,:AT ,IS ,MUTUALISM8 #aibg ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,CL>5CE ,LEE ,SW>TZ ,TEXT 3 ,M,U,T,U,A,L,I,S,M -- ,A ,SOCIAL ,SY/EM ,BAS$ ON ,EQUAL ,FRE$OM1 ,RECIPROCITY1 & ! ,SOV]EIGNTY ( ! ,9DIVIDUAL ,OV] ,HIMSELF1 ,HIS ,AFFAIRS1 & ,HIS ,PRODUCTS2 ,REALIZ$ ,?R\< ,9DIVIDUAL ,9ITIATIVE1 ,FREE ,CONTRACT1 ,COOP]ATION1 ,COMPETITION1 & ,VOLUNT>Y ,ASSOCIATION = ,DEF5SE ,AGA9/ ! ,9VASIVE & = ! ,PROTECTION ( ,LIFE1 ,LIB]TY & ,PROP]TY ( ! ,NON9VASIVE4 ,=,E,W,O,R,D ,9 ! PREP>ATION ( ?IS BOOK1 ! ,MUTUALI/ ,ASSOCIATES SPECIFICALLY DELEGAT$ ! FOLL[+ ( !IR MEMB]S TO ASSI/ ! AU?OR3 ,H5RY ,COH51 LAWY] & PUBLICI/1 :OSE LIFELONG /UDY ( ! F9ANCIAL QUE/ION HAS P>TICUL>LY FITT$ HIM = ! =MULATION ( ! ,MUTUALI/ IDEA ( ,MONEY1 ,CR$IT1 & ,EX*ANGE2 ,JOHN ,K4 ,FREEMAN1 $UCATOR & /UD5T ( SOCIOLOGY1 :OSE WIDE EXP]I5CE 9 P$AGOGY & 9 V>I\S ES!TIC PURSUITS HAS QUALIFI$ HIM TO SPEAK COMPET5TLY UPON ! RELATION ( ?OSE SUBJECTS TO ,MUTUALISM2 ,VIRGILE ,ESP]ANCE1 5TREPR5EUR & 9DU/RIALI/1 :OSE FAMILI>ITY ) ! V>I\S PROCESSES ( PRO-DUCTION & DI/RIBUTION HAS MADE HIM CAPABLE ( TREAT+ ?OSE PROBLEMS ) G5U9E ABILITY2 ,HANS ,ROSSN]1 LIB]T>IAN & WRIT]1 :OSE PHILOSOPHICAL /UDIES & RIPE SCI5TIFIC S*OL>%IP HAVE R5D]$ HIS CRITICISM & CON/RUCTIVE ADVICE 9VALUABLE4 ,) ! DIVISION ( LABOR ?US 9DICAT$1 & ) ! H>MONI\S COOP]ATION ( ALL ! COLLABORATORS1 A COMPREH5SIVE PRES5TATION ( IDEAS HAS BE5 PRODUC$ ?AT C\LD HAVE BE5 SECUR$ 9 NO O!R WAY4 ,UNLIKE ALL AU?ORIT>IAN MOVEM5TS = SOCIAL BETT]M5T1 ,MUTUALISM REQUIRES NO COMPULSORY MEASURES = ITS 9TRODUCTION OR MA9T5ANCE4 ,IT IS EM95TLY PRACTICAL1 & CAN BE ADOPT$ AT ONCE 9 EV]-WID5+ CIRCLES ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE ) GREAT ADVANTAGE TO ?OSE :O PRACTICE IT2 & IT IS BAS$ ON A LOGICAL EXT5SION ( ! PA/ HI/ORY ( MANK9D3 ! GRADUAL EVOLUTION ( FREE SOCIETY4 ,F9ALLY1 IT MAY BE SAID ?AT1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,9DIVIDUALI/ ,AN>*ISM1 :I* IS NOT N[ ACTIVELY ORGANIZ$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 NO O!R PROPOS$ REM$Y = ! ILLS ( SOCIETY HAS1 AS ONE ( ! CORN]/ONES ( ITS F\NDATION1 ! UNIQUE CONCEPT ON :I* ,MUTUALISM IS BUILT - ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL LIB]TY4 ,NO O!R S*OOL HAS ?IS ONE C]TA9 TE/ BY :I* ALL TRANSACTIONS BETWE5 MAN & MAN CAN BE MEASUR$4 ,C,L,>,5,C,E ,L,E,E ,S,W,>,T,Z ,LOS ,ANGELES1 ,CALI=NIA1 ,M>*1 #aibg ,*,A,P,T,] ,I4 ,P,R,I,V,I,L,E,G,E ,& ,A,U,?,O,R,I,T,Y ,9 ! CONSID]ATION ( ANY SY/EM ?AT MAY BE (F]$ = ! ]ADICATION ( ! EVILS ?AT HAVE GR[N UP 9 ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE ( PEOPLES1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO CONSID] ! BEG9N+ ( ?OSE EVILS4 ,:5 M5 BECAME ABLE TO ACCUMULATE A SURPLUS - ?AT IS1 :5 ! QUE/ION ( PROP]TY >OSE - !N ! TR\BLE BEGAN2 & IT HAS REMA9$ ) ! RACE TO ! PRES5T TIME4 ,! FIR/ TR\BLE ?AT >OSE FROM PROP]TY WAS ! ATTEMPT ( ONE MAN 7OR GR\P ( M57 TO TAKE ! PRODUCT ( ANO!R'S LABOR4 ,S9CE ?IS />T$1 IT HAS BE5 GO+ ON1 9 V>Y+ DEGREE1 CONT9U\SLY4 ,FROM %E] VIOL5CE OR /EAL?1 TO ! PRES5T REF9$ MEANS ADOPT$ BY POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ! ELEM5T ( =CE HAS ALWAYS BE5 PRES5T1 EI!R DIRECTLY & BOLDLY1 OR 9DIRECTLY & 9VISIBLY4 ,FROM ! SIMPLE EF=T ( ONE 9DIVIDUAL TO OV]COME & ROB ANO!R1 !RE SOON DEVELOP$ ! ATTEMPT ( ONE CLAN1 TRIBE1 OR GR\P TO CONQU] & SUBJUGATE ANO!R GR\P1 ?US NOT M]ELY TAK+ ! OCCASIONAL ACCUMULATION ( PROP]TY ( A P]SON OR P]SONS1 BUT ALSO C>RY+ (F & 5SLAV+ ! P]SONS !MSELVES4 ,FROM ?AT FIR/ PRIMITIVE ACT ( CONQUE/ & SUBJUGATION - ?AT FIR/ ACT ( 0GOV]N+0 AS IT IS KN[N TODAY - CAME :AT WE N[ CALL ! ,/ATE4 ,& ?R\< ALL ! AGES ! ,/ATE HAS RETA9$ ! SAME OLD *>ACT]I/IC3 IT />T$ 9 CONQUE/1 & ?AT *>ACT]I/IC /ILL DOM9ATES2 IT />T$1 BY PLUND]+1 & ?AT 7COMPULSORY TAXATION7 CONT9UES TO BE ONE ( ITS *IEF ACTIVITIES4 ,! FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE1 !N1 W]E TO OV]COME & SUBDUE P]SONS1 SECURE & MA9TA9 DOM9ION OV] T]RITORY1 PRES]VE ITSELF AGA9/ REVOLT FROM )9 & AGGRESSION FROM )\T1 &1 9 %ORT1 TO 9SURE ITS EXI/5CE4 ,TO DO ?IS EFFECTIVELY1 IT HAS HAD TO ROB1 NOT ONLY ! SUBJUGAT$ \TSID]1 BUT ITS [N COMPON5T P>TS - UND] ! EUPHEMI/IC NAME ( TAXATION2 IT HAS HAD TO CRU%1 NOT M]ELY ! 9VAD+ 5EMY1 BUT LIKEWISE ITS [N SUBJECTS1 ?R\< PUNI%M5T = TREASON1 :5 !Y TOO /R5U\SLY DIFF] FROM ITS POLICIES4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT HAS BECOME ! *IEF AGGRESSOR ( ALL HI/ORY4 ,! ,/ATE IS SYMBOLIC ( P[]2 OV] ITS SPECIAL DOMA91 &1 AS F> AS ITS 9DIVIDUAL SUBJECTS >E CONC]N$1 IT IS ! EMBODIM5T ( OMNIPOT5CE1 & FROM P[] NATURALLY FL[S PRIVILEGE4 ,IF ! ,/ATE MAY TAKE1 IT MAY GIVE2 IF IT MAY PUNI%1 IT MAY REW>D2 IF IT MAY BE TYRANNICAL1 IT MAY BE B5EFIC5T4 ,SO1 9 A R\< WAY1 ITS ACTIONS MAY BE COMP5SATORY4 ,IT TAKES FROM ONE & GIVES TO ANO!R2 IT OPPRESSES ONE ?AT IT MAY FAVOR ANO!R4 ,H5CE1 UND] ANY ,/ATE1 NO MATT] :AT ITS =M1 !RE >E SOME P]SONS & CLASSES :O >E GIV5 PRIVILEGES ?AT ALL >E NOT P]MITT$ TO 5JOY2 9 FACT1 & 9 ALMO/ ALL CASES1 !Y >E PRIVILEGES TO PREY UPON ! UNPRIVILEG$ P]SONS OR CLASSES4 ,! MOD]N ,/ATE1 ) A K+ AT ITS HEAD1 REA*$ ITS HILI]1 IT WAS FIR/ SUCCESSFULLY *ALL5G$ BY ! GREAT ,PURITAN *IEFTA9S1 & ,*>LES ,I LO/ HIS HEAD 7#a#f#d#i74 ,=TY YE>S LAT] CAME ! GREAT ,REVOLUTION - BLOODLESS1 AT ?AT - &1 ) ! ADV5T ( ,WILLIAM ( ,ORANGE1 K+LY AUTOCRACY 9 ,5GL& WAS P]MAN5TLY CURB$4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 :]E ?IS C5TRALIZATION ( P[] HAD COME LAT]1 IT LA/$ LONG]1 & NOT UNTIL #agic WAS ! K+ ( ,FRANCE BEHEAD$4 ,! REVOLUTION :I* PURG$ ,FRANCE DID NOT /OP ) SWEEP+ AWAY ! P[] ( K+S1 BUT 9CLUD$ KILL+ & DRIV+ \T ! NOBILITY1 CONFISCAT+ !IR L&S & GIV+ !SE L&S TO ! F>M]S4 ,?US1 )9 A P]IOD ( SOME TWO HUNDR$ YE>S1 POLITICAL RUL]%IP1 9 ! MORE ADVANC$ ,/ATES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 W5T FROM ! K+ TO ! 0PEOPLE''1 & ECONOMIC RUL]%IP WAS TRANSF]R$ FROM ! LORDS ( ! L& TO ! EMPLOY]S ( LABOR 9 ! T[N4 ,:ILE ! CONDITION ( ! WORK] HAS IMPROV$1 ! NOBLE DREAM ( ! EIRY !M LIKE ! G5II 9 ! ,ORI5TAL /ORY - HAS NOT YET BE5 REALIZ$4 ,AU?ORITY IS N[ MORE RESPONSIBLE & RESPONSIVE TO ! PEOPLE1 BUT ! L>GE/ P>T ( ! POPULACE IS /ILL DOM9AT$ BY IT4 ,) ITS 9CREAS+ MULTI=MITY AU?ORITY HAS BECOME MORE & MORE EXT5D$4 ,IT IS NO LONG] A DESPOTIC K+1 BUT AN EV5 MORE IRRESPONSIBLE MAJORITY1 ACT+ ?R\< ITS ORGAN1 ! ,/ATE1 ?AT WIELDS POLITICAL P[]1 :ILE ! L&LORD & ! CAPITALI/ EX]CISE ECONOMIC DOM9ATION F> GREAT] ?AN ! K+ ONCE >ROGAT$ TO HIMSELF4 ,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( 0,BIG ,BUS9ESS0 ,9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 ! K+LY P[] WAS 5TIRELY ?R[N (F & NO 'NOBILITY' EV] RUL$4 ,SO 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ! CAPITALI/ HAS COME TO BE ! *IEF AUTOCRAT TO RECKON )4 ,) GREAT NATURAL RES\RCES & ) AN ACTIVE & 5T]PRIS+ PEOPLE1 ! GR[? ( 9DU/RY 9 ,AM]ICA HAS GONE ON AT A SWIFT] RATE ?AN 9 ! OLD] C\NTRIES1 &1 :ILE ALL L9ES ( BUS9ESS HAVE BUILT UP L>GE =TUNES1 EA* P]IOD 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS M>K$ C]TA9 K9DS ( BUS9ESS AS MAK+ ! SUP]-=TUNES4 ,9 ! ?IRD QU>T] ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ! DRY-GOODS K+ WAS SUPREME4 ,DRY-GOODS M]*&IZ+ WAS ! MO/ SUCCESSFUL AS WELL AS ! MO/ G5TEEL BUS9ESS ( ?AT P]IOD1 & ! ,/EW>TS & ,CLAFL9S W]E ! RI* M5 ( ?AT DAY4 ,!N CAME ! BOOMS ( ! WE/]N M9+ CAMPS1 ) !IR BONANZAS ( GOLD1 SILV]1 &1 LAT]1 COPP] - & A NEW FLOCK ( MILLIONAIRES SPRANG UP4 ,! RAILROAD MAGNATE FOLL[$1 BUT HE1 9 TURN1 HAD TO YIELD FIR/ PLACE TO ! OIL & /EEL BUS9ESSES1 ) ! AUTOMOBILE F9ALLY SUPPLANT+ ! REIGN ( !M ALL4 ,! DRY-GOODS M]*ANT WAS M]ELY SELL+ F9I%$ PRODUCTS1 :I* WAS A SIMPLE BUS9ESS COMP>$ TO ?OSE ?AT FOLL[$4 ,! TRANSCONT95TAL RAILROADS W]E SUBSIDIZ$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 RECEIV+ MONEY & L& GRANTS ( 5ORM\S VALUE4 ,!IR ME?ODS ( DISCRIM9ATION BETWE5 %IPP]S & LOCALITIES1 !IR FIS AGA9/ UNIONS ( !IR EMPLOYES1 & F9ALLY %>P PRACTICES AMONG ! MEMB]S ( ! CORPORATIONS !MSELVES1 UNTIL ! ROADS W5T 9TO ! H&S ( RECEIV]S1 MAKE A HI/ORY ( EXPLOITATION & B&ITRY ALMO/ UNP>ALLEL$4 ,! OIL BUS9ESS US$ MANY ( ! TACTICS ( ! RAILROADS 9 CRU%+ RIVALS & FAVOR+ O!RS BY SECRET REBATES1 & RESULT$ 9 ! GR[? ( ! ,/&>D ,OIL COMPANIES1 ?AT N[ CONTROL ONE-HALF ! OIL PRODUCTION ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,/EEL ,CORPORATION1 =M$ BY ! COMB9ATION ( OV] TWO HUNDR$ DIFF]5T COMPANIES 5GAG$ 9 MANUFACTUR+ /EEL1 TURNS \T AB\T ONE-HALF ( ! NATION'S /EEL PRODUCTS4 ,! ,=D ,MOTOR ,COMPANY FURNI%ES AB\T ! SAME PROPORTION ( AUTOMOBILES4 ,! ,GR[? ( ,MONOPOLY ,?IS 9DU/RIAL /RUCTURE REPRES5TS A MAGNITUDE ( WEAL? & P[] 9 ?IS C\NTRY ?AT MAKES ?AT ( ! OLD-TIME PR9CES & NOBLES SMALL 9 COMP>ISON4 ,IT ASSEMBLES A L>GE AM\NT ( CAPITAL1 IT DRAWS HEAVILY ON \R NATURAL RES\RCES1 IT IS PROTECT$ FROM =EIGN COMPETITION1 & IT HAS ! EXCLUSIVE USE ( MANY IDEAS1 9V5TIONS1 & PROCESSES4 ,SIMPLY /AT$1 !SE FEATURES APPE> TO BE ! /ABLE PILL>S ( A GREAT CIVILIZATION4 ,UPON EXAM9ATION WE F9D ?AT )9 EA* >E ! S9EWS ( A MONOPOLY CREAT$ & FO/]$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,! FIR/ & MO/ RU9\S ( !SE MONOPOLIES IS ! MONEY MONOPOLY1 A PRIVILEGE :I* ALL[S ! HOLD]S ( ! CIRCULAT+ M$IUM 7GOLD7 TO EXACT 9T]E/ = ITS DAILY USE4 ,?\S&S ( PEOPLE >E N[ DET]R$ FROM GO+ 9TO BUS9ESS BY ! EXORBITANT RATES !Y MU/ PAY = ! NECESS>Y CR$IT1 & MILLIONS ( CONSUM]S PAY BILLIONS 9 9T]E/ ADD$ ONTO ! PRICES ( ALL ! ?+S !Y BUY4 ,! L& MONOPOLY - OR ! 5=CEM5T BY GOV]NM5T ( L& TITLES :I* DO NOT RE/ UPON OCCUPANCY & USE - MA9TA9S ! USURY ( R5T1 :I* AFFECTS EV]Y MAN1 WOMAN & *ILD 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE >E T>IFFS1 PAT5TS1 & COPYRITICUL>LY NOT$1 AS !Y WILL BE REF]R$ TO LAT]1 :5 ! S\RCE ( !IR P[] WILL BE TRAC$1 ! PROCESSES ( ITS EXPANSION EXAM9$1 &1 F9ALLY1 ! ME?OD ( ITS DISSOLUTION \TL9$4 ,WE MAY H]E BRIEFLY EXAM9E ?AT P[] AS IT IS MEASUR$ BY ITS REW>D 9 DOLL>S & C5TS 9 ANNUAL 9COME 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,NO /ATI/ICIAN HAS EV] SUCCE$$ 9 DIVID+ ! ANNUAL 9COME 7PRODUC$ WEAL?7 ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES BETWE5 ?AT 9COME :I* RESULTS FROM 9DIVIDUAL EF=T & LABOR1 & ?AT :I* RESULTS FROM PRIVILEGE & MONOPOLY4 ,! ,NATIONAL 7,BUREAU ( ,ECONOMIC ,RESE>*1 A PRIVATELY 5D[$ ORGANIZATION1 & ! ,F$]AL ,TRADE ,COMMISSION HAVE COMPIL$ SUFFICI5T 9=MATION TO S]VE AS A BASIS = AN E/IMATE4 ,! REPORT ( ! LATT]1 ,NATIONAL ,WEAL? & ,9COME1 ,WA%+TON1 #aibf 7PAGE #a#i#i71 SEP>ATES ! DI/RIBUTION ( 9COME 9TO F\R DIVISIONS3 ,WAGES & ,SAL>IES #e.0 ,PR(ITS ( ,BUS9ESS #b.0 ,CAPITAL ,GA91 SALE ( REAL E/ATE1 SECURITIES1 ASSETS1 ETC4 #d.0 ,R5TS1 ,ROYALTIES1 ,9T]E/ & ,DIVID5DS #b#f.0 ,!SE >E ! AV]AGES ( ! P]C5TAGES %[N = ! YE>S #a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#c4 ,! ITEM1 ,PR(ITS ( ,BUS9ESS1 9CLUDES ?AT PR(IT :I* COMES FROM 5T]PRISE & EFFICI5CY 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( BUS9ESS AS WELL AS ?AT :I* RESULTS FROM ! LEGAL PRIVILEGES & MONOPOLIES ?AT 9DIVIDUAL BUS9ESS FIRMS 5JOY4 ,WE MAY CALL ! FIR/ ! ,PR(IT ( ,5T]PRISE1 & ! SECOND ! ,PR(IT ( ,PRIVILEGE1 I4E4 - ! PR(ITS RESULT+ FROM T>IFFS1 FRAN*ISES1 & O!R SPECIAL PRIVILEGES4 ,! AM\NT ( !SE TWO K9DS ( PR(IT IS NOT E/IMAT$ BY EI!R ( ! ORGANIZATIONS M5TION$1 BUT !RE >E O!R DATA AVAILABLE ?R\< :I* WE CAN MAKE AN APPROXIMATE SEP>ATION4 ,IF WE EXAM9E ! T>IFF S*$ULES 9 EFFECT & ?OSE ?AT HAVE BE5 9 EFFECT = ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S1 WE OBS]VE ?AT ON ! :OLE ! T>IFF SUR*>GE 9CLUD$ 9 ! PRICE ( CONSUM]S' GOODS HAS AV]AG$ AB\T ONE-?IRD ( ! TOTAL PRICE4 ,IT SEEMS SAFE TO E/IMATE ?AT AT LEA/ ONE-?IRD ( ?IS1 OR #aa P]C5T ( ! TOTAL PRICE ( GOODS MANUFACTUR$ & SOLD 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IS *>G$ AS A PR(IT ON ! T>IFF PRIVILEGE4 ,! S*$ULES FIL$ ) ! V>I\S PUBLIC UTILITY COMMISSIONS2 NOTABLY ,ILL9OIS1 ,VIRG9IA1 & ,NEW ,YORK1 9DICATE ?AT FROM ONE-EIGE = ! 0GOOD WILL0 & PRIVILEGE ?AT RESULTS FROM FRAN*ISES4 ,! SAME ?+ IS TRUE 9 TRANSPORTATION RATES1 AS %[N 9 S*$ULES FIL$ BY ! RAILROADS ) ! ,9T]-,/ATE ,COMM]CE ,COMMISSION & APPROV$ BY IT4 ,?US IT APPE>S ?AT WE %ALL BE V]Y CONS]VATIVE IF WE E/IMATE ?AT !RE IS A #a P] C5T PR(IT ON ! GROSS 9COME FROM OP]ATIONS ( MANUFACTURE1 TRADE & TRANSPORTATION1 & ! PUBLIC UTILITIES ?AT MAY BE CLASSIFI$ UND] ! HEAD+ ( PRIVILEG$ PR(IT4 ,! GROSS 9COME = ALL 9DU/RIES IS GIV5 9 ! ,TRADE ,COMMISSION ,REPORT1 ,NATIONAL ,WEAL? & ,9COME 7PAGE #b#a#g71 ONLY = ! YE> #a#i#b#b1 BUT FIGURES GIV5 !RE >E 9 O!R RESPECTS NOT V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! SIX YE>S AV]AGES WE >E CONSID]+4 ,:ILE !RE IS ALSO PR(IT ( LEGAL PRIVILEGE 9 AGRICULTURE1 CON/RUCTION1 M9+1 & O!R 9DU/RIES1 WE OMIT !M SO ?AT \R CALCULATION MAY BE P]FECTLY SAFE4 ,! GROSS 9COME FROM OP]ATIONS ( MANUFACTURE1 TRADE & ! TRANSPORTATION - PUBLIC UTILITIES GR\P 9 #aibb WAS #i BILLION DOLL>S4 ,T5 P] C5T ( ?IS AM\NT IS #i BILLION - ! ANNUAL 0,PR(IT ( ,PRIVILEGE0 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,N9E BILLION IS MORE ?AN #ad P] C5T ( ! TOTAL NATIONAL 9COME = #a#i#b#b4 ,?IS1 :5 SUBTRACT$ FROM ! #b P] C5T DESIGNAT$ BY ! ,COMMISSION AS 0,BUS9ESS ,PR(ITS0 LEAVES #f P] C5T AS ! 0,PR(IT ( ,5T]PRISE04 ,! DIVISION ( 0,PR(ITS0 CALCULAT$ ABOVE IS MADE 9 ! FOLL[+ TABLE1 BUT ALL O!R FIGURES 9 ?IS TABLE >E TAK5 DIRECTLY FROM ! ,F$]AL ,TRADE ,COMMISSION REPORT 7PAGE #a#i#i74 ,NATIONAL ,9COME = ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7AV]AGE #a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#c7 3 @s #f#d111 ,DI/RIBUTION ( 9COME .0 ,BILLIONS ( @s ,WAGES & ,SAL>IES #c#b4 #c#b1 ,PR(ITS ( 5T]PRISE #c4#f #c1#f ,PR(ITS 7( PRIVILEGE7 #i4 #i1 ,CAPITAL ,GA91 SALE ( ASSETS1 REAL E/ATE1 ETC4 #b4#f #b1#f ,R5TS1 ,ROYALTIES1 ,9T]E/1 ,DIVID5DS #a#f4#f #a#f1#f ,TOTAL #a #f#d1 7,H]EAFT] 9 ?IS BOOK ! T]M 0PR(IT0 REF]S ONLY TO ! 0PR(ITS ( PRIVILEGE01 & DOES NOT 9CLUDE ANY REW>D :I* GOES TO 5T]PRISE1 TO MANAG]IAL ABILITY1 & TO LABOR74 ,! ITEMS 9 ! TABLE ABOVE ! ?9 L9E REPRES5T 9COME ?AT RESULTS FROM 9DIVIDUAL EF=T OR LABOR4 ,EV]Y ONE ( ! ITEMS BEL[ ! ?9 L9E REPRES5TS 9COME ?AT RESULTS FROM LEGAL PRIVILEGE & MONOPOLY4 ,IF WE SUM UP ! TWO SECTIONS ( ! TABLE1 WE GET ! FOLL[+ RESULT3 ,DI/RIBUTION ( 9COME .0 ,BILLIONS ( @s ,9COME ( EF=T & LABOR #ef #c#e1#h ,9COME ( PRIVILEGE #dd #b#h1#b ,! /ORY IS NOT QUITE COMPLETE4 ,A *>GE1 = TAXES IS MADE AGA9/ ! :OLE ( ?IS 9COME4 ,! TOTAL AM\NT ( GOV]NM5T EXP5SE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ANNUALLY IS WELL ABOVE #aa BILLION DOLL>S1 OR BETWE5 #h & #a P] C5T ( ! NATIONAL 9COME4 ,S9CE ! L>G] P>T ( ALL TAXES >E F9ALLY PAID BY WAGE & SAL>Y E>N]S AS CONSUM]S1 WE CAN SAY ) ! UTMO/ CONS]VATISM ?AT #a P] C5T ( ! ANNUAL 9COME IS TAK5 FROM ! 9COME ( EF=T & LABOR = SUPPORT ( NONPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY ( GOV]NM5T4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! 9COME %>E ( EF=T & LABOR IS NOT EV5 ! G5]\S #ef P] C5T :I* WAS JU/ %[N2 ! GOV]NM5TAL TAX BURD5 BR+S IT D[N TO #df P] C5T ( ! NATIONAL 9COME4 ,\R E/IMATES HAVE BE5 CONS]VATIVE4 ,\R FIGURES >E FAIR4 ,!Y COME FROM ! BE/ GOV]NM5TAL & PRIVATE S\RCES4 ,& ! RESULT IS ?AT WE SEE ?AT HALF ( ! ANNUAL 9COME ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS PAID AS A TRIBUTE TO PRIVILEGE OR AS A TAX = NONPRODUCTIVE GOV]NM5T4 ,IF ! M5 & WOM5 5GAG$ 9 PRODUCTIVE EF=T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES RECEIV$ ! FULL PRODUCT ( !IR LABOR1 !Y W\LD HAVE EV]Y YE> JU/ AB\T TWICE !IR PRES5T 9COME4 ,!RE MI4 ,! ,/ATE AS ,OPPRESSOR ,AS HAS BE5 SE5 9 TRAC+ ITS ORIG91 ! ,/ATE >OSE AS AN ACT AGGRESSION4 ,ITS MA9 FUNCTION WAS TO CONQU] ITS 5EMIES1 PROTECT ITSELF FROM !IR ATTACKS1 & MA9TA9 ITSELF4 ,?AT IT MIY & LAT] CONSID]ATION4 ,YET IT IS TRUE1 AT ! PRES5T TIME1 ?AT ?IS LATT] FUNCTION IS O/5SIBLY ! ONE ON :I* ITS REASON = BE+ L>GELY RE/S1 & :I* CLOAKS ITS *>ACT] AS A DESPOIL] & OPPRESSOR ) SOME RESPECTABILITY4 ,IT FUNCTIONS ?R\< :AT HAVE COME TO BE KN[N AS LAWS1 & !SE1 AS IS N[ PAT5T TO EV]YBODY1 >E ! S\RCES ( ! 9IQUITY ( ! ,/ATE1 BECAUSE !IR MA9 PURPOSE HAS COME TO BE ! D5IAL ( 9DIVIDUAL & ASSOCIATIVE LIB]TY4 ,GOV]NM5T HAS COME TO BE - 9 FACT1 !RE ALWAYS HAS BE5 9H]5T 9 IT - ! 9/ITUTION ( ! GREATE/ & MO/ DEVA/AT+ =M ( PRIVILEGE4 ,IT IS ! S\RCE ( MO/ ( ! 9EQUALITIES ( OPPORTUNITY ?AT N[ EXI/ BETWE5 MAN & MAN4 ,)\T IT1 NONE ( !SE C\LD EXI/4 ,H5CE1 9TELLIG5T PEOPLE1 :O HAVE GIV5 ! MATT] ?\M2 BUT1 SO LONG AS IT EXI/S 9 ITS PRES5T =M1 NO MATT] H[ LIMIT$ IT BE1 IT WILL /ILL HAVE ! P[] = EVIL4 ,:5EV] ANY PROPOSAL IS MADE = SU* LIMITATION1 !RE IS ALWAYS ! OBJECTION ?AT ! PROTECTIVE FUNCTION ( ! ,/ATE WILL BE DECREAS$1 TO ! GRAVE DANG] ( ! 9DIVIDUAL2 ! CRIM9AL IS AT ONCE HELD UP AS ! GREAT M5ACE FROM :I* NO?+ BUT GOV]NM5T CAN PROTECT ! PEOPLE4 ,?IS1 ,MUTUALI/S 9SI/5TLY CONT5D1 IS A DELUSION4 ,IF ! 9VASIVE ACTIVITIES ( GOV]NM5T W]E ABSOLUTELY ]ADICAT$1 IT C\LD /ILL ACT AS ! PROTECTOR ( ! 9DIVIDUALS :O COMPOSE IT1 OR OV] :OM IT HAS JURISDICTION4 ,YET1 IF IT HAD NO 9VASIVE P[]S AT ALL1 IT C\LD NOT =CIBLY PROVIDE = ITS [N MA9T5ANCE4 ,IT W\LD !RE=E BECOME A PURELY VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 & W\LD HAVE TO DEP5D = ITS EXI/5CE UPON ! SATISFACTION IT GAVE 9 ! S]VICE IT R5D]$4 ,NEF>I\S ,FEATURES ( ,PRES5T ,SY/EM ,GOV]NM5T1 OR AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY1 MAY HAVE BE5 SUIT$ TO CONDITIONS :]E UNIV]SAL W>F>E WAS ! *IEF OCCUPATION4 ,& ! TR\BLE IS ?AT GOV]NM5T1 ! ,/ATE 7FROM ! ,LAT9 WORD /ATUS - :AT /AYS FIX$71 IS1 OR AT LEA/ TRIES TO BE1 PRECISELY :AT ITS NAME IMPLIES3 /ATION>Y1 UN*ANGEABLE1 9FLEXIBLE4 ,IT REPRES5TS ! /ATIC RA!R ?AN ! DYNAMIC =CES 9 SOCIAL LIFE1 IT 9SI/S ON ! /ATUS QUO1 IT ABHORS *ANGE1 & RE/S UTT]LY ON PREC$5T & TRADITION4 ,9DU/RY & COMM]CE1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E ! DYNAMIC =CES 9 SOCIETY1 DEVELOP+ & CON/ANTLY *ANG+ ) A/ONI%+ RAPIDITY4 ,FROM ! 9ABILITY ( ! ,/ATE TO KEEP /EP ) ! GR[? & *ANGE ( ,9DU/RIAL CONDITIONS1 FROM ITS P]SI/5CE 9 \TGR[N SEMI-MILIT>Y POLITICAL TE*NIQUE 9 ! FACE ( GR[+ EXT5SION ( VOLUNT>Y & CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS 9 ! 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL LIFE ( ! PEOPLE & FROM ITS USE ( POLITICAL & MILIT>Y P[] 9 DISP5S+ & UPHOLD+ PRIVILEGES TO PEOPLE ( C]TA9 PROP]TY1 BUS9ESS OR IDEAS2 9 %ORT1 FROM ! ATAVISM ( ! ,/ATE HAS RESULT$ ! MUDDLE ( :AT IS USUALLY CALL$ 0! PRES5T SY/EM40 ,COND5S$ & CATALOG$1 ! NEF>I\S FEATURES ( ! PRES5T SY/EM >E3 #a4 ,IT 9T]F]ES ) P]SONAL LIB]TY1 PREV5T+ ! NON9VASIVE 9DIVIDUAL FROM LIV+ HIS LIFE AS HE SEES FIT4 #b4 ,IT 9T]F]ES ) ! FRE$OM ( ECONOMIC LIFE ?R\< ! MONOPOLIES M5TION$ ABOVE1 RESULT+ 9 ! TWO C>D9AL DEFECTS ( PRES5T ECONOMIC LIFE3 EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]S1 & >TIFICIAL RE/RICTION ( PRODUCTION ,! LATT] DEFECT IS (T5 =GOTT51 BUT IT IS REALLY MORE DISA/R\S TO ! WORK]S ?AN EXPLOITATION4 ,IT IS %[N 9 ! CON/ANT PRES5CE ( 9VOLUNT>Y IDL5ESS 7UNEMPLOYM5T71 /RIKES & LOCK\TS1 LACK ( MOBILE & *EAP CR$IT1 & A GR[+ HORDE ( NON-PRODUC+ P>ASITES & !IR S]VANTS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT1 COMP>$ ) M$IEVAL TIMES1 PRES5T CIVILIZATION (F]S1 ON ! :OLE1 GREAT] FRE$OM 9 PRIVATE RELATIONS4 ,SLAV]Y & S]FDOM HAVE GONE ) FEUDALISM4 ,9 RELIGION1 >T & SCI5CE1 LIB]TY HAS 9CREAS$4 ,FREE SPEE* & ! RI$ ) ! WORK]S ( #a YE>S AGO1 ! PRODUC]S ( TODAY DO HAVE MORE LEISURE1 !Y DO WORK %ORT] H\RS1 !IR /&>DS ( LIV+ >E BETT]4 ,:ATEV] PROGRESS HAS BE5 MADE 9 ECONOMIC LIFE - DEVELOPM5T ( TE*NICAL SCI5CE1 9T5SIFI$ DIVISION ( LABOR1 WORLDWIDE DI/RIBUTION ( COMMODITIES1 & IMM5SELY 9CREAS$ PRODUCTION - IS ALL SE5 TO BE1 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 ! RESULT ( ! GRADUAL LIB]ATION ( MAN FROM ! FETT]S ( /ATIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,EV]Y /EP ( PROGRESS MEANT A LAW BROK5 & A RULE DISOBEY$4 ,AS MAN MADE HIMSELF MORE FREE1 9 US+ HIS PRODUCTIVE P[]S1 FROM ! LAWS & B9D+ RE/RICTIONS1 ( AU?ORITY1 REPRES5T+ SUP]/ITION1 TRADITION1 & PRIVILEGE1 TO ?AT DEGREE DID HE PROSP] & SUCCE$ ECONOMICALLY4 ,& ! CAUSE ( ! PRES5T 9IQUITY IS NOT TOO MU* LIB]TY1 BUT 9COMPLETE LIB]TY2 ! LACK ( EQUAL LIB]TY 9 ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,GOV]NM5TS DELEGATE UTILIZATION ( CR$IT1 ACCESS TO NATURAL RES\RCES1 USE ( PAT5TS1 & O!R PRIVILEGES TO SOME1 :ILE D5Y+ ! SAME LIB]TY TO O!RS4 ,ABOLITION ( PRIVILEGE W\LD BE EQUIVAL5T TO EQUAL LIB]TY & W\LD EV5TUALLY ELIM9ATE1 EXPLOITATION4 ,9 SPITE ( ! OBVI\S FACT ?AT /ATE-CREAT$ MONOPOLIES >E /ILL /RONGLY 5TR5*$1 IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT VOLUNT>Y & CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS HAVE1 9 MANY WAYS1 SUPPLANT$ AU?ORIT>IAN REGULATION BY ! FEUDAL LORD & HIS SUCCESSOR1 CON/ITUTIONAL AU?ORITY4 ,:]EV] !RE HAS BE5 AN EXT5SION ( ECONOMIC FRE$OM - I4E41 ! RIIES HAS BE5 CORRESPOND+LY LIMIT$4 ,& ?IS IS REALLY ! SUM & SUB/ANCE ( HI/ORY2 ! GR[+ LIMITATION ( AU?ORITY & ! 9CREASE ( VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATION ( SOCIAL LIFE2 SUB/ITUTION ( CONTRACT = /ATUS4 ,A CLE> REALIZATION ( ?IS PROCESS WILL %[ ! LOGICAL WAY ( PROGRESS4 ,DISA/] HAS ALWAYS BE5 PR$ICT$ ( ANY PROPOS$ CURTAILM5T ( AU?ORITY2 9 REALITY1 IMPROV$ CONDITIONS & PROSP]ITY ALWAYS HAVE RESULT$4 ,SO NO FE> NE$ BE 5T]TA9$ ?AT SOCIETY WILL GO TO DE/RUCTION IF 9VASIVE 9/ITUTIONS >E MORE & MORE CURB$4 ,H[EV]1 LET NO ONE ?9K = A MOM5T ?AT ! PRES5T SY/EM IS TOTT]+4 ,! SOCIAL RE=M] :O ?9KS 0,CAPITALISM0 IS GO+ TO FALL SOON IS CRUELLY MISL$4 ,CAPITALISM 9 MOD]N 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES IS /RONGLY 5TR5*$4 ,IT IS A GO+ CONC]N2 GO+ BADLY1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT GO+ NEV] ! LESS4 ,ON ! :OLE1 IT IS PROBABLY BETT] ?AN ANY?+ EXP]I5C$ H]ET(ORE4 ,BUT IT IS *ANGEABLE & ACTUALLY *ANG+ ALL ! TIME4 ,SL[LY1 ALMO/ IMP]CEPTIBLY1 ) SOME TEMPOR>Y REV]SES1 ! CONT9U\S ONSLAU+ AWAY ! PR]OGATIVES & %AMS ( ! COLOSSUS CALL$ ! 0,/ATE01 & ( ITS SUPPORT]S & B5EFICI>IES1 ! 