIGI\S PEOPLE = SALVATION FROM ON HI<1 ALSO HAD A ROLE4 ,ALONG ) ?IS (T5 W5T ! CON/ANTLY FRU/RAT$ DESIRE = >MS4 ,WEAPONS CAME NOT 9 A FLOOD BUT A TRICKLE ALWAYS 9 ! H&S ( LOYAL CADRES1 & MO/LY SQU&]$ ON T]RORI/ ACTS4 ,BUT AL?\< DESP]ATE PEOPLE SAW NO SIGNIFICANT DELIV]Y ( ! GOODS1 ,A,N,C REMA9$ ! ONLY POT5TIAL GAME 9 T[N4 

,?\< ! BUILDUP ( A BUREAUCRACY 9EVITABLY GOES H& 9 H& ) CALCIFI$1 HI]>*ICAL ?9K+1 ! ,A,N,C MANAG$ TO AVOID ! FATE ( ! ,PAN-,AFRICAN ,CONGRESS1 :I* COMMITT$ SUICIDE BY *OK+ ON ITS [N DOGMA4 

,! ,A,N,C HAS NOT LO/ SI<T ( ITS SOLE REAL PRACTICAL OBJECTIVE3 ! SEIZURE ( P[] 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,?IS IS ! FUNDAM5TAL REQUIREM5T ( AN EFFECTIVE ,L59I/ ORGANIZATION4 ,A,N,C HAS CROSS$ MANY BRIDGES BUT BURNT V]Y FEW4 ,ONE EXAMPLE ( ?IS IS ?AT1 DESPITE ITS RELATION%IPS ) ! ,/AL9I/S ( ! EA/]N BLOC1 IT HAS REMA9$ =EMO/ A NATIONALI/ GR\P4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! ,A,N,C W\LD BE 9T]NALLY ,/AL9I/ 9 ! UNLIKELY EV5T ( A C\P1 NEGOTIAT$ OR O!RWISE4 ,BUT ?AT AN ,A,N,C GOV]NM5T W\LD BECOME A SIMPLE ,RUSSIAN SATELLITE1 ALONG ! L9ES ( ,M,P,L,A 9 ,ANGOLA1 IS RA!R IMPLAUSIBLE4 

,IT IS WRONG TO SAY ?AT EV5TS 0=C$0 ! ,A,N,C TO DO ANY?+4 ,! NEW ,A,N,C \TLOOK IS AN OPPORTUNI/IC MOVE1 NOTABLE NOT = BE+ OPPORTUNI/IC1 BUT = BE+ SUCCESSFULLY SO4 

,! SUCCESS HAS BE5 SPECTACUL>4 ,AFT] YE>S ( HOLL[ CLAIMS & DIRTY DE$S1 ALL IS =GOTT5 & ,A,N,C IS V]Y MU* 9 ! RUNN+ AGA94 ,IT IS GA9+ CONFID5CE ALMO/ TO ! PO9T ( EUPHORIA4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME1 !RE IS EVID5CE AMONG ?OSE ACTUALLY FI<T+ ! ,POLICE ( A SIGNIFICANT SPONTANE\S SUPPORT = ,A,N,C4 ,PASSIVE SUPPORT IS AT AN ALL-TIME HI<4 ,IT IS ! ONLY OPPOSITIONAL ORGANIZATION ) A HI<LY DEVELOP$ BUREAUCRACY & WIDE-SCALE 9T]NATIONAL RECOGNITION4 ,BE/ ( ALL1 IT MU/ ONLY PRESCRIBE ACTIVITIES TO ! MASSES AFT] !Y HAVE ALREADY HAPP5$ 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ITS POSITION4 ,! T[N%IPS HAVE BECOME UNGOV]NABLE8 ,! ,A,N,C MU/ ONLY ANN\NCE ! SLOGAN1 0,MAKE ! T[N%IPS UNGOV]NABLE10 & ITS POPUL>ITY SKYROCKETS4 

,A,N,C WILL CONT9UE TO CONDUCT T]RORI/ ACTIVITIES & EV5 9T5SIFY !M IF IT CAN4 ,IT MU/ MA9TA9 A VISIBLE PR(ILE1 & KEEP UP MORALE & D$ICATION AMONG ITS >M$ W+4 ,BUT = MO/ ( ?OSE 9 ! ,A,N,C MILIT>Y CAMPS1 ! FUTURE AFT] ! GLORI\S EV5T1 IF IT COMES1 IS MORE MUNDANE3 AS ! ELITE ( ! ,A,N,C POLICE4 

,AS IS ! CASE ) ! ,/ATE1 ,A,N,C DOES NOT KN[ :]E IT WILL BE SWEPT 9 ! C\RSE ( REVOLUTION4 ,9 SPITE ( A DEF9ITE GR[? 9 SUPPORT1 ,A,N,C F9DS EV5TS \T ( ITS CONTROL4 ,WILD SPECULATION AB\NDS AB\T NAVIGAT+ FROM ,LONDON & ,LUSAKA TO ,PRETORIA4 ,BUT SOME BASIC PO9TS CAN & MU/ BE MADE4 

,9 A P>TICUL>LY REVEAL+ MOM5T1 ! MY/ICAL ,NELSON ,M&ELA1 JAIL$ DEMIGOD ( ! ,A,N,C1 REC5TLY SAID3 

0,WE WANT ,JOHANNESBURG TO REMA9 ! BEAUTIFUL & ?RIV+ CITY ?AT IT IS N[4 ,!RE=E1 WE >E WILL+ TO MA9TA9 SEP>ATE LIV+ UNTIL !RE >E 5\< NEW EMPLOYM5T OPPORTUNITIES & NEW HOMES TO ALL[ BLACKS TO MOVE 9TO ,JOHANNESBURG ) DIGNITY40 

,?\< BITT] 5EMIES1 ) PR(\NDLY OPPOS+ 9T]E/S1 ! ,A,N,C & ! :ITE /ATE >E UNIT$ 9 AT LEA/ ?IS3 ! 9FRA/RUCTURE ( ! ECONOMY MU/ BE SAV$4 ,[N]%IP1 P]SONNEL & ! /YLE ( ADM9I/RATION >E :AT IS AT /AKE H]E4 

,= ! ,A,N,C TO COME TO P[] 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA !N1 AT SOME PO9T 9 TIME & PREF]ABLY SOME:]E1 ! REVOLUTION MU/ /OP4 

,! ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ,MOVEM5T 

,! HI/ORY ( ,A,Z,A,P,O & ,U,D,F1 & ! REALITY ( :AT !Y >E TODAY CANNOT BE UND]/OOD )\T RECALL+ ! ORIG9S ( ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS1 :OSE LEGACY ,A,Z,A,P,O CLAIMS TO 9H]IT1 & :OSE =M ( ORGANIZATION & :OSE POLITICAL PROM95CE ,U,D,F HAS USURP$4 

,:5 ,/EVE ,BIKO LAUN*$ ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ) ! PROCLAMATION1 0,BLACK MAN Y\ >E ON Y\R [N0 HE CAME UP ) A MA/] /ROKE ( /RATEGY4 ,! IMPASSE ( FIFTE5 YE>S ( WAIT+ = ! ,A,N,C WAS ?RU/ ASIDE4 ,BIKO RE/OR$ RADICAL SUBJECTIVITY TO ! REVOLUTION>Y T]RA9 BY SWIT*+ ! FOCUS FROM ! PASSIVE WAIT+ = LIB]ATION FROM \TSIDE TO ! REALM ( 9DIVIDUAL CONSCI\SNESS4 

,CLE>LY1 ?IS WAS NOT CONSCI\SNESS ACCORD+ TO ! ACADEMIC NOTION ( :AT Y\ ?9K :5 SOMEONE ASKS Y\4 ,IT WAS 9SEP>ABLY L9K$ TO ACTION1 ON ! LEVEL ?AT IS ACCESSIBLE TO EV]YONE3 ?AT ( HIS OR H] [N DAILY LIFE4 ,POLITICAL /RUGGLE WAS NOT D5I$1 BUT RA!R1 PUT BACK ON ITS FEET4 ,ACTION 9 DAILY LIFE WAS POS$ NOT AS A SUB/ITUTE = POLITICAL ACTION1 BUT AS ! F\NDATION ?AT MAKES CONTE/+ P[] CONCEIVABLE4 ,BIKO POS$ A SIMPLE QUE/ION3 H[ CAN ONE OPPOSE AP>!ID & ! :ITE ,/ATE :5 ONE1 EV]YDAY1 GIVES 9 TO ! MO/ BASIC HUMILIATIONS8 ,H[ CAN A P]SON :O IS CON/ANTLY READY TO SAY1 0,JA1 MY BAAS10 EFFECTIVELY CONFRONT ! 5TIRE SOCIAL SY/EM8 

,! 9ITIAL ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS DECISION NOT TO CO-OP]ATE ) :ITE OPPON5TS ( AP>!ID MU/ BE UND]/OOD 9 ?IS PRECISE CONTEXT4 ,?\< ,BIKO & HIS ASSOCIATES RECOGNIZ$ ?AT C]TA9 :ITES HAD COME TO PLAY A ROLE 91 = 9/ANCE1 ! ,CONGRESS ( ,DEMOCRATS LEAD]%IP F> \T ( PROPORTION TO ! ,CONGRESS'S CON/ITU5CY1 ?IS WAS NOT ! PRIM>Y FOCUS ( !IR DECISION4 ,! PO9T WAS NOT TO CREATE AN IDEOLOGY1 TACTIC OR PROGRAM ?AT WAS ATTRACTIVE TO BLACKS1 OR EV5 TO CREATE AN ALL-BLACK LEAD]%IP4 ,RA!R1 IT WAS A BYPRODUCT ( ! V]Y C5T] ( ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ?9K+1 ITS FOCUS ON ! 9DIVIDUAL BLACK MAN & HIS NE$ TO BEG9 FROM A POSITIVE SELF-DEF9ITION1 BAS$ ON HIS [N SITUATION AS HE HIMSELF DET]M9$ IT4 

,! E>LY ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ORGANIZATIONS1 E4G4 ,S,A,S,O 7,S\? ,AFRICAN ,/UD5TS ,ORGANIZATION71 W]E LIMIT$ 9 SCOPE & W]E (T5 SPECIFIC TO P>TICUL> PROJECTS1 AS 9 ,B,C,P 7,BLACK ,COMMUNITY ,PROGRAMS74 ,NO SORT ( COMPREH5SIVE ORGANIZATION :I* MI<T COMPETE ) ,A,N,C WAS 5VISAG$4 ,IT IS WOR? NOT+ 9 ?IS CONTEXT ?AT ,BIKO HIMSELF MADE A CONT9UAL EF=T TO AVOID ANY SORT ( P]SONALITY CULT1 ANY ROLE ?AT W\LD MAKE HIM 9DISP5SIBLE TO ! FULFILLM5T ( ! \TLOOK :I* HE DID SO MU* TO DEVELOP4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ! P>TISANS ( ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS DEF9ITIVELY BROKE ) ! NOTION ( A HI]>*ICAL1 ,L59I/-TYPE ORGANIZATION4 ,IT IS MORE ACCURATE TO SAY ?AT !Y PROCE$$ NOT AGA9/ IT1 BUT )\T IT4 ,?IS WAS 9 L>GE P>T A TACTICAL *OICE1 TO AVOID LEAD]S BE+ S+L$ \T & ELIM9AT$ BY ! ,/ATE4 

,DUR+ ! E>LY #a#i#gS1 A ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK BEGAN TO TAKE %APE4 ,! NUMB] ( ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ORGANIZATIONS 9CREAS$4 ,SOME ( !M GREW \T ( ! /RUGGLE ITSELF4 ,EXI/+ GR\PS 9CREAS$ RAPIDLY 9 SIZE4 ,COORD9ATION ( !SE GR\PS WAS LOOSELY =MALIZ$ 9 ! NOTION ( AN 'UMBRELLA' /RUCTURE4 ,EA* MEMB] GR\P WAS ALL[$ TO CONDUCT ITS ACTIVITIES FREE ( C5TRALIZ$ CONTROL4 ,BUT ?\< EXPLICITLY NOT MONOLI?IC OR DOGMATIC1 ! UMBRELLA NOTION ADD$ A DECISIVE NEW ELEM5T TO ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS4 

,ONE BEGAN TO HE> MORE & MORE ( ! ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ,MOVEM5T4 ,?IS REF]R$ AT ONCE TO ! G5]AL SOCIAL UNRE/ SWEEP+ ! C\NTRY & TO ! ORGANIZATIONS =MALLY UNIT$ 9 ! ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS UMBRELLA4 ,A T5SION BETWE5 !SE CONCEPTIONS EM]G$ & 9 TIME DEVELOP$4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS WAS A 0WAY ( LIFE10 REFLECT+ &1 9 SOME VAGUE S5SE1 UNIT+ ! ACTIONS ( AUTONOM\S 9DIVIDUALS 9 !IR /RUGGLES AT ALL LEVELS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS WAS BECOM+ A SEP>ATE 5TITY1 NOT M]ELY ! G5]AL MOVEM5T BUT A DI/9CT1 ORGANIZ$ P>T ( IT4 ,! T5D5CY BECAME = ! ,B,C,M LEAD]S TO SEE ! UNORGANIZ$ MOVEM5T 9 ! T]MS ( ! ORGANIZ$ ONE1 :]E :AT WAS 'AUTONOM\S' WAS NO LONG] ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT RA!R1 ! V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS4 

