,:AT IS 0,MAKHAEVISM08 

#aife 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,AVRI* 

,TEXT 3 

,:5 ! ,%ORT ,C\RSE HI/ORY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,PRAVDA 9 #a#i#c#h1 IT WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY A DECREE :I* EMPHASIZ$ ! ROLE ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( ,SOVIET SOCIETY4 ,! DECREE BITT]LY CONDEMN$ ! ',MAKHAEVI/' BELIEF ?AT ! 9TELLECTUALS -- P>TY (FICIALS1 FACTORY & F>M MANAG]S1 >MY (FIC]S1 TE*NICAL SPECIALI/S1 SCI5TI/S -- W]E AN ALI5 BRE$ ( SELF-SEEK+ M5 :O HAD NO?+ 9 COMMON ) ! WORK] AT ! B5* OR ! PEASANT BEH9D ! PL[4 ,?IS HO/ILE ATTITUDE T[>DS ! 9TELLIG5TSIA1 DECL>$ ! DECREE1 WAS 'SAVAGE1 HOOLIGAN & DANG]\S TO ! ,SOVIET ,/ATE'4 

,A NUMB] ( ,PRAVDA READ]S1 PUZZL$ BY ! /RANGE EXPRESSION ',MAKHAEVISM'1 WROTE TO ! $ITORS ASK+ !M TO EXPLA9 IT4 7,SOME READ]S1 IT SEEMS1 CONFUS$ ',MAKHAEVISM' ) ',MA*ISM'1 ! PHILOSOPHY ( ! ,AU/RIAN PHYSICI/ ,]N/ ,MA*1 :I* ,L59 HAD SEV]ELY CRITICIZ$ ?IRTY YE>S E>LI]47 ,9 A SCA?+ POLEMIC1 ,PRAVDA REPLI$ ?AT ',MAKHAEVISM' WAS A CRUDE !ORY :I* SL&]$ ! 9TELLIG5TSIA BY BR&+ !M AS ! NEW EXPLOIT]S ( ! WORK]S & PEASANTS2 ITS ADH]5TS W]E 'ALI5S1 DEG5]ATES1 & 5EMIES'1 :OSE SLOGAN WAS ',D[N ) ! 9TELLIG5TSIA'4 ,VEHEM5TLY D5Y+ ?AT ! 9TELLIG5TSIA CON/ITUT$ A NEW CLASS ( OPPRESSORS1 ,PRAVDA ASS]T$ ?AT ! 9TELLECTUALS & ! TOIL+ MASSES W]E '( ONE BONE & ONE FLE%'4 ,YET ,PRAVDA'S B>RAGE ( VITUP]ATION M]ELY ?ICK5$ ! MI/ ( CONFUSION SURR\ND+ ! T]M ',MAKHAEVISM'1 :I*1 BY ! #a#i#cS1 HAD BECOME LITTLE MORE ?AN A CONV5I5T EPI!T = 9TELLECTUAL-BAIT+4 ,BUT :AT1 9 FACT1 WAS ',MAKHAEVISM'8 ,:O WAS ITS ORIG9ATOR1 & :AT 9FLU5CE DID HE HAVE DUR+ HIS LIFETIME8 

,JAN ,WACLAW ,MA*AJSKI WAS BORN 9 #ahff 9 ,BUSK1 A SMALL T[N ( SOME TWO ?\S& 9HABITANTS1 SITUAT$ NE> ! CITY ( ,KIELCE 9 ,RUSSIAN ,POL&4 ,HE WAS ! SON ( AN 9DIG5T CL]K1 :O DI$ :5 ,MA*AJSKI WAS A *ILD1 LEAV+ A L>GE & DE/ITUTE FAMILY4 ,MA*AJSKI ATT5D$ ! GIMNAZIYA 9 ,KIELCE & HELP$ SUPPORT HIS BRO!RS & SI/]S BY TUTOR+ ! S*OOLMATES :O BO>D$ 9 HIS MO!R'S AP>TM5T4 ,HE BEGAN HIS REVOLUTION>Y C>E] 9 #ahhh 9 ! /UD5T CIRCLES ( ,W>SAW ,UNIV]SITY1 :]E HE HAD 5ROLL$ 9 ! FACULTIES ( NATURAL SCI5CE & M$IC9E4 ,TWO OR ?REE YE>S LAT]1 :ILE ATT5D+ ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,ZURI*1 HE AB&ON$ HIS FIR/ POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY 7A BL5D ( SOCIALISM & ,POLI% NATIONALISM7 = ! REVOLUTION>Y 9T]NATIONALISM ( ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,MA*AJSKI WAS >RE/$ 9 ,MAY #a#h#i#b1 = SMUGGL+ REVOLUTION>Y PROCLAMATIONS FROM ,SWITZ]L& 9TO ! 9DU/RIAL CITY ( ,LODZ1 :I* WAS !N1 9 ! ?ROES ( A G5]AL /RIKE4 ,9 #a#i#c1 AFT] A DOZ5 YE>S 9 PRISON & ,SIB]IAN EXILE1 HE ESCAP$ TO WE/]N ,EUROPE1 :]E HE REMA9$ UNTIL ! \TBREAK ( ! #aie REVOLUTION4 