9DU/RIAL & F9ANCIAL ,LORDS4 ,*,A,P,T,] ,I,I4 ,P,R,O,P,O,S,$ ,B,U,T ,9,A,D,E,Q,U,A,T,E ,R,E,M,$,I,E,S4 ,A ,G,R,E,A,T MANY S*EMES HAVE BE5 PROMULGAT$ 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME1 TO REM$Y ! OBVI\S DEFECTS :I* RESULT$ FROM ! 9ADEQUACY ( /ATE POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS TO COPE ) ! NEW ECONOMIC SITUATIONS4 ,9 DISCUSS+ !SE S*EMES 9 DETAIL1 !Y %\LD BE SUBJECT$ TO TWO 9QUIRIES1 TO :I* ! SY/EM SET =? 9 ?IS VOLUME HAS ALSO BE5 EXHAU/IVELY SUBMITT$4 ,!SE >E3 #a4 ,WILL IT GIVE FRE$OM FROM OPPRESSION 8 ,WILL IT P]MIT EA* MAN TO LIVE HIS [N LIFE AS HE SEES FIT8 #b4 ,WILL IT OBTA9 = ! WORK] ! FULL PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR 8 ,& WILL IT ABOLI% 9VOLUNT>Y IDL5ESS & /IMULATE PRODUCTION8 ,! BE/ ?AT M5 CAN EXPECT >E SU* SOCIAL RELATIONS AS WILL MAKE IT POSSIBLE = HUMAN BE+S TO BE HAPPY1 & WILL DEPRIVE NO ONE ( ! MEANS TO SECURE HAPP9ESS4 ,?IS WILL HAVE BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ :5 BO? ( ! ABOVE QUE/IONS CAN BE ANSW]$ 9 ! AFFIRMATIVE2 & IT WILL REPRES5T ! UTMO/ ?AT MAY BE DONE4 ,ANY FUR!R /EP T[>DS TRY+ TO MAKE PEOPLE HAPPY WILL DEFEAT ITS [N PURPOSE4 ,AMONG ! IDEAS SET =? TO EFFECT A CURE ( PRES5T EVILS1 TWO MA9 GR\PS MAY BE DI/+UI%$3 ?OSE ?AT PROPOSE A COMPLETE *ANGE & AN 5TIRELY NEW ORD] ( ?+S1 & ?OSE ?AT PROPOSE M9OR *ANGES1 HALF-WAY MEASURES1 & COMPROMISES1 SU* AS ,MUNICIPAL ,[N]%IP1 ! ,S+LE ,TAX1 ETC4 ,SOCIALISM ,! BE/ KN[N ( ! RADICAL MOVEM5TS = A DIFF]5T SOCIAL ORD] IS ,SOCIALISM4 ,!RE >E A NUMB] ( S*OOLS ( ?IS MOVEM5T1 DIFF]+ ON M9OR PO9TS ( DOCTR9E & TACTICS4 ,BUT !Y ALL AGREE ON ! PROPOSITION ?AT ALL CAPITAL & ALL L& %\LD BE [N$ & MANAG$ COLLECTIVELY BY ! :OLE PEOPLE4 ,W\LD ,SOCIALISM GIVE L>G] 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM8 ,!RE >E MANY ,SOCIALI/S :O CLAIM ?AT ?IS IS 9DE$ ONE ( ! PURPOSES ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,YET !RE IS ! FAM\S PRONUNCIAM5TO ( ONE ( ITS HI< PRIE/S - ,L59 - ?AT 0LIB]TY IS M]ELY A B\RGEOIS CONCEPTION40 ,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT ! GREAT ,ITALIAN DICTATOR1 ,MUSSOL9I1 HOLDS ! SAME VIEW6 ,! AM\NT ( CONTROL & REGIM5TATION ?AT W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO MAKE ! ,SOCIALI/ PLAN WORK W\LD LEAVE V]Y LITTLE P]SONAL LIB]TY TO ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,9DE$1 BY A QUE] QUIRK ( ?9K+1 MO/ ,SOCIALI/S W\LD1 ON G5]AL PR9CIPLES1 SUBORD9ATE ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! ,/ATE4 ,SOCIALISM RE/S ADMITT$LY ON COMPULSION2 BUT IT W\LD BE A COMPULSION SO F>-REA*+ ?AT IF IT C\LD EV] BE MADE TO WORK1 P]SONAL 9ITIATIVE W\LD BE ELIM9AT$4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ?IS IS AN IDEAL :I* APPEALS TO MANY P]SONS4 ,!RE >E SOME :O >E TEMP]AM5TALLY FE>FUL ( HAV+ TO LOOK \T = !MSELVES4 ,A LIFE ( FRE$OM1 ) ITS RESULT+ RESPONSIBILITY1 DOES NOT APPEAL TO ! TIMID4 ,UND] PRES5T CONDITIONS1 !RE >E NOT OPPORTUNITIES = EV]YONE1 !RE >E NOT 5\< JOBS TO GO >\ND &1 EV5 IF ALL W]E EQUALLY CAPABLE1 A C]TA9 PORTION ( ! POPULATION W\LD NOT HAVE WORK4 ,BUT1 AS !RE >E DIFF]5T DEGREES ( CAPACITY1 ! POOR] JOBS GO TO ?OSE ( ! LEA/ M]IT1 & ! LEA/ SKILL$ WORKMAN IS ! FIR/ ONE TO BE LAID (F4 ,TO SU* PEOPLE1 A PLAN :]E ALL W\LD BE EMPLOY$ BY A B5EVOL5T ,/ATE AT GOOD PAY & ) ALL WAGES EQUALIZ$ IS A PLEASANT PROSPECT4 ,TO HAVE ACCESS TO A COMMON W>EH\SE1 & ! RIE N[ 9 ?IS C\NTRY ?\S&S ( 9DU/RIES & F>MS EMPLOY+ MILLIONS ( M51 WORK+ ) BILLIONS ( CAPITAL1 & !RE IS AN ALMO/ 9F9ITE NUMB] ( ACTIVITIES C>RI$ ON 9 ! PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE ( GOODS & S]VICES4 ,BUT1 IF N[ !RE IS A SAD LACK ( P]SONAL LIB]TY1 :AT W\LD NOT BE ! CASE IF ?IS :OLE COMPLEX1 SELF-FUNCTION+ ECONOMIC LIFE W]E RUN BY ! GOV]NM5T1 OR SOME SU* AG5CY1 AS ! SOLE L&LORD1 [N] ( ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & !REBY ! SOLE EMPLOY]6 ,SUMM+ UP ! QUE/ION ( P]SONAL LIB]TY UND] ,SOCIALISM1 IT IS F\ND ?AT ! COMPULSORY COLLECTIV5ESS ( ,SOCIALISM IS DE/RUCTIVE ( ! P]SONAL LIB]TY ( 9DIVIDUALS TO DO :AT !Y PLEASE1 EV5 ?\< !IR ACTIONS MAY BE P]FECTLY NON-AGGRESSIVE ( O!R PEOPLE'S RIY CIVIL RIANTE$ A FULL /OMA*4 ,WILL ,SOCIALISM OBTA9 = ! WORK] ! FULL PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR8 ,9 ITS PURE =M1 IF ?IS W]E POSSIBLE1 IT MO/ C]TA9LY W\LD ABOLI% PRIVATE EXPLOITATION4 ,IF ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ALL-L& W]E 9 ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT NO 9DIVIDUAL C\LD EXPLOIT ANO!R1 S9CE ! ,/ATE W\LD BE ! ONLY EMPLOY] & EXPLOIT]4 ,BUT !RE W\LD BE TWO O!R =MS ( EXPLOITATION BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! FIR/ W\LD TAKE ! =M ( REQUISITION+ FROM HIM :O PRODUCES MORE ?AN O!RS4 ,JU/ AS 9 ! 0COMMUNI/IC0 S*OOLS ( TODAY1 9 ! PUBLIC S*OOL SY/EM1 !RE IS ! T5D5CY TO LEVEL D[N1 SO W\LD ! T5D5CY ( ! SOCIALI/ COMMONWEAL? BE TO LEVEL D[N4 ,! LEVEL+ ( RESULTS IS ! SOCIALI/ IDEAL - & PRACTICE4 ,IT IS ( NO AVAIL = SOME SOCIALI/S TO CLAIM ?AT ?IS W\LD NOT BE DONE4 ,IT HAS BE5 DONE & IT WILL BE DONE AGA94 ,IT IS 9EVITABLE4 ,IT MAKES NO DIFF]5CE :AT =M ( GOV]NM5T IS CIT$1 IT CAN EXI/ ONLY BY TAK+ SOME?+ AWAY FROM ! PEOPLE ?R\< ! USE ( =CE4 ,TAXATION IS A =M ( ROBB]Y OR EXPLOITATION1 EV5 ?\< SOME S]VICE MAY BE GIV5 9 RETURN4 ,BUT1 9 ADDITION TO ?AT1 ,SOCIALISM PRES5TS ANO!R FIELD = EXPLOITATION ( ! PEOPLE ?R\< GOV]NM5T4 ,! MA9 CLAIM = GOV]NM5T 5T]PRISE IS ?AT IT OP]ATES )\T A PR(IT4 ,:AT ( ?AT 8 ,IT MAY /ILL BE MORE EXP5SIVE 9 OP]ATION1 EV5 IF !RE IS NO PR(IT4 ,PRIVATE 5T]PRISE1 CONDUCT$ = PR(IT1 CAN PAY R5T = L& & 9T]E/ = MONEY TO OBTA9 ! CAPITAL NE$$ = A CONC]N1 PAY A PR(IT1 & /ILL SUCCESSFULLY COMPETE ) ! ,/ATE 9DU/RY1 S9CE PRODUCTION )\T PR(IT BY ! ,/ATE IS SO MU* MORE EXP5SIVE ?AN PRODUCTION ) PR(IT BY PRIVATE 5T]PRISE4 ,! REASON IS ?AT ! CO/ ( CORRUPTION1 9EFFICI5CY & MISMANAGEM5T ( ! ,/ATE IS GREAT] ?AN ! PR(ITS ( PRIVATE 5T]PRISE4 ,:5 A S+LE GOV]NM5T 9DU/RY IS CONDUCT$ AT A LOSS1 ! DEFICIT IS MADE UP BY TAX+ PRIVATE ,9DU/RY4 ,UND] PURE ,SOCIALISM1 !RE W\LD BE NO PRIVATE 9DU/RY TO TAX1 & :AT W\LD BE ! RESULT8 ,! EXP]I5CE ( ,RUSSIA SPEAKS 9 NO UNC]TA9 LANGUAGE4 ,IF IT HAD NOT BE5 = PRIVATE 5T]PRISE BY ! PEASANTS1 !RE W\LD HAVE BE5 G5]AL BANKRUPTCY & CONT9U\S FAM9E4 ,! CONFISCATION ( 9DU/RY1 BY ! ,SOVIETS WAS ABSOLUTELY RU9\S TO ?OSE 9DU/RIES4 ,:AT ,HAS ,HAPP5$ 9 ,RUSSIA ,A TA/E ( :AT W\LD BE 9 /ORE1 WAS & IS GIV5 9 ! ,RUSSIAN EXP]IM5T4 ,& ?AT TA/E IS MILD COMP>$ ) :AT ! ACTUAL REALITY ( COMPLETE ,SOCIALISM W\LD BE2 = IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT PURE ,COMMUNISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 A R>ITY EV5 9 ,BOL%EVIK ,RUSSIA4 ,AL?\< ! ,RUSSIAN ,SOCIALI/S HAVE BE5 HAMP]$ 9 !IR EF=TS1 IT IS P]MISSIBLE TO DRAW UPON !IR EXP]I5CES 9 ! ATTEMPT TO 9TRODUCE ,SOCIALISM4 ,ACTUAL OCCURR5CES >E MU* BETT] TE/IMONY ?AN ALL PR$ICTIONS4 ,&1 S9CE1 !RE IS N[ AVAILABLE A L>GE MASS ( UND5IABLE FACTS1 IT IS MU* EASI] & SAF] ?AN H]ET(ORE TO %[ :AT HAS ACTUALLY WORK$ \T ( ,SOCIALI/ !ORIES4 ,ALL /ATEM5TS ADDUC$ H]E >E FROM ,BOL%EVIK S\RCES4 ,:AT AB\T P]SONAL LIB]TY 9 ,RUSSIA8 ,! ,COMMUNI/S1 :O >E ! REAL GOV]NM5T 9 ,RUSSIA1 NUMB] AB\T ONE-HALF ( ONE P]C5T ( ! POPULATION4 ,NO M5TION IS MADE 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,CON/ITUTION ( ! ALL-P[]FUL ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,IT NUMB]S FIFTY-TWO PEOPLE & *OOSES FROM AMONG ITS MEMB]S ! ,POLITICAL ,BUREAU1 ?AT GR\P ( N9E :O >E ! REAL RUL]S ( ,RUSSIA4 ,ALL ! EXCIT+ %IFT+ >\ND ( ! BIG ,COMMISS>S' JOBS 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA 9 #aibe & #aibf 7TO M5TION ONLY ,TROTSKY1 ,KAM5EV1 ,Z9OVIEV1 ,SOKOLNIKOV7 WAS DONE BY ?IS NON-CON/ITUTIONAL BODY1 NOT BY ! ,SOVIET ,CONGRESS4 ,AS ALL ! WELL-9=M$ ,COMMUNI/S FRANKLY & CYNICALLY ADMIT1 ?IS DICTATORIAL CLIQUE CONTROLS ! APPO9TM5T ( ALL ! IMPORTANT (FICIALS1 :O CALL !MSELVES ! ,REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE4 ,!RE IS NOT A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 ,RUSSIA1 BUT = ! PROLET>IAT1 AS ,ISAAC ,DON ,LEV9E /AT$ 9 ! ,NEW ,YORK ,GLOBE1 ,JANU>Y #e1 #a#i#b4 ,CIVIC RIE BAS$ 9 SOME RESPECTS ON ! ACCEPTANCE ( C]TA9 BELIEFS4 ,! RI* #f1 #a#i#a#i1 AB\T /RIKES 9 ,PETROGRAD2 ,PRAVDA ( ,M>* #b#c1 #a#i#a#i1 AB\T /RIKES AT ,PUTILOV ,WORKS2 ETC474 ,FREE SPEE* & FREE PRESS1 ! LIB]TY ( DISCUSSION & CRITICISM ( GOV]NM5T1 W]E D5I$4 ,?IS BR+S TO M9D ,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON'S DICTUM ?AT 0TRU? CAN /& BY ITSELF2 ONLY GOV]NM5TS NE$ ! SUPPORT ( AU?ORITY40 ,9 ADDITION TO =CIBLE CONSCRIPTION1 :I* WAS RESI/$ BY ! PEASANTS ) DET]M9ATION1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS ACTUALLY />T$ TO 9TRODUCE 9VOLUNT>Y S]VITUDE1 7,SEE ,TROTSKY'S ,ORD] TO ! ,FIR/ ,LABOR ,>MY1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,KRASNAYA ,GAZETA1 ,JANU>Y #a#h1 #a#i#b4 ,ALSO REPORT 9 ,MOSC[ ,IZVE/IA1 ,MAY #b#h1 #a#i#b1 ,LEO ,PASVOLSKY1 ,ECONOMICS ( ,COMMUNISM1 P4 #ahi FF474 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT !Y DID NOT GET V]Y F>1 BUT ?AT WAS NOT DUE TO !IR CONSID]ATION ( ! 9T5D$ VICTIMS1 BUT TO ! RESI/ANCE !Y 5C\NT]$4 ,>TICLE ,I ( ! ,CODE ( ,LABOR ,LAWS ( #aiai /AT$3 0,ALL CITIZ5S %ALL BE SUBJECT TO COMPULSORY LABOR40 ,!RE >E SOME ,SOCIALI/ :O DO NOT AGREE ) ?IS8 ,! TR\BLE ) !M IS ?AT !Y >E NOT LOGICAL 5\<1 = COMPULSORY S]VITUDE IS ! LOGICAL \TCOME ( ,SOCIALISM1 & ONE MU/ GIVE ! ,BOL%EVIKS CR$IT = !IR H]OIC ATTEMPT TO BE LOGICAL & TRUE TO ! PREMISES ON :I* ,SOCIALISM IS BAS$4 ,! PEOPLE F\ND \T SOON 5\< ?AT ! ,BLUE G5D>MES ( ! ,CZ>I/ DAYS1 ) SPECIAL P[]S & PRIVILEGES1 W]E NOT GONE1 BUT W]E M]ELY REPLAC$ BY ,R$ G5D>MES1 CALL$ ! ,R$ ,GU>D1 ALSO 5JOY+ SPECIAL P[]S & PRIVILEGES4 ,!Y W]E NE$$ TO ROB ! PEASANTS ( !IR PRODUCTS )\T EQUITABLE RECOMP5SE1 TO GIVE /RIK+ WORK]S A TA/E ( LEAD1 TO BRUTALLY SUPPRESS DEMON/RATIONS1 SU* AS ! ONE = A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY ON ,JANU>Y #a#h1 #a#i#a#h4 ,BUT ?AT WAS M]E *ILD'S PLAY COMP>$ ) ! WORK ( ! SECRET POLICE ORGANIZ$ 9 ! ,*EKA1 A TYPICAL ,CZ>I/ 9/ITUTION1 BUT 9 ?IS CASE CLO!D ) P[]S SU* AS HAD NOT BE5 SE5 S9CE ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,9 TWO YE>S !RE W]E1 9 ,MOSC[ & ,PETROGRAD ALONE1 #i1#f#d#a EXECUTIONS1 ACCORD+ TO ,BOL%EVIK /ATEM5TS 7,REPORT ( ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,EXTRAORD9>Y ,COMMISSION 9 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#b72 H[ MANY MORE ?AT W]E NOT REPORT$1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO TELL4 ,RELATIVES W]E KEPT AS HO/AGES = DES]T]S FROM ! >MY 7,KRASNAYA ,GAZETA1 ,NOVEMB] #d1 #a#i#a#i2 ALSO ,TROTZKY'S 0FAM\S0 ,DECREE ,NO4 #i#c1 9 ,IZVE/IA1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #a#i#a#h74 ,H\SES W]E SE>*$1 PEOPLE >RE/$ & EXECUT$ )\T TRIALS1 ! ONLY REQUIREM5T BE+ ?AT ! FACT BE REPORT$ AFT]W>DS4 ,AFT] ! ATTACK ON ,L591 !RE WAS RELEAS$ & FO/]$ SU* BLOOD?IR/9ESS ?AT REAL ,/4 ,B>?OLOMEW'S ,NI ( ,9T]IOR1 ,SEPTEMB] #b1 #a#i#a#h4 ,ALSO >TICLE 9 ,KRASNAYA ,GAZETA47 ,! EXPRESS$ S5TIM5T ( ! LEAD]S WAS1 ?AT IF !RE W]E ONE GUILTY P]SON 9 ONE HUNDR$ EXECUT$1 !IR DEA?S W\LD BE JU/IFI$4 7,ANSW] ( ,IZVE/IA TO ! PROTE/S ( SOME ,BOL%EVIKI AGA9/ ! \TRAGE ( P]MITT+ ! ,EXTRAORD9>Y ,COMMISSION TO EXECUTE PEOPLE )\T PRO( ( !IR GUILT74 ,L59 COMPLA9$ ?AT ! RULE HAD BE5 TOO MILD1 FREQU5TLY RESEMBL+ JAM RA!R ?AN IRON4 ,NO WOND] FRE$OM-LOV+ PEOPLE EV]Y:]E DECID$ ?AT LIFE UND] CAPITALISM1 ) ALL ITS DRAWBACKS & 9IQUITIES1 WAS PREF]ABLE TO SU* A REGIME4 ,IT WAS 5TIRELY LOGICAL = ! ,COMMUNI/S TO TRY TO *OKE ! HEAL?Y PROGRESS ( ! ,CO-OP]ATIVES1 :I* HAD BE5 GR[+ LU/ILY UP TO #a#i#a#h4 ,!Y REPRES5T$ ! EXACT ANTI!SIS TO ,SOCIALISM1 S9CE !Y W]E VOLUNT>Y & AUTONOM\S ASSOCIATIONS4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS PROCE$$ TO TAKE OV] !SE AG5CIES & NATIONALIZE !IR PROP]TY4 ,) :AT RESULT8 ,?AT 9 ,APRIL1 #a#i#b#a1 ! AUTONOMY ( ! ,CO-OP]ATIVES WAS REE/ABLI%$1 BECAUSE !IR NATIONALIZATION HAD PROV$ AN UTT] FAILURE 6 ,DID ,BOL%EVISM GIVE ! PRODUC] ! FULL VALUE ( HIS PRODUCT8 ,JU/ H[ BADLY ! PEASANTS W]E EXPLOIT$ COMP>$ ) PREVI\S TIMES CAN BE SE51 :5 IT IS REALIZ$ ?AT ! PEASANT HAD TO PAY ?IRTY TO =TY TIMES AS MU* = ! MANUFACTUR$ GOODS HE NE$$ AS HE RECEIV$ = HIS GRA91 IF HE GOT PAID = IT AT ALL4 ,?IS-WAS EXPLOITATION ( ! C\NTRY BY ! CITY1 AS ,GORKY CALL$ IT4 ,NO WOND] ! PEASANTS REFUS$ TO TAKE MONEY & DEM&$ ?AT ! WORK]S GIVE !M1 9 EX*ANGE = !IR GRA91 ! TOOLS & MA*9]Y & CLO!S !Y NE$$4 ,?IS TYPE ( EXPLOITATION W\LD BE EV5 GREAT] 9 A C\NTRY 9 :I* 9DU/RY WAS PR$OM9ANT BECAUSE ! BREAKD[N ( ! 9DU/RIAL 5D W\LD SUP]IMPOSE A MORE RAPACI\S P>ASITISM ON ! SMALL] AGRICULTURE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ?AT ! PEASANTS W]E BE+ CRU%$ BY =CIBLE LEVIES1 A DEAD WEIT]4 ,) ! JUNK+ ( ! CO-OP]ATIVES1 IT WAS NOT TO BE EXPECT$ ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W\LD EXHIBIT ANY FRI5DL9ESS T[>D COOP]ATIVE OR MUTUALI/IC BANK+ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,MONEY WAS ISSU$ 9 A CONT9U\S /REAM1 HAV+ BACK ( IT ONLY ! VALUELESS FIAT ( ! /ATE4 ,?US1 \T ( ! BITT] 9JU/ICE ( ! =C$ LEVY & ! ECONOMIC BLUND] ( FIAT MONEY1 GREW ! T]RIBLE FAM9E ( #a#i#b#a4 7,KAMANEV1 9 REPORT TO ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS1 ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#a1 REPORT$ 9 ,PRAVDA1 ,A4 ,%ADWELL1 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,MOVEM5T1 #a#h#b#d-#a#i#b#d P4 #d#c74 ,! =C$ LEVY WAS GIV5 UP2 9DU/RY WAS NATIONALIZ$2 & AL?\< ! MONEY PROBLEM WAS NEV] SATISFACTORILY SOLV$1 9DU/RY IMPROV$ ! CLOS] IT CAME BACK TO CAPITALISM BY WAY ( ,/ATE CAPITALISM &1 SUBSEQU5TLY1 ! 0,N,E,P0 7! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY72 & ! EXPLOITATION ( C\NTRY BY ! CITY DECREAS$ 9 ! SAME MEASURE4 ,/ILL ANO!R =M ( EXPLOITATION WAS EX]CIS$ BY GR\PS ( WORK]S OV] ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION ?R\< ,SYNDICALISM4 ,! BASIC DEFECT ( ?IS PLAN IS ?AT IT WILL P]MIT EXORBITANT DEM&S BY ! WORK]S 9 ! SO-CALL$ KEY 9DU/RIES4 ,:ILE ?IS POSSIBILITY HAD H]ET(ORE ALWAYS BE5 9DIGNANTLY D5I$ BY ,SYNDICALI/S1 IT WAS F\ND ?AT SOME ( ! ,SOVIETS EX]CIS$ JU/ EXACTLY ?AT P[] ( DICTATOR%IP BY A S+LE GR\P4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! RAILWAY WORK]S1 :ILE !IR NUMB]S 9CREAS$ & !IR EFFICI5CY DECREAS$1 MADE SU*1 EXTRAVAGANT DEM&S 9 WAGES ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TO NATIONALIZE ! RAILWAYS1 SO AS TO ALT] ! /ATUS ( ! MEMB]S ( ! ,SOVIETS TO EMPLOYES ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,& DID ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF1 UND] ! SUCCE$+ ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM1 TAKE SOME?+ AWAY FROM SOME & GIVE IT TO O!RS8 ,?IS IS H[ IT WORK$4 ,AFT] NATIONALIZATION1 A GREAT MANY FACTORIES W]E SUBSIDIZ$ FROM ! TREASURY ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT DEFICITS W]E MADE UP BY TAX+ O!RS1 MA9LY ! PEASANTS1 & BY SP5D+ :AT HAD BE5 ACCUMULAT$ UND] ! PREVI\S REGIME4 ,! AM\NTS1 AS PUBLI%$ 9 ! GOV]NM5T PAP]S1 W]E 5ORM\S4 ,?AT ?IS SY/EM 9VIT$ 9EFFICI5CY & CORRUPTION GOES )\T SAY+4 ,!RE WAS NO CONTROL OV] EXP5DITURES4 ,MONEY WAS =W>D$ 9 CASES :]E FACTORIES DID NOT EXI/ 7,ECONOMI*ESKAYA ,ZHIZN1 ,FEBRU>Y #b#e1 #a#i#a#i1 ,REPORT ( ,NEM5SKY ON ,C5TRO ,TEXTILE3 ,GOV]NM5T ,TEXTILE ,TRU/S74 ,! RESULTS ( SU* 0HELP0 W]E1 ( C\RSE1 NEGLIGIBLE4 ,:51 9 ,APRIL1 #a#i#a#h1 ,/ATE ,CAPITALISM WAS 9/ITUT$ BY ,L591 !RE WAS EXPLOITATION ?R\< BUREAUCRACY4 ,?IS LATT] WAS F\ND TO BE EXTRAVAGANT1 9EFFICI5T1 CORRUPT1 & REM9D$ ! POPULACE V]Y /RONGLY ( ! OLD ,CZ>I/ DAYS4 ,9 #a#i#a#i1 ! (FICIAL ,BOL%EVIK PRESS WAS FULL ( REVELATIONS ( GRAFT1 SPOLIATION1 & ROBB]Y BY (FICIALS4 ,EMBEZZLEM5T WAS V]Y COMMON1 & HITICUL> AT ! DEAD5+ BUREAUCRACY & R$ TAPE ?AT HAD TO BE OV]COME BE=E ANY?+ C\LD BE ACCOMPLI%$4 ,:5 ! \TPUT ( A P>TICUL> 9DU/RY WAS F9ALLY 9CREAS$1 IT WAS AT AN 5ORM\S CO/4 ,! EXAMPLE GIV5 ( ! ,C5TRO-,TEXTILE IS TYPICAL1 NOT SOLIT>Y4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT MANY (FICIALS W]E PUT TO DEA? BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS = EMBEZZLEM5T & CORRUPTION4 ,!Y PO9T ) PRIDE TO !IR SEV]ITY 9 ?OSE MATT]S4 ,BUT ?IS M]ELY PROVES ! GREAT EXT5T ( (FICIAL GRAFT1 & S]VES TO /R5G!N ! >GUM5T AGA9/ BUREAUCRACY1 BECAUSE IT IS AN EXPLOITATION ( ! G5]AL POPULACE4 ,PAXTON ,HIBB51 AN ADMIR] ( ,BOL%EVISM1 /AT$ 9 ,CURR5T ,HI/ORY = ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#b#f1 ?AT 0! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T IS A BUREAUCRACY - ! COLOSSAL BUREAUCRACY ( R$ TAPE ?AT ,L59 FE>$4'' ,! IDEAL BECAME ?AT ( 9DU/RIAL DESPOTS EV]Y:]E3 ABSOLUTE SUBMISSION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! ORD] ( ! MANAG]4 ,! ,/ATE AS AN EMPLOY] WAS F\ND TO HAVE ALL ! DISAGREEABL5ESS ( CAPITALISM PLUS ALL ! CO]CIVE P[]S ( ! ,/ATE BEH9D ITS ORD]S1 ) NO HESITANCY TO USE !M4 ,! EFFECT ( GOV]NM5T TRU/S ON ! CONSUM] WAS ! SAME AS ?AT ( ANY TRU/3 ,/&>DIZATION ( \TPUT1 HI< PRICES1 ! ELIM9ATION ( ALL 9DIVIDUALITY 9 PRODUCTS1 & ! R$UCTION ( ! CONSUM+ PUBLIC TO ! DEAD LEVEL ( HAV+ TO TAKE :AT CAN BE MO/ *EAPLY MADE AT ! GREATE/ PR(IT TO ! MANUFACTUR] 7?AT IS1 ( ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T74 ,! GOV]NM5T TRU/S ( ! PRES5T DAY >E /ILL SUBSIDIZ$ 9 V>I\S WAYS BY ! SEMI-,/ATE-,CAPITALI/IC GOV]NM5T4 ,! T>IFF 7:I* IS ! HITICLE SAID ?AT 0! GOV]NM5T MONOPOLY ( =EIGN TRADE PROTECTS ! GREAT GOV]NM5T TRU/S :I* MANUFACTURE ! >TICLES ?AT ! #a#c#e11 ,RUSSIAN NE$ SO DESP]ATELY 444 ! GOV]NM5T ?AT IS DO+ 7ALL7 ! IMPORT+ SEES TO IT ?AT :AT IT IMPORTS DOES NOT PUT ITS [N FACTORIES \T ( BUS9ESS4'' ,DID ,BOL%EVISM ABOLI% 9VOLUNT>Y IDL5ESS1 /RIKES & LOCK-\TS1 & P>ASITES1 ?US 9CREAS+ PRODUCTION TO ! ADVANTAGE ( ! PRODUC]S8 ,AGRICULTURE1 :I* WAS NOT NATIONALIZ$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 NEV] DROPP$ TO LESS ?AN FIFTY P] C5T ( PRE-W> PRODUCTION4 ,9DU/RY1 :5 FULLY NATIONALIZ$ & MILIT>IZ$1 %RUNK TO ONE FIF?6 7,TROTZKY 9 ,CURR5T ,HI/ORY1 ,FEBRU>Y1 #a#i#b#f2 ,KAM5EV1 9 REPORT TO ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS1 ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#b#a74 ,9 A MOD]N 9DU/RIAL C\NTRY1 ONE-FIF? PRODUCTION W\LD MEAN UTT] RU9 & SPE$Y />VATION4 ,! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT1 /ICK+ TO PRIVATE PRODUCTION1 C>RI$ ! NATIONALIZ$1 RU9$ 9DU/RY - & SAV$ ,RUSSIA4 ,! WORK]S W]E UTT]LY UNPREP>$ TO RUN 9DU/RIES4 ,9 ,! ,/ATE & ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#a#g71 ,L591 LIKE ALL SOAP-BOX ORATORS1 HAD TOLD ! PROLET>IAT H[ EASILY !Y C\LD C>RY ON ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,AFT] #a#i#a#h1 IT WAS ANO!R /ORY4 ,HIS SPEE*ES >E ONE CONT9U\S1 BRUTALLY FRANK ADMISSION3 0,WE DON'T KN[ ! FIR/ ?+ AB\T H[ TO ORGANIZE1 H[ TO DI/RIBUTE1 H[ TO MANAGE1 & SO ON4 ,WE DON'T KN[ 4440 ,HE F\ND ?AT ! EXP]TS HAD TO BE CALL$ BACK1 AT HUGE SAL>IES2 EQUAL PAY - A C>D9AL PR9CIPLE - WAS CA/ OV]BO>D1 TOGE!R ) WORK]S' CONTROL1 & PIECE WORK & ! BONUS SY/EM 9/ITUT$ 9/EAD4 ,L59'S ,! ,SOVIETS AT WORK & ,! ,*IEF ,TASKS ( \R ,TIMES ADVOCATE SU* ?+S AS 0! LATE/ PROGRESSIVE MEASURES ( CAPITALISM10 444 0! ,TAYLOR SY/EM ( SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T40 ,) ,9CREAS+ RETURN TO CAPITALISM1 FREELY ADMITT$ AT ! TIME BY ,L591 & ) ! RELEASE ( ! ,COOP]ATIVES1 PRODUCTION1 WAS PICK+ UP PROPORTIONATELY4 ,BUT ! COMMUNI/S >E EV5 N[ LIV+ (F ! 9H]ITANCE ( ! PA/ TO A DANG]\S DEGREE4 ,= 9/ANCE1 :ILE !RE IS REALLY LITTLE CON/RUCTION GO+ ON 9 ,G]MANY1 9VE/IGATORS SAY ?AT1 COMP>$ ) ,RUSSIA1 BUILD+ ACTIVITY 9 ,G]MANY IS FEV]I%4 ,FAILURE TO DEBIT ?IS NON-REPLACEM5T ( BUILD+S & O!R CAPITAL GOODS GIVES AN 5TIRELY WRONG PICTURE ( ACTUAL PRODUCTION1 9 ! SAME WAY AS W\LD A BUS9ESS /ATEM5T ?AT %[$ OLD1 DILAPIDAT$ BUILD+S AT ! ORIG9AL VALUE4 ,IS UNEMPLOYM5T DECREAS+8 ,:ILE ON EV]Y O!R SUBJECT !RE IS A GREAT1 WEAL? ( /ATI/ICAL DATA1 ON ?IS UNFAIL+ 9DEX ( ECONOMIC HEAL? - 9VOLUNT>Y IDL5ESS - ! COMMUNI/S >E /RANGELY SIL5T4 ,! ,SOVIET ,UNION ,YE>BOOK = #aibf GIVES NO 9=MATION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVIEW ( ,DECEMB]1 #a#i#b#f1 UNEMPLOYM5T AMONG TRADE UNION MEMB]S ALONE REA*$ #a1#a#h#b1#e 9 ,APRIL1 #a#i#b#f1 AN 9CREASE ( N9ETE5 P] C5T 9 A YE>1 DESPITE (FICIAL =ECA/S ( DECREASE4 ,OV] A MILLION UNEMPLOY$ TRADE UNION WORK]S 9 AN 9DU/RIALLY WEAK C\NTRY LIKE ,RUSSIA W\LD BE EQUIVAL5T TO F\R ( FIVE MILLION UNEMPLOY$ 9 A HIS ( ,SOCIALI/ EXP]IM5TATION & MILLIONS ( WORK]S >E TRAMP+ ,RUSSIAN SOIL 9 SE>* ( WORK6 ,& ?IS 9 ! RI*E/ C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD1 ) VA/ NATURAL RES\RCES JU/ CRY+ TO BE DEVELOP$ - A C\NTRY1 H[EV]1 BURD5$ ) MANY SPECIM5S ( ! 0,COMMUNI/ BRAG1'' :O1 ACCORD+ TO ,L591 IS A P]SON ?AT1 0BE+ A MEMB] ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & NOT YET HAV+ BE5 PUT \T ( IT1 IMAG9ES ?AT HE CAN SOLVE ALL PROBLEMS BY ,COMMUNI/IC DECREE0 7,>?UR ,%ADWELL1 ,! ,SOCIALI/ ,MOVEM5T1 #a#h#b#d-#a#i#b#d74 ,! PRIMITIVE CONDITIONS UND] :I* ! MASSES ( A HALF-,ASIATIC1 AGR>IAN C\NTRY LIKE ,RUSSIA >E EV5 N[ CONT5T TO LIVE >E NOT ATTRACTIVE AT ALL TO ! ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN OR ,AM]ICAN WORK+ MAN1 :OSE /&>D ( LIV+ IS FROM TWO TO F\R TIMES AS HI<4 ,TO SUM UP3 ,EXPLOITATION /ILL EXI/S UND] ,SOCIALISM4 ,!RE IS ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! UNSKILL$1 ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! SYNDICATES OR SOVIETS2 ! EXPLOITATION ( ! C\NTRY BY ! CITY2 & EXPLOITATION ?R\< GOV]NM5T 9EFFICI5CY1 GRAFT1 & BUREAUCRATIC R$ TAPE4 ,! MORE PURELY ,M>XIAN ! TYPE ( ,SOCIALISM1 ! WORSE ?IS EXPLOITATION W\LD BE4 ,SOME ,SOCIALI/ ,PROPHECIES ,9 CLOS+ ! DISCUSSION ( ,SOCIALISM1 IT MAY NOT BE AMISS TO PO9T \T ?AT ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,M>XIAN PROPHECY HAS NOT COME TRUE4 ,:ILE UND] ORD9>Y CIRCUM/ANCES ?IS W\LD NOT BE A S]I\S ?