,! DUALITY BETWE5 ! TWO CONCEPTIONS ( ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS WAS SOLIDIFI$ ) ! ,B,C,M LEAD]S' NEW IDEOLOGY ( 0MASS SUPPORT40 ,?IS IDEOLOGY DEVELOP$ SOME?+ LIKE ?IS4 ,FIR/1 !RE WAS ! FACT ( P>ALLEL & EV5 JO9T ACTION BETWE5 ! ORGANIZ$ & UNORGANIZ$ ELEM5TS ( ! 0MOVEM5T40 ,SECOND1 9 ! G5]AL UPHEAVAL1 ! DIVISION BETWE5 =MAL ,B,C,M ACTIVI/S & ! ACTIONS ( O!RS BLURR$ TO ! PO9T ( 9VISIBILITY1 NOTABLY 9 ! EYES ( ! ,/ATE4 ,?IRD1 !RE WAS WIDESPREAD POPUL>ITY ( ! NOTION ( ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS 9 ! BROADE/ S5SE4 

,! IDEOLOGY ( 0MASS SUPPORT0 TURN$ !SE REALIZATIONS UPSIDE D[N4 ,:ILE APP>5TLY REAFFIRM+ ! NON-AU?ORIT>IAN NATURE ( ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS1 IT RECA/ ! 0MASSES0 9 ! T]MS ( ORGANIZATIONAL =MS4 ,NO LONG] W]E ! ACTIONS ( UNORGANIZ$ BLACKS M]ELY DI/9CT FROM ! ORGANIZ$ ,B,C,M1 9 IMPORTANCE IF NOT ADM9I/RATIVELY4 

,BIKO SAID1 9 ONE ( HIS 0,FRANK ,TALK0 >TICLES1 ?AT AS ! /RUGGLE PROGRESSES1 WE NE$ TO TALK MORE & MORE ( BLACKS & LESS ( :ITES4 ,BUT BY ! TIME ,B,C,M WAS BANN$1 ! WAT*WORD HAD BECOME1 WE NE$ TO TALK MORE & MORE ( ORGANIZATIONS1 & LESS ( 9DIVIDUAL BLACKS6 

,?IS WAS R\<LY ! SITUATION AT ! TIME ! ,B,C,M WAS BANN$ 9 #a#i#g#g4 ,:5 ! ,/ATE CUT ?+S %ORT1 ! ,BLACK ,PEOPLE'S ,CONV5TION WAS ALREADY SETT+ ITSELF UP AS AN ELITE ( CADRES1 ! BUREAUCRATIC C5T] ( ,B,C,M BO? ADM9I/RATIVELY & 9 T]MS ( E/ABLI%+ AN IMPLICIT IDEOLOGICAL PROGRAM4 

,A,Z,A,P,O 

,A,Z,A,P,O WAS F\ND$ 9 #a#i#g#g1 AFT] ! EXI/+ ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS GR\PS W]E BANN$4 ,MANY ,B,C,M ACTIVI/S JO9$ ,A,Z,A,P,O !N4 ,IF ,A,Z,A,P,O IS 9 SOME S5SE :AT IT CLAIMS TO BE1 ! 9H]ITOR ( ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS1 !N IT IS 9 ?IS S5SE3 ,A,Z,A,P,O ASSUM$ ! LEGACY ( ! BUREAUCRATIC T5D5CIES ?AT W]E DEVELOP+ 9 ,B,C,M AT ! TIME ( ! BANN+4 

,) ! GRADUAL RE/ORATION ( ORD] 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA 9 #a#i#g#g1 ANY NUMB] ( SUP]FICIAL CRITIQUES ( ,:AT ,W5T ,WRONG EM]G$4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ FREQU5T & VOCAL ( !SE WAS ! /RUGGLES ( '#g#f-'#g#g LACK$ ORGANIZATION1 & MORE SPECIFICALLY1 A PR(ESSIONAL1 DISCIPL9$ LEAD]%IP4 ,?IS IS A PR$ICTABLE RESPONSE ?AT HAS FOLL[$ ALMO/ EV]Y PROLET>IAN EXPLOSION ! WORLD OV]1 MADE MO/LY BY ASPIR+ BUREAUCRATS :O HAVE AT BE/ L$ NO?+4 

,! ACTUAL =MATION ( ,A,Z,A,P,O1 ) ITS CADRES ( COMMITT$ & UNSW]V+LY LOYAL MILITANTS1 WAS ! PRACTICAL CRY/ALLIZATION ( ?IS SAD \TLOOK4 

,ONE ( ,A,Z,A,P,O'S APPEALS WAS1 NO D\BT1 ?AT IT SCRAPP$ SOME ( ! BAGGAGE ?AT HAD BE5 AWKW>DLY C>RI$ ALONG 9 ! LOOSE UMBRELLA /RUCTURE ( ,B,C,M4 ,:]EAS %EEP 9 WOLVES CLO?+ LIKE ,BU!LEZI & ,MOTLANA HAD BE5 ABLE TO DRESS !IR SORRY RE=MISM 9 ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ATTIRE1 ,A,Z,A,P,O S5T !M PACK+4 

,ALREADY 9 #a#i#g#g1 ! ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS PHILOSOPHY HAD LO/ MU* ( ITS 9ITIAL PRACTICAL BASIS4 ,?\S&S UPON ?\S&S ( BLACK ,S\? ,AFRICANS HAD 9 ! PA/ TWO YE>S BECOME PREP>$ TO FI<T ! ,/ATE1 ANGRY & AMAZ+LY CONSCI\S ( !IR SITUATION4 ,TODAY1 9 #a#i#h#e1 ! BLACK MAN :O SAYS 0,JA BAAS0 TO ! :ITE MAN'S FACE & !N CURSES HIM 9 ! TOILET BELONGS TO AN 5DANG]$ SPECIES4  

0,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS0 9 ! H&S ( ,A,Z,A,P,O HAS BECOME A SIMPLE PROGRAMMATIC LABEL4 ,IT PROVIDES A REASSUR+ L9K ) PA/ /RUGGLES1 ) :I* MANY PEOPLE ID5TIFY 9 SOME S5SE4 ,BUT1 MO/ ( ALL1 IT S]VES TO DI/+UI% ,A,Z,A,P,O FROM O!R ORGANIZATIONS ) :OM IT IS 5GAG$ 9 A P[] /RUGGLE = ! IMAG9$ PROPRIETOR%IP ( ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN REVOLUTION4 ,A,Z,A,P,O CL+S TO BLACK EXCLUSIV5ESS NOT FROM !ORETICAL /RATEGY BUT = TACTICAL REASONS3 IT FIGURES ?IS WILL HAVE A BROAD APPEAL4 ,IT ALSO C\NTS ON ?IS EXCLUSIV5ESS TO HELP MA9TA9 COMMITM5T & MILITANCY )9 ITS RANKS ( BELIEV]S4 

,A,Z,A,P,O'S IDEOLOGICAL PROGRAM1 9 KEEP+ ) ITS PRACTICAL \TLOOK1 IS SLI<TLY MORE MILITANT & D>+ ?AN ?OSE ( ITS PR9CIPAL RIVALS ,A,N,C & ,U,D,F4 ,IT IS BASICALLY AN AMALGAM ( %OPWORN ,L59I/ PHRASEOLOGY1 HEAVILY EMPHASIZ+ ! WORK+ CLASS1 ) ! USUAL PEANS TO ANTI-RACISM & ANTI-IMP]IALISM4 ,IT EXPLICITLY CALLS = POPUL> CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS REWORK$ 9TO AN ANEMIC PAN-,AFRICANI/ NATIONALISM4 ,BUT ALL ?IS HAS LITTLE PRACTICAL IMPACT4 ,A,Z,A,P,O IS AT ROOT AN ORGANIZATIONAL =M 9 SE>* ( A CONT5T4 ,ALL 9 ALL1 !RE >E NO GOALS 9 ! ,A,Z,A,P,O PROGRAM ?AT ,U,D,F OR ,A,N,C C\LD NOT COM=TABLY LIVE )4 ,IF ,U,D,F & ,A,N,C TONE D[N !IR PROPAG&A A BIT IT'S BECAUSE ( DIFF]5T TACTICAL APPROA* NOT A DIFF]5T !ORETICAL ONE4 

,! WIDELY PUBLICIZ$ ATTACKS BY ,A,Z,A,P,O MILITANTS ON ,U,D,F MILITANTS & VICE V]SA 9ITIALLY S]V$ ! 9T]E/S MORE ( ,A,Z,A,P,O ?AN ,U,D,F4 ,?IS IS SIMPLY BECAUSE ,U,D,F IS BY F> ! /RONG] ORGANIZATION1 :I* IS GRAPHICALLY DEMON/RAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT ! ,/ATE ( ,EM]G5CY HAS SE5 HUNDR$S ( ,U,D,F MILITANTS R\ND$ UP BY ! POLICE & ALMO/ NO MEMB]S ( ,A,Z,A,P,O4 ,ONE ON ONE BATTLES GIVE ,A,Z,A,P,O ! APPE>ANCE ( BE+ ON A MORE EQUAL FOOT+ ) ,U,D,F ?AN IS ACTUALLY ! CASE4 ,= A P]IOD ( TIME1 ! RELATIVE MILITANCY ( ,A,Z,A,P,O CADRES CAN1 9 DIRECT BATTLES1 COMP5SATE = ! F> GREAT] NUMB] ( ,U,D,F SUPPORT]S4 

,ALMO/ EV]YONE :O HAS PUBLICLY COMM5T$ ON ! MATT] HAS PO9T$ \T ?AT ! ,U,D,F V4 ,A,Z,A,P,O ATTACKS HAVE AS !IR MA9 B5EFICI>Y ! :ITE ,/ATE4 ,9 ! S5SE ?AT ?IS HAS ALL[$ ! ,/ATE TO MURD] ,U,D,F MEMB]S & BLAME ,A,Z,A,P,O1 ?IS IS TRAGICALLY TRUE4 

,BUT 9 G5]AL1 ?OSE :O DECRI$ ! ATTACKS HAVE DONE SO FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( A HOLL[ BLACK UNITY4 ,?IS VIEWPO9T CONTA9S A FUNDAM5TAL MISUND]/&+4 ,! PROLET>IAT IS NOT WEAK BECAUSE IT IS DIVID$ IT IS DIVID$ BECAUSE IT IS WEAK4 ,?\< P]HAPS /RONG] TODAY ?AN EV] BE=E1 ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN PROLET>IAT HAS /ILL NOT YET %[N ITSELF /RONG 5\< TO ?R[ (F ! *A9S ( BUREAUCRATIC OPPOSITION TO CAPITALISM4 ,! GREATE/ TRAG$Y ( ! ,U,D,F-,A,Z,A,P,O CONFLICT & ! VIOL5CE ?AT HAS ACCOMPANI$ IT1 IS ?AT IT HASN'T BR\<T ! OPPRESS$ ONE MILLIMET] CLOS] TO GREAT] CL>ITY1 TO NEW =MS ( /RUGGLE1 TO ! CRITICAL SELF-EVALUATION ?AT IS NE$$ SO DESP]ATELY4 ,IT'S ALL BE5 LO/ 9 A P[] /RUGGLE BETWE5 RIVAL BUREAUCRACIES4 

,! ,UNIT$ ,DEMOCRATIC ,FRONT 7,U,D,F7 

,9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#h#b1 A /E]+ COMMITTEE WAS SETUP TO E/ABLI% ! ,UNIT$ ,DEMOCRATIC ,FRONT4 ,?IS HAD BE5 PROMPT$ BY A CALL FROM ,DR4 ,AL,IAN ,BOESAK1 PRESID5T ( ! ,WORLD ,ALLIANCE ( ,RE=M$ ,*UR*ES1 = PROGRESSIVE =CES TO UNITE 9 RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T'S CON/ITUTIONAL PLANS4 

,9 ! MON?S ( ,MAY1 ,JUNE & ,JULY1 G5]AL C\NCILS ( ! ,U,D,F W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 ,NATAL1 ! ,TRANSVAAL & ! ,CAPE ,PROV9CE4 

,! AIM ( ! ,U,D,F WAS TO A*IEVE MAXIMUM UNITY AMONG 0ALL DEMOCRATIC PEACE-LOV+ PEOPLE10 AS A RESPONSE TO ! GOV]NM5T'S PLANS TO DIVIDE PEOPLE & 5TR5* AP>!ID4 