,DUR+ HIS LONG T]M ( BANI%M5T 9 ! ,SIB]IAN SETTLEM5T ( ,VILYUISK 79 ,YAKUTSK PROV9CE71 ,MA*AJSKI MADE AN 9T5SIVE /UDY ( SOCIALI/ LIT]ATURE & CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS DID NOT REALLY *AMPION ! CAUSE ( ! MANUAL WORK]S1 BUT ?AT ( A NEW CLASS ( 'M5TAL WORK]S' 5G5D]$ BY ! RISE ( 9DU/RIALISM4 ,M>XISM1 HE MA9TA9$ 9 HIS MAJOR WORK1 ,UM/V5NY RABO*I1 REFLECT$ ! 9T]E/S ( ?IS NEW CLASS1 :I* HOP$ TO RIDE TO P[] ON ! %\LD]S ( ! MANUAL WORK]S4 ,9 A SO-CALL$ 'SOCIALI/' SOCIETY1 HE DECL>$1 PRIVATE CAPITALI/S W\LD M]ELY BE REPLAC$ BY A NEW >I/OCRACY ( ADM9I/RATORS1 TE*NICAL EXP]TS1 & POLITICIANS2 ! MANUAL LABOR]S W\LD BE 5SLAV$ ANEW BY A RUL+ M9ORITY :OSE CAPITAL'1 SO TO SPEAK1 WAS $UCATION4 

,9 EVOLV+ HIS ANTI-,M>XI/ !ORIES1 ,MA*AJSKI WAS /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 & BY ! ECONOMI/S ( ! #a#h#iS4 ,A G5]ATION BE=E ! APPE>ANCE ( ,UM/V5NY RABO*I1 ,BAKUN9 HAD D5\NC$ ,M>X & HIS FOLL[]S AS N>R[ 9TELLECTUALS :O1 LIV+ 9 AN UNREAL WORLD ( MU/Y BOOKS & ?ICK J\RNALS1 UND]/OOD NO?+ ( HUMAN SUFF]+4 ,AL?\< ,BAKUN9 BELIEV$ ?AT 9TELLECTUALS W\LD PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 HE W>N$ ?AT HIS ,M>XI/ RIVALS HAD AN 9SATIABLE LU/ = P[]4 ,9 #a#h#g#b1 F\R YE>S BE=E HIS DEA?1 ,BAKUN9 SPECULAT$ ON ! %APE ! ,M>XI/ 'DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT' W\LD ASSUME IF EV] 9AUGURAT$3 

,?AT W\LD BE ! RULE ( SCI5TIFIC 9TELLECT1 ! MO/ AUTOCRATIC1 ! MO/ DESPOTIC1 ! MO/ >ROGANT1 & ! MO/ 9SOL5T ( ALL REGIMES4 ,!RE WILL BE A NEW CLASS1 A NEW HI]>*Y ( G5U9E OR %AM SAVANTS1 & ! WORLD WILL BE DIVID$ 9TO A DOM9ANT M9ORITY 9 ! NAME ( SCI5CE1 & AN IMM5SE IGNORANT MAJORITY4 

,9 ONE ( HIS MO/ IMPORTANT WORKS1 ,GOSUD>/V5NO/ I AN>KHIYA1 PUBLI%$ ! FOLL[+ YE>1 ,BAKUN9 ELABORAT$ UPON ?IS DIRE PROPHECY 9 A MO/ /RIK+ PASSAGE3 