+1 IT IS V]Y S]I\S 9 ?IS CASE1 BECAUSE ! S*EME WAS BAS$ ON JU/ !SE EXPECTATIONS4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL PR$ICTION WAS ?AT ! WORK]S W\LD BECOME POOR] & POOR] UNTIL !Y W\LD REVOLT4 ,YET !Y W]E C]TA9LY MORE REVOLUTION>Y FIFTY OR A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO2 & !IR LIV+ CONDITIONS >E F> SUP]IOR TODAY ?AN !Y W]E1 = 9/ANCE1 9 ,5GL& AT ! TIME ,M>X WROTE4 ,! SKILL$ WORK] N[ HAS MORE ( A B\RGEOIS \TLOOK ON LIFE & DESIRES A HI<] /&>D ( LIV+1 & 9 ?IS HE IS SECOND$ V]Y CLOSELY BY ! UNSKILL$ WORK]1 :OSE OPPORTUNITY TO GET 9TO ! RANKS ( SKILL$ LABOR IS ALSO GREAT] TODAY ?AN FIFTY YE>S AGO4 ,AL?\< IT IS TRUE ?AT CAPITAL IS BE+ CONC5TRAT$ 9 A COMP>ATIVELY SMALL] NUMB] 5T]PRISES1 ! NUMB] ( CAPITALI/S HAS NOT DECREAS$1 [+ TO ! GR[? ( CORPORATIONS ) A L>GE NUMB] ( /OCKHOLD]S 9 ALL WALKS ( LIFE4 ,MOREOV]1 ,M>X DID NOT RECOGNIZE ! REAL CAPITALI/1 AL?\< HE WAS PO9T$ \T TO HIM V]Y =CEFULLY BY ,PR\DHON1 ! ,FR5* ECONOMI/4 ,SEV5TY-FIVE YE>S AGO1 ,PR\DHON & ,M>X W]E DISCUSS+ ! P[] ( CAPITAL1 ! FIR/ CONT5D+ ?AT IT LAY ) ! F9ANCIAL CAPITALI/1 ,M>X 9SI/+ ON ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/4 ,TIME HAS BORNE \T ,PR\DHON'S CONT5TION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 CAPITALISM WAS GO+ TO FALL TO PIECES BECAUSE ( ! RAPID 9CREASE ( COMMODITIES PRODUC$ ?AT C\LD NOT BE SOLD1 SO ?AT CAPITALISM W\LD FALL ( ITS [N WEI] ?AN IT WAS AT ?AT TIME4 ,H]MAN ,CAHN1 A FOLL[] ( ,M>X1 9 HIS BOOK1 ,CAPITAL ,TODAY1 ADMITS ?AT ! SY/EM HAS *ANG$ SOME:AT S9CE ,M>X'S TIME1 & ?AT ! NE$ ( CAPITAL 9 BACKW>D C\NTRIES IS SO GREAT ?AT HE IS =C$ TO /ATE ?AT ! REVOLUTION IS NOT COM+ FROM TOO MU* CAPITAL4 444 ,*9A1 HE SAYS1 WILL NE$ DOLL>S #a1111 & O!R C\NTRIES WILL ALSO REQUIRE L>GE SUMS1 SO ?AT ! SURPLUS CAPITAL CAN BE EXPORT$ = A LONG TIME4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 HE F9DS1 ! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ ( ,M>X HAS BE5 SUPPLANT$ BY ! F9ANCIAL CAPITALI/4 ,YET EIS AGO ,PR\DHON %[$ ! P[] & DOM9ANCE ( ! F9ANCIAL CAPITALI/ & WAS R\NDLY ABUS$ BY ,M>X = SAY+ SO4 ,MR4 ,CAHN %[S H[ ! BANKS EXP& CR$IT UNTIL IT IS SEV]AL TIMES ! AM\NT ( ! CA% DEPOSIT$ BY !IR CU/OM]S1 & ?AT1 :5 ALL !SE DEPOSITORS WILL GO TO ! BANK & ASK = !IR MONEY1 ! REVOLUTION WILL COME4 ,M>X HAD EXPECT$ A REVOLUTION BY ! PEOPLE :O HAD NO?+4 ,AS ?IS DID NOT COME (F1 ,MR4 ,CAHN LOOKS = A REVOLUTION BY ?OSE :O HAVE SOME?+4 ,HE IS NOT GO+ TO BE *EAT$ \T ( A REVOLUTION IF HE CAN HELP IT4 ,SOMEBODY MU/ />T ONE2 &1 IF ! PROLET>IAT WON'T1 ! RI* WILL4 ,VICTOR ,B]G]1 9 A REC5T $ITORIAL 9 HIS PAP]1 ,! ,MILWAUKEE ,LEAD]1 ALSO ADMITS ! SUPREMACY ( ! F9ANCIAL CAPITALI/1 9 ! FOLL[+ WORDS3 0,! BANK] US$ TO BE JU/ A MONEY *ANG] & L5D]4 ,:5 ! MOD]N 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ />T$ \T ON HIS C>E] AS A VICTOR OV] FEUDALISM1 HIS EXP]TS TOLD HIM ?AT HE W\LD RULE ! :OLE CAPITALI/ ROO/4 ,! BANK] & ! M]*ANT W\LD ALWAYS BE HIS SUBORD9ATES4 ,?AT'S :AT ,ADAM ,SMI? & ,RIC>DO TOLD ! ,BRITI% CAPITALI/S1 & IT BECAME AN AXIOM1 ?AT EV5 ,K>L ,M>X ACCEPT$4 ,UP TO ! 5D ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY IT LOOK$ AS IF ,SMI?1 ,RIC>DO & ,M>X W]E RIT BY PROM95T ,SOCIALI/S >E ! MORE REM>KABLE1 S9CE !IR VIEW IS ?AT ! MONEY QUE/ION IS DEAD4 ,TOMMY ,MORGAN EXPRESS$ ?IS VIEW 9 ! WORDS3 0,SOCIALI/S HAVE NO MORE 9T]E/ 9 ! MONEY SY/EM ( TODAY ?AN !Y HAVE 9 ! MONEY SY/EM ( ANCI5T ,EGYPT40 ,! ,M>XIANS 9 ,RUSSIA HAD SEIZ$ ! CAPITAL GOODS ACCORD+ TO PROGRAM2 BUT1 9/EAD ( PRODUC+ MORE1 !Y PRODUC$ LESS1 - MU* LESS1 ?AN BE=E4 ,!Y F\ND IT WAS CR$IT & NOT CAPITAL ?AT WAS NE$$2 & SO1 AT ! ,G5OA ,CONF]5CE1 ,T*I*]9 ASK$ ! O!R P[]S = CR$IT4 ,& = ! SAME REASON !Y FAVOR ?OSE 0MIX$ COMPANIES0 BACK$ BY PRIVATE CAPITAL4 ,HAV+ ALWAYS SNE]$ AT ! ,PR\DHONIAN IDEA ( CR$IT & CALL$ IT A B\RGEOIS PALLIATIVE1 !Y DID NOT UND]/& ! NATURE ( CR$IT & TO E/ABLI% IT4 ,! REPUDIATION ( !IR DEBTS W\LD HAVE WORK$1 IF !Y HAD BE5 ABLE TO E/ABLI% CR$IT ( !IR [N4 ,9 ! 5D !Y WILL NO D\BT HAVE TO PROMISE TO PAY !IR OLD DEBTS AS AN E>NE/ ( GOOD WILL SO AS TO GET NEW LOANS4 ,! ,S+LE ,TAX ,! !ORY KN[N AS ,S+LE ,TAX DEM&S ! EXPROPRIATION ( R5T BY DIV]T+ IT FROM ! C(F]S ( L&LORDS 9TO ! NATIONAL TREASURY1 & TO EFFECT ?IS 5D1 ACCORD+ TO ,H5RY ,GEORGE1 0ALL TAXATION %\LD BE ABOLI%$ SAVE A TAX UPON ! VALUE ( L&40 ,:AT ?IS S*EME WILL ACTUALLY AM\NT TO WILL BE L& NATIONALIZATION4 0,WE MU/ MAKE L& COMMON PROP]TY10 IS ONE ( ! EXPRESSIONS ( ,GEORGE4 ,AL?\< HE ?9KS ?AT 0IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO CONFISCATE ! L&1 IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO CONFISCATE R5T01 ! PROPOSAL IS REALLY A SOCIALI/IC OR COMMUNI/IC S*EME4 ,! ULTIMATE RESULT W\LD BE ?AT ! ,/ATE W\LD BECOME ! L&LORD & ! T5ANT W\LD PAY A TAX 9/EAD ( R5T4 ,BUT :AT IS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 HAV+ TO PAY A TAX OR HAV+ TO PAY R5T = ! USE ( NATURAL RES\RCES8 ,! ,S+LE ,TAX W\LD NOT ABOLI% R5T1 IT W\LD SIMPLY *ANGE IT 9TO A TAX4 ,! US] ( ! MO/ F]TILE L& W\LD BE TAX$ TILL HIS PRODUCTS W\LD NET ONLY AS MU* AS ?OSE ( ! US] ( ! LEA/ F]TILE L& 9 CULTIVATION4 ,LEVEL+ RESULTS IS ! TYPICAL ,COMMUNI/ WAY ( ATTACK+ ! ECONOMIC PROBLEM1 9/EAD ( LEVEL+1 OR RA!R EQUALIZ+1 ONLY OPPORTUNITIES4 ,! !ORIES UPON :I* ! ,S+LE ,TAX IS BAS$ HAVE BE5 CONTRADICT$ BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY4 ,9/EAD ( ! SO-CALL$ 0PRESSURE ON L&0 9CREAS+1 IT IS DECREAS+4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,RIC>DIAN LAW ( R5T1 ! BASIS ( ,S+LE ,TAX1 ! BE/ L& IS OCCUPI$ FIR/1 & !N REC\RSE MU/ BE HAD TO POOR] & POOR] L&4 ,! M>G9 BETWE5 ! FIR/ & LATE/ COM] KEEPS GR[+ UNTIL EV]Y?+ PRODUC$ BECOMES R5T1 EXCEPT :AT ! POORE/ L& PRODUCES4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 :ILE ,MAL?US CLAIM$ ?AT !RE IS NOT 5\< L& TO GO >\ND1 ,RIC>DO1 & ,GEORGE AFT] HIM1 SAID ?AT !RE IS NOT 5\< GOOD L& TO GO >\ND4 ,?IS HAS BE5 CONTRADICT$ BY ?REE FACTS3 #a4 ,! DISCOV]Y ( NEW =MS ( WEAL? UND] ! SURFACE ( ! E>?1 9 POOR L& = :I* !RE WAS =M]LY NO USE ON ACC\NT ( IGNORANCE ( !IR VALUE2 & NEW *EMICAL ME?ODS1 SU* AS EXTRACT+ NITROG5 FROM ! AIR OR OIL FROM COAL4 #b4 ,NEW ME?ODS ( US+ ! SOIL = AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION4 ,%ORTLY BE=E ,MAL?US1 ,GOLDSMI? WROTE ( ! GOOD OLD DAYS 9 ,5GL& 0:5 EA* ROOD MA9TA9$ ITS MAN40 ,MOD]N 9T5SIVE F>M+ IS ABLE TO RAISE1 ON ONE ACRE ( L&1 5\< FOOD = FIFTY M54 ,EV5 AS ?IS IS WRITT51 NEWS COMES FROM C5TRAL ,CALI=NIA ( AT NEW RECORD 9 POTATO RAIS+3 TW5TY TONS GA!R$ FROM A S+LE ACRE6 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! G>D5] ( TODAY IS 9 A POSITION TO MAKE HIS [N SOIL & CLIMATE4 #c4 ,NEW ME?ODS ( BUILD+ P]MIT A GREAT] USE ( A GIV5 >EA 9 ! CITIES4 ,IMM5SE HOTELS >E BUILT ON TWO ACRES1 H\S+ TWO ?\S& PEOPLE4 ,& ! WEAL?IE/1 :O HAVE ! GREATE/ *OICE ( LOCATION1 SEEK !SE CR[D$ PLACES4 ,9 ! MATT] ( (FICE ROOM1 !RE >E MANY MORE PEOPLE TO ! ACRE - IT MAY ALMO/ BE SAID1 TO ! SQU>E ROD4 ,ONE (FICE BUILD+ 9 ,NEW ,YORK HAS FIFTY /ORIES ABOVE GR\ND & ?REE BEL[ ! LEVEL ( ! /REET1 & !RE IS (FICE ROOM TO ACCOMMODATE FIFTE5 ?\S& PEOPLE4 ,! PRESSURE ON L& IS REALLY GETT+ LESS RA!R ?AN 9CREAS+4 ,9 REG>D TO ! FIR/ QUE/ION1 ?AT ( LIB]TY1 ! ,S+LE ,TAX1 ) ALL ! GOOD 9T5TIONS ( ITS SPONSORS1 W\LD YET FAIL %ORT ( ACCOMPLI%+ ITS PURPOSE4 ,IT IS A COMMUNI/IC S*EME & WILL 9CREASE ! SPH]E ( GOV]NM5T ) ITS NECESS>Y 9CREASE 9 BUREAUCRACY4 ,:E!R OR NOT ! ,S+LE ,TAX]S PROPOSE IT1 ! GOV]NM5T W\LD 9EVITABLY GO 9TO ALL SORTS ( V5TURES ) ! GREAT AM\NT ( MONEY ACCRU+ FROM ! R5T COLLECT$4 ,( C\RSE1 IT W\LD ALL BE 9T5D$ = ! B5EFIT ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT (FICIALS EV]Y:]E HAVE ! BAD HABIT ( TRY+ TO GET AS MU* \T ( !IR JOBS AS POSSIBLE1 & ( ABUS+ ! P[] ?AT IS GIV5 !M4 ,POLITICIANS >E PRONE TO SEEK OPPORTUNITIES = GRAFT1 & !RE W\LD BE NO 5D ( 5T]PRISES 9TO :I*1 !Y W\LD LEAD ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! PROPOSAL TO TAX L& UP TO ITS FULL R5TAL VALUE & TO DI/RIBUTE ! PROCE$S AMONG ! PEOPLE IS ONLY AN EMPTY PROMISE4 ,! PEOPLE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES N[ PAY ! /UP5D\S SUM ( ELEV5 BILLION DOLL>S A YE> = TAXES = ! SUPPORT ( NATIONAL1 /ATE1 & MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T1 & ?IS SUM IS CON/ANTLY GR[+4 ,IF PAY+ TAXES C\LD MAKE A PEOPLE WELL (F1 ALL ! NATIONS ( ! E>? W\LD HAVE BE5 RI* LONG AGO4 ,! PROGRESS ( L& T5URE HAS BE5 ONE ( 9CREAS+ SECURITY 9 POSSESSION1 FROM S]FDOM ?R\< T5ANCY TO 9DIVIDUAL POSSESSION4 ,L& NATIONALIZATION W\LD BE A DI/9CT /EP ( RETROGRESSION2 & ! PUTT+ UP AT PUBLIC AUCTION ( ! L& BY ! ,/ATE1 :I* ! ,S+LE ,TAX S*EME W\LD PRACTICALLY COME TO1 W\LD 9 ALL PROBABILITY 9CREASE 9SECURITY ( POSSESSION4 ,EXPLOITATION C\LD NOT BE ABOLI%$ ?R\< ! OP]ATION ( ! ,S+LE ,TAX4 ,SOME ,S+LE ,TAX]S >E COM+ TO REALIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! MONEY MONOPOLY 9 MOD]N LIFE4 ,H5RY ,GEORGE DEF5D$ 9T]E/1 :I* IS COM+ TO BE RECOGNIZ$ AS ! MO/ VICI\S =M ( EXPLOITATION4 ,! P[] ( CAPITAL TO SUPPORT ITS [N] )\T WORK W\LD /ILL EXI/1 & ?AT ALL-IMPORTANT ECONOMIC 9/RUM5T - CR$IT - W\LD /ILL BE 9 ! H&S ( ! PRIVILEG$ F9ANCI]4 ,! CONTROL ( MOD]N ECONOMIC LIFE IS 9 ! H&S ( ?OSE :O HAVE CONTROL ( CR$IT ( CAPITAL4 ,JU/ H[ BADLY ! L&-[N+ F>M]S >E EXPLOIT$ ?R\< ! MONEY MONOPOLY WAS %[N 9 #a#i#b1 :5 OV] #f1 F>M]S W5T BANKRUPT4 ,:AT WAS ! REASON = ?AT DISA/] 8 ,! BANKS 9 ! AGRICULTURAL REGIONS W]E DIRECT$ BY ! ,F$]AL ,RES]VE ,BO>D TO RE/RICT LOANS TO F>M]S4 ,! RESULT WAS ?AT !Y C\LD NOT M>KET !IR GOODS4 ,! ,S+LE ,TAX W\LD NOT HAVE *ANG$ ?IS SITUATION AN IOTA4 ,:AT ! F>M] NE$S IS EASY & *EAP CR$IT1 NOT A *ANGE FROM R5T TO A TAX4 ,& :AT HE FUR!R NE$S IS FRE$OM FROM T>IFF ON ! ?+S HE USES4 ,O!R ,MOVEM5TS ,9DIVIDUALI/ 7SOMETIMES CALL$ ,PHILOSOPHICAL7 ,AN>*ISM IS1 ASIDE FROM ,MUTUALISM1 ! ONLY MOVEM5T = SOCIOLOGICAL RECON/RUCTION BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL LIB]TY4 ,9DIVIDUALI/ ,AN>*I/S1 H[EV]1 LAY NO CLAIM TO HAV+ A POSITIVE OR CON/RUCTIVE PHILOSOPHY4 ,!IR AFFIRMATION ( ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IMPLIES M]ELY A PROTE/ AGA9/ AU?ORITY AS SU*4 ,B5JAM9 ,R4 ,TUCK]1 ! *IEF EXP\ND] ( ! DOCTR9E 9 ,AM]ICA1 HAS /AT$ ! CASE 9 !SE WORDS3 0,AN>*Y HAS NO SIDE ?AT IS AFFIRMATIVE 9 ! S5SE ( CON/RUCTIVE4 ,NEI!R AS ,AN>*I/S NOR - :AT IS PRACTICALLY ! SAME ?+ - AS 9DIVIDUAL SOV]EIGNS HAVE WE ANY CON/RUCTIVE WORK TO DO1 ?\< AS PROGRESSIVE BE+S WE HAVE PL5TY ( IT40 ,:ILE ,AN>*I/S HAVE DEM&$ ! DE/RUCTION ( ! F\R GREAT MONOPOLIES 7MONEY1 L&1 T>IFF1 & PAT5T & COPYRIE ) !M1 !IR PROGRAM = ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ?AT PURPOSE HAS BE5 ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,?AT CONSUMMATION IS /ILL F> (F2 & ,MUTUALI/S1 0AS PROGRESSIVE BE+S01 BELIEVE 9 WORK+ T[>D ! GRADUAL ELIM9ATION ( ! F\R GREAT MONOPOLIES ?R\< A PEACEFUL SUB/ITUTION ( VOLUNT>Y 9/ITUTIONS = COMPULSORY ONES AS AN EV] & EV] GREAT] MEASURE ( FRE$OM IS SECUR$4 ,COMMUNI/-,AN>*ISM 7OR ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNISM7 IS AN ATTEMPT TO BL5D AU?ORITY & FRE$OM4 ,ITS ADH]5TS BELIEVE1 ) ! ,SOCIALI/S1 ?AT ALL CAPITAL %\LD BE [N$ & OP]AT$ BY ! PEOPLE 9 !IR COLLECTIVE CAPACITY1 ) ! EXCEPTION ?AT1 9/EAD ( A L>GE C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATE1 !Y WANT ?IS DONE BY SMALL] GR\PS2 & !Y !RE=E D5Y LIB]TY 9 PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 ,!Y BELIEVE1 ALSO1 ) ! ,SOCIALI/S1 ?AT WEAL? IS NOT PRODUC$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & ?AT !RE=E ! 9DIVIDUAL CAN LAY NO CLAIM TO ANY ( IT AS HIS SEP>ATE PROP]TY4 ,IF !Y W\LD P]MIT NONP>TICIPATION ON ! P>T ( DISS5T]S1 & ALL[ ! LATT] TO SEC$E1 & TAKE !IR PROP]TY ) !M2 OR1 IF ,COMMUNI/-,AN>*I/S W\LD TOL]ATE ) !MSELVES1 AMONG !MSELVES1 OR >\ND !MSELVES1 ANY SORT ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIETY & ALL ( ITS NON9VASIVE ACTIVITIES1 ,MUTUALI/S C\LD F9D LITTLE TO COMPLA9 ( 9 SU* A PROGRAM1 S9CE ,MUTUALISM IS NOT OPPOS$ TO ! EX]CISE ( ANY NON9VASIVE EF=TS1 BE !Y COMMUNI/IC OR O!RWISE2 BUT NOT MANY ( ! ,COMMUNI/-,AN>*I/S TAKE ?AT POSITION1 SO ?AT !IR D5IAL ( ! LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL IS DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( ,MUTUALISM4 ,! PURPOSE ( ! ,COMMUNI/-,AN>*I/S SEEMS TO BE TO SECURE EQUALITY AT ! EXP5SE ( LIB]TY4 ,MUNICIPAL [N]%IP1 NOT BE+ A COMPLETE SY/EM ( SOCIAL RE=M1 CANNOT BE H]E TREAT$ AS WOR?Y ( CRITICISM AS A MOVEM5T4 ,9ASMU* AS IT IS1 9 PRACTICE1 M]ELY A PRELIM9>Y /EP T[>D ! REALIZATION ( ,SOCIALISM1 IT IS OP5 TO ALL ! CRITICISMS ?AT HAVE BE5 DEVOT$ TO ?OSE PHASES ( ,SOCIALISM :I* IT REPRES5TS4 ,*,A,P,T,] ,I,I,I4 ,! ,C,A,S,E ,= ,F,R,E,$,O,M ,! DESIRE = FRE$OM FROM OPPRESSION HAS 9SPIR$ MAN 9 ALL AGES2 BUT ! CONCEPTION ( :AT CON/ITUTES FRE$OM HAS V>I$ ACCORD+ TO RACIAL TEMP]AM5T1 TO ! PREVAIL+ LEVEL ( 9TELLIG5CE1 TO TRADITIONS1 TO PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T1 & TO ! NATURE & 9T5SITY ( ! P>TICUL> OPPRESSION :I* SEEM$ MO/ FLAGRANT AT ! TIME4 ,! CONCEPTIONS ( FRE$OM HAVE RUN ! GAMUT FROM A FA9T HOPE = EV] SO SLIABLE BURD5S TO AN ALL-CONSUM+ PASSION = ABSOLUTE FRE$OM1 & EV5 TODAY IT SUFF]S ALMO/ AS MANY 9T]PRETATIONS AS !RE >E SOCIAL & POLITICAL CRE$S4 ,TO PROP\ND ! QUE/ION3 ,:Y >E PEOPLE ASK+ = FRE$OM - :Y >E !Y NOT SATISFI$ ) ?+S AS !Y >E8 IS TO MAKE IT NECESS>Y1 BE=E ANSW]+1 TO ASK ANO!R QUE/ION3 ,:AT IS ! *IEF 5D ( EXI/5CE8 ,PHILOSOPH]S HAVE TRI$ TO ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION S9CE ! BEG9N+S ( RECORD$ HI/ORY - :O KN[S IF NOT E>LI]8 ,IT REMA9$ = ,H]B]T ,SP5C] 7! GREAT ,5GLI% PHILOSOPH]1 9 HIS BOOK1 ,SOCIAL ,/ATICS7 TO ANSW] ?AT QUE/ION 9 A MO/ COMPREH5SIVE MANN]4 ,HE PO9TS \T1 9 SUB/ANCE1 ?AT NE>LY ALL P]SONS - 9CLUD+ RELIGI\S TEA*]S & EV]Y WRIT] ON MORALITY - TEA* ?AT HUMAN WELL-BE+ IS ! GOAL ( LIFE4 ,HE DEVELOPS HIS >GUM5T AT GREAT L5G?1 & PROCE$S TO PROVE ?AT ! ONLY MEANS = ATTA9+ ?AT 5D IS TO ALL[ EV]Y HUMAN BE+ ! GREATE/ AM\NT ( FRE$OM POSSIBLE - ?AT IS1 ! GREATE/ AM\NT ?AT HE CAN HAVE )\T LIMIT+ TO A GREAT] DEGREE ! FRE$OM ( O!RS4 ,FROM ?IS CONCLUSION HE G5]ALIZES HIS FAM\S =MULA ( ,EQUAL ,FRE$OM3 ,?AT EV]Y MAN MAY CLAIM ! FULLE/ LIB]TY TO DO AS HE WILLS COMPATIBLE ) ! POSSESSION ( LIKE LIB]TY BY EV]Y O!R MAN4 ,! 9CL9ATION ( ! AV]AGE P]SON T[>D AU?ORIT>IANISM - ?AT IS1 T[>D ! CO]CION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL BY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY - IS 9DUC$1 NATURALLY1 BY ! FE> ( ! AGGRESSIV5ESS OR 9VASIV5ESS ( HIS NEI$4 ,?IS FEEL+ >ISES FROM TWO S\RCES3 ,FIR/1 DESIRE ( MAN TO SECURE AN ADVANTAGE OV] A COMPETITOR2 &1 ,SECOND1 ! OV]E/IMATION ( HIS [N LIB]TY 9 RELATION TO ?AT ( O!RS4 ,!RE IS NO O!R SOLUTION ?AN $UCATION4 ,UNLESS ! 9DIVIDUAL KN[S PRECISELY ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ALL HIS ACTS & !IR EFFECT UPON HIS FELL[1 HE HAS NO S]VICEABLE MEANS ( GAUG+ ! MEASURE ( SELF-RE/RA9T :I* HE MU/ EX]CISE4 ,IF ONE HAS /UDI$ ! PROBLEM SUFFICI5TLY TO BE ABLE TO KN[ OR TO COMPREH5D :5 A P>TICUL> ACT WILL LIMIT ! OPPORTUNITY ( ANO!R TO EX]CISE HIS FACULTIES TO LESS ?AN A LIKE EXT5T1 ONE !N MAY REALIZE ?AT HE IS OV]/EPP+ ! LIMITS ( EQUAL FRE$OM4 ,S9CE MAN IS A GREG>I\S ANIMAL1 & LIVES & ASSOCIATES ) HIS K9D2 &1 FUR!R1 S9CE HE MU/ COOP]ATE ) O!RS ( HIS SPECIES 9 ORD] TO C>RY \T PRACTICALLY ALL ! 5T]PRISES :I* HIS M9D CONCEIVES1 HE MU/ F9D SOME BASIS UPON :I* TO E/ABLI% SU* SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,N[1 IT %\LD BE OBVI\S ?AT1 IF ! HIRANGEM5T MU/ - ABOVE ALL ELSE - BE AN EQUITABLE ONE4 ,IT IS FREELY ADMITT$ ?AT MANY BASES = SU* RELATIONS HAVE BE5 EXP]IM5T$ )1 & SOME ( !M HAVE WORK$ FAIRLY WELL = A TIME4 ,IT ALSO IS ADMITT$ ?AT SU*1 AS HAVE BE5 TRI$1 HAVE BE5 TOL]ABLY WELL ADAPT$ TO ! /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T ?R\< :I* ! RACE WAS PASS+ AT ! TIME4 ,F9ALLY1 LIKEWISE1 IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT ! PLAN AT PRES5T 9 USE IS ! BE/ ?AT SO F> HAS BE5 EMPLOY$4 ,BUT IT IS NOT EQUITABLE6 ,& IT IS !RE=E NOT ! BE/ CONCEIVABLE OR EV5 ! BE/ POSSIBLE SY/EM4 ,( C\RSE IT IS A COMPROMISE4 ,ALL S*EMES - S9CE ! V]Y FIR/ - HAVE BE5 COMPROMISES4 ,& EV5 AN IDEAL ONE ALSO MU/ BE A COMPROMISE4 ,BUT ) EA* /EP !RE HAS BE5 - & 9 ! FUTURE ALWAYS WILL BE - AN ATTEMPT TO PUT MORE EQUITY 9TO ! COMPROMISE4 ,TO ACQUIRE SUFFICI5T KN[L$GE TO EFFECT SU* COMPROMISE IS1 IT SEEMS1 ) MO/ PEOPLE1 A SL[ & PA9FUL PROCESS4 ,BUT IT CAN BE DONE4 ,! P]SONAL OR PURELY PHYSICAL P>T ( ! QUE/ION IS EXTREMELY SIMPLE & CLE>4 ,9 ITS PLA9E/ =M IT MAY BE EXPRESS$ BY ! EXAMPLE ( TWO P]SONS WI%+ TO LOOK AT A C]TA9 OBJECT4 ,IF ONE TAKES HIS POSITION 9 FRONT ( ! O!R1 CLE>LY HE IS LIMIT+ ! OPPORTUNITY ( ! O!R TO LESS ?AN HIS [N4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! TWO /& SIDE BY SIDE1 NEI!R 9T]F]ES ) ! VIEW ( ! O!R1 CONSEQU5TLY !IR FRE$OM IS EQUAL4 ,?AT SITUATION IS CAPABLE ( EXT5SION1 ) DUE MODIFICATION TO OBTA9 CON=MITY TO ALL V>IATIONS ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO ALL ! ACTIVITIES ( LIFE4 ,GREAT] COMPLEXITIES NATURALLY >ISE1 H[EV]1 :5 ! MATT] ( PROP]TY RIG] AM\NT ( GOODS 9 A GIV5 TIME ?AN ANO!R1 & CAN !RE=E ACCUMULATE MORE ?AN ! LATT]1 HE1 BY DO+ SO1 9 NO WISE LIMITS ! EQUAL FRE$OM ( ! O!R4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! 9EFFICI5T PRODUC] IT %\LD BE ATTEMPT$ TO TAKE ! SURPLUS PRODUCT FROM ! O!R1 IT W\LD BE A VIOLATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL LIB]TY4 ,IT IS BUT NATURAL1 AS ,WALT ,:ITMAN SAID1 ?AT EA* %\LD CONSID] HIS [N FLE% ! SWEETE/1 & !RE=E A P]SON FEELS MORE KE5LY ANY D5IAL ( HIS [N P]SONAL LIB]TY ?AN HE DOES ?AT ( HIS NEIIES ) ! P]SONAL EQUATION1 & 9V]SELY TO ! $UCATION & CULTURE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,!RE=E1 TO REALIZE ?AT ! HAPP9ESS ( O!RS IS JU/ AS IMPORTANT TO !M AS ONE'S [N IS TO ONESELF1 IS ! FIR/ /EP FRE$OMW>D4 ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT ONE IS DEVOID ( UND]/&+ ( ! O!R FELL['S POSITION & CIRCUM/ANCES1 JU/ SO F> IS ONE LIKELY TO BE UNWILL+ TO GRANT HIM AN EQUALITY ( FRE$OM4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 A P]SON MU/ BE ABLE SO TO DETA* HIMSELF FROM HIS [N 5VIRONM5T ?AT HE CAN LOOK AT ! SITUATION ( HIS FELL[ MAN & AT ?AT ( HIMSELF ) AN IMP>TIAL EYE4 ,TO ATTA9 ?IS JU/NESS ( VISION IS NO SMALL TASK1 BUT IT IS NECESS>Y TO ! COMPLETE COMPREH5SION ( ! BASIC PR9CIPLE ( EQUALITY ( FRE$OM4 ,N[1 :AT >E ! 9DUCEM5TS :I* MAY BE (F]$ = ! ACCEPTANCE ( ?IS PR9CIPLE8 ,EV]Y HUMAN BE+ DESIRES HAPP9ESS4 ,9 FACT1 ALL HIS 5]GIES >E DIRECT$ T[>D SECUR+1 FIR/1 A LIVELIHOOD1 !N 79 PROPORTION TO HIS AMBITION71 A COMPET5CE1 AFFLU5CE1 OR COMPLETE P[] TO SATISFY ALL HIS DESIRES4 ,! SATISFACTION ( ALL HIS WANTS - 9 ! WIDE/ S5SE - REPRES5TS ! NE>E/ APPROA* TO HAPP9ESS ?AT ANYBODY CAN CONCEIVE4 ,EQUAL LIB]TY MEANS ?AT EV]YBODY WILL HAVE EQUAL OPPORTUNITY 9 ! QUE/ = ! ?+S ?AT BR+ HAPP9ESS & ?AT EV]YBODY WILL BE PROTECT$ 9 ! 5JOYM5T ( ?OSE ?+S ONCE !Y HAVE BE5 SECUR$4 ,)\T SECURITY & TRANQUILITY1 HAPP9ESS TO A NORMAL MAN IS 9CONCEIVABLE4 ,!RE NEV] CAN BE EI!R ( ?OSE /ATES AS LONG AS SOME P]SONS HAVE LESS FRE$OM ?AN O!RS4 ,!RE=E1 :5 !RE IS ASSURANCE ( EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITY = EV]YONE1 ! 9VIOLABILITY ( ! P]SON ( EA* & ! SECURITY ( EA* 9 ! POSSESSION ( ! PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR WILL BE ?REAT5$ ONLY BY ! ANTI-SOCIAL & CRIM9ALLY 9CL9$1 & PROTECTION AGA9/ !SE CAN BE SECUR$ ?R\< ! COMMON MEASURES :I* SOCIETY ALWAYS MU/ TAKE = ! SAFE-GU>D+ ( ! LIVES & PROP]TY ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,N[1 ONCE SOCIETY HAS CONTRIV$ TO OBTA91 APPROXIMATE SECURITY1 AS \TL9$ ABOVE1 7SU* SECURITY CAN NEV] BE ABSOLUTE71 & ONCE IT HAS SO DEVELOP$ ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ITS MEMB]S ?AT !Y DO NOT F9D HAPP9ESS 9 ! CO]CION ( !IR FELL[ MAN OR 9 HIS POSSESSION ( LESS OPPORTUNITY = ! EX]CISE ( HIS FACULTIES ?AN !Y !MSELVES POSSESS1 WE >E AT ! ?RE%OLD ( ! ACCEPTANCE ( ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL LIB]TY1 & ITS APPLICATION WILL BE COMP>ATIVELY EASY4 ,! HIE V>I\S 0ISMS0 :I* TEA* ?AT SOCIETY AT L>GE CAN BE/ BE B5EFIT$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL'S SUB-MISSION 7MORE OR LESS COMPLETELY7 TO A C5TRAL /ATE1 GOV]NM5T1 COMMUNE1 OR BY :ATEV] O!R T]M ?IS CONTROLL+ P[] 7:I* PRET5DS TO BE RATIONAL & B5EVOL5T7 PLEASES TO BE CALL$4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL IS L>GELY IGNOR$4 ,! !ORY ( ,MUTUALISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 MA9TA9S ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY AT L>GE >E BE/ S]V$ BY ! SAME MEANS :I* GO F>!/ TO PROMOTE ! 9T]E/S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL3 FRE$OM FROM RE/RA9T1 AS LONG AS ! 