,AT A PRESS CONF]5CE 9 E>LY ,AUGU/1 ! NATIONAL 9T]IM EXECUTIVE ( ! ,U,D,F EMPHASIZ$ ?AT :ILE IT >TICULAT$ ! VIEW PO9T ( A BROAD CROSS-SECTION ( PEOPLE1 IT ACCEPT$ ?AT ! MA9 BURD5 ( EXPLOITATION & DISCRIM9ATION FELL ON ! WORK+ CLASS4 

,ON ,AUGU/ #b?1 ! ,U,D,F WAS LAUN*$ NATIONALLY :5 A ?\S& DELEGATES1 REPRES5T+ SOME #ege ORGANIZATIONS1 MET AT ,MIT*ELL'S ,PLA9 9 ! ,WE/]N ,CAPE4 ,MANY HI<LY VISIBLE ORGANIZATIONS W]E 9 ATT5DANCE4 ,!SE 9CLUD$3 

,A,Z,A,S,O 7,AZANIAN ,/UD5TS ,ORGANIZATION71 ,T,I,C 7,TRANSVAAL ,9DIAN ,CONGRESS71 ,C,O,S,A,S 7,CONGRESS ( ,S,A /UD5TS71 ,S,A,A,W,U 7,S,A ,ALLI$ ,WORK]S ,UNION71 ,F$]ATION ( ,S,A ,WOM51 ,BLACK ,SA%1 ,S[ETO ,COMMITTEE ( ,T51 ,D,P,S,U,C 7,DETA9EES ,P>5TS ,SUPPORT ,COMMITTEE71 ,RELEASE ,M&ELA ,COMMITTEE1 ,S,A,S,P,U 7,S,A ,/UD5T ,PRESS ,UNION7 & HUNDR$S ( Y\? ORGANIZATIONS & ACTION COMMITTEES4 

0,! PR9CIPAL ( ORGANIZATION DOES NOT LIE 9 A DET]M9$ ACCORD BETWE5 DET]M9$ ACTIVITIES2 IT DOES NOT TRANSLATE ! REALLY ORGANIZABLE ELEM5T ( 9DIVIDUALS' ACTIVITY1 BUT IS ! 9V]SION ( ?IS PO9T ( VIEW3 IT IS REAL & POT5TIAL GLOBAL ACTIVITY1 ! V]Y SUB/ANCE ( 9DIVIDUALS1 WORK+ TO ORGANIZE ! ORGANIZATION40 

 -- ,DANIEL ,D5EV]T1 #aigf 

,! ,U,D,F CONF]5CE ADOPT$ A DECL>ATION :I* /AT$ AS ITS AIM ! CREATION ( A UNIT$ DEMOCRATIC ,S\? ,AFRICA1 FREE ( BANTU/ANS & GR\P >EAS & BAS$ ON ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! NE$ = 'UNITY 9 /RUGGLE ?R\< :I* ALL DEMOCRATS1 REG>DLESS ( RACE1 RELIGION OR COLOR %ALL TAKE P>T TOGE!R' WAS RECOGNIZ$4 

,! ,U,D,F PL$G$ TO ORGANIZE COMMUNITY1 WOM5'S1 /UD5TS'1 RELIGI\S1 SPORT+ & O!R ORGANIZATIONS1 TO BUILD & /R5G!N !SE ORGANIZATIONS1 TO CONSULT ) PEOPLE REGUL>LY TO REPRES5T !IR VIEWS1 TO $UCATE PEOPLE AB\T ! 'COM+ DANG]S1' & TO 'UNITE 9 ACTION' AGA9/ ! CON/ITUTION & O!R DAY-TO-DAY PROBLEMS ( ! PEOPLE4 

,AS A FRONT RA!R ?AN AN ORGANIZATION ,U,D,F EX]TS AN EPHEM]AL CONTROL OV] ITS AFFILIATES1 & DOES NOT MAKE !M T[ A P>TICUL> L9E4 ,NEV]!LESS1 A COMMON IDEOLOGICAL ?READ ?AT MORE OR LESS B9DS ALL ,U,D,F GR\PS TOGE!R IS ! TACIT ACCEPTANCE ( ! ,FRE$OM ,*>T] AS A POLICY MANIFE/O4 ,! ,FRE$OM ,*>T] S]VES SEV]AL IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS = ! ,U,D,F4 ,IT GIVES SOME IDEOLOGICAL CONT5T TO ! ,U,D,F'S ORGANIZATIONAL =M4 ,IT IS SUFFICI5TLY DILUT$ TO APPEASE ! MOD]ATES 9 ITS BROAD COALITION1 & JU/ VAGUELY SOCIALI/ 5\< NOT TO BE REJECT$ BY ! MORE MILITANT4 ,S9CE ! ,FRE$OM ,*>T] WAS A ,CONGRESS ( ,DEMOCRATS MANIFE/O1 & ! ,A,N,C BELONG$ TO ! ,C,O,D1 BY WAV+ IT AS A BANN]1 ! ,U,D,F 5=CES ITS IMAGE ( FOLL[+ 9 ! L9E ( HI/ORICAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS4 ,! ,U,D,F DOES NOT CLAIM TO BE ! SAME AS ! ,A,N,C SIMPLY BECAUSE IT ISN'T4 ,IT DOES1 H[EV]1 WANT TO MAKE IT QUITE CLE> ?AT IT IS ( ! SAME P$IGREE1 & IT IS TRUE ?AT BO? ORGANIZATIONS HAVE TO SOME DEGREE RELI$ UPON ! IMAGE ( ! O!R = !IR CURR5T CR$IBILITY4 

,UNLIKE ITS IMM$IATE HI/ORICAL PR$ECESSOR1 ! ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ,MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS ROOT$ 9 ! ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES AT ! LEVEL ( !IR EV]YDAY LIFE1 ,U,D,F />TS \T AT ! LEVEL ( ! ORGANIZATION4 ,U,D,F IS ! PRODUCT ( A MORE CLASSICAL =M ( ORGANIZATION4 ,ITS SPECIFIC =M IS A F$]ATION ( ACTIVE & VISIBLE M9I-P>TIES1 MANY ( :OM 5JOY AN 9TIMATE & IMM$IATE 9T]ACTION ) !IR CON/ITU5TS4 ,SUP]IMPOS$ UPON ?IS UMBRELLA /RUCTURE IS A BUREAUCRACY ) NO O!R REASON = EXI/+ O!R ?AN TO SUP]VISE ! UNITY ( ! FRONT4 

,S9CE ,U,D,F HAS1 UNTIL REC5TLY1 OP]AT$ 9 A RELATIVELY TOL]ANT POLITICAL CLIMATE1 IT HAS US$ RITUALIZ$ SYMBOLS FROM AN E>LI] EPO* AS AN IDEOLOGICAL GLUE4 ,MU* ( ?IS SYMBOLISM DOES NOT BELONG TO ! HI/ORY ( ! PROLET>IAT AS MU* AS IT BELONGS TO ! HI/ORY ( ! ,A,N,C4 ,U,D,F IS NOT A SCRE5 = ! ,A,N,C1 BUT BY TROTT+ \T OLD ,A,N,C SYMBOLS & BY US+ !SE SYMBOLS TO HELP SET ITSELF UP AS M$IATOR BETWE5 ANTI-GOV]NM5T GR\PS1 ! ,U,D,F HAS GIV5 ! ,A,N,C A DESP]ATELY NE$$ %OT 9 ! >M4 

,! ADOPTION1 IMPLICIT OR O!RWISE1 ( ! ,FRE$OM ,*>T] WAS NOT ! FIR/ TIE ?AT B\ND TOGE!R AFFILIATES ( ! ,U,D,F4 ,! FIR/ ALLOY WAS A F> MORE PRAGMATIC ONE4 ,IT WAS OPPOSITION TO ! GOV]NM5T'S CON/ITUTIONAL PROPOSALS4 ,?AT1 H[EV]1 WAS AN ORGANIZATIONAL TACTIC1 DE/9$ AT BIR? TO BE %ORT-LIV$1 S9CE ! ISSUE ( CON/ITUTIONAL DISP5SATION WAS TO BE RESOLV$ PRACTICALLY4 

,BY ! TIME ! CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ! CON/ITUTIONAL RE=MS WAS OV] TWO ( ! MO/ PA!TIC BUN*ES ( ,UNCLE ,TOMS ! WORLD HAS EV] SE5 W]E EX]CIS+ !IR VOCAL CORDS 9 ! NON:ITE ,H\SES ( ,P>LIAM5T1 AS WELL AS ! #g.0.<#e.> M&ATE GIV5 !M BY !IR RESPECTIVE COLOR$ & ,9DIAN CON/ITU5CIES4 

,! ORIG9AL RATIONALE = ! CREATION ( A UNIT$ DEMOCRATIC FRONT WAS DEAD & BURI$ 9 TWO TI]S ( ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT ,U,D,F DID NOT DISSOLVE4 ,NEW & MORE P]MAN5T REASONS = ITS SELF-P]PETUATION W]E ALREADY 9 PLACE4 

,! ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ,MOVEM5T WAS ABLE TO LAY CLAIM TO ALL REVOLUTION>Y ACTS DUR+ #a#i#g#f_/#g BECAUSE ALL BLACKS :O W]E WILL+ TO OPPOSE ! SY/EM C\LD ID5TIFY IMM$IATELY ) ITS MESSAGE :I* WAS PIT*$ AT ! LEVEL ( DAILY LIFE4 ,U,D,F1 ON ! O!R H&1 DID NOT HAVE ANY POPUL> PHILOSOPHY :I* IT C\LD USE TO CLAIM ! RI<T TO BECOME ! LIB]ATION ORGANIZATION ( ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,:AT IT DID HAVE WAS A RE=MI/ POLITICAL CLIMATE 9 :I* TO OP]ATE4 ,?IS 5ABL$ IT FROM ! />T TO USE SYMBOLS1 TACTICS & ALLUSIONS ?AT NO-ONE W\LD HAVE D>$ TO USE 9 ! #a#i#fS & ! #a#i#gS4 

,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE NOT TO BE ANG]$ BY ! SP9E-*ILL+ FATE ?AT ,U,D,F LEAD]S HAVE EXP]I5C$ AT ! H&S ( ! ,/ATE & ITS COHORTS4 ,!RE IS A B>B>ISM TO ! ACTS ( DET5TION1 DISAPPE>ANCE & DEA? ?AT NO /R+ ( ADJECTIVES CAN DESCRIBE4 ,! 9T5TION IS NOT TO D[NPLAY ! AGONY ( ! VICTIMS4 ,RA!R ! PO9T IS TO REFUSE TO MAKE !M 9TO SOME?+ MORE ?AN !Y >E4 ,IF ! ,/ATE ( ,EM]G5CY HAS %[N ANY?+1 IT IS JU/ H[ DISP5SABLE ,U,D,F IS4 ,! MOM5TUM & 9T5SITY ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ AP>!ID IS NOT BE+ G5]AT$ BY ! LEAD]S ( ,U,D,F4 

"9 "9 "9 

,\T ON ! /REETS IS A MASS ( Y\NG REBELS4 ,GR[+ UP 9 ! T[N%IPS1 !Y HAVE NEV] KN[N A 0NORMAL EXI/5CE40 ,REBELLION HAS BE5 A WAY ( LIFE FROM ! E>LIE/ YE>S4 ,!Y HAVE LITTLE 9T]E/ 9 IDEOLOGY4 ,!Y DO NOT ?9K ( REVOLT AS A POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC ACT1 BUT RA!R AS A NECESS>Y & UNAVOIDABLE RESPONSE TO ! CON/RA9TS IMPOS$ UPON !M BY P[]4 

,= ! PA/ T5 YE>S ! *ILDR5 ( ! T[N%IPS HAVE %[N !IR MATURITY4 ,!Y HAVE Z]O$ 9 ON !IR 5EMIES ) UNCANNY ACCURACY4 ,!Y ATTACK ) EQUAL VIGOR ! /ATE & ITS COLLABORATORS4 ,!Y %[ NO RESPECT = PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,!Y DO NOT ALL[ LEAD]S TO CONTROL !IR ACTIONS4 ,!Y REFUSE TO P>TICIPATE 9 A DIALOGUE ) P[]4 ,!Y SET NO GOALS = !MSELVES O!R ?AN !IR TOTAL EMANCIPATION4 

,MANY OB/ACLES REMA94 ,! FRANTIC OPTIMISM EXPRESS$ BY ! ,A,N,C1 = EXAMPLE1 IS PRECISELY ! K9D ( ATTITUDE ?AT MU/ BE DONE AWAY )4 ,! PROCESS ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION IS NOT NEAT & EV54 ,MI/AKES >E MADE4 ,HESITATIONS OCCUR4 ,IMPASSES >E MET4 ,! 5EMY IS =MIDABLE & NOT ONLY 9 >MS4 ,! /ATE IS BE+ 9CREAS+LY 9TELLIG5T 9 DEF5D+ ITS /UPIDITY4 