,ACCORD+ TO ! !ORY ( ,MR4 ,M>X1 ! PEOPLE NOT ONLY MU/ NOT DE/ROY .<! /ATE.> BUT MU/ /R5G!N IT & PLACE IT AT ! COMPLETE DISPOSAL ( !IR B5EFACTORS1 GU>DIANS1 & TEA*]S ! LEAD]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 NAMELY ,MR4 ,M>X & HIS FRI5DS1 :O WILL PROCE$ TO LIB]ATE .<MANK9D.> 9 !IR [N WAY4 ,!Y WILL CONC5TRATE ! REIGNS ( GOV]NM5T 9 A /RONG H&1 BECAUSE ! IGNORANT PEOPLE REQUIRE AN EXCE$+LY FIRM GU>DIAN%IP2 !Y WILL E/ABLI% A S+LE /ATE BANK1 CONC5TRAT+ 9 ITS H&S ALL COMM]CIAL1 9DU/RIAL1 AGRICULTURAL1 & EV5 SCI5TIFIC PRODUCTION1 & !N DIVIDE ! MASSES 9TO TWO >MIES -- 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL -- UND] ! DIRECT COMM& ( /ATE 5G9E]S1 :O WILL CON/ITUTE A NEW PRIVILEG$ SCI5TIFIC-POLITICAL E/ATE4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,BAKUN91 ! FOLL[]S ( ,K>L ,M>X & ( ,AUGU/E ,COMTE AS WELL W]E 'PRIE/S ( SCI5CE'1 ORDA9$ 9 A NEW PRIVILEG$ *UR* ( ! M9D & SUP]IOR $UCATION'4 ,!Y DISDA9FULLY 9=M$ ! COMMON MAN3 ',Y\ KN[ NO?+1 Y\ UND]/& NO?+1 Y\ >E A BLOCKHEAD1 & A MAN ( 9TELLIG5CE MU/ PUT A SADDLE & BRIDLE ON Y\ & LEAD Y\'4 

,BAKUN9 MA9TA9$ ?AT $UCATION WAS AS GREAT AN 9/RUM5T ( DOM9ATION AS PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,SO LONG AS LE>N+ WAS PREEMPT$ BY A M9ORITY ( ! POPULATION1 HE WROTE 9 #ahfi 9 AN ESSAY 5TITL$ ,9TEGRAL ,9/RUCTION1 IT C\LD EFFECTIVELY BE US$ TO EXPLOIT ! MAJORITY4 ',! ONE :O KN[S MORE'1 HE WROTE1 'WILL NATURALLY DOM9ATE ! ONE :O KN[S LESS4' ,EV5 IF ! L&LORDS & CAPITALI/S W]E ELIM9AT$1 !RE WAS A DANG] ?AT ! WORLD 'W\LD BE DIVID$ ONCE AGA9 9TO A MASS ( SLAVES & A SMALL NUMB] ( RUL]S1 ! =M] WORK+ = ! LATT] AS !Y DO TODAY'4 ,BAKUN9'S ANSW] WAS TO WRE/ $UCATION FROM ! MONOPOLI/IC GRASP ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES & MAKE IT AVAILABLE EQUALLY TO EV]YONE2 LIKE CAPITAL1 $UCATION MU/ CEASE TO BE '! PATRIMONY ( ONE OR ( SEV]AL CLASSES' & BECOME '! COMMON PROP]TY ( ALL'4 ,AN 9TEGRAT$ $UCATION 9 SCI5CE & H&ICRAFTS 7BUT NOT 9 ! JEJUNE AB/RACTIONS ( RELIGION1 METAPHYSICS & SOCIOLOGY7 W\LD 5ABLE ALL CITIZ5S TO 5GAGE 9 BO? MANUAL & M5TAL PURSUITS1 !REBY ELIM9AT+ A MAJOR S\RCE ( 9EQUALITY4 ',EV]YONE MU/ WORK1 & EV]YONE MU/ BE $UCAT$'1 ,BAKUN9 AV]R$1 SO ?AT 9 ! GOOD SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE !RE W\LD BE 'NEI!R WORK]S NOR SCI5TI/S1 BUT ONLY M5'4 

,! GULF BETWE5 ! $UCAT$ CLASSES & ! 'D>K PEOPLE' ( ,RUSSIA WAS BROAD] ?AN ANY:]E ELSE 9 ,EUROPE1 ,DUR+ ! #a#h#gS1 :5 ! Y\NG ,POPULI/ /UD5TS FROM ,PET]SBURG & ,MOSC[ W5T TO ! PEOPLE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 !Y RAN 9TO AN 9VISIBLE B>RI] ?AT SEP>AT$ !M FROM ! IGNORANT N>OD4 ,!IR PITIFUL FAILURE TO COMMUNICATE ) ! RURAL FOLK L$ SOME DISILLUSION$ ,POPULI/S TO AB&ON ! $UCATION :I* !Y ?\<T WAS DIVID+ !M FROM ! MASSES4 ,O!RS WOND]$ :E!R ! $UCATION GAP C\LD BE BRIDG$ AT ALL1 :E!R ! ,POPULI/ PHILOSOPH] ,NIKOLAI ,MIKHAILOVSKI WAS NOT RI<T :5 HE OBS]V$ ?AT ! LIT]ATE FEW MU/ '9EVITABLY 5?RALL$' ! TOIL+ MAJORITY4 