9DIVIDUAL'S ACTIVITIES >E NON9VASIVE2 ELIM9ATION ( ALL FACTORS :I* >TIFICIALLY LIMIT MAN'S OPPORTUNITIES2 VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY 9TO ASSOCIATIONS AS ! NE$ = !M >ISES 9 ORD] TO C>RY ON SU* ACTIVITIES AS >E BEYOND ! P[] ( ! S+LE 9DIVIDUAL2 9 %ORT1 A VOLUNT>Y CREATION & MUTUAL EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES UND] CONDITIONS :I* EXCLUDE SPECIAL PRIVILEGES & /ATE-PROTECT$ MONOPOLIES4 ,MUTUALISM CANNOT BE PICTUR$ 9 OP]ATION UNLESS !RE IS 9 M9D ! ATTITUDE :I* WILL MAKE SU* A SY/EM POSSIBLE4 ,?IS IS NOT SAID = ! PURPOSE ( REVIV+ ! AGE-OLD DISCUSSION AS TO :E!R A *ANGE 9 CONDITIONS W\LD BE A MORAL OR AN 9TELLECTUAL ONE1 OR BO?1 OR :E!R ! WORLD WILL HAVE TO WAIT UNTIL M5 >E BORN GOOD BE=E BETT] CONDITIONS CAN BE HAD4 ,DEAL+ ) ! ECONOMIC PHASE ( ,MUTUALISM1 IT CAN BE %[N ON ANALYSIS ?AT GREAT *ANGES = ! BETT] >E POSSIBLE2 BUT M5 MU/ BE %[N H[ TO BR+ AB\T !SE *ANGES1 & MU/ BE WILL+ TO WORK = !M4 ,?IS BELIEF 9 A BETT] CONDITION1 A SY/EM :]E GOODS & S]VICES ORE EX*ANG$ EQUITABLY - ?AT IS1 ON A MUTUAL BASIS - 9/EAD ( AS AT PRES5T1 :]E EV]YONE IS TRY+ TO G\GE OR PLUND] ANO!R1 IS :AT MAY BE CALL$ A *ANGE ( ATTITUDE4 ,MUTUALISM ,UNIV]SALLY ,APPLICABLE ,MUTUALISM IS APPLICABLE TO EV]Y HUMAN RELATION4 ,?R\<\T ! :OLE GAMUT ( EXI/5CE1 FROM BIR? TO DEA?1 MUTUALITY - VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION = RECIPROCAL ACTION - CAN BE FELT EV]Y:]E & IS AT EV]Y MOM5T AVAILABLE & WAIT+ TO SOLVE EV]Y PROBLEM ( SOCIAL 9T]C\RSE1 TO DECIDE EV]Y ISSUE ?AT >ISES 9 COMM]CE & 9DU/RY4 ,9 ORD] TO LIVE ,MUTUALISM1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO OBS]VE ONLY TWO CONDITIONS3 #a4 ,?AT ! NON9VASIVE 9DIVIDUAL %ALL NOT BE CO]C$1 & #b4 ,?AT NO P>T ( ! PRODUCT ( ANY ONE'S LABOR %ALL BE TAK5 FROM HIM )\T HIS CONS5T4 ,FROM !SE NEGATIVE G5]ALIZATIONS ?US PO/ULAT$1 !REBY AFFIRM+ ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 NATURALLY FL[S ! POSITIVE & CON/RUCTIVE COROLL>Y - RECIPROCITY2 :I* IMPLIES 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE1 FREE CONTRACT1 & VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION4 ,?AT !RE MAY BE NO UNC]TA9TY AB\T ! MEAN+ ( ! T]M 0SOV]EIGNTY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL10 IT %\LD BE EXPLA9$ ?AT IT IS H]E US$ TO MEAN ! COMPLETE CONTROL ( ! NON9VASIVE 9DIVIDUAL OV] HIMSELF1 HIS AFFAIRS1 & ! PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR4 ,BRIEFLY1 ,MUTUALISM IS A SOCIAL SY/EM BAS$ ON RECIPROCAL & NON9VASIVE RELATIONS AMONG FREE 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! ,MUTUALI/ /&>DS >E3 ,9,D,I,V,I,D,U,A,L 3 ,EQUAL FRE$OM = EA* - )\T 9VASION ( O!RS4 ,E,C,O,N,O,M,I,C 3 ,UNTRAMMEL$ RECIPROCITY1 IMPLY+ FRE$OM ( EX*ANGE & CONTRACT - )\T MONOPOLY OR PRIVILEGE4 ,S,O,C,I,A,L 3 ,COMPLETE FRE$OM ( VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION - )\T CO]CIVE ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,F\R ,GREAT ,MONOPOLIES ,AS HAS BE5 E>LI] PO9T$ \T1 !RE >E F\R GREAT MONOPOLIES ?AT TAKE !IR TOLL FROM ! PRODUCT ( LABOR4 ,!Y >E3 ,FIR/1 & GREATE/ ( ALL1 ! MONEY MONOPOLY1 E/ABLI%$ & MA9TA9$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ?R\< A NATIONAL TAX ( T5 P] C5T ON ALL MONEY NOT ISSU$ AS SPECIFI$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* !REBY EX]CISES COMPLETE CONTROL OV] ! AM\NT ( MONEY 9 CIRCULATION & RE/RICTS ITS BASIS TO ONE COMMODITY ONLY - GOLD4 ,!SE F$]AL REGULATIONS >E SUPPLEM5T$ BY LAWS 9 MO/ /ATES MAK+ IT A CRIME TO ISSUE ANY MONEY EXCEPT ?AT AU?ORIZ$ BY ! NATIONAL GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS LIMITATION UPON ! AM\NT ( CURR5CY ?AT MAY CIRCULATE 9 ! NATION1 & ! RE/RICTION ( ! BASIS = ! ISSUE ( CURR5CY TO GOLD ALONE1 MAKES IT POSSIBLE = ?OSE AG5CIES CONTROLL+ ! ISSUANCE ( MONEY TO DET]M9E1 PRACTICALLY & DIRECTLY1 ! RATE ( 9T]E/1 & ALSO1 9DIRECTLY1 COMMODITY PRICES & ! R5T ( BUILD+S4 ,= ! OV]?R[ ( ?IS MONOPOLY1 ,MUTUALISM PROPOSES TO MAKE BANK+ FREE1 & AGA9/ ?IS FRE$OM /& ONLY ! NATIONAL TAX & ! /ATE LAWS ABOVE M5TION$4 ,) !IR REMOVAL ! WAY W\LD BE OP5 TO ! 9AUGURATION ( ! SY/EM ( ,MUTUAL ,BANK+ DESCRIB$ 9 DETAIL ELSE:]E4 ,! ,SECOND GREAT MONOPOLY IS ?AT ( L&1 :]EBY NON-US]S >E P]MITT$ TO HOLD VA/ >EAS \T ( USE1 = PURPOSES ( SPECULATION1 :I* KEEPS IDLE LABOR FROM EMPLOY+ ITSELF BY REC\RSE TO UNUS$ L&4 ,MOREOV]1 NON-OCCUPI]S >E PROTECT$ 9 ! HOLD+ ( MANY P>CELS UPON :I* !Y CANNOT RESIDE OR WORK1 & ?IS 5ABLES !M1 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! PRIVILEGES OBTA9$ ?R\< ! MONEY MONOPOLY1 TO EMPLOY LABOR AT A WAGE ?AT REPRES5TS ONLY A PORTION ( ITS FULL PRODUCT4 ,MUTUALISM W\LD ATTACK ?IS MONOPOLY BY MAK+ OCCUPANCY & USE ! ONLY TITLE TO L&1 & W\LD ABROGATE ALL LAWS ?AT PROTECT ANY O!R K9D ( T5URE4 ,! PROCESS BY :I* ?IS SY/EM W\LD BE APPLI$ IS ALSO \TL9$ & DISCUSS$ AT L5G? 9 ITS PROP] PLACE4 ,! ,?IRD 9 ?IS QU>TET ( 9IQUITIES IS ! T>IFF MONOPOLY1 BY :I* ! PRICES ( MANY COMMODITIES >E KEPT ON AN ABNORMALLY HI< LEVEL BY A TAX ON IMPORTATIONS :I* MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE = =EIGN-MADE GOODS TO COMPETE ) ! PRODUCTS ( DOME/IC MANUFACTUR]S1 ?US GIV+ TO ! LATT] AN >TIFICIAL MONOPOLY :I* 5ABLES !M TO ROB ! CONSUM] AT WILL1 :I* EXTRACTS FROM LABOR 9 G5]AL ANO!R PORTION ( ITS PRODUCT4 ,IT MU/ BE ADMITT$1 H[EV]1 ?AT TO ABOLI% ?IS MONOPOLY & LEAVE ! O!RS - ESPECIALLY ?AT ( MONEY - 9TACT1 W\LD WORK A GREAT H>D%IP ON ?OSE EMPLOY$ 9 ! PROTECT$ MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RIES1 S9CE LABOR 9 !SE OCCUPATIONS OBTA9S1 UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM1 A HI<] WAGE ?AN IT W\LD IF !RE W]E NO PROTECT+ T>IFF4 ,MUTUALISM1 !RE=E1 W\LD NOT ABOLI% ?IS MONOPOLY FIR/1 S9CE TO DO ?AT & LEAVE LABOR AT ! M]CY ( ! MONEY MONOPOLY W\LD BE UNWISE & H>MFUL1 EV5 ?\<1 9 ! MEANTIME1 ALL ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 PRODUC+ COMMODITIES ?AT >E NOT PROTECT$ AGA9/ =EIGN COMPETITION >E =C$ TO PAY TRIBUTE TO ?OSE MANUFACTUR]S :O >E SO PROTECT$4 ,:51 H[EV]1 MONEY & L& >E MADE FREE1 ! ABOLITION ( ! T>IFF MONOPOLY W\LD ?R[ OP5 ! M>KETS ( ?IS NATION TO ! COMPETITION ( ! WORLD1 & ! LABOR] W\LD BE ABLE TO RETA9 ?AT P>T ( HIS PRODUCT :I* IS N[ TAK5 AWAY FROM HIM & PUT 9TO ! POCKETS ( ?OSE :O MANUFACTURE ! T>IFF-PROTECT$ GOODS HE CONSUMES4 ,! PAT5T & COPYRIIES TO EXACT A TRIBUTE FROM ! PEOPLE1 ?R\< ! GRANT+ ( AN EXCLUSIVE MONOPOLY TO 9V5TORS & AU?ORS1 :I* GREATLY EXCE$S ! ACTUAL LABOR VALUE ( ! PRODUCTS ( !IR 9TELLIG5CE & +5UITY4 ,! GREAT 9JU/ICE ( ?IS MONOPOLY MAY BE BETT] UND]/OOD :5 IT IS CONSID]$ ?AT ANY P]SON :O MI CONTRIVANCE IS PREV5T$1 BY ! SPECIAL PROTECTION GIV5 ! FIR/ ONE1 :O RECORD$ HIS 9V5TION1 FROM REAP+ ANY B5EFIT FROM HIS [N LABOR4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 NOT ONLY IS ! CONSUM] ROBB$ BUT1 LIKEWISE1 EV]Y O!R PRODUC]4 ,MUTUALISM PROPOSES FRE$OM H]E1 AS WELL AS ELSE:]E1 & SEES NO REASON :Y 9V5TORS & AU?ORS %\LD BE P]MITT$ TO OBTA9 MORE REW>D = !IR S]VICES ?AN ?AT :I* O!R LABOR]S RECEIVE = !IRS4 ,! ABOLITION ( ! SPECIAL PRIVILEGES ( PAT5TS & COPYRIE 5TRA9$ ) !M1 W\LD (F] NO S]I\S DIFFICULTIES4 ,MUTUALISM1 :I* IS ! EMBODIM5T ( BO? COMPETITIVE & ASSOCIATIVE EF=T1 TEA*ES ?AT !RE >E TWO GREAT RIE ADMITT$ - 9 !ORY1 AT LEA/ - BY EV]YBODY4 ,!SE >E ! RICELY BE CONCEIV$ )\T ! O!R4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO COOP]ATE )\T1 9 SOME WAY1 COMPET+1 JU/ AS COMPETITION1 9 ITS BE/ & TRUE/ S5SE1 DOES NOT PRECLUDE BUT PROMPTS COOP]ATION4 ,COOP]ATORS1 BY ! SUP]IOR P[] D]IV$ FROM !IR COMB9ATION1 MAY BE ABLE TO COMPETE 9DIVIDUALS OR NON-COOP]ATORS \T ( BUS9ESS2 SO ?AT ! KE5E/ COMPETITION MAY MAKE COOP]ATION ! PRICE ( SURVIVAL4 ,! TWO >E TW9 ECONOMIC =CES ?AT GO TO =M ! W>P & WO( ( MOD]N COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL LIFE4 ,MUTUALISM IS PREP>$ TO H>NESS !M TOGE!R 9 A TEAM ?AT WILL1 UND] CONDITIONS ( FRE$OM1 MAKE !M NOT ONLY 9V9CIBLE BUT ALSO ! V]Y BULW>K ( ! NEW SOCIAL ORD]4 ,HI/ORY ( ! ,T]M ,MUTUALISM ,PI]RE ,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ! GREAT ,FR5* ECONOMI/1 WROTE A NUMB] ( BOOKS 9 :I* HE EXP\ND$ ! PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY1 & 9 :I* HE ATTACK$ BO? ! ECONOMI/S & ! RE=M]S4 ,LIB]TY WAS %[N TO BE1 AS HE WELL EXPRESS$ IT1 0! MO!R & NOT ! DAULI] WORKS >E *IEFLY CRITICAL1 BUT1 9 HIS LAT] WRIT+S1 :I* >E MORE CON/RUCTIVE1 HE =MULAT$ DETAIL$ PLANS = RE=M1 SU* AS MUTUAL CR$IT & POSSESSORY TITLES TO L&4 ,9 HIS BOOK ,! ,SOLUTION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,PROBLEM 7#a#h#d#h71 ! WORD 0MUTUAL0 FREQU5TLY APPE>S1 & 9 HIS LA/ WORK1 ,ON ! ,POLITICAL ,CAPACITY ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS 7#a#h#f#e71 :I* WAS NOT PUBLI%$1 UNTIL AFT] HIS DEA?1 ! T]MS 0MUTUALI/S0 & 0MUTUALISM0 >E M5TION$ CON/ANTLY4 ,! WORD 0MUTUALISM0 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 FIR/ US$ BY ,JOHN ,GRAY1 AN ,5GLI% WRIT]1 9 #a#h#c#b4 ,9 #a#h#d#i1 ,COL4 ,WILLIAM ,B4 ,GRE5E1 ( ,MASSA*USETTS1 WROTE A S]IES ( NEWSPAP] >TICLES1 AFT]W>DS GA!R$ & PUBLI%$ UND] ! TITLE1 ,MUTUAL ,BANK+1 9 :I* HE SAYS3 0,MUTUALISM OP]ATES1 BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 TO R5D] POLITICAL GOV]NM5T1 F\ND$ ON >BITR>Y =CE1 SUP]FLU\S2 ?AT IS1 IT OP]ATES TO ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( ! POLITICAL P[]1 & TO ! TRANS=MATION ( ! ,/ATE1 BY SUB/ITUT+ SELF-GOV]NM5T 9/EAD ( GOV]NM5T FROM )\T40 ,?IS IS ALSO ,PR\DHON'S !ORY1 :I* HE FELICIT\SLY CALL$ 0! DISSOLUTION ( GOV]NM5T 9 ! ECONOMIC ORGANISM40 ,9 ANO!R BOOK1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#g#e1 5TITL$ ,SOCIALI/IC1 ,COMMUNI/IC1 ,MUTUALI/IC & ,F9ANCIAL ,FRAGM5TS1 ,COLONEL ,GRE5E PO9TS \T ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,MUTUALISM & ,COMMUNISM4 ,H]E IS :AT HE SAYS3 0,! FIR/ V]Y M>K$ /EP 9 HUMAN PROGRESS RESULTS FROM ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,IT IS ! *>ACT]I/IC ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 & ( ! ECONOMIC DI/RIBUTION ( TASKS1 ?AT EA* 9DIVIDUAL T5DS TO DO PRECISELY :AT ! O!RS DO NOT DO4 ,AS SOON AS LABOR IS DIVID$1 COMMUNISM NECESS>ILY CEASES1 & ,M,U,T,U,A,L,I,S,M1 ! NEGATION ( COMMUNISM1 & ! RECIPROCAL CORRELATION ( EA* TO EV]Y O!R1 & ( EV]Y O!R TO EA*1 = A COMMON PURPOSE1 COMM5CES4 ,! M>* ( SOCIAL PROGRESS IS \T ( COMMUNISM 9TO MUTUALISM4 ,COMMUNISM SACRIFICES ! 9DIVIDUAL TO SECURE ! UNITY ( ! :OLE4 ,MUTUALISM HAS UNLIMIT$ 9DIVIDUALISM AS ! ESS5TIAL & NECESS>Y PRIOR CONDITION ( ITS EXI/5CE1 & COORD9ATES 9DIVIDUALS1 )\T ANY SACRIFICE ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 9TO ONE COLLECTIVE :OLE - BY SPONTANE\S CONF$]ATION1 OR SOLID>ITY4 ,COMMUNISM IS ! IDEAL ( ! PA/2 MUTUALISM1 ( ! FUTURE4 ,! G>D5 ( ,$5 IS BE=E US1 AS SOME?+ TO BE A*IEV$ & ATTA9$2 NOT BEH9D US1 AS SOME?+ ?AT WAS LO/ :5 LABOR WAS DIVID$1 TASKS W]E DI/RIBUT$1 9DIVIDUALITIES W]E 5C\RAG$1 & COMMUNISM1 OR ! M]E ANIMAL & 9/9CTIVE SOCIAL ORD]1 HAD ! S5T5CE PRON\NC$ AGA9/ IT1 ',DY+1 ?\ %ALT SURELY DIE'40 0,MUTUAL 9SURANCE HAS %[N1 BY PRACTICAL EXEMPLIFICATION1 A LITTLE ( :AT ! NATURE1 BE>+S1 & WORK+S ( ! MUTUALI/IC PR9CIPLE >E4 ,:5 ! CURR5CY %ALL HAVE BECOME MUTUALIZ$ BY MUTUAL BANKS1 & ! RATE ( 9T]E/ ( MONEY LOAN$ %ALL HAVE BE5 BR\$ BY ALL40 0,UND] ! MUTUAL SY/EM1 EA* 9DIVIDUAL WILL RECEIVE ! JU/ & EXACT PAY = HIS WORK2 S]VICE EQUIVAL5T 9 CO/ BE+ EX*ANGEABLE = S]VICES EQUIVAL5T 9 CO/ )\T PR(IT OR DISC\NT2 & SO MU* AS ! 9DIVIDUAL LABOR] WILL !N GET OV] & ABOVE :AT HE HAS E>N$ WILL COME TO HIM AS HIS %>E 9 ! G5]AL PROSP]ITY ( ! COMMUNITY ( :I* HE IS AN 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( MUTUALITY 9 SOCIAL ECONOMY IS ID5TICAL ) ! PR9CIPLE ( F$]ATION 9 POLITICS40 0,MAKE A NOTE ( ?IS LA/ FACT4 ,9DIVIDUAL SOV]EIGNTY IS ! ,JOHN ! ,BAPTI/1 )\T :OSE COM+ ! MUTUALI/IC IDEA REMA9S VOID4 ,!RE IS NO MUTUALISM )\T RECIPROCAL CONS5T2 & NONE BUT 9DIVIDUALS CAN 5T] 9TO VOLUNT>Y MUTUAL RELATIONS4 ,MUTUALISM IS ! SYN!SIS ( LIB]TY & ORD]40 ,*,A,P,T,] ,I,V4 ,M,O,N,E,Y1 ,C,R,$,I,T1 ,9,T,],E,/ ,& ,E,X,*,A,N,G,E ,:AT ,IS ,MONEY8 ,FREE & EQUITABLE EX*ANGE IS AS MU* A REQUISITE TO ! SATISFACTORY FUNCTION+ ( HUMAN SOCIETY AS BLOOD IS TO ! HUMAN BODY4 ,( C\RSE1 MANK9D WILL CONT9UE TO /RUGGLE ALONG SOMEH[1 AS IT HAS DONE 9 ! PA/1 NO MATT] H[ MU* FRICTION1 & JAMM+1 & OV]LOAD+ ) MONOPOLIES & PRIVILEGES MAY BE BR\Y TO REMOVE ALL OB/ACLES 9 ! WAY ( ITS EVOLUTION4 ,*IEF & =EMO/ AMONG ?OSE OB/ACLES >E ! PRIVILEGES & MONOPOLIES 9T]F]+ ) EX*ANGE4 ,! MONEY PROBLEM IS ESS5TIALLY V]Y SIMPLE & EASY TO SOLVE4 ,?AT SOLUTION IS ! ABOLITION ( 9T]E/1 :I* MAY BE A*IEV$ :5 ! ISSUE ( MONEY IS NO LONG] MONOPOLIZ$ ?R\< GOV]NM5T PRIVILEGE & :5 ! BASIS = ! ISSUANCE ( CURR5CY IS EXT5D$ TO O!R COMMODITIES ?AN GOLD4 ,BUT MO/ LE>N$ PR(ESSORS ( ECONOMICS >E EI!R BL9D OR ELSE AFRAID TO TELL US :AT !Y SEE4 ,AT ANY RATE1 !Y HAVE SUCCE$$ WOND]FULLY 9 CIRCULAT+ SU* A HO/ ( MISCONCEPTIONS & MISCON/RUCTIONS REG>D+ ?IS PROBLEM ?AT ! SIMPLE LAYMAN />ES AT IT 9 UTT] BEWILD]M5T1 UNABLE TO MAKE UP HIS M9D ONE WAY OR ANO!R4 ,IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO DISPOSE ( SOME ( !SE MISCONCEPTIONS BE=E ADVANC+ A SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEM 9 DETAIL4 ,:AT IS MONEY8 ,H[ DID IT EVOLVE8 ,PRIMITIVE MAN PRODUC$ GOODS ONLY = HIS [N USE4 ,) EVOLUTION FROM ?AT PRIMITIVE /AGE CAME ! DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,PRODUCTION ( GOODS WAS ORGANIZ$ & DI/RIBUT$ OV] A NUMB] ( TRADES1 RESULT+ 9 9CREAS$ EFFICI5CY & QUALITY4 ,BUT ?IS SY/EM NECESSITAT$ ! EX*ANGE ( GOODS1 VALUE = VALUE4 ,SU* A ME?OD ( EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES IS CALL$ B>T]4 ,SOON IMM$IATE B>T] CEAS$ TO BE PRACTICAL1 & EX*ANGE HAD TO BECOME M$IATE4 ,TO ILLU/RATE3 A HUNT] WANTS TO ,I TRADE = >R[S FROM ! >R[-MAK]4 ,! LATT] HAS ALREADY TAK5 9 TRADE AS MU* MEAT AS HE CAN POSSIBLY USE = HIS FAMILY4 ,BUT HE IS 9 NE$ ( FL9T /ONES :I* ! TRAD] WILL BR+ 9 A =TNIACT]I/ICS ( COMPACTNESS1 DURABILITY1 DIVISIBILITY )\T DE/ROY+ ITS VALUE1 UNIV]SAL DESIRABILITY1 AS C]TA9 K9DS ( METAL1 OR IT MAY CONSI/ ( A TANGIBLE PROMISE TO FURNI% VALUE AT A TIME :5 IT %ALL BE POSSIBLE & DESIRABLE - 9 O!R WORDS1 ( AN 9/RUM5T ( CR$IT4 ,! M$IUM ( EX*ANGE IS USUALLY CALL$ MONEY4 ,MONEY MIANTEE BEH9D ! MONEY4 ,H[EV]1 ! GU>ANTOR MIANTEE1 ! VALUE ( ! MONEY DECREASES JU/ TO ! EXT5T 9 :I* ! D\BTFULNESS ( ! GU>ANTEE 9CREASES1 :E!R ! GU>ANTOR BE A PRIVATE ORGANIZATION OR ! ,/ATE4 ,! BE/ ILLU/RATION ( ! TRU? ( ?IS /ATEM5T IS ! CASE ( ,EUROPEAN CURR5CY AFT] ! ,WORLD ,W>1 :I* WILL BE REF]R$ TO MORE FULLY BEL[4 ,AS ITS R$EEMABILITY DECREAS$1 ITS VALUE CORRESPOND+LY DECREAS$ ALSO4 ,:AT IS 0*EAP0 MONEY8 ,SOME ECONOMI/S SPEAK ( 0*EAP0 MONEY1 MEAN+ MONEY L[ 9 VALUE AS COMP>$ ) O!R ?+S4 ,?US1 MONEY IS SAID TO BE *EAP :5 PRICES >E HI<1 AS 9 #a#i#b1 & DE> :5 PRICES >E L[1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 #a#h#i#g4 ,MUTUALI/S1 H[EV]1 AGREE ) ! MORE LOGICAL CONCEPTION :I* CALLS MONEY *EAP :5 ! 9T]E/ RATE ON IT IS L[1 & DE> :5 ! 9T]E/ RATE IS HI<1 AP>T FROM ITS PUR*AS+ P[]4 ,! AM\NT ( 9T]E/ :I* MONEY COMM&S DOES NOT1 9 ! ULTIMATE ANALYSIS1 DEP5D SO MU* ON ! AM\NT ( MONEY 9 CIRCULATION AS IT DOES ON ! CONDITIONS UPON :I* IT IS ISSU$4 ,! MONEY MONOPOLY :I* EXI/S TODAY HAS BE5 CREAT$ & IS BE+ SU/A9$ BY ! FACT ?AT1 BY GOV]NM5T DECREE1 GOLD HAS BE5 MADE ! SOLE BASIS ( ISSU+ MONEY1 & BY ! PROMISE1 TO R$EEM PAP] MONEY 9 GOLD ON DEM&4 ,! ,GOLD ,MONOPOLY ,!RE IS MU* CONFUSION ( IDEAS AS TO ! TRUE FUNCTION ( GOLD4 ,FEW WRIT]S ON ! SUBJECT SEEM TO REALIZE ?AT GOLD P]=MS TWO 5TIRELY SEP>ATE & SEP>ABLE FUNCTIONS 9 CONNECTION ) EX*ANGE4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 GOLD IS ! /&>D ( VALUE1 ?AT IS1 ! D5OM9ATOR 9 :I* ! COMP>ATIVE VALUES ( ALL GOODS & S]VICES >E E/IMAT$ & EXPRESS$4 ,= ?IS FUNCTION IT SEEMS V]Y WELL ADAPT$1 DUE TO ITS RELATIVE /ABILITY 9 VALUE AS COMP>$ ) O!R COMMODITIES4 ,?IS FUNCTION1 H[EV]1 IT CAN P]=M )\T ACTUALLY COM+ 9TO ! POSSESSION1 ( ! BORR[] OR L5D]1 ! BUY] OR SELL] - 9 O!R WORDS1 )\T BE+ AT ALL ACTUALLY US$ EXCEPT AS A MEASURE 0= RECKON+10 AS ,>I/OTLE SUGGE/$ MANY C5TURIES AGO4 ,BUT1 9 ITS O!R FUNCTION1 AS ! SOLE BASIS ( SECURITY UPON :I* PAP] MONEY IS TO BE ISSU$1 GOLD HAS BE5 ONE CONT9U\S S\RCE ( TR\BLE & DISA/]4 ,?IS LATT] FUNCTION C\LD BE FULFILL$ MU* MORE SATISFACTORILY BY O!R COMMODITIES ?AN BY GOLD ALONE1 AS %ALL BE PRES5TLY SE54 ,9 EXAM9+ ! ,F$]AL LAWS CONC]N+ ! SUBJECT1 WE F9D ?AT ! GOV]NM5T3 ,FIR/3 ,DEF9ES A DOLL> TO BE #b#c4#b#b GRA9S ( PURE GOLD4 ,SECOND3 ,BUYS1 @s #b4#f#g P] TROY \NCE1 ALL ! GOLD BULLION (F]$ TO IT4 ,?IRD3 ,CO9S ?IS GOLD 9TO MONEY4 ,F\R?3 ,DECL>ES ?IS GOLD CO9 TO BE LEGAL T5D]4 ,FIF?3 ,MAKES ?IS GOLD CO9 ! ONLY BASIS = ! ISSUE ( PAP] MONEY4 ,SIX?3 ,PROMISES 7) SOME EXCEPTIONS7 TO R$EEM ! PAP] MONEY 9 GOLD ON DEM&4 ,AS MAY BE 9F]R$1 ,MUTUALI/S HAVE NO P>TICUL> FAULT TO F9D ) ! GOV]NM5T = DEF9+ ! DOLL>4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT SOME /&>D ( VALUE BE CLE>LY DEF9$4 ,UNLESS A DEF9ITE COMMODITY IS MADE ! /&>D ( VALUE1 MONEY IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! FAILURE TO UND]/& ?IS SIMPLE ECONOMIC TRU? HAS GIV5 RISE TO MU* CONFUSION ( ?\T ,MILL1 QUOT+ ,MONTESQUIEU1 CITES ! ,AFRICAN MACUTE AS AN IDEAL . /&>D NOT MEASUR$ BY ANY CONCRETE OBJECT2 BUT REC5T 9VE/IGATION HAS %[N ?AT ! MACUTE REPRES5TS A DEF9ITE1 ?\< PROBABLY V>IABLE1 NUMB] ( C[RIE %ELLS 7AT ONE TIME #b71 & 9 CONSEQU5CE IS NO IDEAL . MEASURE AT ALL4 ,! ,AM]ICAN DOLL> WAS TAK5 FROM ! ,SPANI% MILL$ DOLL> & WAS ALSO SUPPOS$ TO BE AN IDEAL MEASURE UNTIL IT WAS F\ND TO BE #dab #a_/#b GRA9S ( SILV]4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! ADVOCATES ( IRR$EEMABLE PAP] MONEY & ! BELIEV]S 9 ! LABOR & MULTIPLE /&>D ( VALUE CANNOT BE MADE TO UND]/& ?IS2 ?US1 9 SPITE ( EXCELL5T 9T5TIONS1 !Y M]ELY HELP TO AGGRAVATE AN ALREADY S]I\S SITUATION BY 9JECT+ MORE CONFUSION 9TO ?IS SADLY BEFUDDL$ BRAN* ( ECONOMICS4 ,GOLD IS ! BE/ KN[N ( ALL COMMODITIES4 ,IT HAS ! ADVANTAGE OV] O!R COMMODITIES ( POSSESS+ TO ! HIATIVELY GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( ANY O!R S+LE COMMODITY4 ,! :EAT ?AT IS N[ 9 EXI/5CE HAS BE5 GR[N )9 FIVE YE>S2 A FAILURE 9 ! :EAT CROP GREATLY AFFECTS ! PRICE ( :EAT BECAUSE ! AM\NT PRODUC$ EA* YE> IS SO L>GE A FRACTION ( ! :OLE EXI/+ /OCK ( :EAT4 ,! SAME IS MORE OR LESS TRUE = O!R COMMODITIES4 ,BUT GOLD HAS BE5 ACCUMULAT$ = ?\S&S ( YE>S & ! QUANTITY M9$ ANNUALLY IS V]Y SMALL 9 PROPORTION TO ! :OLE /OCK ( GOLD4 ,GOLD HAS FALL5 #e P] C5T 9 VALUE 9 ?IRTY YE>S4 ,A BUMP] PROP ( :EAT HAS R$UC$ ! PRICE ( :EAT #e P] C5T 9 ONE YE>4 ,?OSE >E ! REASONS :Y GOLD1 SO F>1 SEEMS BE/ ADAPT$ TO BE ! /&>D ( VALUE1 & CAN WELL CONT9UE TO BE SU* UNTIL A BETT] /&>D IS F\ND4 ,! GOV]NM5T N[ BUYS ALL ! GOLD ?AT IS (F]$ AT ITS M9TS AT @s #b4#f#g AN \NCE1 CO9S IT 9TO MONEY & MAKES IT LEGAL T5D]4 ,BUT FIX+ ! PRICE ( GOLD IS NOT FIX+ ITS VALUE4 ,VALUE IS AN EX*ANGE RELATION BETWE5 TWO ?+S1 & IT IS ONLY AFT] !Y HAVE COME TOGE!R 9 ! M>KET 9 ! ACT ( EX*ANGE ?AT WE CAN LE>N ! VALUE ( COMMODITIES4 ,! M9] :O DIGS GOLD \T ( ! E>? & TAKES IT TO ! M9T RECEIVES MONEY = IT2 BUT NOT UNTIL HE ATTEMPTS TO BUY GOODS ) ! MONEY DOES HE KN[ H[ MU* IT WILL BUY4 ,! ,CRIPPLE ,CREEK M9] :O TOOK AN \NCE ( GOLD TO ! M9T AT ,D5V] & SOLD IT TO ! GOV]NM5T 9 #ahif RECEIV$ @s #b4 #fg = IT4 ,! M9] :O TAKES AN \NCE ( GOLD TO ?AT M9T TODAY ALSO RECEIVES @s #b4 #f#g4 ,! PRICE IS JU/ ! SAME1 BUT ! M9] ( TODAY CAN BUY ONLY ONE-HALF AS MU* GOODS ) AN \NCE ( GOLD AS C\LD ! M9] ( #a#h#i#f4 ,! VALUE ( GOLD HAS FALL5 TO ONE-HALF ( :AT IT WAS ?IRTY YE>S AGO4 ,DUE TO ?IS FALL 9 VALUE1 MANY GOLD M9ES BECAME TOO EXP5SIVE TO BE WORK$ & HAD TO %UT D[N4 ,! POPULATION ( ! ,CRIPPLE ,CREEK DI/RICT HAS FALL5 TO A SMALL FRACTION ( :AT IT WAS :5 GOLD WAS HI<4 ,A RISE 9 ! VALUE ( GOLD W\LD REOP5 SOME ( !SE M9ES ?AT CANNOT N[ AF=D TO OP]ATE4 ,! GOLD M9]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DID NOT GET RI* DUR+ ! PA/ ?IRTY YE>S2 = IT IS NOT SELL+ GOLD ?AT MAKES M5 RI*1 BUT L5D+ GOLD2 & IT IS ! BANK]1 NOT ! GOLD M9]1 :O PR(ITS PR9CIPALLY BY ! EXCLUSIVE GOLD BASIS4 ,!RE IS NO P>TICUL> OBJECTION AT ?IS TIME TO ! USE ( GOLD CO9 = FACILITAT+ EX*ANGE1 EXCEPT ?AT ! EXP5SE ( CO9+ IS QUITE UNNECESS>Y4 ,IT IS A FACT ?AT EV5 N[ AN \NCE ( UN-CO9$ GOLD HAS ! SAME VALUE 9 WORLD TRADE AS AN \NCE ( GOLD CO91 :I* IS ONE ( PRO(S ( ! SUP]FLUITY ( GOLD AS CO9$ MONEY4 ,IT IS ! EXCLUSIVE GOLD BASIS1 AS DECRE$ BY ! ,/ATE1 TO :I* ,MUTUALI/S OBJECT4 ,IF ! GOLD BASIS & ! SY/EM ( US+ IT TO R$EEM PAP] MONEY ON DEM& W]E ABOLI%$1 ! USE ( GOLD 9 CONNECTION ) BANK+ & ) PAP] MONEY W\LD FALL FROM #d P] C5T ( ! PAP] MONEY ISSU$ 7:I* ! LAW N[ REQUIRES7 TO P]HAPS #a P] C5T2 & 9 TIME EV5 ?IS P] C5T ( GOLD 9 PROPORTION TO PAP] MONEY W\LD NOT HAVE TO BE CO9$4 ,ONCE ! GOLD BASIS IS ABOLI%$ & QUANTITIES ( GOLD N[ NE$$ = RES]VES >E SET FREE & ! USE ( GOLD REA*ES ! SMALL AM\NT 9DICAT$ ABOVE1 ! FLUCTUATIONS 9 ! VALUE ( GOLD WILL GR[ LESS4 ,! ,PR(ITS ( ,BANK+ ,! REASONS :Y BANKS >E ABLE TO MAKE SU* L>GE PR(ITS >E ?AT ! ,/ATE P]MITS ONLY ONE BASIS ( VALUE = ! ISSUANCE ( MONEY1 NAMELY GOLD2 ?AT IT FUR!R USURPS ! EXCLUSIVE RIGELY FURNI%$ BY ! BANK'S CU/OM]S2 ?AT IT PROHIBITS ! ISSU+ & LOAN+ ( CURR5T NOTES 7NO MATT] H[ WELL SECUR$7 BY ANYBODY BUT A LAWFULLY ORGANIZ$ BANK1 ) P5ALTIES RANG+ FROM F9E TO IMPRISONM5T4 ,BY ! ,F$]AL LAW ! F9E TAKES ! =M ( A T5 P] C5T TAX UPON ! NOTES CIRCULAT$1 :I*1 ( C\RSE1 ACTS AS A COMPLETE PROHIBITION4 ,?US IS E/ABLI%$ ! MONEY & BANK+ MONOPOLY :I*1 BY ELIM9AT+ COMPETITION1 MAKES IT POSSIBLE = ! F9ANCI] TO EXACT 9T]E/ = L5D+1 NOT HIS [N CAPITAL1 BUT M]ELY A CLAIM TO CAPITAL :I* IS SECUR$ BY ! BORR[] HIMSELF4 ,H[ PR(ITABLE ?IS BUS9ESS IS1 IS %[N BY ! FACT ?AT ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONAL ,BANK ( ,NEW ,YORK E>N$ #ad P] C5T ON ITS CAPITAL 9 #a#i#b#e2 ITS /OCK HAS GONE UP TO @s#b1#i#e = A %>E HAV+ A P> VALUE ( @s#a4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ,F9ANCIAL ,AGE1 A ,WALL ,/REET PAP]1 =TY-N9E ,NEW ,YORK BANKS AV]AG$ FIFTY P] C5T DIVID5DS 9 #a#i#b#e4 ,:ILE CONSID]ABLE SPACE HAS BE5 DEVOT$ H]E TO A DISCUSSION ( ! PR(ITS ( BANK+1 ! READ] MU/ NOT SUPPOSE = A MOM5T ?AT ! SUMS PAID TO ! BANK]S 9 9T]E/ >E ! BIG ITEM4 ,! PR(ITS ON ALL CAPITAL - ?AT IS1 ! 9CREASE ?AT ALL 9DU/RY ( EV]Y K9D1 BE IT MANUFACTUR+1 M]CANTILE1 F>M+1 OR :AT NOT1 RECEIVES AS ITS PR(ITS - >E MULTIPLI$ ?R\< ! ADDITION ( 9T]E/ AT EV]Y PO9T ( EX*ANGE4 ,! CONSUM] PAYS 9T]E/ *>G$ 9TO ! PRICE AT EV]Y /EP 9 MANUFACTURE & DI/RIBUTION4 ,! BANK]S' PR(ITS >E ! CAUSE ( ALL O!R PR(ITS1 & ! R$UCTION ( ! BANK]S' PR(ITS1 ?R\< ! ABOLITION ( 9T]E/1 WILL BY ! SAME TOK5 DECREASE ALL O!R PR(ITS4 ,BUT ! GA9 TO ! PUBLIC DOES NOT /OP H]E4 ,! DI/RIBUTION ( ALL ! 