,CRITICISM IS NE$$4 ,NOT GR&IOSE TREATISES OR MANIFE/OS1 BUT PRACTICAL CONSCI\SNESS ?AT WILL PUT ! PITFALLS BEH9D2 & DEVELOP =MS ( /RUGGLE ?AT WILL OV]COME ODDS :I* SEEM TO OV]:ELM ?OSE :O GAMBLE ON FRE$OM4 

0,SOCIETY DOES NOT DEVELOP 9 A CONT9U\S WAY1 FREE FROM SETBACKS1 BUT ?R\< CONFLICTS & ANTAGONISMS4 ,:ILE ! WORK+ CLASS BATTLE IS WID5+ 9 SCOPE1 ! 5EMY'S /R5G? IS 9CREAS+4 ,UNC]TA9TY AB\T ! WAY TO BE FOLL[$ CON/ANTLY & REPEAT$LY TR\BLES ! M9DS ( ! COMBATANTS2 & D\BT IS A FACTOR 9 DIVISION1 ( 9T]NAL QU>RELS & CONFLICTS )9 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 0,IT IS USELESS TO DEPLORE !SE CONFLICTS AS CREAT+ A P]NICI\S SITUATION ?AT %\LD NOT EXI/ & :I* IS MAK+ ! WORK+ CLASS P[]LESS4 ,AS HAS (T5 BE5 PO9T$ \T1 ! WORK+ CLASS IS NOT WEAK BECAUSE IT IS DIVID$2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS DIVID$ BECAUSE IT IS WEAK4 ,& ! REASON :Y ! PROLET>IAT \<T TO SEEK NEW WAYS IS ?AT ! 5EMY HAS /R5G? ( SU* A K9D ?AT ! OLD ME?ODS >E 9EFFECTUAL4 ,! WORK+ CLASS WILL NOT SECURE !SE WAYS BY MAGIC1 BUT ?R\< A GREAT EF=T1 DEEP REFLECTION1 ?R\< ! CLA% ( DIV]G5T OP9IONS & ! CONFLICT ( IMPASSION$ IDEAS4 ,IT IS 9CUMB5T UPON IT TO F9D ITS [N WAY1 & PRECISELY !RE9 IS ! RAISON D'ETRE ( ! 9T]NAL DIFF]5CES & CONFLICTS4 ,IT IS =C$ TO R5\NCE \TMOD$ IDEAS & OLD *IM]AS1 & IT IS 9DE$ ! DIFFICULTY ( ?IS TASK ?AT 5G5D]S SU* BIG DIVISIONS40.<#f.> 

,*APT] #c4 ,REFLECTIONS ON ! ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ,MOVEM5T & ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,BY ,SELBY ,SEMELA1 ,SAM ,?OMPSON1 & ,NORMAN ,ABRAHAM4 

,ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,AUGU/ #aigi C_/O ,P,O ,BOX #d#f#d#d1 ,B]KELEY1 ,C,A #i#d#g#d1 ,U,S,A 

,! #a#i#g#f_/#g#g ,9SURRECTION 

0,! S*OOL = ! OPPRESS$ IS A REVOLUTION60 

-- ,S[ETO PAMPHLET1 #aigf 

,! MANN] 9 :I* ! VIOL5T UPRIS+S ?AT SWEPT ,S\? ,AFRICA 9 #a#i#g#f_/#g#g HAVE BE5 DEF9$ BY ! 9T]NATIONAL SPECTACUL> SOCIETY & ITS PSEUDO-OPPOSITION EXPOSES !IR WILLFUL DET]M9ATION TO MIS9T]PRET1 MISREPRES5T1 & MISUND]/& :AT WAS A DECISIVE EV5T 9 ! HI/ORY ( PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE 9 ?AT C\NTRY4 ,EV]Y?+ EMANAT+ FROM E/ABLI%$ CIRCLES -- FROM ! ,NAT REGIME 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA TO ! RACI/ :ITE MAN OR WOMAN ON A ,JOHANNESBURG /REET & FROM ! ,AFRICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS & ! ,PAN ,AFRICANI/ ,CONGRESS 7,A,N,C & ,P,A,C7 TO PSEUDO-OPPOSITIONAL LEFTI/S ! WORLD OV] -- HAS NOT ONLY UND]M9$ BUT ALSO DI/ORT$ ! EV5TS ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA4 

,= A />T2 :AT HAPP5$ 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA CANNOT BE 5CAPSULAT$ 9 ALI5AT$ NOTIONS ( TIME & SPACE4 ,IT WAS NOT ISOLAT$ TO ,JUNE ( #a#i#g#f4 ,IT WAS NOT RE/RICT$ TO ,S[ETO4 ,IT WAS NOT M]ELY ! ACT ( /UD5TS4 ,NOR WAS IT SIMPLY A REVOLT1 REBELLION OR UNRE/4 ,IT WAS CREATIVE REVOLUTION 9 ! MAK+1 9 ! DESP]ATELY CLE> MOM5T ( CONFRONTATION4 

,! EV5TS ?AT %OOK ! 5TIRE $IFICE ( :ITE ,S\? ,AFRICA1 & ?REW 9TO />K RELIEF ! NOTION ( TOTAL REVOLUTION1 BEGAN ) RELATIVE 9CONSPICU\SNESS4 ,A GR\P ( ,S[ETO JUNIOR HI< S*OOL /UD5TS AT A S+LE S*OOL PROTE/$ ! USE ( ,AFRIKAANS 7! (FICIAL LANGUAGE ( ! OPPRESSORS7 AS A M$IUM ( 9/RUCTION4 ,! REVOLT ( HI< S*OOL /UD5TS AGA9/ ! 5=CEM5T ( LE>N+ 9 ! ,BO] LANGUAGE WAS SIGNIFICANT 9 ITSELF4 ,IT M>K$1 FROM ! \TSET1 A HI<LY ADVANC$ /RUGGLE TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT WAS A REJECTION ( ! COLONIZATION ( CONSCI\SNESS :I* TRIGG]$ (F ! 9SURRECTION1 EV5 :5 SO MANY O!R MAT]IAL REASONS = RESI/ANCE EXI/$4 

,9ITIALLY1 H[EV]1 ! ,S[ETO /UD5T PROTE/ FOLL[$ ! TRADITIONAL DEFEATI/ L9ES ( OPPOSITIONAL POLITICS3 ! /UD5TS BOYCOTT$ CLASSES4 ,BUT 9 A COMMUNITY SU* AS ,S[ETO1 :]E ANY CONTE/ATION IMM$IATELY BR+S D[N UPON ITSELF ! 5TIRE REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS1 SYMBOLIC PROTE/ CANNOT BE CONTA9$ TO ! SYMBOL1 BUT MU/ OV]FL[ 9TO ! REALM ( REAL /RUGGLE4 ,= A COMMUNITY ?AT IS ALL TOO WELL ACQUA9T$ ) LUMP5 CRIM9ALITY & ) UNREL5T+ BRUTALITY ON A DAILY BASIS1 VIOL5CE IS ALWAYS A READY-AT-H& IMPLEM5T TO PIT AGA9/ ! CONTRADICTIONS ( DAILY LIFE4 ,! /RIK+ /UD5TS W]E NO EXCEPTION4 ,NOT = !M ! 0POND]\S0 PROBLEM ( MORALITY & CON/RA9T4 ,A TEA*] :O IGNOR$ /UD5T DEM&S WAS /ABB$ BY SCREWDRIV]-WIELD+ Y\?S4 ,POLICE W]E /ON$4 ,TWO GOV]NM5T (FICIALS W]E KILL$ BY A Y\NG MAN FROM ,S[ETO4 

,9 A MATT] ( DAYS ! /UD5TS HAD GA9$ ! SUPPORT ( !IR P>5TS1 & HAD CO]C$ ! TEA*]S 9TO BACK+ !IR DEM&S4 ,! AU?ORITIES /ILL REFUS$ TO CONC$E4 ,AFRIKAANS REMA9$ AS A M$IUM ( 9/RUCTION4 

,AT ?IS PO9T ! CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ! /UD5TS & ! /ATE 79 ! 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ =M ( ! S*OOL7 WAS CONTA9$ TO1 AT ! MO/1 A H&FUL ( CAMPUSES4 ,H[ WAS ! TRANS=MATION MADE SO ?AT !SE GRIEVANCES IGNIT$ ! FURY ( ALL BLACK ,S\? ,AFRICA8 ,?OSE :O S\<T ! ANSW] 9 ! =M ( AN EFFECTIVE & EXT5SIVE C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION -- BE !Y ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN /ATE ON ! SE>* = SCAPEGOATS1 OR ! 9T]NATIONAL HUMANIT>IAN CONSCI5CE ON ! SE>* = SUP]/>S -- W]E 9 = A RUDE SURPRISE4 7,EV5TUALLY ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN /ATE WAS ABLE TO FABRICATE ITS SCAPEGOATS :OM ! 9T]NATIONAL OPPOSITION WAS !N ABLE TO TURN 9TO SUP]/>S4 ,?US SYMBIOTICALLY1 ! /ATE & ITS PSEUDO-OPPOSITION SUCCE$$ 9 FOOL+ !MSELVES & ALMO/ EV]YBODY ELSE EXCEPT ! REAL P>TICIPANTS 9 ! /RUGGLE1 BY RECREAT+ ! EV5TS ?AT BEGAN ON ,JUNE #a#f1 9 !IR [N IMAGE47 

,BUT !RE W]E NO LEAD]S -- ONLY A H&FUL ( MILITANT 9DIVIDUALS 7PRIOR TO ,JUNE #a#f71 9SPIR$ BY !IR FRU/RATION 9 ! FACE ( UNYIELD+ AU?ORITY1 :O ) ! HELP ( FRI5DS SET \T TO ORGANIZE SOME?+1 ! CONT5T ( :I*1 LET ALONE ! CONSEQU5CES1 !Y W]E 9 NO POSITION TO ANTICIPATE4 

,A GR\P ( /UD5TS FROM ,ORL&O ,WE/ ,JUNIOR ,HI< ,S*OOL -- ! FIR/ S*OOL TO BOYCOTT CLASSES -- & SOME ( !IR FRI5DS FROM O!R S*OOLS SU* AS ,MORRIS ,ISAACSON ,HI< ,S*OOL -- AS YET UNAFFECT$ BY ! ,AFRIKAANS ISSUE -- >RANG$ A G5]AL DEMON/RATION 9 PROTE/ ( ! /ATE'S DESIGN TO USE ! LANGUAGE ( ! OPPRESSOR AS A LANGUAGE ( 9/RUCTION4 

,ONCE AGA9 ! TACTICS1 ! =M ( PROTE/ -- A DEMON/RATION -- WAS A SYMBOLIC ONE1 ALBEIT MORE DANG]\S1 S9CE DEMON/RATIONS ( ANY K9D 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA >E1 BY /ATUTE1 PUNI%ABLE (F5SES4 ,! ORGANIZ]S ( ! DEMON/RATION -- ! EMBRYO ( A LAT]-TO-BE SELF-PROCLAIM$ LEAD]%IP -- PROCE$$ TO VISIT ALL LOCAL S*OOLS TO GA!R SUPPORT4 

,! RESPONSE ( ! ,S[ETO /UD5TS :O ATT5D$ ?AT DEMON/RATION ON ,JUNE #af F> EXCE$$ ! EXPECTATIONS ( ! ORGANIZ]S4 ,AS OPPOS$ TO ! ANTICIPAT$ C\PLE ( ?\S& DEMON/RATORS EXPECT$ BY ! ORGANIZ]S1 AB\T #c1 /UD5TS GA!R$ AT ,ORL&O ,WE/ ,HI< ,S*OOL4 

,! PLAC>DS C>RI$ BY ?OSE GA!R$ ALREADY PORT5D$ ?+S TO COME4 ,!RE W]E SLOGANS NOT ONLY D5\NC+ ,AFRIKAANS & ,BANTU ,$UCATION1 BUT SU* SLOGANS AS3 0,P[]10 0,SMA% ! SY/EM10 0,AWAY ) ,VOR/]10 0,WE'LL FI<T UNTIL TOTAL LIB]ATION40 