,NOR WAS ! SITUATION REALLY IMPROV$ :5 ! PEASANTS CAME TO ! CITY TO WORK 9 ! FACTORIES1 = !Y BR\<T !IR SUSPICION ( ! 9TELLECTUALS ) !M4 ,ONE LABOR] 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG COMPLA9$ ?AT '! 9TELLIG5TSIA HAD USURP$ ! POSITION ( ! WORK]'4 ,IT WAS ALL RI<T TO ACCEPT BOOKS FROM ! /UD5TS1 HE SAID1 BUT :5 !Y BEG9 TO TEA* Y\ NONS5SE Y\ MU/ KNOCK !M D[N4 ',!Y %\LD BE MADE TO UND]/& ?AT ! WORK]S' CAUSE \<T TO BE PLAC$ 5TIRELY 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES4' ,AL?\< !SE REM>KS W]E AIM$ AT ! ,POPULI/ ,*AIKOVSKI CIRCLE 9 ! #a#h#gS1 ! SAME ATTITUDE P]SI/$ 9 SUCCE$+ DECADES T[>DS BO? ! ,POPULI/S & ! ,M>XI/S1 :O W]E COMPET+ = ! ALLEGIANCE ( ! EM]G+ CLASS ( 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,9 #a#h#h#c1 ,GEORGI ,PLEKHANOV1 ! 'FA!R' ( ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY1 FELT CON/RA9$ TO PL$GE ?AT ! ,M>XI/ DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT W\LD BE 'AS F> REMOV$ FROM ! DICTATOR%IP ( A GR\P ( RAZNO*9TSY REVOLUTIONI/S AS HEAV5 IS FROM E>?'4 ,HE ASSUR$ ! WORK]S ?AT ,M>X'S DISCIPLES W]E SELFLESS M51 :OSE MISSION WAS TO RAISE ! CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT SO ?AT IT C\LD BECOME 'AN 9DEP5D5T FIGURE 9 ! >5A ( HI/ORICAL LIFE1 & NOT PASS ET]NALLY FROM ONE GU>DIAN TO ANO!R'4 

,NOT)/&+ REPEAT$ REASSURANCES ( ?IS SORT1 MANY FACTORY WORK]S ES*EW$ ! DOCTR9AIRE REVOLUTIONISM ( ,PLEKHANOV & HIS ASSOCIATES & B5T !IR EF=TS TO ! TASK ( ECONOMIC & $UCATIONAL SELF-IMPROVEM5T4 ,!Y BEGAN TO MANIFE/ A T5D5CY 79 :I* !Y W]E JO9$ BY A NUMB] ( SYMPA!TIC 9TELLECTUALS7 :I* LAT] ACQUIR$ ! LABEL ( 'ECONOMISM'4 ,! AV]AGE ,RUSSIAN WORKMAN WAS MORE 9T]E/$ 9 RAIS+ HIS MAT]IAL LEVEL ?AN 9 AGITAT+ = POLITICAL OBJECTIVES2 HE WAS W>Y ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SLOGANS FLOAT$ BY P>TY LEAD]S :O SEEM$ B5T ON PU%+ HIM 9TO POLITICAL ADV5TURES ?AT MI<T SATISFY !IR [N AMBITIONS :ILE LEAV+ ! SITUATION ( ! WORK]S ESS5TIALLY UN*ANG$4 ,POLITICAL PROGRAMS1 WROTE A LEAD+ SPOKESMAN ( ! 'ECONOMI/' PO9T ( VIEW1 '>E SUITABLE = 9TELLECTUALS GO+ 0TO ! PEOPLE01 BUT NOT = ! WORK]S !MSELVES4444 ,& IT IS ! DEF5SE ( ! WORK]S' 9T]E/S 444 ?AT IS ! :OLE CONT5T ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T'4 ,! 9TELLIG5TSIA1 HE ADD$1 QUOT+ ,M>X'S CELEBRAT$ PREAMBLE TO ! BYLAWS ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 T5D$ TO =GET ?AT '! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ BE ! TASK ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES'4 

,UND]LY+ ! ANTI-9TELLECTUALISM ( ! 'ECONOMI/S' WAS ! CONVICTION ?AT ! 9TELLIG5TSIA LOOK$ UPON ! WORK+ CLASS SIMPLY AS ! MEANS TO A HI<] GOAL1 AS AN AB/RACT MASS PR$E/9$ TO C>RY \T ! IMMUTABLE WILL ( HI/ORY4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! 'ECONOMI/S'1 ! 9TELLECTUALS1 9/EAD ( BR++ !IR KN[L$GE TO BE> ON ! CONCRETE PROBLEMS ( FACTORY LIFE1 W]E 9CL9$ TO LOSE !MSELVES 9 IDEOLOGIES ?AT HAD NO RELATION TO ! TRUE NE$S ( ! WORK]S4 ,EMBOLD5$ BY ! ,PET]SBURG TEXTILE /RIKES ( #ahif & #a#h#i#g1 :I* W]E ORGANIZ$ & DIRECT$ BY LOCAL WORKM51 ! 'ECONOMI/S' URG$ ! ,RUSSIAN LABOR+ CLASS TO REMA9 SELF-SUFFICI5T & REJECT ! LEAD]%IP ( SELF-C5T]$ PR(ESSIONAL AGITATORS4 ,AS ONE B5* WORK] 9 ! CAPITAL WROTE 9 AN 'ECONOMI/' J\RNAL 9 #a#h#i#g1 '! IMPROVEM5T ( \R WORK+ CONDITIONS DEP5DS ON \RSELVES ALONE'4 