9T]E/ ( BANK]S & BONDHOLD]S & MONEY L5D]S G5]ALLY1 & ALL ! PR(ITS ON CAPITAL JU/ M5TION$1 >E A BAGATELLE :5 COMP>$ TO ! AM\NT ! PUBLIC W\LD GA9 W]E 9DU/RY P]MITT$ TO OP]ATE AT FULL CAPACITY4 ,H]B]T ,HOOV]1 C]TA9LY A CONS]VATIVE AU?ORITY1 E/IMATES \R PRES5T \TPUT AT AB\T ONE-F\R? ( :AT IT C\LD BE4 ,CALCULAT$ ON ?AT BASIS1 \R PRES5T 7#a#i#a#h - #bc 7 ANNUAL PRODUCT ( @s #f#d111 CAN BE 9CREAS$ TO @s #b#e#f1114 ,IF !SE FIGURES >E H>D = ! READ] TO VISUALIZE1 LET HIM1 IF HE IS 5GAG$ 9 PRODUCTIVE WORK1 IMAG9E HIS ANNUAL 9COME 9CREAS$1 )\T ANY EXTRA EX]TION ON HIS P>T1 TO F\R TIMES ITS PRES5T SUM4 ,IF HE IS A COMMON LABOR] E>N+ @s #d A DAY AT PRES5T1 SU* AN 9COME W\LD BE @s #af A DAY4 ,?IS IS ! ANSW] TO ! OBJECTION ALWAYS MADE1 :5 BETT] CONDITIONS >E PROPOS$1 ?AT DIVID+ ! ANNUAL 9COME EQUALLY W\LD GIVE V]Y LITTLE 9CREASE TO ! WORK] :O IS N[ SO POORLY PAID4 ,AN >BITR>ILY EQUAL DIVISION ( ALL 9COMES W\LD BE A TRIFLE COMP>$ TO A F\RFOLD 9CREASE 9 HIS PRES5T WAGE EQUITABLY E>N$ & RECEIV$4 ,! VALUE ( GOLD IS DET]M9$ BY COMP>+ IT ) A NUMB] ( O!R PRODUCTS4 ,TO MAKE ! VALUE ( GOLD UNI=M1 ,PR(ESSOR ,IRV+ ,FI%] ADVOCATES :AT HE CALLS A 0,COMP5SAT$0 DOLL>4 ,HE W\LD MAKE ! NUMB] ( GRA9S ( GOLD 9 ! DOLL> V>Y ) ITS PUR*AS+ P[]4 ,IF GOLD DECREAS$ FIVE P] C5T 9 VALUE )9 A C]TA9 TIME1 !RE %\LD BE ADD$ FIVE P] C5T TO ! WEI2 &1 CORRESPOND+LY1 IF GOLD 9CREAS$ AS MU* 9 VALUE1 ! CORRESPOND+ P]C5TAGE ( WEI4 ,:5 GOLD IS NO LONG] ! SOLE BASIS1 BUT M]ELY ! /&>D ( VALUE1 SU* ADJU/M5T WILL NOT PRES5T ANY MAT]IAL DIFFICULTIES1 AS IT WILL !N BE ONLY A MATT] ( BOOK-KEEP+1 CURR5CY BE+ ( ! CR$IT V>IETY )\T ANY COMMODITY VALUE4 ,IF ! V>IATIONS 9 ! VALUE ( GOLD %\LD PROVE GREAT 5\<1 AFT] IT HAS CEAS$ BE+ ! SOLE BASIS ( CURR5CY1 SOME SU* PLAN C\LD BE ADOPT$4 ,:AT ,IS ,9T]E/8 ,9T]E/ IS ! PRICE PAID TO ! L5D] BY ! BORR[] = 9SUR+ & GIV+ CURR5CY TO HIS CR$IT4 ,! TEMPOR>Y EX*ANGE ( FIX$ CR$IT = CIRCULAT+ CR$IT IS REALLY ! :OLE TRANSACTION1 & 9 ! ILLU/RATION ( ! F>M]1 GIV5 BEL[1 ! PROCESS IS DESCRIB$ 9 DETAIL4 ,BUT1 IF ! TREM5D\S CO/ ( 9T]E/ TO ! PRODUC]1 TOGE!R ) ! HAMP]+ ( 9DU/RY BY PRES5T CR$IT RE/RICTIONS1 BE COMP>$ ) SU* LOSSES AS RESULT FROM *ANGES 9 ! PRICE LEVEL1 ! LATT] >E SO NE>LY NEGLIGIBLE ?AT !Y MAY BE EXCLUD$ FROM ! ATT5TION ( ,MUTUALI/S1 UNTIL SU* TIME AS PRODUCTION MAY FEEL ! FULL EFFECTS ( ! ABOLITION ( 9T]E/ & ALL IMP]I%ABLE WEAL? IS MADE ! BASIS ( MONETIZ$ CR$IT4 ,H[ ECONOMICALLY WRONG & ABSURD ?IS EXACTION ( 9T]E/ IS CAN WELL BE %[N BY ! FOLL[+ ILLU/RATION3 ,IF ,JOHN ,ALD51 ( ,PILGRIM ,FA!R FAME1 BACK 9 #a#f#b#f1 HAD L5T ! EQUIVAL5T ( @s #a 9 CO9 TO ,MILES ,/&I%1 AT FIVE P] C5T P] ANNUM1 TO BE COMP\ND$ ANNUALLY1 PR9CIPAL & 9T]E/ TO BE PAID TO HIS HEIRS AFT] ?REE HUNDR$ YE>S1 ! HEIRS ( ,MILES ,/&I% W\LD N[ HAVE TO PAY ,JOHN ,ALD5'S HEIRS ! SUM ( A LITTLE MORE ?AN @s #a11 = ! PRIVILEGE ( HAV+ HAD ! USE ( @s #a = #c YE>S4 ,! COMPUTATION IS MA!MATICALLY CORRECT & S]VES TO DEMON/RATE ! ANTISOCIAL NATURE ( ! EXACTION ( 9T]E/4 ,PR(ESSOR ,FR$]ICK ,SODDY1 ONE ( ! MO/ DI/+UI%$ & C]TA9LY ONE ( ! BRAVE/ ( ,BRITI% SCI5TI/S1 LATELY A/ONI%$ ! SCI5TIFIC WORLD BY ADVOCAT+ ! ABSOLUTE ABOLITION ( 9T]E/ AS ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE TO ! DE/RUCTION ( CIVILIZATION4 ,SEV]AL YE>S AGO1 AFT] A VISIT TO ,MUSCLE ,%OALS1 :]E1 9 ! COMPANY ( ,H5RY ,=D1 HE TALK$ OV] ! F>M]S' PROBLEM1 ,?OMAS ,A4 ,$ISON1 ! GREATE/ 9V5TIVE G5IUS ( MOD]N TIMES1 DRAFT$ A PLAN BY :I* ! GOV]NM5T C\LD L5D MONEY TO ! F>M] = A P]IOD ( ONE YE> )\T 9T]E/ *>GE1 TO BE SECUR$ BY F>M PRODUCTS4 ,! PLAN WAS TO OP]ATE AS A SORT ( AUXILI>Y TO ! ,F$]AL ,RES]VE ,SY/EM4 ,! FACT ?AT TWO SU* GREAT M9DS1 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES & ) DIFF]5T 5VIRONM5TS1 BUT AT ALMO/ ! SAME TIME1 REA* ! EPO*-MAK+ CONCLUSION ?AT ! NECESSITY EXI/S = ! ABOLITION ( 9T]E/ MU/ PRODUCE A PR(\ND IMPRESSION ON ALL ?9K+ PEOPLE4 ,IF F9ANCIAL CIRCULATION C\LD BE EFFECT$ AT A RATE ( DISC\NT REPRES5T+ ONLY ! CO/ ( ADM9I/RATION1 DRAFT+1 REGI/RATION1 ETC41 ! CO/ ( PRODUC+ GOODS W\LD DECREASE 5ORM\SLY1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME1 = REASONS :I* WILL BE GONE 9TO LAT]1 WAGES W\LD RISE TO A PO9T APPROA*+ & EV5TUALLY BECOM+ EQUAL TO ! WORK]'S FULL PRODUCT4 ,B5EFIT TO ! ,WORK]S ,! WORK]S = WAGES >E APT TO SAY3 0,WE BORR[ NO MONEY1 & !RE=E PAY NO 9T]E/4 ,H[1 !N1 DOES ?IS SQUABBLE CONC]N US8'' ,9 ,REALITY1 IT IS EXACTLY ! CLASS ?AT HAS NO DEAL+ ) ! BANKS1 & D]IVES NO ADVANTAGE FROM !M1 ?AT ULTIMATELY PAYS ALL ! 9T]E/ MONEY ?AT IS COLLECT$4 ,:5 A MANUFACTUR] BORR[S MONEY TO C>RY ON HIS BUS9ESS1 HE C\NTS ! 9T]E/ HE PAYS AS P>T ( HIS EXP5SES1 & !RE=E ADDS ! AM\NT ( 9T]E/ TO ! PRICE ( HIS GOODS4 ,! CONSUM] :O BUYS ! GOODS PAYS ! 9T]E/ :5 HE PAYS = ! GOODS2 & :O IS ! CONSUM]1 IF NOT ! PUBLIC AT L>GE1 COMPOS$ *IEFLY ( ! WORK]S = WAGES8 ,IF ONE MANUFACTUR] C\LD BORR[ MONEY AT ONE P] C5T1 HE C\LD AF=D TO UND]SELL ALL HIS COMPETITORS1 TO ! MANIFE/ ADVANTAGE ( ! CONSUM]4 ,! MANUFACTUR] W\LD NEI!R GA9 NOR LOSE2 ! MAN :O HAS NO DEAL+S ) ! BANK W\LD GA9 ! :OLE DIFF]5CE4 ,& ! BANK :I*1 W]E IT NOT = ! =C+ D[N ( ! 9T]E/ RATE BY ! COMPETITION ( ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK1 W\LD HAVE LOAN$ ! MONEY AT SEV5 P] C5T 9T]E/1 W\LD LOSE ! :OLE DIFF]5CE4 ,IT IS ! 9DIRECT RELATION ( ! BANK TO ! PEOPLE AS CONSUM]S1 COMPRIS$ L>GELY ( WAGE WORK]S1 & NOT ! BANK'S DIRECT RELATION TO ! MANUFACTUR] & M]*ANT1 ?AT 5ABLES IT TO MAKE MONEY4 ,P[] ( ,9T]E/ ,SOMETIMES ! >GUM5T IS ADVANC$ ?AT ! BANK MU/ *>GE 9T]E/ 9 ORD] TO BE COMP5SAT$ = ITS S]VICES4 ,BUT IT HAS BE5 AMPLY DEMON/RAT$ ?AT ! CO/ ( ! S]VICES :I* ! BANKS GIVE TO ! PUBLIC AM\NTS TO LESS ?AN ONE P] C5T4 ,BUT ! PR(ITS ( ! BANKS DO NOT CONSI/ M]ELY ( ?IS DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ONE P] C5T1 :I* IS ! CO/ ( OP]AT+ !M1 & ! SIX1 SEV51 OR EIE *>G+ ON LOANS ( !IR [N MONEY4 ,BY P]MISSION ( ! GOV]NM5T ! BANKS CAN ISSUE CR$IT MONEY :I* EXCE$S !IR ACTUAL CAPITAL MANY TIMES 9 AM\NT1 & ON :I* !Y ALSO RAKE 9 ! 9T]E/ JU/ AS IF ?IS CR$IT MONEY W]E ACTUAL CAPITAL1 ACTUAL COMMODITIES1 :I* !Y W]E L5D+ \T4 ,AT ! PRES5T TIME BANK CR$IT =MS AB\T SEV5-EIT 9 F9ANCE COV]S ONLY ! GOLD & R$EEMABLE PAP] MONEY ISSU$1 :I* COMPRISES ! O!R EID ,PROPOSALS TO KEEP ! MONOPOLY ( MONEY 9 ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T & TO REGULATE ! ISSUE ( MONEY 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! PRICE LEVEL - 9CREAS+ OR DECREAS+ ! ISSUE TO MAKE ITS AV]AGE PUR*AS+ P[] UNI=M - >E AWKW>D S*EMES = TRY+ TO ADJU/ FROM ! C5T]1 ?R\< A CLUMSY & 9EFFICI5T GOV]NM5T1 :AT ! BANKS CAN DO EASILY & EFFECTIVELY AT ! CIRCUMF]5CE4 ,! CURR5CY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AM\NTS TO ONLY1 @s #g1111 ( :I* @s #d111 IS 9 GOLD OR R$EEMABLE 9 GOLD4 ,! BANKS CAN AT BE/ HAVE BUT A SMALL P>T ( ?IS CURR5CY ON DEPOSIT2 YET1 BY MEANS ( BILLS ( EX*ANGE1 DRAFTS1 *ECKS1 & CLE>+ H\SES1 !Y HAVE MADE IT POSSIBLE = A SMALL AM\NT ( MONEY TO EFFECT AN 9CR$IBLY L>GE NUMB] ( TRANSACTIONS4 ,!IR DEPOSITS RUN ABOVE @s#d1111 & EV]Y YE> ! COLOSSAL SUM ( @s #g111 9 *ECKS IS ISSU$ & PASSES ?R\< ! CLE>+ H\SES4 ,NOT ,MORE ,BUT ,MORE ,FLEXIBLE ,CURR5CY ,NE$$ ,IT IS NOT SO MU* MORE CURR5CY1 BUT MORE FLEXIBLE CURR5CY :I* IS NE$$ - A CURR5CY :I* CAN BE HAD = ! M]E CO/ ( ISSUE1 )\T 9T]E/1 & :I* WILL NATURALLY EXP& OR CONTRACT AS ! NE$ = MORE ( IT 9CREASES OR DECREASES4 ,SU* A CURR5CY CAN BE REALIZ$ ?R\< ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK4 ,IT WILL BE A CR$IT CURR5CY PURE & SIMPLE1 NOT R$EEMABLE 9 CO9 ( ! REALM1 BUT SECUR$ BY TANGIBLE VALUES NEV]!LESS4 ,MUTUALI/S CONT5D ?AT ! ISSUE ( MONEY %\LD BE FREE TO RESPOND TO ! DEM&S ( 9DU/RY & BUS9ESS1 AS IS ! PRODUCTION ( O!R ?+S4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT MORE CR$IT IS NE$$ ?AN CAN SAFELY BE BAS$ ON ! ONE COMMODITY - GOLD4 ,BUT IT DOES NOT FOLL[ ?AT A GREAT QUANTITY NE$ BE ISSU$4 ,9 FACT1 ! AM\NT ( MONEY 9 CIRCULATION AT PRES5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W\LD BE AMPLE = ALL PURPOSES1 IF ! SY/EM ( ISSU+ IT & RETIR+ IT W]E A FREE ONE1 :I* RESPOND$ QUICKLY TO SUPPLY & DEM&4 ,:AT IS ( ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE IS ?AT ! PRICE = ! USE ( ?IS MONEY OR CR$IT %ALL FALL TO CO/2 ?AT ! RATE ( PURE 9T]E/ %ALL BE Z]O P] C5T P] ANNUM1 NO MATT] H[ MU* NOR H[ LITTLE MONEY !RE IS 9 CIRCULATION4 ,VALUE ( ,PAP] ,MONEY ,AT ?IS PO9T ! 9CORRIGIBLE PESSIMI/ WILL SMILE & SAY3 0,CR$IT MONEY8 ,PAP] CURR5CY8 ,& NOT EV5 R$EEMABLE 9 GOLD8 ,NONS5SE6 ,IT HAS NEV] WORK$ & IT NEV] WILL WORK4 ,JU/ LOOK AT ! F9ANCIAL MESS 9 ,EUROPE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,G]MANY1 SEV]AL YE>S AGO60 ,BUT :Y HOLD UP ONLY ! DISA/R\S RESULTS ( SOME E>LI] EXP]IM5TS 0ALONG ?AT L9E0 AS PRO( POSITIVE ( ! NE$ ( GOLD AS ! ONLY VALID BASIS = ALL K9DS ( SECURITY8 ,! TR\BLE ) ?OSE EXP]IM5TS WAS ?AT !Y W]E NOT ALONG ?AT L9E4 ,! CRITICS >E /RANGELY SIL5T REG>D+ PAP] ISSUES :I* HAVE SUCCE$$1 & SUCCE$$ DANG]\SLY WELL1 EV5 ?\< NO GOLD WAS PROMIS$ ON DEM&4 ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TREASURY NOTES1 AT ! PRES5T DAY1 >E NOT R$EEMABLE 9 GOLD2 BUT1 AS !Y >E RECEIVABLE BY ! GOV]NM5T 9 PAYM5T ( C]TA9 TAXES2 &1 S9CE TAXES MU/ BE PAID EV]Y YE>1 !Y REMA9 AT P> ) GOLD & ) ! O!R PAP] MONEY = :I* R$EMPTION 9 GOLD IS PROVID$4 ,?IS S]VES TO ILLU/RATE ! IMPORTANT FACT ?AT PAP] MONEY :I* IS AT ALL TIMES RECEIVABLE = SOME?+ ( DEF9ITE VALUE1 OR :I* CAN DIS*>GE AN OBLIGATION :I* MU/ BE PAID1 WILL CIRCULATE AT P> ) NOTES R$EEMABLE 9 GOLD ON DEM&4 ,9 EXAM9+ ! CAUSES UND]LY+ ?OSE EXP]IM5TS :I* FAIL$1 WE USUALLY F9D ?AT ! ISSUES W]E MADE BY ! FIAT ( GOV]NM5T4 ,SOMETIMES NO PROMISE WAS MADE TO R$EEM !M4 ,AT O!R TIMES A PROMISE1 MORE OR LESS DEF9ITE1 WAS MADE TO R$EEM !M ) NEW NOTES4 ,!SE ISSUES W]E LEGAL T5D] & ALL CR$ITORS HAD TO RECEIVE !M AT P>1 9 FULL PAYM5T ( DEBTS [+ TO !M4 ,AN EXCELL5T EXAMPLE ( ?IS SORT WAS FURNI%$ BY ,G]MANY F\R YE>S AGO1 DUR+ ! 9FLATION P]IOD1 :5 T5 GOLD M>KS C\LD BUY 5\< PAP] MONEY TO DIS*>GE A DEBT ( ?\S&S ( M>KS4 ,?IS PAP] MONEY WAS ISSU$ BY ! ,G]MAN GOV]NM5T TO AN AM\NT ?\S&S ( TIMES GREAT] ?AN ALL ! GOLD 9 ! WORLD4 ,AS ! ISSUES W]E 9CREAS$ & ! PROBABILITY ( !IR ULTIMATE R$EMPTION GREW LESS2 ! VALUE ( ! MONEY DECREAS$4 ,?IS /IMULAT$ ! ISSU+ P[] TO A /ILL FUR!R 9CREASE ( CURR5CY4 ,BUT 9 SU* A CASE ! RATE ( DEPRECIATION ( ! CURR5CY EASILY \TRUNS ! RATE ( 9CREASE ( ISSUE2 ?AT IS1 ! VALUE ( ! MONEY DECREASES AT AN ACCEL]AT$ RATE2 & IT BECOMES SIMPLY A MATT] ( SEE+ H[ QUICKLY ! PR9T+ PRESS CAN TURN \T ! MONEY1 UNTIL ! \TPUT REA*ES A/RONOMICAL FIGURES4 ,! ORGY CONT9U$ UNTIL ! VALUE ( ! MONEY FALLS PRACTICALLY TO Z]O4 ,AN 9/RUCTIVE FACT 9 CONNECTION ) !SE EXP]I5CES IS ?AT ! RATE ( 9T]E/1 9/EAD ( GO+ D[N ) ! 9CREASE 9 ! QUANTITY ( MONEY1 ALWAYS KEPT GO+ UP4 ,A RATE ( #e P] C5T WAS NO?+ UNUSUAL4 ,H[EV]1 ! PROMISES ?AT >E USUALLY MADE BY \R [N BANK]S TO PAY DEPOSITORS 9 MONEY ON DEM&1 & ! PROMISES ( ! GOV]NM5T1 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! BANKS1 TO R$EEM ITS PAP] MONEY 9 GOLD ON DEM&1 >E ALSO ABSURD1 ?\< 9 SMALL] DEGREE1 S9CE ALL PAP] MONEY SY/EMS :I* PROMISE R$EMPTION 9 GOLD ON DEM& BREAK D[N :5 ?AT DEM& BECOMES G5]AL2 & ALL >E SUCCESSFUL ONLY 9 PROPORTION AS PEOPLE WAIVE ! RIISES :E!R IT MI1 ALONG ) MANY O!R LONG *]I%$ !ORIES4 ,9 ! FALL ( #aiae ! ,AU/RIAN GOV]NM5T GAVE P]MISSION TO ! ,AU/RIAN ,SKODA ,WORKS = DELIV]Y ( AN ORD] TO ,HOLL& ONLY ON CONDITION ?AT ,HOLL& MEET ITS OBLIGATION BY MAK+ HALF ( ! PAYM5T 9 COPP]4 ,&1 S9CE ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#f1 ! ,SC&9AVIAN C\NTRIES HAVE REFUS$ GOLD ALTOGE!R 9 PAYM5T1 DEM&+ RA!R PAYM5TS 9 ?OSE GOODS ( :I* !Y HAD 9SUFFICI5T SUPPLY4 ,SUCCESSFUL ,EXP]IM5TS ,BUT BE=E DECL>+ DEF9ITELY = ANY P>TICUL> BASIS = A NEW CIRCULAT+ M$IUM TO BE E/ABLI%$1 CONSID]ATION MU/ BE GIV5 TO SOME ( ?OSE CR$IT MONEY EXP]IM5TS ( ! PA/1 AB\T :I* MO/ TEXT BOOKS ON ECONOMICS PRES]VE DEADLY SIL5CE4 ,9 HIS BOOK ,RURAL ,CR$ITS 7,APPLETON1 #a#i#a#d71 ,MYRON ,T4 ,H]RICK1 ,AM]ICAN ,AMBASSADOR TO ,FRANCE1 GIVES ! FOLL[+ 9T]E/+ 9=MATION3 0,COOP]ATIVE L& CR$IT WAS CONCEIV$ & US$ 9 ,NEW ,5GL& ?IRTY-N9E YE>S BE=E IT APPE>$ 9 ,EUROPE1 :ILE ! L& BANKS ( SOME ( ! COLONIES ANT$AT$ SIMIL> 9/ITUTIONS 9 CONT95TAL ,EUROPE BY MORE ?AN A C5TURY & ACTUALLY PRACTIC$ :AT HAD BE5 ATTEMPT$ PREVI\SLY 9 ,5GL& )\T SUCCESS4 ,AS E>LY AS #afhf A PLAN = A BANK TO ISSUE BILLS & GIVE CR$IT ON REAL E/ATE1 GOODS & M]*&ISE WAS APPROV$ BY ! GOV]NOR & C\NCIL ( ! PROV9CE ( ,MASSA*USETTS ,BAY1 ) ! RECOMM5DATION ?AT SU* BILLS 'BE E/EEM$ AS CURR5T MONEY 9 ALL RECEIPTS & PAYM5TS'1 EV5 = ,HIS ,MAJE/Y'S REV5UES4 ,?IS PLAN FELL ?R\< 9 #a#f#h#h1 BUT ! CONT5TION ?AT L& WAS BETT] ?AN SPECIE AS SECURITY = BILLS WAS P]SI/$ 9 & SPREAD F> & WIDE40 0,P5NSYLVANIA WAS ! FIR/ COLONY TO TAKE A DEF9ITE /EP4 ,9 #agbb TRADE HAD COME TO A /&/ILL [+ TO ! LACK ( AN ADEQUATE M$IUM ( EX*ANGE4 ,F\R OR FIVE RI* IMPORT]S HAD B\4 ,!Y SOLD !M BACK AT HI< PRICES1 & ?US GOT HOLD ( ALL ! H>D MONEY1 :I* !Y LOAN$ \T AT EIGE/ BE+ @s #a1 & !Y W]E ISSU$ ONLY TO BORR[]S1 :O HAD TO GIVE A PROMISSORY NOTE ) BOND = JUDGM5T REPAYABLE 9 TWELVE ANNUAL PAYM5TS AT FIVE P] C5T & SECUR$ BY MORTGAGE ON L& WOR? D\BLE ! AM\NT ( ! LOAN4 ,NO BORR[] C\LD OBTA9 LESS ?AN @s #a NOR MORE ?AN @s #a ( !SE BILLS4 ,! (FICE WAS 9SPECT$ BY A COMMITTEE ( ! LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY1 & ACC\NTS W]E SETTL$ EV]Y SIX MON?S4 ',IT IS 9CONCEIVABLE'1 SAYS HI/ORY1 ':AT PRODIGI\S GOOD EFFECT IMM$IATELY 5SU$ ON ! AFFAIRS ( ! PROV9CE4 ,COMM]CE REVIV$ ) ,5GL&1 ,SCOTL&1 & ,IREL&4 ,! POOR MIDDL+ PEOPLE1 :O HAD L&S OR H\SES TO PL$GE1 BORR[$ FROM ! ,LOAN ,(FICE1 & PAID (F !IR USURI\S CR$ITORS1 & ! FEW RI* M5 HAD TO BUILD %IPS & LAUN* 9 TRADE AGA96' ,HAV+ ACCOMPLI%$ ITS OBJECT & BROK5 UP ! MONEY TRU/1 ! (FICE W5T \T ( BUS9ESS AFT] ITS BILLS W]E ALL R$EEM$40 ,AFT] ! ,LOAN ,(FICE HAD DEMON/RAT$ ! B5EFICIAL EFFECT ( A M$IUM ( EX*ANGE BAS$1 NOT ON METAL1 BUT ON 0REAL E/ATE1 GOODS & M]*&ISE10 9 O!R WORDS1 ON ANY PROP]TY :I* FURNI%$ SUFFICI5T SECURITY1 IT IS P]T95T TO ASK :Y ! GOV]NM5T W5T BACK TO ! PREVI\S 9ADEQUATE METAL BASIS4 ,WAS !RE1 P]HAPS1 SOME FE> ?AT ! SUCCESS ( ONE H]ETIC IDEA MIT ! PEOPLE ?9K+8 ,IF O!R COMMODITIES ?AN METAL C\LD BE US$ AS A BASIS ( CURR5CY ) />TL+LY GOOD EFFECT1 MI!R & 9SI/ ON UTILIZ+ !IR [N CR$IT CAPACITIES = ! ISSUANCE ( !IR [N CURR5CY1 !REBY DE/ROY+ ! GOV]NM5T MONOPOLY8 ,?AT SU* FE> W\LD NOT HAVE BE51 UNF\ND$ IS %[N BY O!R CONTEMPORANE\S EF=TS ALONG !SE L9ES4 ,TO QUOTE ,AMBASSADOR ,H]RICK ONCE MORE3 0,9 #agc OR #a#g#c#b1 SIXTY-ONE 9FLU5TIAL L& [N]S ( ! COLONY ( ,CONNECTICUT OBTA9$ FROM ! ASSEMBLY A *>T] = ! ,NEW ,LONDON ,SOCIETY ,UNIT$ = ,TRADE & ,COMM]CE4 ,!Y PAID = /OCK SUBSCRIB$ BY GIV+ !IR PROMISSORY NOTES DUE 9 TWELVE YE>S AT FIVE P] C5T1 SECUR$ BY MORTGAGES ON !IR L&S4 ,! ,SOCIETY WAS AU?ORIZ$ TO EMIT BILLS )\T 9T]E/ AGA9/ !SE SECUR$ NOTES1 :I* IT AGRE$ TO ACCEPT AS MONEY 9 ALL PAYM5TS TO IT4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! SOCIETY OP]AT$ SOLELY ) CR$IT CAPITAL & ! ONLY BORR[]S W]E ITS /OCKHOLD]S1 :O HAD CONTROL ( ! MANAGEM5T4 ,?IS WAS COOP]ATIVE L& CR$IT PURE & SIMPLE1 & GIVES TO ,CONNECTICUT ! HONOR1 :I* IS USUALLY ACCORD$ TO ,G]MANY1 ( BE+ ! BIR?PLACE !RE(40 0,! BILLS ( ?IS ,CONNECTICUT ASSOCIATION W]E PHRAS$ 9 ! =M ( ! PUBLIC PAP] ISSU$ BY ! COLONY4 ,!Y BECAME POPUL> IMM$IATELY & W]E FREELY US$ AS MONEY BY ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT ?IS 0SWIFT CURR5CY ( ! ,NEW ,LONDON ,SOCIETY BILLS ?R\< SO MANY H&S10 AS ,GOV]NOR ,TALCOTT RECORDS1 >\S$ SUSPICION AS TO ! OBJECT ( ?IS NOVEL & UNFAMILI> DEVICE4 ,! NEXT YE> HE CAUS$ ! ASSEMBLY TO DECREE ! DISSOLUTION ( ! ,SOCIETY = >ROGAT+ GOV]NM5TAL RIE CAPITAL ( ?IS ASSOCIATION WAS @s #g#e11 ( :I* NO 9DIVIDUAL MEMB] WAS ALL[$ TO HOLD LESS ?AN @s #e NOR MORE ?AN @s #a14 ,SUBSCRIPTIONS W]E NOT PAYABLE IMM$IATELY 9 CA%4 ,EA* SUBSCRIB] AGRE$ TO PAY FIVE ON ! HUNDR$ ( ! PR9CIPAL & ?REE P] C5T USE MONEY ANNUALLY UNTIL ! :OLE AM\NT WAS PAID1 & TO GIVE A MORTGAGE ON AN E/ATE 9 L& TO SECURE !SE PAYM5TS1 :I* C\LD BE MADE 9 PRODUCE GR[N OR MANUFACTUR$ 9 ! PROV9CE4 ,! ASSOCIATION PLANN$ TO ISSUE TW5TY-YE> BILLS ( SMALL D5OM9ATIONS )\T 9T]E/ UP TO ! FULL AM\NT ( ?IS %>E CAPITAL4 ,!SE W]E R$EEMABLE ONLY 9 PRODUCE1 BUT ! ASSOCIATION & ! SUBSCRIB]S1 SO LONG AS !Y HELD %>ES1 W]E OBLIGAT$ TO RECEIVE !M = ALL PAYM5TS & 9 TRADE & BUS9ESS :5 T5D]$ BY ANYBODY4 ,ALL MEMB]S W]E JO9TLY & SEV]ALLY LIABLE1 W]E ! MA9 BORR[]S1 & HAD VOTES 9 PROPORTION TO !IR SUBSCRIPTIONS2 H5CE 9 ITS G5]AL \TL9ES ! ASSOCIATION WAS SIMIL> TO ITS COOP]ATIVE PROTOTYPE 9 ,CONNECTICUT40 0,! DIRECTORS ( ?IS EXTRAORD9>Y F9ANCIAL EXP]IM5T W]E AMONG ! MO/ PROM95T CITIZ5S ( ,BO/ON4 ,JUDGES & LEGISLATORS W]E CONNECT$ ) IT4 ,ADROIT ME?ODS ( PROMOTION HAD WORK$ ! PEOPLE UP TO SU* A PO9T ( FATUITY ?AT ! MAJORITY BELIEV$ ?AT ! MEANS HAD F9ALLY BE5 F\ND = CREAT+ ! M$IUM ( EX*ANGE SO MU* NE$$ = RELIEV+ ! MIS=TUNE & POV]TY ( HE C\NTRY4 ,OV] A ?\S& P]SONS SUBSCRIB$ = %>ES & A NUMB] ( T[NS AGRE$ TO ACCEPT HE BILLS ( ! ,BANK = TAXES40 0,IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT 9 ?OSE DAYS ! PR9CIPLES1 ( PAP] MONEY W]E NOT CLE>LY UND]/OOD4 ,! SOB]-M9D$ CITIZ5S1 H[EV]1 REALIZ$ ! DANG]S :I* LURK$ 9 ! ,BANK &1 BACK$ BY ! PROV9CIAL GOV]NOR1 !Y PROCE$$ TO SUPPRESS IT4 444 ,>M$ ) 444 7!7 444 LAW1 444 ! OPPON5TS ( ! ,L& ,BANK =C$ IT 9TO LIQUIDATION4 ,NE> RIOTS BROKE \T1 SEV]E MEASURES W]E US$1 & ALMO/ ?IRTY YE>S ELAPS$ BE=E LITIGATION REG>D+ ITS AFFAIRS DISAPPE>$ FROM ! C\RTS4 ,! =ECLOSURES1 ATTA*M5TS & >RE/S MADE BY ! ROYAL GOV]NM5T UPON ! PROP]TY & P]SONS ( ! NUM]\S MEMB]S ( ?IS UN=TUNATE CONC]N TO SETTLE ITS DEBTS1 5G5D]$1 ACCORD+ TO ,SAMUEL ,ADAMS1 AS MU* ILL WILL AS ! ,/AMP ,ACT40 ,AL?\< ,AMBASSADOR ,H]RICK TRI$ TO BE FAIR & BROADM9D$1 HE C\LD NOT OV]COME HIS PREJUDICE AGA9/ ANY S*EME :I* MI* = & ANALYSIS ( CR$IT EXP]IM5TS AMONG CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES APP>5TLY FAIL$ TO MAKE HIM REALIZE ! 9SUFFICI5CY ( M]ELY AMELIORATIVE S*EMES1 & ! POSSIBILITY ( ALTOGE!R ELIM9AT+ 9T]E/ 7! GREATE/ 9DIVIDUAL CAUSE ( POV]TY7 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 TOO BOLD = HIM TO CONCEIVE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,MUTUALI/S >E GRATEFUL TO HIM = HAV+ RESCU$ FROM OBLIVION !SE 9T]E/+ & 9/RUCTIVE EXP]IM5TS4 ,AS TO ! ,L& ,BANK1 FROM ALL APPE>ANCES IT W\LD HAVE BE5 HI BY ! 0M5 ( E/ATES & PR9CIPAL M]*ANTS07 >BITR>ILY 9T]F]$4 ,S9CE MO/ ( ! MONEY ISSU$ BY ! BANK WAS PURE CR$IT MONEY ANYWAY1 SECUR$ BY MORTGAGES & NOTES ON PROP]TY1 ! MEMB]S MIG+ M]ELY = ! ACTUAL CO/ ( OP]AT+ ! BANK EFFICI5TLY & SAFELY4 ,B>R+ /ATE 9T]F]5CE1 ! MEMB]%IP W\LD HAVE 9CREAS$ & BUS9ESS W\LD HAVE FL\RI%$ GREATLY TO ! B5EFIT ( ALL ! PEOPLE1 DUE TO ?IS 0*EAP MONEY10 :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 SO EASY TO GET4 ,& ! BANK W\LD !N TRULY HAVE BE5 A 0,MUTUAL ,BANK40 ,AL?\< IT IS TRUE ?AT O!R BACK+ ?AN GOLD HAS BE5 US$ SUCCESSFULLY = ! ISSUANCE ( GOOD MONEY1 ! EXAMPLES ( ,MASSA*USETTS1 ,P5NSYLVANIA1 & ,CONNECTICUT1 GIV5 ABOVE1 >E ADMITT$LY NOT ( REC5T DATE4 ,H[ W\LD SIMIL> ,S*EMES F>E AT ! PRES5T TIME1 :5 F9ANCE & 9DU/RY >E FUNCTION+ QUITE DIFF]5TLY8 ,H]E1 AGA91 AS 9 SO MANY O!R PROBLEMS1 ! ,WORLD ,W> HAS BLA/$ A CO/LY SUP]/ITION3 ?AT GOLD WAS NECESS>Y TO ASSURE /ABLE MONEY4 ,! MO/ CONV9C+ EXP]IM5T WAS MADE 9 ,G]MANY1 ,WI51 9 ! FALL ( #a#i#b#c1 ! PAP] M>K1 BACK$ BY NO?+ AT ALL EXCEPT ! GOV]NM5T'S PROMISE TO GIVE O!R PAP] M>KS 9 EX*ANGE & TO ACCEPT !M 9 PAYM5T ( TAXES1 HAD DROPP$ TO ONE-TRILLION? P>T ( ITS PRE-W> VALUE1 ! GOV]NM5T WAS BANKRUPT4 ,GRE5BACKISM WAS %[N 9 ALL ITS NAK$NESS & FUTILITY4 ,!N :AT HAPP5$8 ,! 9DU/RY1 AGRICULTURE & REAL E/ATE ( ,G]MANY ACCEPT$ A MORTGAGE &1 ) ?IS MORTGAGE AS A BACK+1 ISSU$ ?R\< ! ,R5T5BANK A NEW MONEY1 CALL$ ! ,R5T5M>K4 ,NOT ONE \NCE ( GOLD BEH9D IT6 ,M]ELY ! SAME BACK+ AS ! CURR5CY ( ,MASSA*USETTS1 ,P5NSYLVANIA & ,CONNECTICUT HAD HAD4 ,& ?IS MONEY - ?IS !ORETICALLY BAD & UNSAFE MONEY - :I*1 ACCORD+ TO POLITICAL ECONOMY1 %\LD HAVE GONE D[N 9 IGNOM9Y1 CIRCULAT$ AT P> ) GOLD-BACK$ CURR5CY4 ,& ?AT IS NOT ALL4 ,= ! ,R5T5BANK ISSU$ A C]TA9 AM\NT ( ITS MONEY TO ! BANKRUPT 0,REI*SBANK0 TO CLE> (F ITS DEBTS1 AFT] RECEIV+ A GU>ANTEE ?AT ! PR9T+ PRESS ( ! ,REI*SBANK W\LD /OP GR9D+ \T PAP] MONEY4 ,IT ISSU$ CR$IT TO 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE1 & A PEOPLE DRIV5 TO ! V]GE ( COLLAPSE BY ! FRAUDUL5T1 9SANE MONEY ISSUE ( ITS GOV]NM5T BEGAN TO TAKE ON NEW LIFE4 ,NECESSITY = ,S\ND ,BASIS = ,MONEY ,! LESSON TAUTICUL>1 IS3 ,ANY MONEY1 :E!R GOV]N M5TAL OR PRIVATE1 ?AT LACK$ BACK+ BY SUFFICI5T TANGIBLE VALUE1 BECAME UTT]LY WOR?LESS2 ANY MONEY1 GOV]NM5TAL OR PRIVATE1 ?AT HAD SUFFICI5T TANGIBLE VALUE TO BACK ! ISSUE1 WAS S\ND4 ,?\S&S ( PRIVATE CONC]NS ISSU$ !IR [N MONEY 7,NOTGELD - DI/RESS-MONEY7 DUR+ 9FLATION4 ,! PUBLIC MONEY1 BAS$ ON REAL E/ATE 7,R5T5M>K7 OR PRIVATE MONEY1 :I* WAS TO BE RE-DEEM$ 9 #a P\NDS ( RYE1 COAL1 POTA%1 POTATOES1 OR 9 O!R COMMODITIES1 WAS JU/ AS GOOD AS ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DOLL>1 SOMETIMES EV5 BETT]4 ,IT WAS C]TA9LY SUP]IOR TO ! !ORETICAL GOLD M>K1 :I* FLUCTUAT$ GREATLY ) ! 9CREASE & DECREASE ( ! GOLD SUPPLY AT ! ,REI*SBANK4 ,SECURITIES ISSU$ 9 T]MS ( COMMODITIES ( ! P>TICUL> 9DU/RIES1 SU* AS COAL1 SUG>1 POTA%1 ETC41 DID NOT CAUSE LOSS TO !IR [N]S2 BUT HOLD]S ( BANK ACC\NTS1 MORTGAGES1 GOV]NM5T SECURITIES1 W> BONDS1 GOV]NM5TAL & PRIVATE MONEY CALL+ = 0M>KS0 W]E *EAT$ \T ( ! IMPLI$ PROMISE )\T ANY =MALITY4 ,! SECOND LESSON1 !RE=E1 IS3 ,! QUE/ION ( GOOD OR BAD MONEY IS NOT ONE ( GOV]NM5T BACK+1 BUT ( ! ECONOMIC VALUES BEH9D ! MONEY4 ,PRIVATE MONEY IS JU/ AS SAFE AS GOV]NM5T MONEY1 IF PROP]LY BACK$1 & IT IS LESS LIKELY TO BECOME A CALAMITY TO A :OLE PEOPLE4 ,! FOLL[+ QUOTATION1 FROM A REPORT TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,S5ATE ,COMMISSION ( ,GOLD & ,SILV] ,9QUIRY1 ,=EIGN ,CURR5CY ,9VE/IGATION1 #a#i#b#e1 BY ,H5RY ,M4 ,ROB9SON1 PRESID5T ( ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONAL ,BANK ( ,LOS ,ANGELES & MEMB] ( ! ,DAWES ,REP>ATION ,COMMISSION ( #a#i#b#d1 SPEAKS = ITSELF3 0,! PA/ GIVES US \T/&+ EXAMPLES ( BANKS :OSE NOTES HAVE PASS$ CURR5T1 EV5 AT A PREMIUM1 :]E !RE WAS NO R$EMPTION 9 GOLD1 & SU* BANKS HAVE OP]AT$ ?R\< LONG P]IODS )\T GOLD BACK+ = !IR NOTES & BILLS BUT ) ! WORLD'S CONFID5CE 9 !IR MANAGEM5T4 ,WE HAVE N[ COME TO RECOGNIZE ?AT1 :ILE GOLD BACK+ = CURR5CY ISSUES 9 A REASONABLE RATIO IS MO/ DESIRABLE1 /ILL1 UNLESS ! RATIO IS #a P] C5T1 ! QUE/ION1 ( MANAGEM5T IS ( V]Y GREAT1 POSSIBLY P>AM\NT1 IMPORTANCE2 AS ! RATIO ( GOLD COV] GR[S LESS1 ! IMPORTANCE ( ! MANAG+ FACTOR 9CREASES1 ?