,9 FE/IVE MOOD ! /UD5TS TOOK !IR PROTE/ TO ! /REETS4 ,9EVITABLY !Y W]E CONFRONT$ BY ! BRUTE =CE ( ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN /ATE1 :O1 BY RUSE ( HI/ORY1 UND]/OOD ! IMPLICATIONS ( ! /UD5TS' ACTIONS EV5 MORE CLE>LY ?AN MO/ ( ! /UD5TS !MSELVES W]E ABLE TO AT ?AT TIME4 ,)\T W>N+ ! POLICE OP5$ FIRE ON ! S++ & M>*+ /UD5TS4 ,! /UD5TS AT ! FRONT ( ! PROCESSION BEGAN TO RETREAT1 BUT !IR FLI<T WAS HALT$ BY ! ACT ( ONE P]SON4 ,ONE Y\NG WOMAN /OOD H] GR\ND1 !N DEFIANTLY WALK$ T[>DS ! POLICE %\T+3 0,%OOT ME60 ,9SPIR$ BY ?IS 9CR$IBLE ACT -- SO 9CR$IBLE ?AT ! POLICE DID NOT %OOT -- ! /UD5TS' RETREAT TURN$ 9TO A REGR\PM5T & FR5ZI$ C\NT]ATTACK4 ,ROCKS W]E TORN FROM ! GR\ND & HURL$ AT ! POLICE4 ,AFT] A SECOND VOLLEY ( %OTS HAD LEFT MORE /UD5TS DEAD & W\ND$1 ! LEAD]%IP SUDD5LY REAPPE>$1 9 ! =M ( ONE ,TSIETSI ,MA%99I1 :O /OOD UP ON AN OV]TURN$ VEHICLE & EXHORT$ HIS FELL[ /UD5TS TO DISP]SE4 ,HE WAS PROMPTLY =C$ TO SCUTTLE :5 ! /UD5TS TURN$ !IR ROCKS ON HIM4 ,:ILE ! LEAD]%IP WAS ?US 0LEFT 9 ! BU% P>T ?REE10 SO WAS !IR NEWF\ND /YLE ( CONTE/ATION -- DEMON/RATION2 = ! /UD5TS DID DISP]SE1 NOT TO SEEK REFUGE AT HOME FROM 09EVITABLE0 SUICIDE1 AS ! SELF-PROCLAIM$ LEAD]%IP HAD URG$1 BUT TO RAMPAGE ?R\< ! /REETS ( ,S[ETO 9 A POTLAT* ( DE/RUCTION4 

,)9 DAYS SPONTANE\S RIOT+ HAD BROK5 \T 9 EV]Y MAJOR >EA ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! ,S\? ,AFRICAN BLACKS LAUN*$ A VICI\S ATTACK ON AP>!ID1 COMMODITIES & /ATE P[]4 ,! ORIG9AL GRIEVANCE WAS QUICKLY SUP]S$$1 NOT BECAUSE IT WAS 9SIGNIFICANT1 BUT BECAUSE ! EXTREMITY ( ! 9SURRECTION PUT EV]Y?+ ELSE 9 QUE/ION ALONG ) IT4 

,BY ,AUGU/ #a#i#g#f1 ! :ITE /ATE WAS BE+ =C$ TO RETREAT ON ALL FRONTS4 

,ALMO/ ALL S*OOLS HAD BE5 ATTACK$ & MANY HAD BE5 BURNT D[N4 ,! /UD5TS W]E 9 ALMO/ DAILY CONFRONTATION ) ! POLICE4 

,ALMO/ EV]Y BE]HALL 9 ! BLACK T[N%IPS HAD BE5 RAZ$ TO ! GR\ND4 

,COLLABORATORS )9 ! T[N%IPS HAD BE5 SEV]ELY ATTACK$4 ,NOT A S+LE 0RESPECTABLE0 BLACK COMMUNITY FIGURE WAS ABLE TO COME =W>D AS M$IATOR4 

,HI< S*OOL /UD5TS & Y\NG 0EX-?UGS0 PREV5T$ WORK]S FROM GO+ TO WORK 9 ,JOHANNESBURG1 ?REAT5+ TAXI-DRIV]S1 BLOCK+ TRA9S & SABOTAG+ RAILROADS4 ,WORK]S QUICKLY RESPOND$1 & EV5 AFT] CO]CION HAD ABAT$1 /RIKES 9 ,JOHANNESBURG & 9 ,CAPE ,T[N W]E #h-#a.0 EFFECTIVE4 ,SOME ( ! WORK]S :O W5T TO WORK W5T1 NOT BECAUSE !Y W]E 9TIMIDAT$ BY ! SY/EM1 BUT 9 ORD] TO SABOTAGE :ITE-[N$ TE*NOLOGY & COMMODITIES4 

,COLOR$S & ,9DIANS HAD BE5 DRAWN 9TO ! /RUGGLE1 ?US BRIDG+ AN HI/ORICAL GAP AMONG ! OPPRESS$ ?AT HAD EXI/$ = G5]ATIONS4 

,! ,BOPHUTATSWANA 7A GOV]NM5T-CREAT$ BLACK 0HOMEL&07 H\SES ( P>LIAM5T HAD BE5 RAZ$ TO ! GR\ND4 ,ALL GOV]NM5T APPO9T$ BLACK LEAD]S W]E 9 DANG] ( LOS+ !IR LIVES4 ,MANY LO/ !IR H\SES4 

,NUM]\S BLACK POLICEM5 HAD FL$ ! T[N%IPS4 ,SEV]AL W]E KILL$4 ,AFT] NI<TFALL ONE-TIME 0LUMP5 CRIM9ALS0 JO9$ ) /UD5TS & WORK]S TO ATT5D TO COMMUNITY NE$S4 

,! WORK] /AY-AWAYS DREW ! ADULT POPULATION 9TO ! /RUGGLE4 ,BE=E !N !Y W\LD LEAVE TO WORK 9 ! :ITE CITIES 9 ! E>LY MORN+ & RETURN AFT] NI<TFALL1 :ILE ! /UD5TS SQU>$ (F AGA9/ ! /ATE4 ,DUR+ ! /AY-AWAYS1 ! WORK]S W]E DRAWN 9TO ! CONFRONTATION1 BE+ =C$ BY ! %E] MAGNITUDE ( ! BITT] /RUGGLE TO JO9 ! Y\? 9 !IR BATTLE AGA9/ ! SY/EM4 

,= ! REMA9D] ( #aigf & ?R\< TO ,JUNE ( #a#i#g#g1 VIOL5CE CONT9U$ ACROSS ! C\NTRY4 ,)9 F\R MON?S ( ,JUNE #a#f1 AB\T TWO HUNDR$ BLACK COMMUNITIES HAD BE5 SWEPT ALONG BY ! TIDE ( REVOLUTION4 ,MAJOR >EAS LIKE ,S[ETO1 ,GUGULETU1 ,NEW ,BRI<TON1 ETC1 >E /ILL %AK5 AT TIMES BY NEW REVOLTS4 

,LET ! MORALI/S & ! HUMANIT>IANS PRET5D ! /UD5TS W]E ALWAYS PEACE-LOV+1 & M]E VICTIMS ( ! VIOL5CE4 ,! EV5TS 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA HAVE EXPLOD$ ?AT 9SIPID MY?4 ,9 A SITUATION 9 :I* /ATE VIOL5CE IS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ ON SU* AN OV]:ELM+ SCALE1 ONE AFFIRMS ONE'S HUMANITY NOT BY 0TURN+ ! O!R *EEK0 & SUFF]+ ) DIGNITY1 BUT BY WILLFULLY & CONSCI\SLY ACCEPT+ ONE'S %>E ( VIOL5CE & BY UND]/&+ ?AT BRUTE SY/EMATIC =CE CAN ONLY BE DE/ROY$ BY ! CREATIVE VIOL5CE ( ! MASSES4 

,9 ,JUNE #a#i#g#g1 ! EXECUTIVE ( A /UD5T ORGANIZATION1 :OSE CR$IBILITY AS A VANGU>D EM]G$ \T ( ! H]O &_/OR AGITATOR SEEK+ ( ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN PRESS1 WAS DETA9$ BY ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN POLICE4 ,! REC5T TRIAL ( !SE 9DIVIDUALS ALONG ) A GREAT MANY O!RS ( ! SAME TYPE >E IMPORTANT TO NOTE1 = BY MEANS ( !SE %AM EF=TS ( JU/ICE ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN /ATE HAS ATTEMPT$ TO DEL9EATE 9 TIME A QUASI-(FICIAL 5D+ TO ! P]IOD ( OP5 CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,! LOGIC IS3 >RE/ ! LEAD]S1 >RE/ ! REVOLUTION4 ,?IS (FICIAL SELF-DELUSION ( ! /ATE IS MIMICK$ BY MANY ( ITS OPPON5TS 9 EXILE4 ,! EXILE'S LAM5T1 9 SPITE ( HIS REAL ANGUI% & HOMESICKNESS1 HIS GLUM BELIEF ?AT 0! REVOLUTION HAS BE5 SUPPRESS$ AGA910 IS PITIFULLY VACU\S4 ,IT IS DESIGN$ ONLY TO CONV9CE HIS LI/5]S ?AT DESPITE HIS PRES5T PASSIVITY HE REMA9S COMMITT$ TO A /RUGGLE 9 :I* HIS PA/ P>TICIPATION IS (T5 V]Y DUBI\S ANYWAY4 

,BUT ! /RUGGLE HAS NOT BE5 SUPPRESS$ AS IS WITNESS$ BY ! CONSI/5T REPORTS ( UNRE/ & SPORADIC VIOL5CE 9 ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN PRESS4 ,SU* EV5TS UND]L9E ! ONGO+ F]M5T ?AT SU/A9S ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT FROM DAY TO DAY ?R\<\T ,S\? ,AFRICA4 

,! ,S[ETO ,/UD5TS ,REPRES5TATIVE ,C\NCIL 

0,! REPULSIVE ABSURDITY ( C]TA9 HI]>*IES & ! FACT ?AT ! :OLE /R5G? ( COMMODITIES IS DIRECT$ BL9DLY & AUTOMATICALLY T[>DS !IR PROTECTION1 LEADS US TO SEE ?AT EV]Y HI]>*Y IS ABSURD40 

-- ,SITUATIONI/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 0,! ,DECL9E & ,FALL ( ! ,SPECTACUL> ,COMMODITY ,ECONOMY0 7#a#i#f#e7 

,IF ANY ORGANIZATION HAD GR\NDS ON :I* TO ASCRIBE ITSELF A VANGU>D ROLE 9 ! #a#i#g#f_/#g#g P]IOD ( ! /RUGGLE1 IT WAS ! ,S[ETO ,/UD5TS ,REPRES5TATIVE ,C\NCIL 7,S,S,R,C74 ,! ,S,S,R,C1 :I* EM]G$ FROM ! ZEAL\S SUP]/> SC\T+ ( ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN PRESS MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE1 HAS S9CE !N LAID FIRM CLAIM TO ! DUBI\S HONOR ( ! AVANT-G>DE P>TY4 ,9T]NATIONALLY ?IS CLAIM HAS BE5 CONTE/$ BY ! OLD SP9/]_/HUCK/] ORGANIZATIONS3 ! ,AFRICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS 7,A,N,C71 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,S\? ,AFRICA 7,C,P,S,A71 & ! ,PAN ,AFRICANI/ ,CONGRESS 7,P,A,C74 ,AT HOME 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 & AMONG EXILES 9 ,BOTSWANA1 ,LESO?O & ,SWAZIL&1 ! BIDD+ ( ! OLD LEAGUE NATIONALI/-,/AL9I/S HAVE L>GELY FALL5 ON DEAF E>S4 ,UN=TUNATELY NOT SO ! PRET5SIONS ( ! C>E]I/S :O W]E ONE-TIME LEAD]S ( ! ,S,S,R,C & :O N[ P>ADE UND] ! TITLE ( ! 0,?IRD ,=CE40 ,!RE >E MANY EXIL$ /UD5TS :O SEEM QUITE CONT5T$ TO SUBMIT TO ! SPECTACLE ( !IR SELF-/YL$ LEAD]%IP & TITILLATE !MSELVES ) ! MEMORY ( !IR PA/ P>TICIPATION 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,TOO BAD = ?OSE 9 SE>* ( A %EPH]D ?AT ! HUNT = A VANGU>D P>TY WILL ONLY F9D A FLEET+ %AD[4 

,AS = ! LEAD]%IP ( ! 0,?IRD ,=CE10 IT IS ONE ( ! MO/ HIDE\S HI]>*ICAL FREAKS EV] SPAWN$ BY REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE1 & HI/ORY HAS NEV] BE5 LACK+ 9 GROTESQUE EXAMPLES4 ,CONCOCT$ 9 ! FA%ION ( A PASSIVELY CONSUMABLE ITEM1 AT A TIME :5 ITS LAT] CONSUM]S W]E F> FROM IDLE1 IT HAD TO WAIT = EXILE BE=E IT C\LD RAISE ITS UGLY HEAD4 ,FROM \TSIDE ,S\? ,AFRICA ! 0,?IRD ,=CE0 HAS JO9$ ! ,A,N,C & ,P,A,C 9 P]PETUAT+ ! SELF-SAME MY?S ?AT HAVE ALWAYS CRIPPL$ PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE1 & EV5 9DULGES 9 ! SAME RU?LESS & CO]CIVE TACTICS :5 IT COMES TO DEAL+ ) O!RS :O DO NOT SUBSCRIBE TO ITS [N /UPIDITY1 & :5 IT COMES TO EXP&+ ITS T9Y RANKS4 