,! ANTI-POLITICAL & ANTI-9TELLECTUAL >GUM5TS ( ,BAKUN9 & ! ECONOMI/S' MADE AN 9DELIBLE IMPRESSION ON ,MA*AJSKI4 ,:ILE 9 ,SIB]IA1 HE CAME TO BELIEVE ?AT ! RADICAL 9TELLIG5TSIA AIM$ NOT AT ! A*IEVEM5T ( A CLASSLESS SOCIETY1 BUT M]ELY TO E/ABLI% ITSELF AS A PRIVILEG$ /RATUM4 ,IT WAS NO WOND] ?AT ,M>XISM1 RA!R ?AN ADVOCAT+ AN IMM$IATE REVOLT AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 PO/PON$ ITS 'COLLAPSE UNTIL A FUTURE TIME :5 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS HAD SUFFICI5TLY 'MATUR$'4 ,) ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM & ITS 9CREAS+LY SOPHI/ICAT$ TE*NOLOGY1 ! 'M5TAL WORK]S' W\LD GR[ /RONG 5\< TO E/ABLI% !IR [N RULE4 ,EV5 IF ! NEW TE*NOCRACY W]E !N TO ABOLI% PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ,MA*AJSKI SAID1 ! 'PR(ESSIONAL 9TELLIG5TSIA' W\LD /ILL MA9TA9 ITS POSITION ( MA/]Y BY TAK+ OV] ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION & BY E/ABLI%+ A MONOPOLY OV] ! SPECIAL KN[L$GE NE$$ TO OP]ATE A COMPLEX 9DU/RIAL ECONOMY4 ,! MANAG]S1 5G9E]S & POLITICAL (FICE-HOLD]S W\LD USE !IR ,M>XI/ IDEOLOGY AS A NEW RELIGI\S OPIATE TO BECL\D ! M9DS ( ! LABOR+ MASSES1 P]PETUAT+ !IR IGNORANCE & S]VITUDE4 

,MA*AJSKI SUSPECT$ EV]Y LEFT-W+ COMPETITOR ( SEEK+ TO E/ABLI% A SOCIAL SY/EM 9 :I* ! 9TELLECTUALS W\LD BE ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,HE EV5 ACCUS$ ! AN>*I/S ( ,KROPOTK9'S ,KHLEB I VOLYA GR\P ( TAK+ A 'GRADUALI/' APPROA* TO REVOLUTION NO BETT] ?AN ?AT ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 = !Y EXPECT$ ! COM+ REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA NOT TO GO FUR!R ?AN ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION ( #a<i OR #a#h#d#h4 ,9 ,KROPOTK9'S PROJECT$ AN>*I/ COMMUNE1 ,MA*AJSKI HELD1 'ONLY ! POSSESSORS ( CIVILIZATION & KN[L$GE' W\LD 5JOY TRUE FRE$OM4 ,! 'SOCIAL REVOLUTION' ( ! AN>*I/S1 HE 9SI/$1 WAS NOT REALLY MEANT TO BE A PURELY 'WORK]S' UPRIS+'1 BUT WAS 9 FACT TO BE A REVOLUTION 9 ! '9T]E/S ( ! 9TELLECTUALS'4 ,! AN>*I/S W]E '! SAME SOCIALI/S AS ALL ! O!RS1 ONLY MORE PASSIONATE ONES' 