\< NOT NECESS>ILY 9 DIRECT PROPORTION40 0,A DRAMATIC EXAMPLE HAS BE5 GIV5 )9 ! YE> 9 ,G]MANY4 ,A SKY-ROCKET+1 ALMO/ A/RONOMICAL1 CURR5CY 9FLATION LEFT ,G]MANY ) A CURR5CY SO DEVALUAT$ ?AT IT WAS 9 FACT NO CURR5CY4 ,ALMO/ OV]NIGELY ON REAL E/ATE4 ,:ILE ?IS WAS RECOGNIZ$ AS ONLY A TEMPOR>Y MEASURE1 YET = NE>LY A YE> ,G]MANY HAS BE5 ABLE TO MA9TA9 ! ,R5T5M>K SUB/ANTIALLY AT ITS FULL GOLD VALUE AS A CURR5CY M$IUM40 ,:AT FUR!R >GUM5TS = A CR$IT CURR5CY C\LD BE NE$$1 :5 EV5 ! MA/] M9DS ( HI< F9ANCE ADMIT ! S\NDNESS & WORKABILITY ( ! IDEA8 ,:AT ,IS ,CR$IT8 ,JU/ A FEW WORDS AB\T ! MEAN+ ( ,CR$IT4 ,! LATE ,*>LES ,A4 ,DANA1 $ITOR ( ! ,NEW ,YORK ,SUN1 9 A S]IES ( NEWSPAP] >TICLES ON 0,PR\DHON & HIS ,BANK ( ! ,PEOPLE01 HAS ?IS TO SAY3 0,:AT IS CR$IT8 ,IT IS A SORT ( COROLL>Y TO ! EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS1 OR A K9D ( SECOND /AGE ( ?AT PROCESS4 ,A HAS A BU%EL ( :EAT :I* HE DOES NOT NE$ & :I* ,B DOES1 BUT ,B HAS NO?+ AT PRES5T TO GIVE 9 EX*ANGE = IT4 ,A LETS HIM HAVE IT1 & RECEIVES HIS PROMISE TO DELIV] AN EQUIVAL5T AT SOME FUTURE TIME1 :5 HE %ALL HAVE PRODUC$ IT4 ,SU* IS ! OP]ATION ( CR$IT1 :I* >OSE AFT] ! COMM5CEM5T ( EX*ANGES4 ,PRES5TLY IT ASSUM$ A NEW FEATURE1 :I* MAY BE ILLU/RAT$ ?US3 ,B NE$S ,A'S BU%EL ( :EAT & HAS AN >TICLE PRODUC$ BY HIMSELF1 BUT CANNOT DIVIDE IT SO AS TO R5D] AN EQUIVAL5T1 OR DOES NOT WI% TO DISPOSE ( IT AT PRES5T1 & ACCORD+LY TAKES ! :EAT ON CR$IT4 ,?US CR$IT IS ! GIV+ ( ONE PRODUCT 9 CONSID]ATION ( ! FUTURE RETURN ( ANO!R YET TO BE PRODUC$1 OR :I* IS ALREADY PRODUC$ BUT NOT ON ! SPOT1 OR 9 A CONDITION :I* WILL NOT ALL[ IT TO BE DELIV]$4 ,! USES & ADVANTAGES ( ?IS OP]ATION >E WELL KN[N & NE$ NO EXPLANATION40 0,ALL CR$IT PRESUPPOSES LABOR1 &1 IF LABOR W]E TO CEASE1 CR$IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,:AT !N IS ! LEGITIMATE S\RCE ( CR$IT8 ,:O \IES1 ! EX*ANG]S & AG5TS ( CIRCULATION2 & 9/EAD ( BE+ US$ TO AID ! WORK]S1 IT IS G5]ALLY US$ TO MAKE MONEY1 I4E41 TO GET ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE AM\NT ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR = ! LEA/ RETURN1 & IF POSSIBLE = NONE AT ALL4 ,& IT IS MANIFE/ ?AT IF ! WORK+ CLASSES C\LD ONCE GA9 POSSESSION ( ?IS GREAT 9/RUM5T1 :I* RIG] P>TS ( !IR PRODUCTS = ! USE ( CAPITAL2 !Y MI MATT] MAY BE F\ND 9 ! SY/EM ( MUTUAL 9SURANCE40 ,BUT CR$IT IS NOT RE/RICT$ TO ! MUTUAL EX*ANGE ( S]VICES4 ,IT HAS AN EV5 BIGG] & MORE IMPORTANT FIELD 9 ! PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE ( GOODS4 ,ELA/IC CR$IT CURR5CY IS A1 PR]EQUISITE TO UNHAMP]$ 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY4 ,WILLIAM ,BECK1 ( ,C9C9NATI1 ,OHIO1 PROPOS$ A BANK 9 :I* CR$IT 9 ACC\NT WAS TO BE US$ 9/EAD ( MONEY4 ,?IS WAS 9 #a#h#c#i4 ,TODAY1 ?IS V]Y CR$IT 9 ACC\NT IS ! ME?OD ( DO+ BUS9ESS BY BANKS TO ! EXT5T ( N9ETY-N9E P] C5T ( !IR TRANSACTIONS2 BUT1 9/EAD ( FURNI%+ ?IS CR$IT AT CO/1 TO ! CU/OM]'S B5EFIT1 ! BANKS *>GE 9T]E/ ON IT AS IF IT W]E H>D MONEY1 & POCKET ! PR(IT4 ,A LITTLE LAT]4 ,COL4 ,WILLIAM ,B4 ,GRE5E1 & ! GREAT ,FR5* ECONOMI/1 ,PR\DHON1 EA* 9DEP5D5TLY WORK$ \T ! IDEA ( ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK4 ,SO KE5 WAS !IR 9SIS1 H>DLY ANY *ANGES HAVE TO BE MADE 9 !IR PLANS1 9 ORD] TO BR+ !M UP TO DATE4 ,9SURANCE ( ,CR$IT ,! PR9CIPLES ( 9SURANCE HAVE BE5 APPLI$ 9 MANY DIRECTIONS1 & :]E A SCI5TIFIC BASIS HAS BE5 E/ABLI%$ & MA9TA9$1 ! RESULTS HAVE BE5 UNIV]SALLY SATISFACTORY4 ,9SURANCE IS AN UND]TAK+ = ! PURPOSE ( AV]AG+ RISK1 DI/RIBUT+ ! =CE ( CALAMITY1 H>D%IP1 DISA/]1 & ! LIKE2 IT S]VES TO DI/RIBUTE ! CO/ ( B5EFITS 5JOY$ AS WELL AS ( BURD5S TO BE BORNE4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y ONLY TO APPLY ! PR9CIPLE ( ,MUTUALISM TO ! 9SURANCE ( CR$ITS 9 ORD] TO SECURE ! BE/ =M ( MONEY4 ,?IS CAN BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY 9SURANCE COMPANIES ?AT W\LD 9SURE ! CR$ITS ( BORR[+ MEMB]S4 ,/RICTLY SPEAK+1 ! BORR[+ MEMB] ASSURES HIS [N CR$IT BY ! PL$GE ( EX*ANGEABLE WEAL?4 ,IT IS ! PROV9CE ( ! LOCAL ASSOCIATION TO GIVE EFFECT TO HIS ASSURANCE BY AF=D+ IT A WID] SCOPE2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 BY EXT5D+ TO HIM ! P[] TO MONETIZE HIS CR$IT - A QUALITY :I* HIS UNAID$ 9DIVIDUAL CR$IT LACKS4 ,! LOCAL ASSOCIATION1 BY ! ISSUE ( ITS NOTES1 EX*ANGES ITS CR$IT = ! SECUR$ CR$IT ( ! BORR[+ MEMB]4 ,!SE NOTES >E MONEY1 BUT NOT ! BE/ =M ( MONEY1 BECAUSE !Y DO NOT COMPEL RECOGNITION BEYOND ! LOCALITY 9 :I* ! SKILL & PROBITY ( ! MANAGEM5T ( ! LOCAL 9/ITUTION IS KN[N4 ,H5CE1 9/EAD ( ISSU+ TO ! BORR[] ITS [N NOTES1 ! SOCIETY W\LD ISSUE ! NOTES ( ! ,NATIONAL ,CLE>+ ,H\SE ( ,MUTUAL ,BANK+ ,ASSOCIATIONS4 ,?IS G5]AL 9/ITUTION W\LD SUPPLY ! BILLS TO ! SMALL] COOP]ATIVE BODIES1 & SU* BILLS W\LD1 9 ! NATURE ( ?+S1 SUPPLANT O!R =MS ( CIRCULAT+ M$IUM4 ,( C\RSE1 ! B5EFICI>IES ( ! ,ASSOCIATIONS W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO PAY = MA9TA9+ !M2 BUT ?IS CO/1 9/EAD ( BE+ 9T]E/ ON ! AM\NT ( CR$IT EXT5D$1 W\LD M]ELY BE ! CO/ ( TRANSACT+ ! BUS9ESS4 ,IT W\LD 9CLUDE ! EXP5SES ( MANAGEM5T ( ! LOCAL & G5]AL ,MUTUAL ,BANKS1 ! ACTUAL CO/ ( 5GRAV+1 PR9T+1 & %IPP+ ! CURR5CY TOK5S1 & AN 9SURANCE PREMIUM = RISK4 ,?IS TOTAL EXP5SE WILL BE1 AS /AT$ ABOVE1 BUT ONE P] C5T OR LESS4 ,SKILLFUL MANAGEM5T ( ! PRIM>Y BANKS W\LD T5D TO M9IMIZE ! ELEM5T ( RISK TO ! PO9T ( ITS ELIM9ATION1 = ! G5]AL SOCIETY W\LD DISCONT9UE EXT5D+ ITS S]VICES TO BRAN*ES ?AT EXHIBIT$ LACK ( JUDGM5T & SKILL 9 DET]M9+ ! M>G9 ( VALUES AGA9/ :I* CR$IT MAY BE SAFELY ISSU$4 ,?AT RISK W\LD BE 9CONSID]ABLE1 EV5 9 ! E>LY /AGES ( ! OP]ATION ( ! SY/EM1 9ASMU* AS EA* LOCAL ASSOCIATION W\LD1 AS A RULE1 SELECT ITS MO/ CAUTI\S M5 ON ITS BO>D ( SUP]VISION4 ,! ,MUTUAL ,BANK ,! ESS5TIAL FEATURES ( A ,MUTUAL ,BANK MAY BE \TL9$ AS FOLL[S3 #a4 ,MUTUAL ,BANK+ ,ASSOCIATIONS %ALL BE =M$ TO DO A G5]AL BANK+ BUS9ESS & TO ISSUE PAP] MONEY = ! USE ( !IR MEMB]S4 #b4 ,MEMB]S ( SU* ASSOCIATIONS %ALL1 UPON ADMISSION1 B9D !MSELVES 9 DUE =M TO RECEIVE ! MONEY ISSU$ BY ! ASSOCIATION FROM ALL P]SONS1 9 ALL PAYM5TS1 AT P>4 #c4 ,! ASSOCIATIONS MAY ISSUE !IR PAP] MONEY AS LOANS TO !IR MEMB]S TO CIRCULATE AS MONEY AMONG !M & SU* O!R P]SONS AS >E WILL+ TO RECEIVE IT4 ,?IS MONEY WILL NOT BE LEGAL T5D]4 #d4 ,ANY P]SON MAY BECOME A MEMB] ( ANY ASSOCIATION & MAY BORR[ ! MONEY ISSU$ BY ! ASSOCIATION1 BY GIV+ HIS PROMISSORY NOTE !RE=E1 & BY PL$G+ IMPROV$ PROP]TY TO ! ASSOCIATION TO SECURE ! PAYM5T ( SAID NOTE1 OR BY HAV+ HIS LOAN 9SUR$ AS H]E9AFT] PROVID$4 #e4 ,LOANS MAY BE MADE = AN AM\NT NOT EXCE$+ ONE-HALF ! ASSESS$ VALUE ( ! IMPROVEM5TS SITUAT$ UPON ! REAL E/ATE PL$G$1 OR 9 AN AM\NT NOT EXCE$+ ONE-HALF ! VALUE ( GOODS1 *ATTELS1 IMPLEM5TS & MA*9]Y US$ 9 PRODUCTIVE 5T]PRISES1 OR UPON %>ES ( /OCK ( SU* 5T]PRISES1 & UPON W>EH\SE RECEIPTS4 ,! P]IOD = :I* LOANS %ALL RUN %ALL BE DET]M9$ BY ! M>KETABILITY & POSSIBLE DEPRECIATION ( ! SECURITY (F]$4 #f4 ,LOANS MAY ALSO BE DISC\NT$ BY ! ASSOCIATION1 = ?OSE :O HAVE NO PROP]TY TO PL$GE1 UPON ! PAYM5T ( A SUFFICI5T PREMIUM TO 9SURE ! RISK ) AN AU?ORIZ$ 9SURANCE COMPANY4 #g4 ,! RATE ( 9T]E/ %ALL ALWAYS BE Z]O4 ,! *>GES = :I* SAID MONEY %ALL BE LOAN$ %ALL BE DET]M9$ BY & %ALL JU/ MEET & COV] ! LOSSES SU/A9$ & ! EXP5SES ( ! ASSOCIATION4 #h4 ,MEMB]S1 BY PAY+ !IR DEBTS TO ! ASSOCIATION1 %ALL HAVE !IR PROP]TY RELEAS$ FROM PL$GE1 & BE !MSELVES RELEAS$ FROM ALL OBLIGATIONS TO SAID ASSOCIATION & TO ! HOLD]S ( ITS MONEY AS SU*4 #i4 ,WAGE WORK]S :O >E WILL+ TO RECEIVE ! MONEY ( ! ASSOCIATION 9 ! PAYM5T ( !IR WAGES MAY DEPOSIT ! SAME ) ! ASSOCIATION SUBJECT TO *ECK4 #a4 ,! MONEY ( ! ASSOCIATION %ALL BE ISSU$ 9 D5OM9ATIONS ( ONE1 TWO1 FIVE1 T5 & TW5TY DOLL> BILLS2 AT LEA/ ONE-HALF ( ! ISSUE %ALL BE 9 ! FIR/ ?REE D5OM9ATIONS4 #a#a4 ,A DOLL> IS H]E BY DEF9$ TO BE #b#c4#b#b GRA9S ( PURE GOLD4 #a#b4 ,! *ECK1 DRAFT1 BILL ( EX*ANGE & TRAVEL]S' *ECKS MAY BE ADOPT$ TO FACILITATE EX*ANGES BETWE5 ! V>I\S MEMB]S ( ! ASSOCIATIONS & BETWE5 ! ASSOCIATIONS !MSELVES4 #a#c4 ,ASSOCIATIONS MAY =M CLE>+ H\SES 9 ALL CITIES1 & REGIONAL CLE>+ H\SES :]E MO/ CONV5I5T1 & A NATIONAL CLE>+ H\SE 9 A CITY NE> ! C5T] ( POPULATION4 ,(FH&1 !RE SEEMS TO BE A RISK CONNECT$ ) ! ACCEPTANCE BY ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK ( ALL K9DS ( PROP]TY AS SECURITY = LOANS4 ,BUT1 9 REALITY1 ! RISK WILL BE V]Y SLIS 9 GOLD CO9 IS ALL ?AT W\LD BE NE$$ TO PROTECT A MILLION DOLL>S 9 LOANS4 ,& EV5 ?IS AM\NT CAN BE DISP5S$ ) BY 9SUR+ ! RISK ) A RELIABLE 9SURANCE COMPANY4 ,9 G5]AL1 ! ADVANTAGES ( ?IS ,MUTUAL ,BANK WILL BE3 ,MUTUAL ,BANK NOTES1 BE+ SECUR$1 CR$IT1 WILL TAKE ! PLACE ( UNSECUR$ CR$IT1 &1 9 CONSEQU5CE1 CR$IT LOSSES WILL BE PRACTICALLY ELIM9AT$4 ,USURY & 9T]E/ WILL CEASE1 & ONLY ! CO/S ( ISSU+1 SECUR+1 & C>RY+ ,MUTUAL ,BANK NOTES WILL BE *>G$1 AM\NT+ TO LESS ?AN ONE P] C5T4 ,MUTUAL ,BANK NOTES1 BY !IR V]Y NATURE1 CANNOT DEPRECIATE4 ,ON ?IS ACC\NT1 & BECAUSE !RE WILL ALWAYS BE 5\< ,MUTUAL ,MONEY = ALL 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL NE$S 7DUE TO ! FLEXIBILITY ( ! ISSUE71 !RE WILL BE NO MORE MONEY PANICS4 ,AS MONEY WILL BE EASY TO GET UND] ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK+ SY/EM1 S\ND 5T]PRISES WILL HAVE NO DIFFICULTY 9 GETT+ F9ANC$4 ,?IS WILL EV5TUALLY MEAN ! DIS9TEGRATION ( MONOPOLY4 ,IT WILL ALSO MEAN ! CREATION ( MANY MORE JOBS1 & CONSEQU5TLY COMPETITION AMONG EMPLOY]S = WORK]S1 RESULT+ 9 9CREAS+LY BETT] CONDITIONS ( WORK & PAY1 UNTIL AT LA/ ! WORK] WILL RECEIVE ! FULL PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR4 ,MUTUAL ,BANK 9 ,OP]ATION ,LET IT BE ASSUM$ ?AT ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK HAS BE5 E/ABLI%$ & (F]S CR$IT AT ! CO/ ( OP]AT+ ! BANK1 :I* IS AB\T ONE P] C5T4 ,?IS WILL BE ! FULL RATE *>G$ ON ALL LOANS4 ,?IS RATE COMES 9TO COMPETITION ) ! RATE *>G$ BY ALL O!R BANKS & ALL O!R MONEY L5D]S4 ,! EFFECT ON ! O!R BANKS WILL BE FELT V]Y SOON1 BECAUSE NO ONE IS GO+ TO PAY SIX OR EIE ALSO ITS MEMB]S2 = EV]Y MEMB] VIRTUALLY BR+S HIS [N CAPITAL1 TO ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK :5 HE JO9S IT4 ,! BUS9ESS ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK CAN DO IS UNLIMIT$1 & EA* NEW MEMB] JO9+ ! BANK 9CREASES ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE :O CAN DO BUS9ESS ) EA* O!R ON ?IS NEW BASIS4 ,! CIRCLE ( EX*ANGE BECOMES WID] & WID]1 & IT CANNOT BE LONG BE=E ! :OLE COMMUNITY IS IMPELL$ BY SELF-9T]E/ TO DO BUS9ESS ON ?IS PLAN4 ,! ,M>G9AL ,PRODUC] ,R$UC+ ! 9T]E/ RATE TO Z]O NOT ONLY SAVES ! 9T]E/ TO ! BORR[+ COMMUNITY1 BUT IT ALSO T5DS TO R$UCE TO Z]O ! PR(ITS N[ MADE 9 9DU/RY4 ,H[ PR(ITS >E MADE IS SO WELL %[N BY ,BILGRAM & ,LEVY 9 !IR BOOK1 ,! ,CAUSE ( ,BUS9ESS ,DEPRESSIONS1 ?AT !IR MEAN+ IS BE/ CONVEY$ 9 !IR [N WORDS3 0,!RE >E AT ALL TIMES & 9 ALL TRADES PRODUC]S :O >E 9 DEBT TO ! EXT5T ( ALL ! CAPITAL !Y EMPLOY4 ,FROM ! CAPITALI/'S /&PO9T !SE >E OBVI\SLY ! M>G9AL PRODUC]S1 NAMELY1 ?OSE :O1 AS REG>DS ! USE ( CAPITAL1 >E WORK+ UND] ! MO/ UNFAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES UND] :I* PRODUCTION IS BE+ CONT9U$2 ,! 9T]E/ PAID ON MONEY LOANS BY ! M>G9AL PRODUC]S1 ?AT IS1 BY ! PRODUC]S :O >E 9DEBT$ TO ! LIMIT ( !IR CAPITAL1 IS AN EXP5SE :I* !Y CANNOT ESCAPE UND] PRES5T CONDITIONS4 ,!IR EXP]TIZE 9 PRODUC+ ! GOODS IS EQUAL TO ! CO/ ( CONDUCT+ ! BUS9ESS PLUS ! 9T]E/ PAID ON ! BORR[$ MONEY4 ,! MORE =TUNATE BUS9ESS MAN :O [NS ! CAPITAL EMPLOY$ BY HIM1 & :O !RE=E IS NOT UND] OBLIGATION TO PAY 9T]E/1 CAN PRODUCE ! SAME GOODS AT ! M]E CO/ ( CONDUCT+ ! BUS9ESS4 ,BUT :ATEV] IT MAY CO/ ! DIFF]5T PRODUC]S TO MAKE ! GOODS1 ! SELL+ PRICE IS ! SAME = ALL1 & ?IS PRICE IS E/ABLI%$ BY :AT IT CO/S ! M>G9AL PRODUC] TO MAKE ! GOODS4 ,H5CE ?OSE :O [N ! CAPITAL !Y EMPLOY REAP A PR(IT ON !IR SALES EQUAL TO ! MONEY 9T]E/ :I* ! COMPLETELY 9DEBT$ PRODUC] MU/ PAY1 & ?IS PR(IT IS :AT CON/ITUTES CAPITAL RETURNS4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS WAY ?AT CAPITAL GOODS ACQUIRE :AT SEEMS TO BE AN E>N+ P[]1 ! RATE ( :I* IS ! SAME AS ?AT ( MONEY 9T]E/40 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS EXTRACT CANNOT BE EMPHASIZ$ TOO /RONGLY2 = IT MAKES 5TIRELY CLE> ! FACT ?AT ALL PR(ITS >E BAS$ UPON & CAUS$ BY 9T]E/2 & IT MATT]S NOT :E!R FEW OR MANY CAPITALI/S [N ! CAPITAL !Y >E US+ OR >E 9DEBT$ TO ! BANK] OR MONEY L5D] = IT4 ,! S+LE 5TREPR5EUR :O IS SO 9DEBT$ FIXES ! PRICE :I* ALL ( !M CAN *>GE4 ,?US1 ONE FULLY 9DEBT$ PRODUC] OR M]*ANT \T ( A HUNDR$ :O PAYS 9T]E/ ON ! 5TIRE CAPITAL 7L&1 IMPROVEM5TS1 MA*9]Y7 9VOLV$1 MU/ *>GE A PRICE SUFFICI5T TO COV] ?IS 9T]E/ BE=E HE CAN GA9 ANY?+ = HIMSELF1 :ILE ! O!R N9ETY-N9E1 :O MAY BE LITTLE OR NOT AT ALL 9 DEBT = !IR CAPITAL1 CAN1 AT HIS PRICE1 MAKE A PR(IT & POCKET IT BECAUSE ( ! 9T]E/4 ,IT IS PLA9 ?AT BY ! OP]ATION ( ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK1 CAPITAL WILL PRACTICALLY CEASE TO EXI/ AS AN 9COME PRODUC+ FUND1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT IF MONEY1 :]E) TO BUY CAPITAL1 CAN BE OBTA9$ = ONE P] C5T1 CAPITAL ITSELF CAN COMM& NO HI<] PRICE = ITS USE4 ,! POSSIBILITY ( OBTA9+ CR$IT UPON CONV]TIBLE ASSETS ( ANY K9D WILL ALMO/ PUT AN 5D TO BANKRUPTCY1 BECAUSE1 9 MO/ CASES ( F9ANCIAL FAILURE1 !RE >E ABUNDANT ASSETS TO COV] ALL CLAIMS1 & ! BANKRUPTCY IS1 SO TO SPEAK1 M]ELY FICTITI\S1 BR\E E/ABLI%$ N[1 BY A H&FUL ( /OCKHOLD]S = !IR [N PR(IT1 BUT BY ASSOCIATIONS ( PRODUC]S = !IR CONV5I5CE & ADVANTAGE4 ,B5EFIT TO ,F>M] & TO ,MANUFACTUR] ,= ! F>M] ALSO IS 9CLUD$ AMONG ! B5EFICI>IES ( ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK4 ,HE NE$S MONEY = SE$1 = F>M MA*9]Y1 = F]TILIZ]1 & = WAGES4 ,HE GOES TO ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK TO BORR[4 ,HE MAKES \T HIS P]SONAL NOTE1 SECUR$ BY COLLAT]AL OR A MORTGAGE1 & RECEIVES ,MUTUAL ,MONEY4 ,) ?IS MONEY HE PAYS ! PEOPLE :OM HE [ES = PRODUCTS & S]VICES4 ,!Y 9 TURN PASS ! MONEY ON TO O!RS FROM :OM !Y MU/ BUY NE$$ COMMODITIES4 ,?US1 ! MONEY KEEPS ON MOV+ ?R\< SCORES1 OR EV5 HUNDR$S1 ( H&S1 9 ALL ! 9TRICATE PROCESSES ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 ,IT MAY EV51 FROM TIME TO TIME1 PASS ?R\< ! H&S ( ! ORIG9AL BORR[] :O W\LD AGA9 PAY IT \T4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 ! F>M]'S CROP IS GR[+4 ,:5 IT IS F9ALLY H>VE/$ & SOLD1 HE TAKES ! PROCE$S TO ! BANK & \T ( !M PAYS HIS NOTE & HAS ! MORTGAGE RELEAS$2 & ! BORR[$ ,MUTUAL MONEY1 ?US PAID BACK 9TO ! BANK1 IS CANCEL$4 ,A MANUFACTUR]1 SIMIL>LY1 MAY WANT MONEY AT ! BEG9N+ ( A SEASON1 9 ORD] TO BUY RAW MAT]IALS1 NEW MA*9]Y1 TO MEET HIS PAY ROLL1 OR = ! PRODUCTION ( GOODS ON :I* HE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO REALIZE ANY MONEY UNTIL SOME TIME 9 ! FUTURE2 OR ! M]*ANT HAS TO LAY 9 A /OCK ( GOODS4 ,!Y ALL PROCE$ 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,9 SOME 9/ANCES1 ! CR$IT P]IOD MAY HAVE TO BE LONG]1 9 O!RS %ORT]4 ,BUT ALL ( !M WILL NE$ CR$IT P>T ( ! TIME1 & MANY EV5 ALL ! TIME4 ,IT IS A MO/ IMPORTANT FEATURE ( ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK ?AT MONEY WILL BE ISSU$ AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 IT IS NE$$ & ?AT IT WILL BE AUTOMATICALLY RETIR$ :5 IT HAS P]=M$ ITS DUTY4 ,! EXACT AM\NT REQUIR$ IS ALWAYS 9 CIRCULATION OR CAN IMM$IATELY BE BR\M ! LEGITIMATE PRODUC] F> MORE ?AN ! SPECULATOR4 ,UND] ,MUTUALISM1 !RE WILL BE A T5D5CY1 BY & ?R\< ! =CE ( ECONOMIC PROCESSES1 T[>D ! ELIM9ATION ( ! SPECULATOR4 ,MUTUAL ,MONEY WILL NOT BE LEGAL T5D]4 ,NO ONE IS =C$ TO TAKE IT 9 PAYM5T ( A DEBT4 ,?US1 !RE CAN BE NO OV]-ISSUE &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 PRICES WILL NOT BE AFFECT$ BY IT4 ,IF AT ANY TIME A MEMB] ( ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK %\LD HAVE MORE MONEY ON H& ?AN HE IMM$IATELY REQUIRES1 IT W\LD HAVE NO MORE EFFECT ON PRICES ?AN EXTRA %EETS ( PO/AGE /AMPS 9 HIS DESK W\LD HAVE ON ! PRICE ( C>RY+ LETT]S4 ,B5EFIT TO ! ,WAGE ,WORK] ,! WAGE WORK]1 & 9 FACT ALL ?OSE :O HAVE S]VICES TO SELL1 :ILE NOT BORR[+ FROM ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK !MSELVES1 WILL NEV]!LESS B5EFIT BY ! BANK'S OP]ATIONS1 9 ?AT ! EXTRA CR$IT FACILITIES WILL /IMULATE 9DU/RY TO ! FULLE/ & WILL ?US ADD TO ! PRODUCTION ( ALL K9DS ( GOODS4 ,S9CE ! CO/ ( GOODS WILL NOT 9CLUDE ! TOLL ( 9T]E/1 :I* TODAY ADDS SO MU* TO ! PRICE ( ALL PRODUCTS1 ! PRICE ( ALL GOODS WILL DROP1 SO ?AT MO/ ( ! SO-CALL$ LUXURIES ( TODAY WILL COME )9 ! REA* ( EV]YONE4 ,AS WILL BE %[N 9 ANO!R *APT]1 SL[ PRODUCTION MEANS IDLE WORK]S COMPET+ ) ONE ANO!R & L[]+ WAGES /ILL MORE4 ,9CREAS$ PRODUCTION WILL CREATE JOBS = ! IDLE WORK]S & CAUSE COMPETITION AMONG EMPLOY]S = ! S]VICES ( ! WORK]S1 !REBY BIDD+ UP WAGES4 ,?US !RE WILL BE A D\BLE GA93 A DECREASE 9 ! PRICE ( GOODS TO ! CONSUM] & AN 9CREASE 9 ! PRICE ( S]VICES R5D]$4 ,COMPETITION AMONG PRODUC]S IS B\ND TO A*IEVE ! =M] - NAMELY1 =C+ D[N ! PRICES ( ALL GOODS2 :ILE COMPETITION AMONG EMPLOY]S MU/ ( NECESSITY LEAD TO ! LATT] - ! =C+ UP ( PRICES = EV]Y =M ( S]VICE4 ,?IS D\BLE GA9 = ! WORK]S WILL BE REALIZ$ 5TIRELY AT ! EXP5SE ( ! MONEY MONOPOLY1 )\T REVOLUTION OR 9DU/RIAL UPHEAVAL1 )\T EXPROPRIATION ( ANY K9D1 ?R\< ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK1 :I* WILL MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE = CAPITAL TO CONT9UE TO EXACT PR(ITS4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE WILL BE ! FUR!R B5EFIT TO ! WORK] ?R\< ! 9CREAS$ OPPORTUNITY = SELF-EMPLOYM5T :I* WILL BE FURNI%$ BY ! ORGANIZATION ( ,MUTUAL ,CR$IT1 S9CE IT WILL 5ABLE HIM TO 5GAGE 9 MANY 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISES :I* N[ HE D>ES NOT UND]TAKE ON ACC\NT ( ! 9EVITABLE TAX HE IS =C$ TO PAY TO ! MONEY L5D]4 ,! LAUN*+ ( ! NEW V5TURES ?AT WILL ?US BE 5C\RAG$ WILL GIVE AN ADDITIONAL IMPETUS TO 9DU/RY ?AT WILL BE IMM$IATELY REFLECT$ 9 ! TOTAL ABOLITION ( ALL 9VOLUNT>Y UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,*,A,P,T,] ,V4 ,M,U,T,U,A,L,I,/ ,P,R,O,D,U,C,],S ,& ,C,O,N,S,U,M,],S ,9FLATION & DEFLATION BE+ ?+S ( ! PA/ UND] ,MUTUALISM1 ) CR$IT 9/RUM5TS AMPLY SECUR$ & ) FREE EX*ANGE 9 OP]ATION1 PANICS1 C>RY+ 9DU/RIAL WA/E & RU9 9 !IR WAKE1 WILL DISAPPE> 5TIRELY4 ,! ECONOMIC WORLD NE$S ?IS /ABILIZATION1 ?IS FRE$OM FROM CON/ANTLY RECURR+ ECONOMIC DEPRESSIONS :I* WORK HAVOC ) 9DU/RY1 LABOR1 & AGRICULTURE4 ,IT IS SAFE TO SAY ?AT1 EV5 9 NORMAL TIMES1 ! SO-CALL$ PR(ITS 9 COMPETITIVE 9DU/RIES & F>M+ (T5 >E NO MORE ?AN EQUITABLE1 WAGES OR ! FULL VALUE ( !IR LABOR1 :ILE 9 A GOOD MANY CASES !Y >E MU* LESS ?AN ?AT4 ,ORGANIZ$ SKILL$ LABOR1 ?\< BY NO MEANS FULLY COMP5SAT$1 IS FREQU5TLY CLOS] TO AN EQUITABLE WAGE4 ,JU/ TO BE AN EMPLOY] DOES NOT MEAN NECESS>ILY TO MAKE A PR(IT4 ,! POPUL> NOTION HELD BY MANY WORK]S & RE=M]S ?AT ! BOSS1 ! EMPLOY]1 IS ! G\G] & EXPLOIT]1 IS SUP]FICIAL & 9ACCURATE4 ,! [N] ( A PLANT OR F>M MAY BE AN EXPLOIT]1 & AGA9 HE MAY BE ONE ( ! EXPLOIT$ HIMSELF4 ,N9E \T ( T5 BUS9ESS 5T]PRISES >E SOON] OR LAT] =C$ 9TO BANKRUPTCY4 ,& ?IS TYPE ( 5TREPR5EUR WILL C]TA9LY WELCOME AN AMELIORATION ( HIS LOT ?R\< /ABILIZATION & *EAP5+ ( ! MEANS ( EX*ANGE ?R\< ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK4 ,IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ! ,RAIFFEIS5 BANKS 9 ,G]MANY1 ! COOP]ATIVE CR$IT BANKS 9 ,FRANCE1 ! ,MOSC[ ,N>ODNY ,BANK4 BE=E IT WAS TAK5 OV] BY ! ,COMMUNI/S1 ! COOP]ATIVE BANKS 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,COLONIES EV5 9 !IR SEMI-CAPITALI/IC =M1 HAVE BE5 ! SAVIORS ( HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( F>M]S & SMALL BUS9ESS M5 :O W\LD HAVE FALL5 BY ! WAYSIDE UND] ! KN\T ( ! MONEY L5D]4 ,GRANT$ ?AT ,MUTUALISM W\LD BE AN ADVANTAGE TO PRODUCTIVE 5T]PRISES AS F> AS !Y DID NOT RE/ ON SPECIAL PRIVILEGE1 H[ W\LD IT B5EFIT ! WORK]8 ,! ABOLITION ( 9T]E/ ALONE WILL GIVE SU* AN UNPREC$5T$ IMPETUS TO NEW 5T]PRISES ?AT PRODUCTION WILL GO BEGG+ = HELP2 ! DEM& = LABOR WILL BE L>G] ?AN ! SUPPLY1 ,?IS WILL AT ONCE RAISE WAGES TO A DEGREE ?AT WILL CLOSELY APPROXIMATE ! FULL PRODUCT4 ,9/EAD ( BE+ EMPLOYES AT ! M]CY ( ! EMPLOY]1 ! WORK]S WILL BE RA!R LIKE P>TN]S (F]+ !IR S]VICES 9 RETURN = !IR FULL E>N+S4 ,:]E CR$IT IS AVAILABLE AT CO/1 A MAN WILL GET EQUITABLE RECOMP5SE1 OR GO 9TO BUS9ESS = HIMSELF OR ) O!RS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 9 CONTRA/ ) ! USUAL OCCURR5CE UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM1 A RAISE 9 WAGES WILL NOT BE FOLL[$ BY A RISE 9 PRICES ( COMMODITIES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT HAS BE5 %[N ?AT PRODUCTION WILL RECEIVE AN 5ORM\S IMPETUS4 ,9/EAD ( WORK+ ) A CON/ANT LOSS ( FROM ?IRTY TO SIXTY P] C5T ( CAPACITY1 AS AT ! PRES5T TIME 7SEE ,WA/E 9 ,9DU/RY1 ISSU$ BY ! ,F$]AT$ ,5G9E]+ ,SOCIETIES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES71 PRODUCTION WILL PROCE$ NE>LY AT TOP SPE$4 ,& ! MORE COMMODITIES >E PRODUC$1 ! L>G] IS ! QUANTITY ( ! V>I\S PRODUCTS ?AT CAN BE EX*ANG$ = EA* O!R & ! *EAP] WILL ALL PRODUCTS BE4 ,IF PRODUCTION D\BLES1 PRICES >E CUT 9 HALF1 NOT ONLY ( COMMODITIES = DAILY USE1 BUT1 EV5 MORE IMPORTANT1 ( TOOLS1 ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 AN 9CREASE 9 QUANTITY ( GOODS PRODUC$ UND] ,MUTUALISM MEANS L[] PRICES1 :ILE LABOR ITSELF WILL RECEIVE A MORE & MORE EQUITABLE COMP5SATION4 ,& ANY ADDITIONAL P]FECTION ( PRODUCTIVE PROCESSES WILL 9 A %ORT TIME R$\ND TO ! B5EFIT ( ALL ?OSE :O DO PRODUCTIVE WORK1 9/EAD ( 5RI*+ A PROTECT$ FEW TO ! EXCLUSION ( ! RE/4 ,TO SPEAK MORE CONCRETELY1 PRES5T 9DU/RY WORKS ONLY HALF TIME4 ,T5 P] C5T ( ! WORK]S >E IDLE ALL ( ! TIME & 9 TIMES ( DEPRESSION MANY MORE4 ,K+ ,C4 ,GILLETTE1 9 ,! ,PEOPLE'S ,CORPORATION1 E/IMATES ! NUMB] ( SPECULATORS & G5]AL NON-PRODUC]S AT OV] ?REE MILLION 9 ?IS C\NTRY4 ,FUR!RMORE1 MANY :O >E WORK+ HAVE 9SUFFICI5T CAPITAL & MU/ USE 9ADEQUATE MA*9ES1 TOOLS & APPLIANCES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 UND] ,MUTUALISM1 FREE BANK+ WILL BR+ ! PRICE ( CAPITAL TO Z]O1 & WILL /IMULATE 9DU/RY TO FULL TIME PRODUCTION4 ,?IS WILL APPROXIMATELY D\BLE ! PRES5T \TPUT4 ,EMPLOY+ ! T5 P] C5T ( ! WORK]S :O >E AT PRES5T IDLE ALL ! TIME1 TRANSF]R+ ! NONPRODUCTIVE WORK]S 9TO PRODUCTIVE 9DU/RY1 FURNI%+ ! CAPITAL NE$$1 TO MAKE ALL LABOR MORE EFFICI5T1 ) FREE L&1 FREE EX*ANGE ( GOODS & ( IDEAS1 & F9ALLY CUTT+ \T ! 0LAG1 LEAK & FRICTION0 ( ! PRES5T WA/EFUL SY/EM - ALL ?IS WILL 9CREASE PRODUCTION AB\T F\R TIMES1 AT A CONS]VATIVE E/IMATE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ECONOMI/S1 PRODUCTIVITY HAS REALLY 9CREAS$ FROM FIFTY TO A HUNDR$ TIMES S9CE ! ADV5T ( ! MA*9E AGE4 ,:ATEV] ! 