,! ,S,S,R,C GREW \T ( AN ORGANIZATION KN[N AS ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,/UD5TS ,MOVEM5T 7,S,A,S,M71 AL?\< ITS RELATION TO ?AT ORGANIZATION WAS EXTREMELY DUBI\S4 ,9 ! HEAT ( ! FIR/ WEEK ( ! UPRIS+S1 A NUMB] ( ! E>LI] COORD9ATORS ( ! ,JUNE #af DEMON/RATION1 WANT+ TO L5D LEGITIMACY TO !IR CLAIMS ( LEAD]%IP1 HIJACK$ ! CONTROLS ( ! ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ,MOVEM5T 7,B,C,M7 ORGANIZATION1 ,S,A,S,M1 FROM ITS ELECT$ EXECUTIVES :O W]E BAS$ 9 ,CAPE ,T[N4 

,H[ C\LD AN OP5 /RUGGLE ?AT RAG$ = ALMO/ TWO YE>S1 & SPREAD ! L5G? & BREAD? ( ! C\NTRY1 9VOLV+ AT LEA/ TWO HUNDR$ CITIES OR T[NS & HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( ACTIVE P>TICIPANTS1 HAVE BE5 UND] ! CONTROL ( AN AD HOC COMMITTEE ?AT ONLY EM]G$ FULL-FL$G$ 9 ,AUGU/1 ALMO/ TWO MON?S AFT] ,JUNE #a#f1 & A =TNI<T OR SO BE=E ITS FIR/ SELFAPPO9T$ LEAD]%IP W5T 9TO EXILE8 

,ALL REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY %[S ! P>T PLAY$ 9 ! DEFEAT ( POPUL> /RUGGLE BY ! APPE>ANCE ( AN IDEOLOGY ADVOCAT+ POPUL> /RUGGLE4 ,)9 ! ,B,C,M ! IDEOLOGY ( 0MASS ACTION0 LAY LAT5T ALMO/ FROM ! />T4 ,) ! UPRIS+S ?AT BEGAN 9 ,S[ETO1 ! IDEOLOGY ( 0MASS ACTION0 F\ND ! ,S,S,R,C AS ITS VEHICLE & CAME TO ! =E4 ,! BLACK PROLET>IAT'S SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION ( ITS /RUGGLE ASSUR$ ITS E>LY SUCCESSES2 BUT ?IS GAVE WAY TO A SECOND PHASE 9 :I* ! 0FIF? COLUMN0 WORK$ FROM ! 9SIDE 9 ! =M ( ! ,S,S,R,C AS ! VANGU>D MOVEM5T4 ,! MASS MOVEM5T SACRIFIC$ ITS REALITY = ! %AD[ ( ITS DEFEAT4 

,EV5 ?\< ! ,S,S,R,C DID HAVE WIDESPREAD SUPPORT AMONG ! ,S[ETO HI< S*OOL /UD5TS & GA9$ 9T]NATIONAL RECOGNITION1 TO JU/IFY IT ON ! /R5G? ( ITS ALLEGIANCE IS TO MISS ! PO9T4 ,POPUL>ITY ( A HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION DOES NOT CONDONE ! ORGANIZATION1 BUT EXPOSES ! DEGREE TO :I* ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ITS SUPPORT]S HAS BE5 COLONIZ$4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT PO9T TO RECOGNIZE IS ?AT ! ,S,S,R,C [$ ITS REPUTATION TO ! V]Y ORGANIZATION ( ,S\? ,AFRICAN DAILY LIFE1 TO 9/ITUTIONS COMPATIBLE ) AP>!ID & ! :ITE /ATE1 :I* ! PROLET>IAT 9 ACTION WAS \T TO DE/ROY4 ,IT WAS ! PRESS ?AT GAVE IT A NAME BO? LIT]ALLY & METAPHORICALLY4 ,IT WAS AN 9TELLECTUALLY 9TIMIDAT$ COMMUNITY BO? AT HOME & ABROAD :I* WAS HI<LY SUSCEPTIBLE TO ADV]TIZABLE COMMODITIES ?AT GAVE IT PRIDE ( PLACE ON ! /AGE ( REVOLUTION4 

,9SIDE ,S[ETO ! ,S,S,R,C'S ABILITY TO /ABILIZE ITSELF & TO ADVANCE ITS VANGU>D ASPIRATIONS AT ! V]Y TIME ?AT ! /RUGGLE 9T5SIFI$1 & :5 ALL O!R ORGANIZATIONS W]E KEY ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ORGANIZATIONS 7,A,N,C & ,P,A,C HAV+ ALL BUT DISAPPE>$71 IS NOT TE/IMONY TO ITS 9DISP5SABILITY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y 9 ,S[ETO ! ,S,S,R,C 5JOY$ A DEEP DEGREE ( V]Y B\RGEOIS RESPECTABILITY1 BE+ RECOGNIZ$ BY MOD]ATES 7:O HI<LY CONDEMN$ ! FOLLY ( ! /RUGGLE71 AS ! ONLY VISIBLE & LEGAL ORGAN /ILL OP]ABLE1 & :I* SEEM$ TO BE ! ONLY POSSIBLE />T+ PO9T = SOME SORT ( DET5TE4 ,HI< RANK+ (FICIALS 9 ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,POLICE %>$ ! SAME OP9ION4 

,A CONCRETE EXAMPLE ( ! ,S,S,R,C'S MOD]ATION IS TO BE F\ND 9 ONE ( ITS PRESS RELEASES 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#g#f4 ,9 ?IS /ATEM5T ! ,S,S,R,C LEAD]%IP CONDEMN$ ANONYM\S LEAFLEFTS :I* HAD BE5 CIRCULAT$ 9 ,S[ETO & :I* 9CIT$ PEOPLE TO VIOL5CE4 ,SMALL WOND] ?AT AS A RESULT S5IOR POLICE (FIC]S 9 ,JOHANNESBURG AS MU* AS ?ANK$ ! ,S,S,R,C = ITS COLLABORATION1 :5 ! POLICE ISSU$ A PRESS /ATEM5T IMM$IATELY AFT]W>DS1 9 :I* !Y SAID ?AT !Y FELT ?AT ! T[N%IP W\LD BE PEACEFUL & LAWABID+ BECAUSE ! ,S,S,R,C HAD REPUDIAT$ ! LEAFLETS4 

,9 ACKN[L$G+ ITS AU?ORITY1 ! POLICE CONFIRM$ ! ,S,S,R,C'S LEGITIMACY4 ,TO BE LEGITIMIZ$ BY ONE'S IMM$IATE 5EMY IS A SURE SIGN ( ONE'S FUNDAM5TAL CONCILIATION4 

,A LOOK AT ! ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE ( ! ,S,S,R,C IS HELPFUL 9 ?AT IT EXPOSES ) CL>ITY ! ALI5AT$ & /ULTIFI$ SOCIAL RELATIONS ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ ! 0VANGU>D ( ,S[ETO40 ,! SELFAPPO9T$ EXECUTIVE1 DICTATORIALLY CONTROLL$ BY ITS *AIRMAN1 DELIB]ATELY DI/ANC$ ITSELF FROM ITS SUPPORT]S UNTIL A GR\P ( SEV]AL /UD5TS UND] ! *AIRMAN'S DIRECT CONTROL W]E ELEVAT$ TO ! POSITION ( NATIONAL LEAD]S4 ,! MORE !IR REPUTATION GREW1 EV5 AMONG ! /UD5TS !MSELVES1 ! LESS !Y P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! /RUGGLE4 ,!IR ACTIVITIES REVOLV$ >\ND ! TRADITIONAL & BANAL SPECIALIZATIONS ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE & ! PROPAG&I/IC1 :ILE ! MASSES !Y PRET5D$ TO LEAD W]E \T ON ! /REETS 9 !IR ?\S&S4 ,:]E ! LEAD]%IP AVOIDS ! L9E ( BATTLE1 ITS CLAIM AS SUPREME LEAD]S REB\NDS 9V>IABLY UPON ITSELF 9 ! =M ( RIDICULE AT ITS [N C[>DICE4 ,NOT SURPRIS+ !N ?AT ! GREAT ,S,S,R,C LEAD]%IP /E]S ITS BA/>D 0P>TY0 FROM ! SAFE HELM ( ! ,NIG]IAN /ATE4 

,9 EXILE !RE >E A B>RAGE ( /UD5TS :O 9 MANY CASES HAVE FL$ HOT FROM ! /RUGGLE AT HOME4 ,EV]Y:]E !Y >E CAPTIVES ( ! IDEOLOGIES ( ! WORLD !IR REVOLUTION HAS DEM&$ !Y DE/ROY4 ,!RE >E ?OSE :O HAVE JO9$ ! OLD LIB]ATION ORGANIZATIONS & SIT 9 >MY CAMPS 9 ,/AL9I/ C\NTRIES ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 BE+ F$ ! CYNICAL LIE ( A VICTORI\S RETURN4 ,!RE >E ?OSE :O /ILL PAY OBEISANCE TO ! SUP]FICIAL P[] ( ! ,S,S,R,C4 ,!Y >E M]ELY MUSEUM PIECES 9 DIFF]5T MUSEUMS1 ALL M>K$ 0REVOLUTION>Y40 ,EV]Y:]E REVOLUTION>IES1 BUT :AT HAS HAPP5$ TO ! REVOLUTION8 ,EV]Y:]E ! SAME ALI5ATION IS PREPOND]ATE1 EV]Y:]E ! SPECTACUL> CONSUMPTION ( IDEOLOGY1 EV]Y:]E OB$I5CE TO HI]>*Y & ! V5]ATION ( ! PA/4 ,TO HELL ) ! IDEOLOGICAL V>IATIONS1 & ! DIFF]5T NAMES & FACES4 ,UND] ALL ! RHETORIC !RE IS NO?+4 

,= ?OSE /UD5TS :O HAVE EVAD$ ! PITFALLS ( ?OSE ( !IR PE]S :O HAVE MADE !IR UNHAPPY WAYS 9TO ! VORACI\S JAWS ( EI!R ,A,N,C1 ,P,A,C1 OR ,?IRD ,=CE1 !RE AWAITS ANO!R ODI\S MISCONCEPTION -- ! PITIFUL GLORIFICATION & MIMICRY ( ! DEFEAT$ REVOLUTION>Y PROJECTS ( ! PA/4 ,ONCE C\RAGE\S P>TICIPANTS 9 !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY1 !Y N[ CONT5T !MSELVES ) BE+ DAZZL$ BY ! PSEUDO-REVOLUTION>Y GLITT] ( ! REVOLUTIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 LO/1 9V>IABLY 9 D$ICATION TO ! SOLID TEMPLE ( NAMES RADICAL -- ,L591 ,TROTSKY1 ,MAO1 ,GUEV>A1 ,CABRAL & ALL ! RE/4 

,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS & ! ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ,MOVEM5T 

,EV] S9CE ,JUNE1 #a#i#g#f1 MU* HAS BE5 SAID ( ! ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ,MOVEM5T 7,B,C,M74 

,! MORE P]CEPTIVE1 LESS DOGMATIC CRET9S ( ! LEFT1 :O EV]-PR$ICTABLY IMPUTE VANGU>D EXPLANATIONS TO EV]Y /RUGGLE1 HAVE US$ ,B,C,M AS A SURROGATE VANGU>D TO EXPLA9 ! EV5TS ( #a#i#g#f_/#g#g1 SEE+ ?AT !RE IS NOT A S+LE E/ABLI%$ P>TY :I* C\LD CR$IBLY FIT ! BILL4 ,SOME EV5 GO SO F> AS TO BLAME ! CONT9U$ EXI/5CE ( ! :OLE ,S\? ,AFRICAN /ATE ON ! FACT ?AT ,B,C,M WAS NOT SUFFICI5TLY ELITI/1 PR(ESSIONAL1 ORGANIZ$3 BUREAUCRATIC4 ,SOME TAKE ! OPPOSITE TACK1 & ANN\NCE ! ,B,C,M'S VAGU5ESS AS ITS GREATE/ VIRTUE3 IT IS PROMOT$ 9 ! IMAGE ( A NONSECT>IAN PROLET>IAN BASE UP = GRABS ON ! M>KET ( 9T]NATIONAL CON/ITU5CIES4 

,IT IS HI< TIME ?AT ! MIS]ABLE USE TO :I* ! ,B,C,M HAS BE5 PUT EV] S9CE #a#i#g#f_/#g#g BE PUT TO AN 5D1 ?AT JU/ICE BE DONE TO ITS A*IEVEM5TS4 ,:I* IS TO SAY1 ! ,B,C,M'S %ORTCOM+S MU/ N[ BE CRITICIZ$ PITILESSLY4 ,ITS PR9CIPAL CONTRIBUTION TO ! /RUGGLE 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA IS1 AT ?IS PO9T 9 TIME1 M]E DEAD WEI<T2 ! MORE IT IS EULOGIZ$1 ! MORE A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( AN EXP]I5CE LAD5 ) REVOLUTION>Y LESSONS IS SUPPRESS$4 ,IT IS NOT 5\< TO HEAP %IT ON ! SELF-S]V+ ACTIONS ( ?OSE :O PRAISE IT & ( ! EXILES :O CONT9UE TO ACT 9 ITS NAME3 ! IDEAS & ! ACTIVITIES ?AT GAVE ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS & ! ,B,C,M !IR LIFE MU/ BE HELD RESPONSIBLE = ALL[+ ROOM = ALL ! PO/-#a#i#g#g ,B,C,M BULL%IT4 