,:AT !N WAS TO BE DONE TO AVOID ?IS NEW 5SLAVEM5T8 ,9 ,MA*AISKI'S VIEW1 AS LONG AS 9EQUALITY ( 9COME P]SI/$ & ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION REMA9$ ! PRIVATE PROP]TY ( A CAPITALI/ M9ORITY1 & AS LONG AS SCI5TIFIC & TE*NICAL KN[L$GE REMA9$ ! 'PROP]TY' ( AN 9TELLECTUAL M9ORITY1 ! MULTITUDES W\LD CONT9UE TO TOIL = A PRIVILEG$ FEW4 ,MA*AJSKI'S SOLUTION ASSIGN$ A KEY ROLE TO A SECRET ORGANIZATION ( REVOLUTION>IES CALL$ ! ,WORK]S' ,CONSPIRACY 7,RABO*I ZAGOVOR71 SIMIL> TO ,BAKUN9'S 'SECRET SOCIETY' ( REVOLUTION>Y CONSPIRATORS4 ,PRESUMABLY1 ,MA*AJSKI HIMSELF WAS TO BE AT ! HEAD4 ,! MISSION ( ! ,WORK]S' ,CONSPIRACY WAS TO /IMULATE ! WORK]S 9TO 'DIRECT ACTION' -- /RIKES1 DEMON/RATIONS1 & ! LIKE -- AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/S ) ! IMM$IATE OBJECT ( ECONOMIC IMPROVEM5TS & JOBS = ! UNEMPLOY$4 ,! 'DIRECT ACTION' ( ! WORK]S WAS TO CULM9ATE 9 A G5]AL /RIKE :I*1 9 TURN1 W\LD TRIGG] (F A WORLD-WIDE UPRIS+1 U%]+ 9 AN ]A ( EQUAL 9COME & $UCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY4 ,9 ! 5D1 ! P]NICI\S DI/9CTION BETWE5 MANUAL & M5TAL LABOR W\LD BE OBLIT]AT$1 TOGE!R ) ALL CLASS DIVISIONS4 

,MA*AJSKI'S !ORIES PROVOK$ PASSIONATE DISCUSSIONS )9 ! V>I\S GR\PS ( ,RUSSIAN RADICALS4 ,9 ,SIB]IA1 :]E ,MA*AJSKI HECTOGRAPH$ ! FIR/ P>T ( ,UM/V5NY RABO*I 9 #a#h#i#h1 HIS CRITIQUE ( ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRACY 'HAD A GREAT EFFECT UPON ! EXILES'1 AS ,TROTSKY1 :O WAS AMONG !M1 RECALL$ 9 HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHY4 ,BY #a#iL1 COPIES ( ,UM/V5NY RABO*I W]E CIRCULAT+ 9 ,ODESSA1 :]E ',MAKHAEVISM' WAS BEG9N+ TO ATTRACT A FOLL[+4 ,9 #a#i#e1 A SMALL GR\P ( ,MAKHAYESVSKY CALL+ ITSELF ! ,WORK]S' ,CONSPIRACY1 WAS =M$ 9 ,/4 ,PET]SBURG4 ,DESPITE ,MA*AJSKI'S CRITICISM ( ! AN>*I/S1 A NUMB] ( !M W]E DRAWN TO HIS CRE$4 ,= A TIME1 ,OLGA ,T>ATUTA & ,VLADIMIR ,/RIGA1 LEAD+ MEMB]S ( ! L>GE/ AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ,BLACK ,BANN] 7,*]NOYE ZNATNYA7 GR\P1 W]E ASSOCIAT$ ) A SOCIETY 9 ,ODESSA KN[N AS ! ,9TRANSIG5TS 7,NEPRIMIRIMIYE71:I* 9CLUD$ BO? AN>*I/S & ,MAKHAYEVTSY & ! PR9CIPAL AN>*I/ CIRCLE 9 ,PET]SBURG1 ,)\T ,AU?ORITY 7,BEZNA*ALIYE71 CONTA9$ A FEW DISCIPLES ( ,MA*AJSKI4 ,IF SOME AN>*I/ WRIT]S TOOK ,MA*AJSKI TO TASK = SEE+ EV]Y?+ AS A CLEV] PLOT ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA1 MORE ?AN A FEW1 AS ONE ( ,KROPOTK9'S FOLL[]S ADMITT$1 F\ND 9 ! DOCTR9ES ( ',MAKHAEVISM' A 'FRE% & VIVIFY+ SPIRIT 9 CONTRA/ TO ! '/IFL+ ATMOSPH]E ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TIES1 SATURAT$ ) POLITICAL *ICAN]Y'4 

,! =EMO/ ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALI/ 9 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#e1 ,DANIIL ,NOVOMIRSKI1 CLE>LY E*O$ ,MA*AJSKI'S SUSPICIONS ( ! 'M5TAL WORK]S'3 