9CREASE MAY BECOME1 ALL ( IT WILL GO TO ?OSE :O DO PRODUCTIVE WORK OR GIVE EX*ANGEABLE S]VICE4 ,REG>D+ ?AT P>T ( PRODUCTION :I* HAS HAD UNDUE ADVANTAGE OV] ITS COMPETITORS & ! PUBLIC ON ACC\NT ( ITS CONTROL ( CR$IT1 ?AT ADVANTAGE SIMPLY WILL BE GONE4 ,:5 WE ADD TO ?AT ! LOSS ( T>IFF PROTECTION & ( PAT5T & COPYRIE /ILL AB\T #b#h1 CONC]NS :I* >E N[ PRODUC+ ! O!R HALF ( ! TOTAL \TPUT4 ,) ! F\R GREAT MONOPOLIES GONE1 !SE PLANTS WILL BE ABLE TO D\BLE1 TREBLE1 OR QUADRUPLE !IR \TPUT AS %[N ABOVE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 !Y CAN TURN \T ! :OLE PRODUCT ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & MORE4 ,! BIG PLANTS C\LD BE LEFT \T ALTOGE!R & W\LD H>DLY BE MISS$4 ,!RE IS NO P[] 9 !SE L>GE CONC]NS TO CRU% !IR OPPON5TS :5 !IR SPECIAL PRIVILEGES >E ABOLI%$4 ,:AT AB\T ! ,BIG ,TRU/S8 ,TAKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! L>GE/ ( ! BIG CORPORATIONS1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,/EEL ,CORPORATION4 ,ITS HI/ORY WILL BE 9/RUCTIVE4 ,IT WAS =M$ 9 #aia BY A COMB9ATION ( SEV]AL HUNDR$ SMALL] COMPANIES4 ,! PHYSICAL VALUE ( ! PROP]TY PUT 9TO ! COMPANY WAS PROBABLY @s #b11 & 9CLUD$ M9ES1 SMELT]S1 MILLS1 & RAILROADS4 ,!RE WAS ISSU$ 9 PAYM5T = ! HOLD+S ( !SE COMPANIES OV] A BILLION DOLL>S' WOR? ( /OCKS & BONDS1 A FIVEFOLD WAT]+ ( ! /OCK 6 ,! ,C>NEGIE COMPANY AT ?AT TIME HAD AN ACTUAL PHYSICAL VALUE ( @s #c#d111 & RECEIV$ @s #d#i41 WOR? ( SECURITIES 9 RETURN1 A MODE/ 9CREASE ( #ae P] C5T6 ,& ALL ?IS 9 ONE DAY1 ) NO ACTUAL VALUE HAV+ BE5 ADD$4 ,?IS GIGANTIC CONC]N N[ [NS ONE-HALF ! /EEL PLANTS ( ?IS C\NTRY & HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( ACRES ( ! RI*E/ COAL & IRON L&S4 ,IT IS PROTECT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ) A HI< T>IFF4 ,:5 ! T>IFF PRIVILEGE WAS CREAT$ 9 ,H5RY ,CLAY'S TIME1 ?AT /ATESMAN SAID ?AT A ?IRTY-FIVE P] C5T T>IFF W\LD BE AMPLE TO PROTECT ! 9FANT 9DU/RIES :I* NE$$ CODDL+4 ,:5 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,/EEL ,CORPORATION HAD BECOME A COLOSSUS1 IT WAS %AMELESS 5\< TO ASK = =TY-FIVE P] C5T T>IFF - & GOT IT4 ,N[ NOTE :AT HAPP5$ TO ?IS GIANT ?AT WAS 5JOY+ PRIVILEGES ON EV]Y SIDE4 ,9 #a#i#b1 A YE> AFT] ! ,/EEL ,TRU/ WAS =M$1 ITS COMMON /OCK SOLD AT @s #be A %>E4 ,9 #a#i#e1 NO DIVID5D WAS PAID1 & ?IS /OCK W5T D[N TO @s #h4#d#c A %>E6 ,H]E WE SEE ! ONE VULN]ABLE SPOT1 ! ,A*ILLES HEEL ( !SE 9FLAT$ CORPORATIONS2 ! PASS+ ( ONE YE>'S DIVID5D R$UC$ ! PRICE ( %>ES TO ONE-?IRD ( !IR VALUE 9 ?IS IMM5SE CONC]N ?AT WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE ALL P[]FUL4 ,IF ! LACK ( DIVID5DS1 = ONE YE> ONLY1 HAS SU* DISA/R\S RESULTS1 :AT W\LD HAPP5 IF DIVID5DS /OPP$ 5TIRELY8 ,:Y1 ! M]E PROSPECT W\LD IMM$IATELY DEFLATE ! >TIFICIAL VALUE ( ! CONC]N4 ,IT W\LD SQUEEZE ALL ! WAT] \T ( WAT]$ /OCK4 ,9 ! TRANSITION1 PURELY ECONOMIC =CES >E SE5 TO BE AT WORK4 ,NO =CE IS NECESS>Y2 NO EXPROPRIATION4 ,H[EV] ILL-GOTT5 ANY PRES5T GA9S MAY HAVE BE51 !Y MAY BE KEPT4 ,BUT ! /OCKHOLD]S WILL HAVE TO WORK !IR PLANTS !MSELVES1 IF !Y WANT TO GET ANY?+ \T ( !M4 ,! L&1 ! M9ES1 ALL ! RES\RCES ( NATURE UPON :I* NO WORK HAS BE5 EXP5D$ BY HUMAN H&S1 WILL BE FREE TO ! FIR/ ACTUAL US]S4 ,IT WILL BE ( NO AVAIL TO PO9T \T ?AT ! GOV]NM5T HAS GIV5 TITLES TO ! =M] [N]S = ?AT P>T ( ! E>? ) ! PROMISE TO PROTECT !M4 ,ANYONE :O USES & OCCUPIES L& WILL BE PROTECT$ 9 ITS POSSESSION MORE SECURELY ?AN EV]4 ,BUT HE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO EXACT TRIBUTE FROM O!RS = ! P]MISSION TO USE NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,=MS ( ,ECONOMIC ,ORGANIZATION ,AFT] ?IS DISCUSSION ( H[ ,MUTUALISM WILL AFFECT LABOR]S1 BUS9ESS M51 & CORPORATIONS1 ! QUE/ION >ISES1 T[>D :AT P>TICUL> =M ( ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION WILL ,MUTUALISM T5D8 ,?\< ! PR$OM9ANT TYPE WILL1 PROBABLY1 BE ! FREE ASSOCIATION OR COOP]ATIVE1 PRODUCTION WILL %[ ALL ! V>I\S =MS ( ORGANIZATION ?AT HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ & F\ND USEFUL BY MANK9D4 ,!RE WILL BE ANY?+ FROM ! EXTREME 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! H]MIT RAN*] TO ! EXTREME COLLECTIVISM ( ! ,DUKHOBORS2 FROM ! S+LE 9DEP5D5T PRODUC] TO ! PLANT ) HUNDR$S ( EMPLOYES2 FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL :O DI/RIBUTES HIS [N PRODUCTS1 TO ! COOP]ATIVE ) MILLIONS ( MEMB]S4 ,ALL =MS ( ECONOMIC LIFE WILL BE REPRES5T$1 9 SO F> AS !Y CAN /& UP UND] ! FREE COMPETITION ( O!R =MS4 ,! EXACT OPPOSITE ( COMPETITION IS MONOPOLY4 ,MONOPOLY1 OR PRIVILEGE1 ELIM9ATES COMPETITION1 OR AT LEA/ PUTS IT AT A S]I\S DISADVANTAGE4 ,H[ CAN !RE BE FREE COMPETITION :5 ! GOV]NM5T ALL[S C]TA9 AG5TS TO MONOPOLIZE MONEY1 UNUS$ L&1 PAT5TS1 FRAN*ISES1 TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( ! RE/8 ,COMPETITION1 TO BE :AT ! WORD IMPLIES1 DEM&S ABS5CE ( RE/RICTION 9 ITS OP]ATION4 ,:]EV] RE/RICTION 5T]S AS A FACTOR1 :5 PRIVILEGE EXI/S ON ONE SIDE1 COMPETITION IS LIMIT$ ON ! O!R4 ,MAN IS AN EGOI/IC AS WELL AS A SOCIAL ANIMAL4 ,HE KN[S ?AT 9 COMB9+ HE CAN ACCOMPLI% MORE ?AN ALONE4 ,SU* ASSOCIATION ALL[S DIVISION ( LABOR1 IT P]MITS EA* MAN TO SELECT ! WORK = :I* HE IS BE/ FITT$4 ,! MORE MANK9D PROGRESSES1 ! MORE DEP5D5T >E 9DIVIDUALS UPON ONE ANO!R1 & ! MORE MUTUAL OR RECIPROCAL WILL BE !IR RELATIONS4 ,SLIPP+ A CLUB 7MONOPOLY7 9TO ! H&S ( PRIVILEG$ 9DIVIDUALS1 TO ! DISADVANTAGE ( ! RE/1 P>TLY DE/ROYS ?IS RECIPROCITY & CREATES 5MITY1 CLASS HATR$1 REVOLUTIONS4 ,IT EXPLA9S :Y1 AT ! PRES5T TIME1 !RE IS NOT MORE REAL COORD9ATION & COOP]ATION 9 SOCIETY4 ,REAL COOP]ATION IS FULLY POSSIBLE ONLY UND] EQUITABLE CONDITIONS4 ,! RELATIONS BETWE5 PRIVILEGE & ITS VICTIMS CANNOT BE EQUITABLE = ! SAME REASON ?AT RELATIONS BETWE5 MA/] & SLAVE >E NOT EQUITABLE4 ,BUT1 9 SPITE ( ! FACT ?AT MO/ PEOPLE >E V]Y SOCIAL ANIMALS1 !RE /ILL WILL BE AMONG !M ! EXTREME 9DIVIDUALI/1 ! ONE :O IS DIFF]5T4 ,HE IS ! CURI\S1 ! ADV5TUR\S1 ! EXP]IM5T]1 ! NONCON=MI/4 ,UND] ,MUTUALISM HIS EXP]IM5TS 9 NEW PA?S WILL BE 5TIRELY FREE & UNTRAMMEL$1 SO ?AT SOCIETY WILL GET ! FULL B5EFIT ( ! RESULTS ( HIS ME?OD ( TRIAL & ]ROR4 ,MULTI=MITY IS ! SALT ( LIFE1 & MULTI=MITY ( ORGANIZATION WILL EXI/ :]E !RE IS ABS5CE ( 9VASIVE COMPULSION4 ,9 SPITE ( ITS OBVI\S DEFECTS1 ! PRES5T SY/EM1 AS PO9T$ \T BE=E1 IS A GO+ CONC]N4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 AB\T N9ETY P] C5T ( ALL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IS EV5 N[ RECIPROCAL1 AL?\< NOT ,MUTUALI/IC4 ,BUS9ESS RELATIONS >E MO/LY A MATT] ( TRU/1 CR$IT1 & FREE CONTRACT 7VITIAT$1 IT IS TRUE1 BY ! POISON ( MONOPOLY1 AS PO9T$ \T 9 *APT] ,I74 ,W]E ?IS NOT SO1 BUS9ESS RELATIONS W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,!RE IS AN IMM5SE AM\NT ( WOR?:ILE ACTIVITY 9 ! PRES5T ECONOMIC /RUCTURE4 ,) ! REMOVAL ( ! RE/RA9TS1 LEGALI/IC ADVANTAGES & MONOPOLI/IC PRIVILEGES ! ACTIVITIES ( MOD]N LIFE WILL DEVELOP MAGNIFIC5TLY4 ,UND] ,MUTUALISM1 ! EX*ANGE ( COMMODITIES & S]VICES WILL TAKE PLACE AT VIRTUAL CO/ LEVEL1 :I* HAS BE5 EXPRESS$ BY ,JOSIAH ,W>R5 AS3 0,CO/ ! LIMIT ( PRICE40 ,! REALIZATION ( ?IS PR9CIPLE MEANS ! ABOLITION ( EXPLOITATION4 ,! LABOR]'S WAGES WILL BUY BACK HIS PRODUCT OR ITS EQUIVAL5T1 = PRICES ( COMMODITIES WILL APPROXIMATE ! CO/ LEVEL 9 A FREE M>KET & ) UNRE/RICT$ COMPETITION4 ,ANY MOM5T>Y ADVANTAGE DUE TO IMPROV$ ME?ODS ( MANUFACTUR+ WILL 9 A %ORT TIME BE R$UC$ BY ! PRESSURE ( NEW COMPETITION4 ,?US ! ADVANTAGES ( GREAT] PRODUCTIVITY WILL R$\ND TO ! B5EFIT ( PRODUC]S AS A :OLE4 ,= 9/ANCE1 IF A GIV5 COMMODITY CAN BE PRODUC$ 9 HALF ! TIME ?R\< IMPROVEM5TS1 IT WILL SELL = HALF ! =M] PRICE1 AFT] FREE COMPETITION HAS COME 9TO PLAY AS ! *IEF LEVEL] ( PRICES4 ,! ,CON/ITUTION ( ,PRICE ,H[ IS PRICE DET]M9$8 ,?R\< B>GA9+ 9 ! OP5 M>KET4 ,?IS IS CONTR>Y TO ! NOTION ( ,SOCIALI/S4 ,!Y CLAIM ?AT VALUE OR PRICE %\LD BE DET]M9$ BE=EH& BY ! TIME ?AT HAS GONE 9TO A PRODUCT4 ,NEV]!LESS1 UND] FREE EX*ANGE1 VALUE OR PRICE IS CON/ITUT$ 9 ! M>KET AFT] ! GOODS GET !RE4 ,IT IS !N ONLY ?AT IT CAN BE F\ND \T H[ MANY BU%ELS ( RYE WILL EX*ANGE = A SUIT ( CLO!S1 OR H[ MANY LOAVES ( BREAD = A PAIR ( %OES OR A P\ND ( NAILS4 ,!N & ?US ONLY CAN !IR RESPECTIVE VALUES BE LE>N$4 ,!SE VALUES WILL NOT ALWAYS BE CON/ANT4 ,!RE >E DI/URB+ FACTORS 9 CONNECTION ) NEW IMPROVEM5TS1 *ANGES ( POPULATION1 CROP FAILURES1 ETC4 ,VALUES WILL FLUCTUATE TO SOME DEGREE1 & !Y WILL BE SLIIABLE4 ,BUT1 UND] NORMAL CONDITIONS ( SUPPLY & DEM&1 ! AV]AGE PRICE ( COMMODITIES WILL CON/ANTLY T5D TO APPROXIMATE ! AV]AGE CO/ ( COMMODITIES2 &1 UND] FREE EX*ANGE1 COMPETITION WILL QUICKLY READJU/ ! OCCASIONAL DISP>ITIES BETWE5 SUPPLY & DEM&4 ,MUTUALI/S BELIEVE ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY HAS EFFECTIVELY DEMON/RAT$ ! FACT ?AT ANYBODY CAN BE USEFUL 9 A PRODUCTIVE WAY4 ,9DU/RIAL 5G9E]+ IS ABLE TO MAKE USE ( ALL HUMAN TYPES4 ,=D HAS DEMON/RAT$ IT TIME & AGA94 ,DIVISION ( LABOR DOES DEM& V>IETY ( HUMAN 9CL9ATIONS & CAPACITIES4 ,FUR!RMORE1 CAN IT BE SAID ?AT A ONE-LEGG$ MAN IS AT A DISADVANTAGE AGA9/ A TWO-LEGG$ ONE :5 ALL ! LABOR ( BO? CONSI/S 9 DRILL+ HOLES 9TO AN IRON CA/+1 :ILE BE+ SEAT$ ON A /OOL8 ,UND] PRIMITIVE CONDITIONS1 SU* AS P]SONAL COMBAT1 AGRICULTURAL PURSUIT & ! LIKE1 ! ONE-LEGG$ MAN W\LD C]TA9LY BE H&ICAPP$4 ,BUT MOD]N MA*9]Y T5DS MORE & MORE TO OBLIT]ATE P]SONAL SKILL OR SPECIAL CAPACITY4 ,) 9CREAS+ ME*ANIZATION & /&>DIZATION ( PROCESSES1 ! SKILL$ ME*ANIC IS REPLAC$ BY ! SPECIALLY TRA9$ BUT O!RWISE 9DIFF]5T WORK]4 ,SO !RE IS ! SPECTACLE ( ! ACTIVITIES ( M5 BECOM+ MORE & MORE DIV]SIFI$ & YET1 ) ! USE ( MA*9]Y1 COM+ CLOS] & CLOS] TOGE!R 9 PO9T ( PRODUCTIVITY2 & EQUAL OR SIMIL> PRODUCTIVITY WILL BE REFLECT$ 9 EQUAL OR SIMIL> COMP5SATION4 ,NO D\BT !RE ALWAYS WILL BE M9OR FLUCTUATIONS 9 E>N+ CAPACITY DUE TO SUP]IOR QUALITIES1 AS 9 ! CASE ( A SKILL$ SURGEON1 A TAL5T$ S+]1 A GIFT$ >TI/1 OR A POET ( G5IUS4 ,ALSO EXCEPTIONAL EXECUTIVE ABILITY1 9V5TIVE G5IUS1 5G9E]+ TRA9+1 OR ! P]=MANCE ( A P>TICUL>LY DI/A/EFUL ACTIVITY1 MAY BE REW>D$ MORE HIG] REMUN]ATION OR %ORT] WORK+ TIME IS TAK5 ADVANTAGE ( IF !RE IS 5\< 9 IT TO MAKE IT WOR? :ILE4 ,!SE ECONOMIC RELATIONS UND] ,MUTUALISM HAVE BE5 DISCUSS$ AT SOME L5G? 9 ORD] TO DEMON/RATE H[ EASILY & EQUITABLY MATT]S WILL ADJU/ !MSELVES IF LEFT TO ! NATURAL TR5D ( ,ECONOMIC =CES4 ,COMMODITIES WILL !N BE PRODUC$ TO BE EX*ANG$ = O!R COMMODITIES1 = ! SATISFACTION ( HUMAN NE$S4 ,?IS IS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! PRES5T SITUATION :]E ! 9T]F]5CE ( PRIVILEGE PRODUCES SU* AN ABSURD MUDDLE4 ,! CONCLUSION MAY BE DRAWN ?AT ALL ?AT IS NECESS>Y TO SUPPLY ! NE$S ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE 9 ! BE/ POSSIBLE WAY IS SIMPLY ?IS3 0,LAISSEZ-FAIRE40 ,BUT NOT LAISSEZ-FAIRE 9 ! S5SE ( 0LETT+ ?+S SLIDE & ! DEVIL TAKE ! H9DMO/10 BUT RA!R 9 ! S5SE ( LETT+ EA* ONE DO :AT HE WANTS TO OR ?9KS BE/1 AS LONG AS HE REMA9S NON9VASIVE4 ,:5 ! PRODUC] IS ! [N] ( HIS PRODUCT & !RE IS A FREE M>KET :]E HE CAN EX*ANGE HIS GOODS = O!RS NECESS>Y TO HIM1 IT WILL BE A MATT] ( C\RSE = EV]Y HUMAN BE+ TO PRODUCE ?+S = :I* !RE IS A CALL4 ,= ONLY !N WILL HE BE 9 A POSITION TO ACCOMPLI% ! PURPOSE ( HIS ECONOMIC ACTIVITY1 :I* IS PRECISELY TO SATISFY HIS [N NE$S TO ! FULLE/ EXT5T ) A M9IMUM ( EF=T4 ,HIS [N SELF-9T]E/ IS 9TIMATELY B\ND UP ) HIS S]VICE TO SOCIETY4 ,?US WE SEE ?AT1 UND] FRE$OM1 SO CALL$ MORALITY IS SELF-REGULATIVE1 9H]5T 9 ! SY/EM4 ,PAT5TS & ,COPYRIS = ! P]MISSION TO USE IDEAS :I* HE CLAIMS HAVE ORIG9AT$ ) HIM4 ,BUT ALL 9DIVIDUAL ACTION 79CLUD+ ?9K+7 IS ORIG9AL1 REG>DLESS ( ANY QUE/ION ( PRIORITY4 ,H[EV]1 ?AT DOES NOT MEAN ?AT IT C\LD HAVE TAK5 PLACE )\T A V]Y DEF9ITE BACKGR\ND4 ,! SCOPE & 9T5SITY ( ?IS BACKGR\ND >E MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! M9D ( ! 9V5TOR4 ,=1 ) A C]TA9 BACKGR\ND PROVID$1 A L>GE NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS WILL DEVELOP & >RIVE AT V]Y SIMIL> IDEAS ALMO/ SIMULTANE\SLY2 :ILE1 )\T SU* BACKGR\ND1 !SE P>TICUL> IDEAS MIISE \T ( A VOID4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y >E M]ELY M9OR OR MAJOR CULM9ATIONS 9 AN 9T]M9ABLE *A9 ( /IMULI & RESPONSES )\T ! PREC$5CE ( :I* !Y !MSELVES C\LD HAVE NO EXI/5CE 9 ! M9D4 ,AN 9V5TOR CAN 9 TRU? CALL BUT AN 9F9ITESIMAL P>T ( HIS IDEA HIS V]Y [N4 ,&1 EV5 ?IS BIT ( ! P]=MANCE MAY HAVE BE5 DONE ALREADY BY SOMEONE1 SOME:]E1 UNKN[N TO HIM1 OR MAY BE REPEAT$ ANY TIME1 UNWITT+LY1 BY O!RS4 ,:AT PRESUMPTION1 !N1 TO ATTEMPT TO LEVY A TAX UPON ALL MANK9D = SO M9UTE A CONTRIBUTION TO ! WORLD ( IDEAS AS ANY S+LE 9DIVIDUAL CAN POSSIBLY MAKE6 ,MEASUR+ ) ! SAME /ICK HIS 9DEBT$NESS TO MANK9D AS A :OLE = ! HO/ ( IDEAS UPON :I* HE DREW1 & )\T ! EXI/5CE ( :I* HE MI IDEAS1 & TO EMPLOY SU* NEW IDEAS = !IR PRIVATE GA94 ,& SU* A PROHIBITION VIOLATES ! LAW ( EQUAL LIB]TY1 NO MATT] :E!R ITS DURATION IS 9T5D$ M]ELY = A YE> OR = ALL ET]NITY1 EXCEPT ?AT 9 ! LATT] CASE ! 9JU/ICE W\LD BE SO APP>5T ?AT ITS [N 5ORMITY W\LD SMO!R ITS OBS]VANCE4 ,LET US SUPPOSE ?AT P]PETUAL PAT5T & COPYRII\S PROCESSES 9 EV]Y MANUFACTURE ( MONEY1 PAP]1 FIRE1 GLASS1 H+ES1 SPR+S1 LOCKS1 %OES1 9K1 ! ALPHABET1 MUSICAL NOTATION1 NUMB]S1 >I?METIC1 BOOKKEEP+1 ETC41 ETC4 ,9 FACT1 PROGRESS W\LD HAVE BE5 RET>D$ SO MU* ?AT MANY ( !SE ?+S W\LD NOT BE UTILIZ$ TO ! FULLE/ EXT5T EV5 TODAY4 ,BUT !RE IS ANO!R S]I\S OBJECTION TO PAT5TS4 ,MANY READ]S WILL P]HAPS CONSID] IT ! MO/ IMPORTANT & MO/ VALID OBJECTION4 ,IT IS ! FACT ?AT ! HOLD] ( IMPORTANT PAT5TS 7:O IS USUALLY NOT ! 9V5TOR HIMSELF2 ! LATT] IS USUALLY DISPOS$ ( QUICKLY1 ) BUT A FRACTION ( ! EXPECT$ ROYALTIES & ) NO VOICE 9 ! APPLICATION ( ! 9V5TION7 WILL NOT ONLY HE ABLE TO EXACT SU* HI< MONOPOLY PAYM5TS AS TO COME )9 A SMALL M>G9 ( EAT+ UP ALL ! B5EFITS MADE POSSIBLE ?R\< ! USE ( ! PAT5T1 BUT ?AT HE WILL ALSO BE ABLE TO DOM9ATE & MONOPOLIZE 5TIRE 9DU/RIES1 BY ! SIMPLE EXP$I5T ( ?REAT5+ TO )HOLD ! USE ( HIS PAT5T UNLESS HIS WI%ES >E AGRE$ TO4 ,MU* ( ! P[] ( ! TRU/S W\LD BE GONE1 IF !IR MONOPOLY RII\S PAT5TS W]E NO LONG] PROTECT$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,COMPETITION W\LD HAVE FRE] PLAY1 & PRICES ON ?OSE COMMODITIES :OSE EFFICI5T PRODUCTION DEP5DS ON ! USE ( EXI/+ PAT5TS W\LD DROP BEYOND ALL EXPECTATION4 ,! G5]AL QUALITY ( GOODS W\LD IMPROVE & ! PEOPLE AT L>GE W\LD REAP ! B5EFITS4 ,IT W\LD BE H>D TO E/IMATE H[ MANY VALUABLE PAT5TS HAVE 9 ! PA/ BE5 B\GE PLANTS & CO/LY EQUIPM5T OR BIG /OCKS ( GOODS MANUFACTUR$ ON ! OLD PR9CIPLE4 ,AS TO ! AU?OR1 IT IS NOT CONT5D$ ?AT HE %\LD NOT BE COMP5SAT$ AT ALL = HIS EF=TS & = PUTT+ HIS TAL5TS OR HIS G5IUS TO USE = ! B5EFIT ( O!R 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! AU?OR ( A BOOK HAS ALWAYS ! P[] TO 5=CE HIS NORMAL RILI] WORKS BY ! 9CREAS$ DEM& = FUTURE CONTRIBUTIONS FROM HIS P51 :I* HE W\LD BE ABLE TO HOLD AS PRIVATE PROP]TY UNTIL HIS PUBLI%]S1 OR ! G5]AL PUBLIC1 HAD AGRE$ TO PAY HIS PRICE = !M4 ,AS TO ! CONT5TION ?AT NON-RECOGNITION ( PROP]TY 9 IDEAS W\LD LEAVE US )\T A LIT]ATURE1 IT IS SUFFICI5T TO PO9T \T ?AT GLORI\S LIT]ATURES EXI/$ & FL\RI%$ ?\S&S ( YE>S BE=E COPYRIE HIMSELF WROTE HIS WORKS MORE ?AN A C5TURY PRIOR TO ! 5ACTM5T ( ! FIR/ COPYRID ,%AW HAS WELL SAID1 ! CRY = COPYRIE NOT SATISFI$ ) BE+ PAID = ! WORK ONCE1 BUT 9SI/ ON BE+ PAID TWICE1 ?RICE1 & A DOZ5 TIMES OV]4 ,DI/RIBUTION ,MO/ CRITICS ( ! PRES5T SY/EM DWELL ON ! UNFAIR DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCTS1 BUT ?IS IS ( RELATIVELY SMALL IMPORTANCE4 ,:ILE DI/RIBUTION IS ADMITT$ TO BE GROSSLY 9EQUITABLE1 ITS R$UCTION TO EXACT EQUALITY W\LD HELP V]Y LITTLE1 AS DEF5D]S ( CAPITALISM QUITE CORRECTLY PO9T \T4 ,! BASIC DEFECT 9 \R PRES5T SY/EM IS ?AT IT HAMP]S PRODUCTION4 ,:ILE MOD]N MA*9]Y & ME?ODS3 HAVE MADE POSSIBLE A PRODUCTIVITY FIFTY TIMES ?AT ( H& LABOR1 ! WORK] IS NOT V]Y MU* BETT] (F ?AN ! POV]TY-/RICK5 WI$ ) :AT C\LD BE PRODUC$ IF PRIVILEGES DID NOT 9T]F]E ) ECONOMICS1 ! PRES5T SY/EM IS POOR & MO/ 9EFFICI5T4 ,IF ! PROBLEM W]E NO MORE ?AN ! DI/RIBUTION ( ?IS MEAG] AM\NT1 IT W\LD MEAN V]Y LITTLE B5EFIT TO EA* 9DIVIDUAL4 ,AS DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! PREC$+ PAGES1 ! ADVANTAGE ( ECONOMIC LIB]TY WILL BE ?AT 9DU/RY WILL WORK AT FULL CAPACITY1 9/EAD ( AT ONLY A FRACTION ( IT1 & TO BR+ AB\T EQUITABLE DI/RIBUTION ( ?AT IS WOR? ! EF=T4 ,9 A DIFF]5T S5SE1 ! PROCESS ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS IS M]ELY AN EXT5SION ( PRODUCTION4 ,! PRODUCT ( ! %EEP-MAN IS ! WOOL2 TO ! SP9N+ FACTORY ?IS IS RAW MAT]IAL1 :I* IS WORK$ UP & SOLD1 AS Y>N1 TO ! KNITT+ MILL2 ! Y>N IS MANUFACTUR$ 9TO WE>+ APP>EL1 :I* 9 TURN IS SOLD TO ! /ORES2 ! /OREKEEP] PUTS !M ON HIS %ELVES1 & ! GOODS >E /ILL 9 ! PROCESS ( PRODUCTION UNTIL !Y >E SOLD TO & WORN BY ! F9AL CU/OM]4 ,EV]Y TIME ! P>TLY F9I%$ PRODUCT IS TRANSPORT$1 ANO!R /EP 9 ! PRODUCTION IS ACCOMPLI%$4 ,DI/RIBUTION IS A VITAL P>T ( PRODUCTION4 ,:ILE ! M$IEVAL WORLD WAS PROVID$ = PRACTICALLY BY LOCAL PRODUCTION 9 ! VILLAGE OR T[N1 REQUIR+ COMP>ATIVELY LITTLE DI/RIBUTIVE MA*9]Y1 MOD]N PRODUCTION IS AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T ?+1 NECESSITAT+ A VA/ DI/RIBUTIVE ORGANIZATION4 ,A GREAT V>IETY ( GOODS IS EX*ANG$ ON A L>GE SCALE BETWE5 DI/ANT P>TS ( ! GLOBE4 ,& ! 9T]E/+ FACT AB\T ?IS CAPITALI/IC DI/RIBUTIVE MA*9]Y ( TODAY IS ?AT IT FUNCTIONS L>GELY ON A VOLUNT>Y BASIS1 ?AT ITS ESS5CE IS3 CONTRACTS BETWE5 ! UNITS CONC]N$1 NOT LAWS & /ATUTES H&$ D[N BY A CO]CIVE P[]4 ,TRA9S ( DIFF]5T RAILWAY SY/EMS ( DIFF]5T C\NTRIES MEET ONE ANO!R1 PULL ONE ANO!R'S FREIS & PASS5G] COA*ES2 !Y MEET /EAM]S1 & !SE MEET O!R /EAM]S1 TRA9S1 AIR%IPS1 TRUCKS1 RICK%AWS1 NEGRO & COOLIE C>RI]S1 & :AT NOT - BY VOLUNT>Y AGREEM5T & FREE CONTRACT4 ,! ONLY DI/URB+ ELEM5TS >E ! V>I\S GOV]NM5TS1 GRANT+ MONOPOLIES1 9T]POS+ CU/OMS B>RI]S1 T>IFFS1 BATTLE%IPS1 =TS1 & ONCE 9 A :ILE A BLOODY W> ?AT DE/ROYS = A FEW YE>S ?OSE AMICABLE SOCIAL & COMM]CIAL RELATIONS E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 PRODUC]S ! WORLD OV]4 ,& )9 EA* C\NTRY1 ! SAME DISA/R\S EFFECTS ( GOV]NM5T-GRANT$ MONOPOLIES >E SE5 9 ! DI/RIBUTIVE 9DU/RY AS W]E NOT$ PREVI\SLY 9 ! DISCUSSION ( 9DU/RY AS A :OLE4 ,MUTUALISM MAKES NO PRESCRIPTION AS TO ! =M ( DI/RIBUTIVE AG5CIES4 ,ALL =MS WILL BE POSSIBLE1 & ! FRE$OM TO EXP]IM5T WILL BR+ TO ! =E ?OSE =MS ?AT >E ! BE/ = ! P>TICUL> P]SONS & ! P>TICUL> SITUATION4 ,! V>I\S VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATIVE DI/RIBUT+ SOCIETIES ( ! PRES5T DAY >E PO9T+ ! WAY TO :AT CAN BE DONE ON A L>GE SCALE EV5 N[4 ,:AT DI/+UI%ES !IR MODE ( ACTION FROM ! CAPITALI/IC SY/EM ( DI/RIBUTION IS ?AT ! ULTIMATE CONSUM]1 9/EAD ( BE+ FIL*$ AT EV]Y POSSIBLE TURN1 %ALL RECEIVE HIS GOODS AT CO/ PLUS H&L+ *>GE4 ,! T5D5CY IS TO GIVE S]VICE AT CO/2 &1 IF A GREAT NUMB] ( COOP]ATORS REALIZ$ ?AT ! SAME PR9CIPLE %\LD & CAN BE E/ABLI%$ 9 ! FURNI%+ ( CR$IT1 !Y W\LD MAKE EV5 GREAT] PROGRESS ?AN !Y HAVE MADE SO F>4 ,! *A9 /ORES1 TO ALL APPE>ANCES A MOD]N CAPITALI/ 9V5TION1 HAD !IR ORIG9 9 ! ,EUROPEAN CO-OP]ATIVES4 ,SELL+ GOODS AT RETAIL TODAY IS A V]Y DIFF]5T ?+ FROM :AT IT WAS :5 ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T BEGAN 9 ,5GL& 9 #a#h#d#g4 ,! WORK]S ( ?AT TIME W]E 9 A CONDITION ( ABJECT POV]TY4 ,!Y B\T$ !IR [N BAK]IES1 &1 ) A GR[+ M>KET1 !IR O!R MANUFACTUR+ E/ABLI%M5TS4 ,?IS IS /ILL ! WAY !Y />T & GR[4 ,NO NEW PRODUCTIVE PLANT IS OP5$ UNTIL !RE IS A /RONG 5\< DEM& FROM ! DI/RIBUTIVE UNITS = ! PRODUCT4 ,?IS IS A DEVELOPM5T T[>D ELIM9ATION ( ! MIDDLEMAN1 & IT IS HIE SELL+ AT A M>G9 ( PR(IT ?AT MAKES IT DIFFICULT = A SMALL /ORE TO COMPETE ) !M4 ,! DEVELOPM5T SEEMS TO PO9T 9 ! DIRECTION ( ELIM9AT+ ! RETAIL /ORE 9 ! FUTURE TO A V]Y L>GE EXT5T2 IF NOT ALTOGE!R1 TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT IT WILL BE SUP]S$$ BY1 OR BECOME M]ELY ! DI/RIBUT+ AG5T ( ! FACTORY1 MILL1 OR %OP :]E ! GOODS >E PRODUC$4 ,EIS AGO1 ! H\SEWIFE WAS A SP9N] WEAV]1 BREW]1 BAK]1 & LAUNDRESS4 ,BUT %E HAS AB&ON$ ONE AFT] ANO!R ( !SE OCCUPATIONS1 SOME FULLY & SOME P>TIALLY1 & P]HAPS 9 TIME !Y >E ALL DE/9$ TO GO4 ,! RE/ ( ! KIT*5 WORK MAY FOLL[4 ,:E!R IT WILL BE DONE 9 A C5TRAL KIT*5 = A HUNDR$ FAMILIES AT A TIME1 OR BY BR++ ! FOOD TO ! HOME ALREADY COOK$ AT MEALTIME1 OR BY ANY ( V>I\S O!R S*EMES1 WILL DEP5D 5TIRELY ON ! DEM& FROM A L>GE 5\< NUMB] ( PEOPLE4 ,PRICE ,)\T ,PRIVILEGE 7,T>IFFS1 ,FRAN*ISES4 ,ETC47 ,EV]Y WOMAN & MAN 9 ! /REET HAS A G5]AL IDEA ?AT ! REASON IT IS SO H>D TO MAKE BO? 5DS MEET IS BECAUSE PRICES >E TOO HI<4 ,& PRICES >E TOO HI< - ESPECIALLY ! PRICES ( ! FOOD & CLO!S & %OES & FURNITURE ?AT EV]YBODY EATS & WE>S & USES4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ WIDESPREAD FACTORS ( HI< PRICES IS ! SPECIAL PRIVILEGE ( G\G+ ! CONSUM] (F]$ SO G5]\SLY BY ! GOV]NM5T TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/S ?R\< ! T>IFF4 ,! WORD 0T>IFF0 IS ITSELF A SYMBOL ( PIRACY4 ,IT COMES FROM ! ,>ABIC WORD = ACC\NT OR RECORD & IS SAID TO HAVE DRIFT$ 9TO ! ,SPANI% & ,FR5* LANGUAGES & !NCE TO ,5GLI%1 AS ! T]M US$ = ! ACC\NT+ REQUIR$ ( M]*ANT %IPS BY ! PIRATES ( ! ,NOR? ,AFRICAN COA/ & ! ,EA/]N ,M$IT]RANEAN4 ,! 