,! MA9 ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS HAD V]Y LITTLE TO DO ) ELABORAT+ ! NECESS>Y GOALS & ME?ODS ( ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN REVOLUTION2 ITS MA9 ACCOMPLI%M5T WAS MU* MORE TO LEAVE 9 ! DU/ ! FALSE GOALS & ME?ODS ( ! /RUGGLES ( ! =TIES & FIFTIES1 & AT ! SAME TIME TO EXPOSE ! 9EFFECTUAL /RATEGIES ( ! TRADITIONAL 0LIB]ATION0 ORGANIZATIONS4 

,BECAUSE ( ! CONDITIONS =C$ UPON IT BY ! /ATE1 ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS DELIB]ATELY SIDE-/EPP$ ! :OLE QUE/ION ( :AT 9 FACT ITS GOALS W]E4 ,PRON\NC+ ITSELF AS REVOLUTION>Y C\LD S]VE NO PURPOSE O!R ?AN TO BR+ D[N ! WRA? ( ! POLICE4 ,TO OP5LY FAVOR VIOL5CE OR TO ATTEMPT TO LEAD PEOPLE 9TO ANY DIRECT CONFRONTATION ) ! /ATE C\LD ONLY HAVE L$ TO FAILURE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AL?\< ,B,C,M CLAIM$ ITSELF TO BE NONVIOL5T1 IT DID NOT 5GAGE 9 ! IMPOT5T ACTS ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE PRACTIC$ 9 A PREVI\S G5]ATION BY ! ,A,N,C & ,P,A,C 7AS WELL AS BY ! ,AM]ICAN CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T74 0,NONVIOL5CE0 WAS SIMPLY A MEANS ( SELF-DEF5SE2 IT C]TA9LY WAS NOT A /RATEGY1 AS IS %[N BY ANY P]USAL ( ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS LIT]ATURE1 :I* CON/ANTLY /RESSES ! ABSURDITY ( EXPECT+ ANY SIGNIFICANT *ANGES BY ! /ATE 9 RESPONSE TO MORAL PRESSURE4 

,ORGANIZATIONALLY1 ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS TOOK ! 5TIRE LOGIC ( ,L59ISM -- ! 05LI<T5$0 P>TY 70!ORY07 & ! PASSIVE BASE 70PRACTICE07 -- & TURN$ IT UPSIDE-D[N4 ,EV]Y?+ WAS /AK$ ON ! ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES AT ! LEVEL ( !IR EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,?IS WAS EXTREMELY +5I\S & ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y3 NOT ONLY AS A MEANS ( SELF-DEF5SE AGA9/ ! ,/ATE1 :I* W\LD1 AS A MATT] ( C\RSE1 SEEK \T & DE/ROY ! LEAD]%IP ( ANY 0REVOLUTION>Y0 GR\P1 BUT = ! ADVANCE ( ! /RUGGLE ITSELF4 

,AS AN ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK1 ! ,B,C,M HAD ONLY ONE PRACTICAL GOAL3 ! POPUL>IZATION ( ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS1 EI!R BY WORD OR BY PRACTICAL EXAMPLE4 ,:AT IS AT ! CORE ( ?IS PHILOSOPHY8 ,?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL BLACK MAN MU/ RECOGNIZE CLE>LY HIS SITUATION1 OV]COME HIS 9TIMIDATION1 & DECIDE UPON HIS [N SOLUTION4 ,?AT 9 O!R WORDS HE PUT HIMSELF 9 A POSITION :]E HE HAS NO NE$ = AN ORGANIZATION4 

,! POLITICAL GR\PS ?AT CAME 9TO BE+ \T ( ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS -- MO/ SIGNIFICANTLY ! ,BLACK ,PEOPLE'S ,CONV5TION 7,B,P,C71 ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,/UD5TS ,ORGANIZATION 7,S,A,S,O71 ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,/UD5TS ,MOVEM5T 7,S,A,S,M71 ,BLACK ,ALLI$ ,WORK]S ,UNION 7,B,A,W,U71 ,BLACK ,COMMUNITY ,PROGRAMS 7,B,C,P7 -- EXPRESS$ ! FUNDAM5TAL ABSURDITY ( VANGU>D ORGANIZATION 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA -- & 9 FACT >E A CONCRETE CASE ( ! REALITY ( AVANT-G>DE ORGANIZATIONS 9 G5]AL4 ,AS ORGANIZATIONS1 !SE GR\PS HAD NO REASON = EXI/5CE O!R ?AN TO EXI/4 ,!Y HAD NO ROLE TO PLAY AS M$IATORS BETWE5 ! MASSES & ,P[] 7! ,S\? ,AFRICAN :ITE RUL]S DON'T NEGOTIATE ) BLACKS71 & 9 ANY CASE REJECT$ ?AT ROLE4 ,!Y HAD NO ROLE AS M$IATORS BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE BECAUSE !Y DID NOT REALLY HAVE A !ORY -- OR1 IF Y\ WILL1 !IR !ORY WAS ?AT ! !ORY ( /RUGGLE IS MADE BY ?OSE 9 /RUGGLE1 NOT BY A LEAD]%IP ELITE4 ,!Y TOOK UP ! ROLE ( M$IATORS AGA9/ M$IATION4 

,! ,B,C,M DID NOT REALLY BREAK ) ! LOGIC ( A HI]>*ICAL1 AVANT-G>DE TYPE ORGANIZATION1 BUT SIMPLY PUT (F ! QUE/ION BECAUSE ( NATIONAL CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,?IS IS EVID5T 9 ! UMBRELLA /RUCTURE ( ! ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ,MOVEM5T4 ,:ILE DEAL+ ) ! 0UNORGANIZ$0 BLACKS1 ! ,B,C,M H]ALD$ ! 9DIVIDUAL2 BUT :5 DEAL+ 9 ORGANIZATIONAL T]MS1 IT PUT =W>D ! IDEOLOGY ( ! F$]ATION ( AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATIONS4 ,A DI/9CT HI]>*Y ( ?OSE 0ORGANIZ$0 & ?OSE UNORGANIZ$ IS IMPLI$4 ,= ?OSE :O >E UNORGANIZ$1 ! ESS5TIAL REF]5T IS 0! SY/EM' ,BUT :5 ONE BECOMES ORGANIZ$1 ! REF]5T BECOMES A MATT] ( BUILD+ ! ORGANIZATION4 ,! ORGANIZATION DOES NOT SPR+ FROM A DET]M9$ AGREEM5T ( 9DIVIDUALS ON COMMON ACTIVITY1 FROM DEF9+ :AT IS REALLY ORGANIZABLE 9 !IR ACTIVITY1 BUT RA!R ACTS TO PUBLICIZE ITSELF -- ! ORGANIZATION4 

,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS1 DEF9$ 9 AS REALLY BROAD & REALLY VAGUE T]MS AS IT WAS1 HAD RUN1 FROM ! />T1 ! RISK ( BECOM+ AN APOLOGI/ = ALL ! ACTIONS TAK5 BY ?OSE :O CLAIM$ TO BE A P>T ( IT3 /OOGES LIKE ,N?A?O ,MOTLANA & ,GAT%A ,BU!LEZI /ILL POSE AS ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ADVOCATES TO LEGITIMIZE !IR CAMPAIGNS = BETT] SCRAPS AT ! :ITE MAN'S TR\<4 ,AT ! TIME :5 ! BE/ ( ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS !ORY WAS PUT 9TO PRACTICE 9 ! /REETS 7& :5 ! ,B,C,M ORGANIZATIONS W]E LEFT 9 ! DU/7 -- #a#i#g#f_/#g#g -- ! USE ( ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS AS AN APOLOGIA = SPECIALI/S BECAME ! RULE RA!R ?AN ! EXCEPTION4 ,! MOVEM5T :I* CLAIM$ TO HAVE 0ANALYZ$1 ASSESS$ & DEF9$ ! BLACK COMMUNITY'S NE$S1 ASPIRATIONS1 IDEALS & GOALS0 WAS NEV] SO /AGNANT AS 9 ! P]IOD :5 ! BLACK ,S\? ,AFRICAN COMMUNITY WAS />T+ TO DO !SE ?+S = ITSELF4 

,C]TA9LY1 ! PO9T IS NOT -- ACCORD+ TO ! FAD$ ,L59I/ DREAM -- ?AT ! ,B,C,M WAS NOT !RE 9 #a#i#g#f_/#g#g TO 0LEAD0 ! /RUGGLE4 ,NOR IS ! PO9T ?AT C]TA9 ,B,C,M MEMB]S DID NOT MAKE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS 9 ! /RUGGLE ITSELF3 SOME UND5IABLY DID 7?\< ONE HAS SE5 9 ?IS & ! PREC$+ *APT] ! QUALITY ( ! CONTRIBUTIONS MADE BY O!RS67 ,! PO9T IS RA!R ?AT :5 IT CAME TO ANALYSIS1 ! REMA9+ SPOKESM5 ( ! ,B,C,M %[$ !MSELVES CAPABLE ( ORIG9ALITY ONLY 9 ! S5SE ( *OOS+ :I* CLI*ES MO/ GLORI\SLY DESCRIBE ! /RUGGLE & !IR [N P>TICIPATION 9 IT4 ,NATIONALISM REEM]G$1 LESS AS A DEVELOP$ IDEOLOGY1 ?AN \T ( :OLESALE APPROVAL ( EV]Y?+ DONE BY !IR BLACK C\NTRYM54 ,CRITICISM ( ALL BUT ! MO/ OBVI\S T>GETS -- :ITES & SELL\TS -- BECAME SC>C] ?AN ?REELEGG$ DOGS4 

,! CONSPICU\S DECL9E ( ! ,B,C,M 9TO ISOLAT$ GR\PS ( RADICAL *E]LEAD]S DID NOT /EM FROM A SUDD5 ECLIPSE ( 9TELLIG5CE1 & EV5 LESS FROM ! ABS5CE ( ?+S TO CRITICIZE1 ANALYZE & PRECISE4 ,RA!R1 IT /EMM$ FROM ! FACT ?AT A RADICAL ANALYSIS ( CONDITIONS BY ! BLACK PROLET>IAT 9 ACTION NECESS>ILY IMPLI$ ! CORRECTION ( NUM]\S ASPECTS -- !ORETICAL AS WELL AS PRACTICAL -- ( ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ITSELF2 & IT WAS PRECISELY BE=E ! CRITIQUE ( ITS [N H\SE ?AT ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS TREMBL$4 

,) ! VISIBLE RETURN ( OP5 /RUGGLE TO ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS WAS CONFRONT$ ) ! *OICE ( EI!R %ATT]+ ITS 5TIRE PETRIFI$ ORGANIZATIONAL $IFICE OR ( D5Y+ ?AT ?IS ORGANIZATIONAL $IFICE WAS BO? AN $IFICE & WAS PETRIFI$4 ,FAC$ ) ! AMAZ+ CAPACITY ( ! MASSES = SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION ! ,B,C,M *OSE ! ALT]NATIVE ( PRES5T+ ! MOVEM5T 9 ! /REETS AS ?\< IT WAS SIMPLY AN ADJUNCT TO ! ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ,MOVEM5T1 ) A CAPITAL 0,M0 = MOVEM5T4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ,B,C,M LEAD]S & ! MASSES -- A DI/9CTION MADE 9 PRACTICE BY ! ,B,C,M LEAD]S -- WAS CONCEAL$ BY PRET5D+ ?AT EV]YONE :O ACT$ 9TELLIG5TLY 9 /RUGGLE WAS AN HONOR>Y LEAD] ( A 0MOVEM5T0 :I* HAD BE5 LEFT BEH9D4 ,! REAL HI/ORY MADE BY ! MASSES WAS HI]>*ICALLY ACCORD$ A SUB/ITUTE HI/ORY -- ! HI/ORY ( MASS SUPPORT = ! ,B,C,M2 & IT WAS ?IS SUB/ITUTE HI/ORY ?AT ! P>TISANS ( ,B,C,M PROCLAIM$ AS ! BLACK PROLET>IAT'S ESS5CE & TRU?4 0,MASS SUPPORT10 ! ,B,C,M'S [N CORRECTIVE TO HI]>*ICAL LEAD]%IP1 9 FACT BECAME A RUBRIC BY :I* ! REALLY HI]>*ICAL LEAD]S ( ! ,B,C,M AFFIRM$ !IR SUCCESS & !IR AU?ORITY 9 JU/ AB\T EV]Y?+4 ,?IS 0SUCCESS0 & 0AU?ORITY0 BECAME AN AB/RACT /&>D = MEASUR+ ALL /RUGGLE4 