,:I* CLAN DOES CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIALISM S]VE 9 FACT & NOT 9 WORDS8 ,WE ANSW] AT ONCE & )\T BEAT+ AB\T ! BU%3 ,SOCIALISM IS NOT ! EXPRESSION ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT ( ! SO-CALL$ RAZNO*9TSY1 OR DECLASSE 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 SAID ,NOVOMIRSKI1 WAS 9FE/$ ) POLITICAL CROOKS 444 NEW EXPLOIT]S1 NEW DECEIV]S ( ! PEOPLE04 ,! LONG SOCIAL REVOLUTION W\LD PROVE TO BE A F>CE HE W>N$1 %\LD IT FAIL TO ANNIHILATE1 TOGE!R ) ! /ATE & PRIVATE PROP]TY YET A ?IRD 5EMY ( HUMAN LIB]TY3 0,?AT NEW SWORN 5EMY ( \RS IS ! MONOPOLY ( KN[L$GE2 ITS BE>] IS ! 9TELLIG5TSIA04 ,AL?\< ,NOVOMIRSKI BELIEV$ ?AT A 'CONSCI\S M9ORITY' ( F>SI<T$ 'PA?F9D]S' WAS NE$$ TO /IR ! LABOR+ MASSES 9TO ACTION1 HE ADMONI%$ ! WORK]S NOT TO LOOK = \TSID]S TO SAVE !M4 ,SELFLESS M5 SIMPLY DID NOT EXI/ - 0NOT 9 ! D>K CL\DS ( ! EMPTY SKY1 NOR 9 ! LUXURI\S PALACES ( ! CZ>S1 NOR 9 ! *AMB]S ( ! WEAL?Y1 NOR 9 ANY P>LIAM5T4 

,MA*AJSKI'S VIEWS 9FLU5C$ ANO!R ULTRA-RADICAL GR\P BORN ( ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e1 ! ,S,R-,MAXIMALI/S4 ,9 FACT1 ! *IEF ANIMATOR ( ',MAKHAEVISM' NEXT TO ,MA*AJSKI HIMSELF1 A MAN :O B>ELY ACKN[L$G$ HIS MA/]'S EXI/5CE1 WAS A ,MAXIMALI/ NAM$ ,YEVG5I ,YU/9OVI* ,LOZ9SKI4 ,9 HIS MO/ IMPORTANT BOOK1 ,:AT1 AFT] ALL1 IS ! ,9TELLIG5TSIA81 ,LOZ9SKI P>APHRAS$ ! C5TRAL IDEA ( ,MA*AJSKI'S PHILOSOPHY3 ',SOCIALIZ+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION LIB]ATES ! 9TELLIG5TSIA FROM ITS SUBJUGATION BY ! CAPITALI/ /ATE1 BUT DOES NOT LIB]ATE LABOR2 IT LEADS TO ! RE9=CEM5T ( CLASS SLAV]Y1 TO ! /R5G!N+ ( ! WORK]S' BONDAGE'4 

,SIMIL> E*OES ( ,MA*AJSKI'S WRIT+S W]E TO BE F\ND 9 NUM]\S PAMPHLETS & >TICLES BY AN>*I/S1 ,MAXIMALI/S1 & O!R EXTREME LEFT-W+ SECT>IANS4 ,BUT ) ! /]N REPRESSIONS ( ,/OLYP9 9 ! YE>S FOLL[+ ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e1 !SE E*OES RAPIDLY FAD$ AWAY & ! M5 :O PRODUC$ !M DISAPPE>$ 9TO PRISON OR EXILE4 ,MA*AJSKI HIMSELF1 :O HAD RETURN$ TO ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#e1 WAS COMPELL$ TO FLEE AGA9 TWO YE>S LAT]4 

,RUSSIAN RADICALISM1 AT A L[ EBB DUR+ ! NEXT DECADE1 QUICKLY REVIV$ ) ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION4 ,AL?\< NEI!R ! ,WORK]S' ,CONSPIRACY NOR ANY O!R ORGANIZATION ( ,MAKHAYEVTSY REAPPE>$ 9 #a#i#a#g1 ! SPIRIT ( ,MAKHAEVISM WAS MU* 9 EVID5CE )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,AS 9 #a#i#e1 ,MA*AJSKI'S 9FLU5CE WAS P>TICUL>LY /RONG AMONG ! AN>*I/S & ,MAXIMALI/S4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#a#g1 = EXAMPLE1 9 PHRASES EVOK+ ,BAKUN9 & ,MA*AJSKI1 AN AN>*I/ WORKMAN EXHORT$ ! DELEGATES AT A CONF]5CE ( ,PETROGRAD FACTORY COMMITTEES TO LAUN* AN IMM$IATE G5]AL /RIKE4 ,!RE W]E NO 'LAWS ( HI/ORY' TO HOLD ! PEOPLE BACK1 HE DECL>$1 NO PR$ET]M9$ REVOLUTION>Y /AGES1 AS ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS MA9TA9$4 ,M>X'S DISCIPLES -- BO? ,M5%EVIKS & ,BOL%EVIKS -- W]E DECEIV+ ! WORK+ CLASS ) 'PROMISES ( ,GOD'S REIGN ON E>? HUNDR$S ( YE>S FROM N['4 ,!RE WAS NO REASON TO WAIT1 HE CRI$4 ,! WORK]S MU/ TAKE DIRECT ACTION -- NOT AFT] MORE C5TURIES ( PA9FUL HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T1 BUT RI<T N[6 ',HAIL ! UPRIS+ ( ! SLAVES & ! EQUALITY ( 9COME60 ,AT A FACTORY COMMITTEE GA!R+ ! FOLL[+ MON?1 ANO!R AN>*I/ SPEAK] OPPOS$ ! APPROA*+ ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY ON ! GR\NDS ?AT IT WAS C]TA9 TO BE MONOPOLIZ$ BY 'CAPITALI/S & 9TELLECTUALS'4 ',! 9TELLECTUALS'1 HE W>N$1 '9 NO CASE CAN REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK]S4 ,!Y KN[ H[ TO TWI/ US >\ND !IR F+]S1 & !Y WILL BETRAY US4 ,! WORK]S1 HE ?UND]$1 CAN TRIUMPH ONLY ?R\< 'DIRECT COMBAT' ) !IR OPPRESSORS4 