,?US ! ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS ,MOVEM5T F\ND A REFUGE 9 ! MY? ( ITS P[]1 :I* WAS 9V]SELY PROPORTIONAL TO ITS PRACTICAL EFFECTIV5ESS4 ,! FUR!R IT BECAME SEP>AT$ FROM PRACTICAL CONTE/ATION1 ! MORE IMPORTANT ! MY? BECAME4 ,! ,B,C,M NEV] CLAIM$ TO BE A MONOLI?IC ORGANIZATION2 9 ACTUALITY IT WAS PREMIS$ ON ! FACT ?AT IT WAS NOT A MONOLI?IC ORGANIZATION4 ,! MY? ?AT ,BLACK ,CONSCI\SNESS 9CORPORAT$ ! ACTIVITY ( EV]Y REBELLI\S BLACK ,S\? ,AFRICAN WAS EXACTLY :AT BECAME ! SEMANTIC SUB/ITUTE = ! MONOLI?IC ORGANIZATION T[>D :I* ! ,B,C,M LOGICALLY T5D$1 BUT :OSE 9EVITABLE SYMPTOMS ( /ULTIFICATION ! ,B,C,M LEAD]%IP WAS SOPHI/ICAT$ 5\< TO WANT TO AVOID = AS LONG AS POSSIBLE4 

,9 MID-#a#i#g#i1 H[EV]1 ! TIRELESS BUREAUCRATIC WORK-MULES 9 V>I\S ,B,C,M BUREAUCRACIES1 REALIZ+ ?AT ! IDEOLOGY ( MASS SUPPORT C\LD NO LONG] SUFFICE N[ ?AT ! ORGANIZATIONS W]E BANN$ 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA & VISIBLY DECAY+ 9 EXILE1 /E]$ ! ,B,C,M TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION4 ,! REALITY ( ORGANIZATION AS A SUB/ITUTE = REAL /RUGGLE C\LD NO LONG] BE DIFFUS$1 & 9/EAD WAS AFFIRM$ OP5LY4 ,! ,B,C,M WAS MADE 9TO AN (FICIAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T1 ) HEADQU>T]S 9 ,GAB]ONES1 & *APT]S 9 ,LONDON1 ,BONN & ,NEW ,YORK4 ,& ! IDEOLOGICAL RAISON D'ETRE = ITS EXI/5CE8 ,TO M$IATE1 BUT NOT 9 A TRADITIONAL L59I/ /YLE1 BUT RA!R 9 ! WI%Y-WA%Y FA%ION ( A ,U,N PEACE-KEEP+ =CE4 ,TO M$IATE NOT BETWE5 !ORY & PRACTICE1 OR BETWE5 ! MASSES & P[]1 BUT TO M$IATE BETWE5 ! ,A,N,C & ! ,P,A,C4 ,FROM ! SUBLIME TO ! MO/ ABSOLUTE =M ( CRET9ISM6 ,ALL ! WORMS HAVE CRAWL$ \T ( ! CORPSE4 ,! ,B,C,M'S (FICIAL PROCLAMATION AS AN ORGANIZATION SPELLS \T UNFAIL+LY ?AT 9 ITS TRUE COLORS AS IDEOLOGY & HI]>*Y1 IT IS AN 5EMY ( REAL BLACK PROLET>IAN /RUGGLE 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA4 

  

.<#a.> ,DESAI IS A RESE>* FELL[1 & J\RNALI/1 AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NATAL :O ALSO LECTURES P>T TIME 9 ,J\RNALISM AT ! ,DURBAN ,9/ITUTE = ,TE*NOLOGY & ,! ,WORK]S ,COLLEGE4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT+ ! PASSION ( ?IS GUY & HIS WRIT+ IS V]Y 9=MATIVE ( ! MOVEM5TS DEVELOP+ 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,NEV]!LESS1 WE MU/ BE A BIT W>Y ( SOMEONE :O'S A PR(ESSIONAL WRIT]1 :O LIVES (F HIS POSITION 9 ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,SURE1 ,BIKO WAS A LAWY]1 :O UND\BT$LY CONTRIBUT$ TO ! MOVEM5T ( ! '#gS1 = :I* HE PAID ) HIS LIFE4 ,BUT !RE'S A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! CRUDE REPRESSION ( ! WRITT5 WORD UND] AP>!ID & ! LESS OV]T REPRESSION ( WRITT5 0FREE0 SPEE* 9 ! CURR5T EPO*4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 WE CAN'T IMAG9E !RE >E MANY O!R J\RNALI/S 9 ! WORLD :O GIVE POSITIVE REF]5CES TO CLASS VIOL5CE 9 !IR [N C\NTRY AS ,DESAI DOES1 BUT !N MAYBE ! G5]ALLY VIOL5T ATMOSPH]E ( DAILY LIFE 9 ,S,A MAKES SU* REF]5CES K9D ( ACCEPTABLE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME WE GET ! FEEL+ -- ?\< WE MAY BE WRONG -- ?AT ! GUY IS PRETTY MU* A POPULI/1 I4E4 SOMEONE :OSE PRIM>Y CONC]N IS TO BE POPUL>4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HE (F]S NO 9SI<TS 9TO H[ !SE MOVEM5TS C\LD DEVELOP FUR!R1 & :5 TALK+ ( ! ,9DIAN COMMUNITY GIVES POSITIVE REF]5CE TO ,G&HI1 NOT SOMEONE R5[N$ = HIS ADVOCACY ( ANTI-RUL+ CLASS VIOL5CE4 7,G&HI US$ HIS REPUTATION & LEAD]%IP ROLE TO (T5 DIS>M SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ,9DIA :5 !Y ?REAT5$ TO GET \T ( H&2 HE OPPOS$ /RIKES 9 ! SUP]-EXPLOITATIVE TEXTILE 9DU/IES1 EV5 GO+ SO F> AS TO ?REAT5 SUICIDE IF WORK]S W5T ON /RIKE2 & HE EV5 REFUS$ TO SUPPORT A MUT9Y ( A SECTION ( ! ,H9DU ,ROYAL ,G>:ALI REGIM5T -- :O W]E BRUTALLY PUNI%$ = ! MUT9Y -- :5 IT REFUS$ AN ORD] TO MA*9E GUN UN>M$ RIOT+ MUSLIMS1 SAY+ HE W\LDN'T WANT SOLDI]S 9 AN 9DEP5D5T ,9DIA TO REFUSE HIS ORD]S TO %OOT IF ?AT BECAME NECESS>Y666667 7,LE ,MONDE1 #b? ,FEB4 #a#i#c#b74 ,:AT'S MORE1 ,DESAI EXPRESSES ! IDEA1 :I* MAY V]Y WELL BE ALSO A G5]AL IDEA AMONG ! POPULATION AS A :OLE1 ?AT ! ,A,N,C SOLD \T1 ?AT !Y W]E OK UNTIL !Y GOT TO P[] & ADOPT$ NEO-LIB]AL POLICIES1 AS IF !IR PROGRAM & /RUCTURE EV] EXPRESS$ ANY?+ O!R ?AN A POLITICAL AMBITION TO DEVELOP CAPITALISM1 ALBEIT ORIG9ALLY 9 A ,/ATE CAPITALI/ =M4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,S\? ,AFRICAN ,/ATE1 LIKE ,/ATES ! WORLD OV]1 IS V]Y REPRESSIVE4 ,IT'S POSSIBLE ?AT ,DESAI C\LD BE PICK$ ON BY ,/ATE =CES1 ?\< IT'S UNLIKELY ?AT HE'D 5D UP 0FALL+0 \T ( A POLICE /ATION W9D[4 ,MORE LIKELY IS ?AT HE W\LD BE FRAM$ = SOME?+ -- LIKE ,MZWAKHE ,MBULI1 :O WAS >RE/$ 9 LATE #aiig & F\ND GUILTY 9 E>LY #aiii ( BANK ROBB]Y1 & N[ LANGUI%ES 9 A ,MAXIMUM ,SECURITY ,PRISON = A CRIME HE C]TA9LY DIDN'T COMMIT1 BUT = :I* HE WAS FRAM$ PROBABLY BECAUSE ( HIS CONT9U$ CRITICISM ( ! ,A,N,C & ( ,BU!LEZIS' ,9KA?A ,FRE$OM ,P>TY4 

.<#b.> ,MBEKI1 LIKE ALL IDEOLOGI/S1 US$ A FRAGM5T ( ! TRU? = HIS CONT5TION ?AT ,H,I,V DOESN'T LEAD TO ,A,I,D,S3 IT'S MO/LY UNKN[N1 BUT !RE IS A SMALL P]C5TAGE ( ?OSE :O HAVE ,A,I,D,S :O HAVE NO TRACE ( HAV+ EV] HAD ! ,H,I,V VIRUS4 ,D\BTLESS1 EQUALLY SECRETLY1 !RE'S A LOAD ( MONEY GO+ 9TO RESE>* 9TO ?IS SMALL P]C5TAGE1 BECAUSE EXCEPTIONS >E ALWAYS A S\RCE ( SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]Y4 

.<#c.> ,9 ,I#i#i#d ! NEWLY ELECT$ ,A,N,C GOV]NM5T ISSU$ ITS 0,RECON/RUCTION & ,DEVELOPM5T ,PROGRAM0 :I* PURPORT$ TO BE AB\T BASIC NE$S SU* AS JOBS1 L&1 H\S+1 WAT]1 ELECTRICITY1 HEAL?C>E1 WELF>E4 ,TWO YE>S LAT] IT WAS REPLAC$ BY ,G,E,>3 0,GR[?1 ,EMPLOYM5T & ,R$I/RIBUTION10 & HAV+ AS MU* TO DO ) W9D[ DRESS+ AS ITS ACRONYM4 ,IT WAS 0DESIGN$0 BY A CABAL ( #ae ECONOMI/S1 #b FROM ! ,WORLD ,BANK & ! RE/ FROM BIG ,S\? ,AFRICAN BANKS & CONS]VATIVE ?9K TANKS4 ,TYPICALLY ! LANGUAGE WAS ONE WE >E ALL N[ HE>TILY SICK (3 0GREAT] LABOR M>KET FLEXIBILITY10 0=EIGN DIRECT 9VE/M5T10 0S\ND FISCAL POLICY40 

.<#d.> ,ALEX&RA IS /ILL V]Y MU* A *RONICALLY POOR >EA -- LOTS ( *ANTY T[NS1 9T5SELY CR[D$ -- MORE ?AN HALF A MILLION PEOPLE 9 A V]Y SMALL SPACE -- A BEWILD]+ MAZE ( SMA%$-UP /REETS1 CRAMM$ ) PEOPLE1 ) T]RIBLE H\S+ & AN OBVI\S LACK ( ESS5TIAL S]VICES4 ,IT HAS REC5TLY OP5$ A BALLET S*OOL -- ! FIR/ TO TAKE Y\NG /UD5TS ) PLANS TO TRA9 !M 9 A PR(ESSIONAL WAY4 ,IT HAS A /RICT & RIGOR\S REGIME ( TUITION -- F\R AFT]NOONS A WEEK = #a YE>S4 0,I WANT TO GIVE !M ! DISCIPL9E & /RUCTURE ?AT IS NE$$ 9 BALLET4 ,?AT WILL HELP !M 9 ALL ASPECTS ( LIFE10 SAYS ! DIRECTOR4 ,ONE %\LDN'T IGNORE ! EXT5T TO :I* CULTURE 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA N[ S]VES ! PURPOSE ( TAM+ ! PREVI\SLY UNTAM$1 GIV+ !M 'HOPE' 9 A HOPELESS SY/EM1 DISCIPL9E & /RUCTURE )9 ?IS SY/EM4 ,& NOT ONLY 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA4 

.<#e.> ,5DANG]$ ,PH5IX NOTE3 ,(FICIALLY ! TURN\T WAS #b#a.01 BUT !N PROBABLY ONLY A ?IRD ( ?OSE 5TITL$ TO VOTE BO!R$ TO REGI/]4 

.<#f.> ,5DANG]$ ,PH5IX NOTE3 ,AL?\< ! ORIG9AL DOESN'T SAY :O SAID ?IS1 ?IS QUOTE COMES FROM ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #c#a1 #bba 3 ,:AT ',APP5 TO ,S\? ,AFRICA8 #a#i#g#f-#b#e4 ,DEFIANCE TO ,AP>!ID1 ,NEOLIB]ALISM1 & ,RECUP]ATORS ( ,DEFIANCE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,:AT ',APP5 TO ,S\? ,AFRICA8 #a#i#g#f-#b#e4 ,DEFIANCE TO ,AP>!ID1 ,NEOLIB]ALISM1 & ,RECUP]ATORS ( ,DEFIANCE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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