,:5 ,MA*AJSKI RETURN$ TO ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g1 HE MADE NO EF=T TO *ANNEL !SE S5TIM5TS 9TO A COH]5T MOVEM5T4 ,HIS HEYDAY HAD PASS$ ) ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e1 & N[ HE WAS PREMATURELY OLD & TIR$4 ,AFT] ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION1 HE OBTA9$ A NONPOLITICAL JOB ) ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T1 S]V+ AS A TE*NICAL $ITOR = ,N>ODNOYE KHOZYAI/VO 7LAT] ,SOTSIALI/I*ESKOYE KHOZYAI/VO71 ! ORGAN ( ! ,SUPREME ,ECONOMIC ,C\NCIL4 ,HE REMA9$1 H[EV]1 %>PLY CRITICAL ( ,M>XISM & ITS ADH]5TS4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#h1 HE PUBLI%$ A S+LE ISSUE ( A J\RNAL CALL$ ,RABO*AYA REVOLYUTSIYA1 9 :I* HE C5SUR$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS = FAIL+ TO ORD] ! TOTAL EXPROPRIATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE OR TO IMPROVE ! ECONOMIC SITUATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION1 WROTE ,MA*AJSKI1 ! WORK]S HAD RECEIV$ A RISE 9 WAGES & AN EI<T-H\R DAY1 BUT AFT] ,OCTOB]1 !IR MAT]IAL LEVEL HAD BE5 RAIS$ 'NOT ONE :IT6'4 ,! ,BOL%EVIK 9SURRECTION1 HE CONT9U$1 WAS NO?+ BUT 'A C\NT]REVOLUTION ( ! 9TELLECTUALS'4 ,POLITICAL P[] HAD BE5 SEIZ$ BY ! DISCIPLES ( ,M>X1 '! PETTY B\RGEOISIE & ! 9TELLIG5TSIA 444 ! POSSESSORS ( ! KN[L$GE NECESS>Y = ! ORGANIZATION & ADM9I/RATION ( ! :OLE LIFE ( ! C\NTRY'4 ,& ! ,M>XI/S1 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR PROPHET'S RELIGI\S GOSPEL ( ECONOMIC DET]M9ATION1 HAD *OS5 TO PRES]VE ! B\RGEOIS ORD]1 OBLIG+ !MSELVES ONLY 'TO PREP>E' ! MANUAL WORK]S = !IR FUTURE P>ADISE4 ,MA*AJSKI 5JO9$ ! WORK+ CLASS TO PRESS ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T1 TO EXPROPRIATE ! FACTORIES1 EQUALIZE 9COMES & $UCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY1 & PROVIDE JOBS = ! UNEMPLOY$4 ,YET1 AS DISSATISFI$ AS HE WAS ) ! NEW REGIME1 ,MA*AJSKI GRUDG+LY ACCEPT$ IT1 AT LEA/ = ! TIME BE+4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO OV]?R[ ! GOV]NM5T1 HE SAID1 W\LD B5EFIT ONLY ! ,:ITES1 :O W]E A WORSE EVIL ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

,MA*AJSKI REMA9$ AT HIS $ITORIAL PO/ UNTIL HIS DEA? FROM A HE>T ATTACK 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b#f1 AT ! AGE ( SIXTY4 

,PAUL ,AVRI*1 ,QUE5S ,COLLEGE1 ,NEW ,YORK 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,MAY #c#a1 #aife 3 ,:AT IS 0,MAKHAEVISM08 -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#e1 #bb 3 ,:AT IS 0,MAKHAEVISM08 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,:AT IS 0,MAKHAEVISM08 -- ,UPDAT$4 

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HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/