0T>IFF0 BECAME ! TRIBUTE PAID TO AVOID SEIZURE4 ,IT HAS CONT9U$ TO BE PIRATES' TRIBUTE ?R\<\T ITS USE1 EV5 BY ! MO/ RESPECTABLE GOV]NM5TS4 ,MUTUALI/S >E FREE TRAD]S BECAUSE !Y BELIEVE 9 FRE$OM1 & NOT1 LIKE ! ,DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 BECAUSE !Y MU/ HAVE A POLITICAL CAMPAIGN ISSUE2 OR LIKE ! ,S+LE ,TAX]S1 BECAUSE !Y BELIEVE 9 COLLECT+ ALL TAXES FROM ! L& ALONE4 ,!Y >E AGA9/ ! T>IFF TAX = ! SAME REASON ?AT !Y >E AGA9/ ALL O!R TAXES - NAMELY1 ?AT ALL COMPULSORY TAXATION CONTRAV5ES ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL LIB]TY2 & = ! FUR!R REASON ?AT ALL ! S]VICES & ACTIVITIES = :I* TAXES >E N[ COLLECT$ C\LD BE MORE EFFICI5TLY & MORE *EAPLY P]=M$ ?R\< 9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISE & VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION4 ,! M]E/ TYRO 9 ! /UDY ( POLITICAL ECONOMY KN[S ?AT ! G5]AL EFFECT ( A T>IFF ON IMPORTS IS TO RAISE ! PRICE1 NOT ONLY ( ! >TICLE ACTUALLY IMPORT$1 BUT ALSO ( ALL SU* >TICLES PRODUC$ 9SIDE ! T>IFF B>RI]4 ,NORMALLY1 ! DOME/IC PRODUC] MAY ADD TO ! PRICE ( HIS PRODUCT ! ACTUAL DUTY ?AT ! IMPORT] MU/ PAY1 & CAN POCKET ?AT AS HIS EXTRA PR(IT4 ,ONLY :5 ! PRODUCTION CO/ ( ! =EIGN >TICLE IS SO L[ ?AT IT CAN BE DELIV]$ 9SIDE ! B>RI]1 DUTY PAID1 AT A PRICE NO HI<] ?AN ! DOME/IC PRODUC] W\LD HAVE TO *>GE IF !RE W]E NO DUTY1 CAN ! LATT] BE PREV5T$ FROM EXACT+ HIS SUP]-PR(IT4 ,H[EV]1 S9CE T>IFFS >E NEV] IMPOS$ /RICTLY & FLATLY1 = REV5UE ONLY1 & S9CE ! MA9 OBJECT ( SU* IMPO/ - 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 AT ANY RATE - HAS BE5 ! PROTECTION ( C]TA9 HOME 9DU/RIES1 C>E IS SCRUPUL\SLY TAK5 TO PLACE ! DUTY AT SU* A PO9T ?AT ! PRIVILEG$ ONES REAP ! B5EFIT4 ,NO ONE1 N[ADAYS1 HAS ! EFFRONT]Y TO PRET5D ?AT ANY ONE BUT ! CONSUM] PAYS ! DUTY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 EV]Y FRACTION ( A C5T ?AT IS EXACT$ BY ! CU/OMS COLLECTOR IS REFLECT$ PROMPTLY & EQUALLY 9 ! PRICE ( ! TAX$ COMMODITY1 :E!R IT BE ! IMPORT$ OR ! DOME/IC >TICLE4 ,NOT ONLY ?AT1 BUT ! G5]AL T5D5CY IS TO PYRAMID ! PRICES ( T>IFF-PROTECT$ >TICLES ?R\< ! FACT ?AT A PR(IT IS *>G$ UPON ! T>IFF AT EV]Y EX*ANGE1 EA* MIDDLEMAN ?R\< :OSE H&S IT PASSES TAK+ HIS TOLL4 ,:AT ! EFFECT ON PRICES W\LD BE W]E ! T>IFF COMPLETELY ABOLI%$ IS EASILY PICTUR$ :5 ALL ! FACTORS CONTROLL+ PRODUCTION CO/S 9 ! V>I\S =EIGN C\NTRIES >E TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION4 ,N[1 ! T>IFF TAX1 LIKE ALL ! COMPULSORILY LEVI$ EXACTIONS ( GOV]NM5T1 IS A DIRECT VIOLATION ( ! PR9CIPLES ( ,MUTUALISM2 & IT IS ESPECIALLY OBNOXI\S BECAUSE IT MAKES NO PRET5SE AT BE+ EQUITABLE4 ,IT IS ONE ( ! F\R MAJOR PRIVILEGES :I* 5ABLE ! B5EFICI>IES !RE( TO EXACT TRIBUTE FROM ! UNPROTECT$ & UNPRIVILEG$ CITIZ54 ,IT IS ONE ( ! MO!RS ( MONOPOLY1 & MANY GREAT TRU/S W\LD F9D IT IMPOSSIBLE TO WAX FAT )\T IT4 ,IF ONE BUYS AN ORD9>Y UNION SUIT1 MORE ?AN ONE-?IRD ( ITS PRICE IS !RE BY REASON ( ! T>IFF PLAC$ ON =EIGN IMPORTS ( UNION SUITS4 ,MO/ UNION SUITS B\E ,AM]ICAN MADE1 SO ?AT ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF DID NOT GET ! T>IFF REV5UE1 BUT ! MANUFACTUR] ( ! UNION SUIT DID4 ,A FRACTIONAL P>T HE MAY HAVE PASS$ ALONG TO HIS WORK]S AS WAGES1 BUT MO/ ( IT HE POCKET$4 ,9 ADDITION TO ?IS ORIG9AL PR(IT TO ! MANUFACTUR] !RE >E COMP\ND$ PR(ITS ALL ALONG ! L9E ( DI/RIBUTION4 ,ON A @s #c4 UNION SUIT ! JOBB] PAYS ! @s #a4 T>IFF PR(IT & *ANGES #b P] C5T ON ?AT4 ,! :OLESAL] PAYS ! @s #a4#b & WILL ADD ANO!R #b P] C5T2 & SO IT GOES D[N ! L9E - PR(IT MADE 9 EV]Y CASE ON ! CO/ & ON ! T>IFF SUR*>GE P]MITT$4 ,& F9ALLY ! DEAL] *>GES ! CU/OM] AN EXTRA @s #a4#g#e OR @s #b4 ABOVE :AT W\LD BE *>G$ IF ! T>IFF W]E NOT ACT+ TO CONT9UALLY 9FLATE PRICES4 ,!RE IS A T>IFF *>GE 9 PRACTICALLY EV]Y?+ ?AT ONE EATS & WE>S1 & IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT 9 EV]Y CASE ! ORIG9AL T>IFF *>GE IS COMP\ND$ OV] & OV] AS ! GOODS >E B\ & TO FURNITURE1 TO SAFETY RAZORS & TO M5'S SUIT+S4 ,! M9IMUM T>IFF *>G$ UPON DUTIABLE GOODS 7MO/ ( ! ?+S 9 ! H\SEHOLD7 IS AB\T #c P] C5T & HAS BE5 SO UND] BO? ,DEMOCRATIC & ,REPUBLICAN ADM9I/RATIONS = FIFTY YE>S4 ,) ! ADDITIONS ( COMP\ND$ PR(IT1 ! TOTAL PAID EASILY AM\NTS TO #e P] C5T ( ! ORIG9AL & PROP] CO/4 ,) ITS REMOVAL1 PRICES W\LD IMM$IATELY FALL TO !IR PROP] 9T]NATIONALLY COMPETITIVE LEVEL4 ,?IS1 TOGE!R ) ! VA/ 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION EFFECT$ UND] ,MUTUALISM1 W\LD MEAN ?AT ! PROBLEM ( MAK+ BO? 5DS MEET W\LD BE SOLV$4 ,WE RECOGNIZE1 H[EV]1 ?AT A PREMATURE REMOVAL ( ! T>IFF W\LD GIVE ?IS C\NTRY AN UNFAVORABLE TRADE BALANCE4 ,AN EXT5D$ P]IOD ( FREE TRADE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W\LD HAVE A T5D5CY TO DRA9 ! GOLD 9TO SU* C\NTRIES AS ,5GL& & ,G]MANY1 :I*1 ) !IR L[-PRIC$ LABOR1 C\LD FLOOD ?IS C\NTRY ) !IR *EAP] PRODUCTS1 ?US CAUS+ 7UND] ! PRES5T MONOPOLI/IC SY/EM ( CR$IT7 A SC>CITY ( MONEY H]E & =C+ ?IS C\NTRY TO BORR[ ! GOLD BACK AGA9 & PAY 9T]E/ = ITS USE4 ,! LABOR]S 9 ! UNPROTECT$ 9DU/RIES1 ?\< GA9+ BY ! R$UCTION ( PRICES :5 ! T>IFF WAS TAK5 (F1 W\LD HAVE TO FACE ! COMPETITION ( ! LABOR]S ?R[N \T ( EMPLOYM5T 9 ! 9DU/RIES :I* W]E =M]LY PROTECT$1 AGA9 DEPRESS+ WAGES TO A L[] LEVEL4 ,SO1 :ILE ,MUTUALI/S FULLY COMPREH5D ! \TRAGE\S BOO/+ ( PRICES BY ! T>IFF1 !Y W\LD NOT FAVOR ITS G5]AL REMOVAL UNLESS C\PL$ ) ! 9AUGURATION ( ?AT FREE TRADE 9 BANK+ :I* W\LD MAKE MONEY & WORK ABUNDANT4 ,WE MAY BE SURE ?AT :]EV] WE F9D LEGALIZ$ MONOPOLY !RE IS EXPLOITATION ( ! CONSUM]4 ,! T>IFF EXHIBITS IT V]Y CLE>LY1 BUT NO LESS C]TA9 IS ! EXPLOITATION EFFECT$ BY FRAN*ISE HOLD]S4 ,IT IS WORK$ LIKE ?IS3 ,AN 5T]PRIS+ ATTORNEY )\T CLI5TS HAS HAD TIME TO GET TOGE!R A NUMB] ( BUS9ESS M5 & RAISE ! MONEY = A LOCAL P[] PLANT4 ,! BUS9ESS M5 HAVE 9 TURN 9DUC$ POLITICIANS TO GRANT A FRAN*ISE4 ,IMM$IATELY ! FRAN*ISE IS GRANT$ IT HAS BE5 CALCULAT$ TO BE WOR? SOME?+ 9 GOOD WILL4 ,& ! GOOD WILL 9 TURN HAS BE5 *>G$ = AS P>T ( ! CAPITAL ON :I* A PR(IT HAD TO BE MADE4 ,! ,/ATE ITSELF HAS BE5 COMPELL$ TO CURB SOME ( ! EXORBITANT *>GES MADE POSSIBLE ?R\< FRAN*ISE ( PUBLIC UTILITIES1 LITTLE RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ! FRAN*ISE ITSELF IS ! CAUSE ( EXPLOITATION4 ,BUT CAN ! GREAT 5T]PRISES NECESS>Y TO ! PUBLIC S]VICE ( \R COMPLEX 9DU/RIAL CIVILIZATION BE DEVELOP$ & MA9TA9$ )\T PROTECTIVE FRAN*ISES & EV5 GOV]NM5T SUBSIDY8 ,!Y CANNOT PAY A MONOPOLI/IC PR(IT )\T PROTECTION1 BUT ,MUTUALI/S >E QUITE SURE !Y CAN GIVE S]VICE )\T IT1 &1 MORE1 ?AT1 ?R\< ! PRESSURE ( COMPETITION1 !Y WILL DO SO4 ,PUBLIC UTILITY CORPORATIONS OP]AT+ UND] EXCLUSIVE FRAN*ISES >E NOT SUBJECT TO DIRECT COMPETITION4 ,! RATES !Y MAY *>GE = !IR S]VICES >E USUALLY FIX$ BY ! COMMISSIONS OR ! LEGISLATIVE BODIES GRANT+ ! FRAN*ISES4 ,!SE RATES >E BAS$ ON ! PREVAIL+ RATE ( 9T]E/1 & AT PRES5T G5]ALLY >E SEV5 P] C5T OR MORE ON VALUATIONS1 :I*1 ?R\< 9CLUSION ( CAPITALIZ$ FRAN*ISES1 GOOD WILL & GO+ CONC]N VALUE1 >E USUALLY VA/LY GREAT] ?AN ! CO/ ( ! PHYSICAL PROP]TY UPON :I* ! RATES >E COLLECT$4 ,! ,MUTUAL ,BANK1 BY R$UC+ 9T]E/ TO Z]O ?R\< ! MONETIZATION ( AVAILABLE WEAL?1 W\LD =CE RATES TO CON=MITY TO ! NEW CONDITIONS1 OR ANSW] TO AN >\S$ PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,! PUBLIC UTILITY CORPORATIONS ?US W\LD BE %ORN ( !IR P[] TO PILF]1 & W\LD EV5TUALLY BE TRANS=M$ 9TO ORGANIZATIONS R5D]+ S]VICE AT CO/4 ,SEMI-,PUBLIC ,S]VICES ,UND] ,MUTUALISM ,FREQU5TLY1 ,MUTUALI/S >E ASK$ H[ !Y PROPOSE TO RUN RAILROADS1 L>GE /EAM%IP L9ES1 BUILD COMMUNAL SEW]S1 /REETS1 WAT] SY/EMS & ! LIKE4 ,TO A ,EUROPEAN1 ACCU/OM$ TO HAV+ ! RAILROADS RUN BY HIS GOV]NM5T1 IT SEEMS NE>LY 9COMPREH5SIBLE ?AT SU* A PUBLIC NECESSITY C\LD BE RUN PRIVATELY4 ,YET RAILROADS >E RUN BY PRIVATE CONC]NS 9 MANY C\NTRIES1 9CLUD+ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,! FACT ?AT !Y FLEECE ! PUBLIC IS DUE TO CAUSES O!R ?AN ! FACT ?AT !Y >E PRIVATELY [N$4 ,IT IS DUE TO ! GOV]NM5T-DELEGAT$ MONOPOLY ( FRAN*ISE1 C\PL$ ) ?OSE ( L&1 MONEY1 & PAT5TS ,UND] ,MUTUALISM1 COMPETITION WILL HOLD ! *>GES ( RAILROADS D[N TO APPROXIMATE CO/4 ,= 9/ANCE3 SUPPOSE ?AT AN ASSOCIATION ( %IPP]S DECID$ TO BUILD A ROAD FROM ,NEW ,YORK TO ! ,WE/ ,COA/1 GIV+ S]VICE AT CO/ TO ITS MEMB]S4 ,! M]E ?REAT W\LD HAVE A :OLESOME EFFECT ON ! EXI/+ RAILROADS4 ,BUT IF ?AT DOES NOT HELP1 !N A NEW ROAD WILL BE BUILT2 &1 ! CONTROL ( CR$IT BE+ NO LONG] 9 ! H&S ( ! F9ANCI]S1 !RE WILL BE NO DIFFICULTY 9 GETT+ ! NECESS>Y CR$IT ?R\< ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK4 ,! OLD ROADS WILL BE COMPELL$ TO MEET ! SITUATION4 ,AN 9T]E/+ EXP]I5CE ) ! RAILROADS C\LD BE SE5 9 ,G]MANY 9 #a#i#b#e-#a#i#b#f4 ,UND] ! ,DAWES PLAN1 ! GOV]NM5T ROADS >E PRACTICALLY TAK5 OV] BY A PRIVATE CORPORATION1 UND] A TRU/EE%IP1 ! GOV]NM5T ACT+ M]ELY AS ONE ( ! MANY /OCKHOLD]S4 ,TRAVEL]S 9 ,G]MANY COMM5T$ P>TICUL>LY ON ! *ANG$ ATTITUDE ( ! RAILWAY (FICIALS 9 REG>D TO ! TREATM5T ( PASS5G]S4 ,! T5D5CY ( PUBLIC FUNCTION>IES EV]Y:]E1 9CLUD+ ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA1 IS TO BECOME DICTATORIAL & OV]BE>+ T[>D ! PUBLIC1 & ,G]MANY WAS ! ,EL ,DORADO = ?IS1 ON ACC\NT ( ITS MANY SOCIALI/ V5TURES 9 GOV]NM5T4 ,AFT] ! TRANSF]1 ! ROAD DEVELOP$ AN 9T]E/ 9 TREAT+ ITS CU/OM]S DEC5TLY1 AS DOES ANY PRIVATE CONC]N1 S9CE !Y >E ! S\RCE ( ITS 9COME & V]Y EXI/5CE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HAV+ ! MA9 BACKBONE ( GOV]NM5TAL 5T]PRISES TAK5 AWAY - NAMELY1 ! RILY OPPON5TS ?AT IT WAS ORIG9ALLY E/ABLI%$ TO REW>D ! POLITICALLY DES]V+ & TO MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO :IP UP ! VOTE 9 ! BACK-C\NTRY 9 TIMES ( NE$4 ,AT ANY RATE1 WE KN[ ?AT :5 IT WAS E/ABLI%$ !RE WAS 9 EXI/5CE A PRETTY EFFECTIVE SY/EM ( 9T]CONNECT$ PRIVATE PO/ R\TES ?AT W]E GRADUALLY CRU%$ BY GOV]NM5TAL DISFAVOR & LEGISLATIVE RE/RICTION4 ,EV] S9CE ?AT TIME1 ANY VIRILE COMPETITOR HAS BE5 CRU%$ - NEV] BY COMPETITION BUT ALWAYS BY RE/RICTIVE & CONFISCATORY LAWS4 ,:51 9 #a#h#d#d1 ,LYS&] ,SPOON] ?REAT5$ TO PUT ! GOV]NM5T PO/-(FICE \T ( BUS9ESS ?R\< HIS PRIVATE COMPETITIVE SY/EM1 ! ,CONGRESS HURRI$LY CUT LETT] PO/ RATES A ?IRD1 & !N 9 PANIC CUT !M AGA9 9 HALF - MAK+ UP ! OP]AT+ DEFICIT BY A NEW SET ( T>IFF EXACTIONS4 ,F9D+ ?AT ?IS 5T]PRIS+ ,YANKEE /ILL ?REAT5$ TO GIVE A BETT] S]VICE AT L[] CO/1 ,CONGRESS \TLAW$ ! PRIVATE TRANSPORT ( LETT] MAIL4 ,?R\< ?REAT ( PROSECUTION1 ,SPOON] WAS COMPELL$ TO QUIT1 BUT HIS ACTIVITY HAD1 9 A YE>1 CUT ! PO/AL *>GES ( ! C\NTRY TO ONE ?IRD ( ! =M] AM\NT4 ,= ALMO/ A HALF C5TURY ! ,WELLS-,F>GO ,EXPRESS ,COMPANY BEAT ! GOV]NM5T 9 OP5 COMPETITION AS A C>RI] ( LETT]S ?R\<\T ! :OLE ,WE/]N ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,AT FIR/ ! PRIVATE COMPANY GAVE ! BETT] DEAL BO? AS TO CO/ & S]VICE4 ,EV5 ?\<1 LAT]1 ! GOV]NM5T CONFISCAT$ P>T ( ! COMPANY'S RECEIPTS ?R\< COMPELL+ IT TO PAY FULL PO/AGE ?\< A GOV]NM5T EMPLOYEE NEV] T\*$ A LETT] IT C>RI$1 IT CONT9U$ TO HOLD MU* ( ITS PO/AL BUS9ESS = YE>S1 UNTIL IT WAS GRADUALLY OV]COME BY HEAVILY-SUBSIDIZ$ RURAL R\TES4 ,QUITE REC5TLY 5T]PRIS+ LADS 9 ! L>G] CITIES PROV$ !MSELVES ABLE TO TAKE FROM ! GOV]NM5T ! BUS9ESS ( H&L+ LETT] MAIL BETWE5 (FICE BUILD+S4 ,?AT TOO1 HAS BE5 /AMP$ \T BY GOV]NM5TAL DECREE &1 AL?\< ONE IS /ILL P]MITT$ TO S5D A NOTE BY MESS5G]1 ?IS GREATE/ ,AM]ICAN ,SOCIALI/ 9/ITUTION N[ HAS A CLE> FIELD - & ITS PRICES >E BEG9N+ TO RISE4 ,) ?IS EXP]I5CE BEH9D US CAN ANYONE BE FE>FUL ( PRIVATE & COMPETITIVE PO/AL S]VICES8 ,:ILE IT MAY BE QUITE PAT5T TO MO/ PEOPLE1 !RE >E SOME :O CANNOT VISUALIZE H[ /REETS & HI<-WAYS WILL BE BUILT BY ANY O!R AG5CY ?AN ?AT ( GOV]NM5T4 ,MO/ P]SONS CAN ONLY IMAG9E PR(IT ORGANIZATIONS ON ! ONE H&1 OR COMPULSORY ORGANIZATIONS1 SU* AS GOV]NM5TS1 ON ! O!R1 AS AG5CIES = C>RY+ ON ! BUS9ESS ( SOCIETY4 ,ONCE !Y GET ! IDEA ?AT NONPR(IT ORGANIZATIONS CAN TAKE OV] ?OSE FUNCTIONS )\T G\G+ ! PUBLIC & ALSO )\T 5SLAV+ ! PEOPLE1 IT IS EASY TO %[ !M H[ MORE 9VOLV$ PROBLEMS CAN BE TAK5 C>E (4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE1 WE MAY PO9T TO ! V>I\S AUTOMOBILE CLUBS 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 & TAKE AS AN EXAMPLE ! ,AUTOMOBILE ,CLUB ( ,S\!RN ,CALI=NIA4 ,?IS NONPR(IT ORGANIZATION WAS />T$ 9 #ai BY A FEW MOTORI/S ) ! OBJECT ( MUTUAL PROTECTION1 ! PROMOTION ( GOOD HIE BE+ MA9TA9$ BY ?IS CLUB4 ,IT FURNI%ES 9SURANCE TO MEMB]S )\T A PR(IT2 IT EMPLOYS EXP]I5C$ DETECTIVES TO FOIL C> !FT & RECOV] /OL5 AUTOMOBILES2 & ! HIE/ G>AGE1 *ANG+ ( TIRES1 FURNI%+ ( GASOL9E OR OIL AT CO/1 GIV+ FREE 9=MATION1 REMOV+ ( GLASS FROM ! HIY SIGNS1 9 %ORT1 AID+ 9/EAD ( H>ASS+ ! MOTORI/4 ,:Y >E ALL !SE ACTIVITIES REC\NT$8 ,BECAUSE !Y %[1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 A NONPR(IT ORGANIZATION AT WORK AT ! PRES5T TIME2 SECONDLY1 BECAUSE !Y PROVE ?AT SU* ORGANIZATIONS MAY BE PUBLIC SPIRIT$ & EXT5D B5EFITS TO O!RS :O DO NOT PAY = !M2 &1 ?IRDLY1 BECAUSE H]E IS AN ORGANIZATION ?AT MIE 5GAG$ 9 ROAD BUILD+ & 9 ORGANIZ+ & CONDUCT+ PO/AL S]VICE4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 WE MAY ASSUME ?AT :5 ! TIME COMES1 = ! QUE/ION TO BE SOLV$1 AN ASSOCIATION WILL BE =M$ 9 ANY GIV5 DI/RICT CONSI/+ ( ! ,AUTOMOBILE ,CLUB1 ! ,CITIZ5S' ,ROAD2 ,LEAGUE1 ! ,*AMB] ( ,COMM]CE1 ! LOCAL ,IMPROVEM5T ,CLUB1 ! ,MOTOR ,EXPRESS ,ASSOCIATION1 ETC4 ,ANYONE :O HAS ACQUIR$ ! M5TAL HABIT ( DEM&+ PAT]NALISM )\T HAV+ GIV5 MU* ?\TIES 9T]E/$1 & ON A SCALE NOT ANY L>G] ?AN MANY O!R UND]TAK+S ( TODAY1 H&L$ )\T ! HELP ( =CE4 ,IF ROADS >E BUILT BY BUS9ESS ORGANIZATIONS1 IT GOES )\T SAY+ ?AT CORRUPTION1 :I* IS ALWAYS CONNECT$ ) SIMIL> UND]TAK+S ( GOV]NM5TAL AU?ORITIES1 WILL BE ABS5T4 ,9 A SIMIL> WAY IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO H&LE O!R SEMIPUBLIC 5T]PRISES1 SU* AS SEW]S1 WAT] SUPPLIES1 P[] PLANTS1 ORGANIZATION ( TRAFFIC ON ! /REETS & 9 ! AIR1 OR RADIO BROADCA/+2 ?AT IS1 ?R\< ! ORGANIZATION ( ! 9T]E/$4 ,TAKE TRAFFIC1 = 9/ANCE4 ,?IS IS ADMITT$LY NOT A POLICE1 BUT AN 5G9E]+ PROBLEM4 ,! ROAD LEAGUE W\LD BUILD ! /REETS ) AN EYE TO PREV5T+ CONGE/ION & DANG]\S CROSS+S4 ,! AUTOMOBILE CLUB W\LD HAVE ITS (FIC]S DIRECT+ TRAFFIC & CALL+ PEOPLE'S ATT5TION TO ! OBS]VANCE ( NECESS>Y RULES1 P]SONALLY & ?R\< $UCATIONAL CAMPAIGNS4 ,IF IT IS KEPT 9 M9D ?AT 9 =M] TIMES !RE W]E A GREAT MANY ACTIVITIES ?AT W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE POSSIBLE ONLY UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( AU?ORITY OR CO]CIVE REGULATION :I* >E N[ LEFT ) BETT] RESULTS TO ! FREE CONTRACTUAL >RANGEM5TS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS1 IT IS EASI] TO SEE ?AT M5 >E CAPABLE ( LE>N+ TO DO BY VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION 9 ! FUTURE MU* ?AT N[ SEEMS DIFFICULT )\T ! /RONG >M ( GOV]NM5T4 ,! GUILDS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES PRESCRIB$ V]Y M9UTELY & N>R[LY ! /ATUS ( ! PRODUC]S1 PREV5T+ DEVELOPM5T BY !IR 9ELA/IC LAWS1 :I* W]E ?\S1 HAS F9ALLY LE>N$ TO REALIZE ! FACT ?AT M5 WILL NOT =EV] BE CODDL$ & H$G$ 9 BY PRECEPTS & RE/RICTIONS ?AT HAVE NO?+ BUT COMPULSION BEH9D !M4 ,! HUMAN RACE IS GETT+ ALONG FAM\SLY ) A GREAT] AM\NT ( LIB]TY 9 ?OSE MATT]S1 & ! REMOVAL ( RE/RICTIONS HAS ALWAYS DEVELOP$ & WILL ALWAYS DEVELOP ! ABILITY TO DO )\T !M4 ,*,A,P,T,] ,V,I4 ,L,& ,& ,R,5,T ,! PROBLEM ( L& [N]%IP & USE IS UND\BT$LY ONE ( ! IMPORTANT ISSUES 9 ANY PROPOSAL = ECONOMIC REORGANIZATION4 ,L&1 9 ITS ECONOMIC S5SE1 MEANS NOT ONLY ! E>?1 BUT ALL NATURAL RES\RCES AS WELL4 ,IT MEANS ALL NATURAL OPPORTUNITIES = LABOR TO EX]T ITSELF4 0,LABOR1 9 ORD] TO PRODUCE10 SAYS ,JOHN ,BEV]LY ,ROB9SON1 0MU/ HAVE MAT]IAL :]EUPON TO WORK1 A PLACE TO /& :ILE WORK+1 A PLACE TO LIE :ILE SLEEP+4 ,! F>M] USES L& DIRECTLY2 ! COBBL] & ACTOR BO? DIRECTLY & 9DIRECTLY4 ,BO? COBBL] & ACTOR MU/ HAVE A PLACE TO LIVE & A PLACE TO WORK1 & = !SE !Y USE L& DIRECTLY2 ! COBBL]1 9 ADDITION1 MU/ HAVE LEA!R1 :I* ULTIMATELY COMES FROM ! SOIL2 & BO? COBBL] & ACTOR MU/ HAVE FOOD1 :I* ALSO COMES FROM ! SOIL2 & = !SE !Y >E DEP5D+ UPON ! L& 9DIRECTLY4 0,EV5 WAT] IS L&1 ECONOMICALLY SPEAK+4 ,OPPORTUNITIES TO PRODUCE >E PRES5T$ BY WAT]FALLS = P[] & BY RIV]S = IRRIGATION1 BY LAKES & OCEANS = FI%]IES & BY ALL NAVIGABLE WAT]S = TRANSPORTATION4 4440 0,IF ! :OLE E>? W]E [N$ BY ONE-MAN1 IT W\LD MEAN ?AT HE W\LD HAVE ABSOLUTE P[]1 9 LAW1 TO PREV5T ALL ! RE/ FROM WORK+ OR EV5 EXI/+ UPON IT4 ,HE C\LD PUT UP HIS SIGNS1 ',TRESPASS]S NOT ALL[$1' & !RE W\LD BE NO?+ = IT BUT TO EMIGRATE TO ANO!R PLANET4 ,OR IF ! E>? W]E [N$ BY A HUNDR$ MILLION M51 IT W\LD LEAVE ! REMA9+ F\RTE5 HUNDR$ MILLION EQUALLY SUBJECT TO ! SOV]EIGN WILL ( ! L& [N]S40 0,& ?AT IS PRECISELY ! /ATE ( AFFAIRS ?AT PREVAILS TODAY4 ,! POPULATION ( ! E>? IS E/IMAT$ AT SOME?+ LIKE #ae MILLIONS4 ,( !SE1 H[ MANY >E L& [N]S8 ,WE CAN ONLY GUESS4 ,ONE 9 T58 ,SURELY NOT AS MANY AS ?AT4 ,ONE 9 A HUNDR$8 ,P]HAPS ONE 9 A HUNDR$4 ,?AT W\LD BE FIFTE5 MILLIONS :O [N ! E>? & HOLD ! LIVES ( ! REMA9+ F\RTE5 HUNDR$ & EIY TO ANY DISCUSSION ( NATURAL RES\RCES1 IT %\LD BE PO9T$ \T ?AT ,MUTUALISM APPROA*ES ?IS MATT] FROM AN ANGLE TOTALLY DIFF]5T FROM1 & EV5 DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO1 ?AT FROM :I* IT IS TREAT$ BY ALL AU?ORIT>IAN SOLUTIONS ( ! PROBLEMS 9VOLV$4 ,ALL ?OSE MOVEM5TS BAS+ !IR DOCTR9E ON AU?ORITY HAVE PRECISE PLANS & METICUL\SLY WORK$ \T =MULAS COV]+ EV]Y PHASE ( ! SUBJECT & PROVID+ = EV]Y CONT+5CY ?AT MAY >ISE 9 ! APPLICATION & ADM9I/RATION ( !IR PROPOSALS4 ,?IS IS POSSIBLE BECAUSE !Y HAVE ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE BEH9D !M TO 5=CE !IR S*EMES4 ,!Y >E ABLE TO SAY ?AT ! ?+ %ALL BE DONE ?US & SO BECAUSE ALL ! POLICE & MILIT>Y P[] ( ! NATION MAY BE MOBILIZ$ TO CAUSE ?+S TO HAPP5 JU/ AS !Y HAVE PLANN$ TO HAVE !M HAPP54 ,) ,MUTUALISM1 NO SU* CONV5I5T MEANS ( BR++ AB\T ITS AIMS IS AVAILABLE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,MUTUALI/S EXPECT NO REVOLUTION OR CATACLYSM ( ANY SORT TO U%] 9 ! NEW ]A1 & RELY 9 NO S5SE UPON PHYSICAL =CE TO IMPOSE !IR IDEAS UPON DISS5T+ PEOPLE4 ,!Y REALIZE ?AT ! ADOPTION ( ANY OR ALL ( !IR PROPOSALS MU/ COME AB\T ONLY ?R\< ! NORMAL PROCESSES ( EVOLUTION2 9DUC$1 FIR/1 BY $UCATION1 &1 SECOND1 BY A DEMON/RATION1 BY ?OSE :O UND]/& ! PROBLEM1 ( ! SUP]IORITY ( !IR SOLUTION & ( ITS COMPLETE WORKABILITY 9 EV]Y PHASE ( MOD]N LIFE4 ,!RE=E1 9 ! MATT] ( L& T5URE1 ,MUTUALI/S F9D !MSELVES MIDWAY BETWE5 ! TWO EXTREMES ( ?\E N[ 5GAG+ ! ATT5TION ( ! WORLD4 ,ON ! ONE H& IS ! REGIME N[ RECOGNIZ$ & 9 PRACTICE OV] ! GREAT] P>T ( ! CIVILIZ$ WORLD1 9 :I* ABSOLUTE TITLES TO ! POSSESSION ( L& >E GRANT$ & DEF5D$ BY A SUPREME AU?ORITY2 ON ! O!R H& >E ?OSE NON-LIB]T>IAN RE=M]S :O PROPOSE TO PUT ! L& COMPLETELY UND] PUBLIC [N]%IP OR CONTROL1 OR TO CONFISCATE A P>T ( ITS PRODUCT4 ,BO? ( !SE 9VOLVE A DELIB]ATE VIOLATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL LIB]TY1 9 ?AT ! =M] P]MITS MONOPOLY ( L& &1 !RE=E1 EXPLOITATION ( SOME 9DIVIDUALS BY O!RS1 :ILE ! LATT] CONTEMPLATES ! SPOLIATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL BY ! ORGANIZ$ =CES ( GOV]NM5T4 ,MUTUALI/S BELIEVE ?AT BO? ( !SE =MS ( 9EQUITY MAY BE AVOID$4 ,!Y BELIEVE NEI!R 9 GIV+ ABSOLUTE TITLES TO ! UNQUALIFI$ POSSESSION ( L&1 NOR 9 D5Y+ ALL TITLES :ATSOEV]4 ,!Y PROPOSE TO RECOGNIZE CONDITIONAL TITLES TO L&1 BAS$ ON OCCUPANCY & USE BY ! [N]2 & !Y 5GAGE TO DEF5D SU* TITLES AGA9/ ALL COM]S1 SO LONG AS ! [N] COMPLIES ) ?OSE SOLE CONDITIONS ( OCCUPY+ & US+ ! L& ( :I* HE CLAIMS ! [N]%IP4 ,UND] !SE T]MS !RE CAN BE NO MONOPOLY ( L&1 & NO ONE :O DESIRES L& = OCCUPANCY & USE MAY GO L&LESS4 ,S9CE NO VACANT L& MAY !N BE HELD \T ( USE IF ANYBODY DESIRES IT1 EA* P]SON MAY1 9 ! ORD] ( ! PRIORITY ( HIS SELECTION & ACCORD+ TO HIS REQUIREM5TS & OCCUPATION1 HAVE EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITY 9 ! SELECTION ( L&4 ,IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ,MUTUALISM NO:]E AV[S ! 9T5TION TO SECURE1 E/ABLI%1 & GU>ANTEE ABSOLUTE EQUALITY AMONG P]SONS4 ,!RE IS NO AU?ORITY OR CRIT]ION 9 NATURE OR 9 REASON = SU* AN UND]TAK+4 ,:AT ,MUTUALI/S DO ADVOCATE & >E WORK+ TO BR+ AB\T IS EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITY1 & NO O!R PROPOS$ SY/EM ( L& T5URE ?AN ?AT ( OCCUPANCY & USE CAN ACCOMPLI% ?AT PURPOSE2 & ?AT T5URE MAY EMBODY ALL ! ADVANTAGES1 :ATEV] !Y MAY BE1 ( ! PRES5T PLAN1 & DISC>D ALL ! DISADVANTAGES4 ,9 ?AT RESPECT1 IT IS 9F9ITELY MORE FLEXIBLE ?AN ! OLD ME?OD ( P]PETUAT+ TITLES ?AT G5]ALLY ORIG9AT$ 9 ROBB]Y4 ,N[1 BE>+ 9 M9D ?IS FUNDAM5TAL CONCEPT ( EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITY1 ,MUTUALISM ATTACKS L& MONOPOLY AT ONCE AT ITS MO/ VULN]ABLE PO9T2 & :]E ITS OPPRESSION IS GREATE/ - ?AT IS1 9 ! HOLD+ ( VACANT L& \T ( USE4 ,:ILE ! HI< PRICES ( REAL E/ATE 7& ! CONSEQU5T 5ORM\S R5TALS7 9 ! CONGE/$ >EAS ( ! L>GE CITIES 9VITE ! ATTACK ( ! V>I\S O!R L& RE=M]S1 ,MUTUALI/S REALIZE ?AT !SE COMP>ATIVELY SMALL P>CELS ( L& :I* >E OCCUPI$ & US$ BY SU* L>GE NUMB]S ( PEOPLE >E NOT SO MU* OBJECTS ( !IR IMM$IATE CONC]N AS >E ?OSE VA/ TRACTS HELD \T ( USE BY L& SPECULATORS :ILE MILLIONS >E DEPRIV$ ( ! OPPORTUNITY TO OCCUPY & USE !M4 ,TO PROPOSE TO DESPOIL ! PRES5T POSSESSORS ( VALUABLE URBAN PROP]TY1 :5 !Y >E ALMO/ NEV] ! ORIG9AL SETTL]S & ONLY R>ELY ! DIRECT DESC5DANTS ( ?OSE SETTL]S1 BE+ !MSELVES MORE (T5 ! VICTIMS ?AN ! B5EFICI>IES ( ! MONOPOLI/IC SY/EM1 W\LD 9 ITSELF BE A VIOLATION ( /RICT EQUITY4 ,:5 IT COMES TO BE SE5 BY 5LIATIVELY SIMPLE MATT] = ! PRES5T OCCUPI]S & US]S ( ?OSE HITM5T H\SES1 N[ BE+ DUPLICAT$ BY ?AT ( COOP]ATIVE (FICE BUILD+S1 %[S H[ EASY IS ! TRANSITION FROM ! /ATUS ( L&LORD & T5ANT TO ?AT ( COOP]ATIVE OCCUPANCY-&-USE [N]%IP4 ,MUTUALI/S1 !RE=E1 DO NOT FEEL CALL$ UPON TO MAKE !IR 9ITIAL ATTACK UPON ! VALIDITY ( TITLES TO L& N[ OCCUPI$ & US$1 NOT M]ELY BY ONE MAN1 BUT BY MANY M52 BUT !Y DO FEEL CONC]N$ ) ! MONOPOLY ( UNOCCUPI$ L& 9 BO? ! CITY & C\NTRY4 ,?R\< ! FREE+ ( ?IS UNOCCUPI$ L&1 ! CONGE/ION 9 CR[D$ C5T]S W\LD BE REMOV$ & MILLIONS ( P]SONS W\LD BE RELEAS$ FROM ! GRASP ( ! L&LORD4 ,! ,R5T-,PAY] ,T5ANCY ON F>MS1 ADMITT$LY AN UNDESIRABLE CONDITION1 IS 9CREAS+ YE> BY YE>4 ,! FIX$ CAPITAL REQUIR$ IS SO GREAT AS TO MAKE [N]%IP ( F>MS BY F>M]S MORE & MORE DIFFICULT4 ,A PRIME NECESSITY ( LIFE IS EASY ACCESS TO ! L&4 ,NATIONALIZATION ( L& W\LD BE AN UNDESIRABLE HALF-WAY MEASURE1 9CREAS+ ! P[]S ( ! ,/ATE )\T PROP]LY COMP5SAT+ ! 9DIVIDUAL = SU* ADDITIONAL CURTAILM5T ( HIS LIB]TY4 ,EV5 IF IT W]E RE-R5T$ TO 9DIVIDUALS UPON PAYM5T TO ! ,/ATE ( ! 0UNE>N$ 9CREM5T10 PREF]5CE VALUE1 OR :ATEV] O!R NAME MIM] W\LD SC>CELY BE BETT] (F ?AN AT PRES5T1 AS LONG AS ! PROBLEM ( EX*ANGE REMA9$ UNSOLV$4 ,! SAME CONDITION MAY BE SE5 9 ! CITY AS WELL AS 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,! EFFECT ( ! MONOPOLY ( MONEY UPON L& IS FIR/ SE5 9 LOANS & DEBT1 UND] MORTGAGE1 & 9 ITS 9FLU5CE UPON BUS9ESS G5]ALLY1 AS MONEY IS MADE SC>CE OR PL5TIFUL4 ,L& VALUES & COMM]CIAL R5TS FOLL[ ! PULSE ( BUS9ESS4 ,R5T IS NOT ONLY G5]ALLY REGULAT$ BY ! RATE ( 9T]E/1 BUT IT IS 9T]E/ ON ! CAPITAL 9VE/$4 ,IF WE !N TAKE ! CO/ ( ! W>EH\SES1 ! DWELL+ H\SES1 & ! L>GE MANUFACTUR+ PLANTS1 IT WILL BE SE5 ?AT ! 9T]E/-R5T USURY F> SURPASSES ! M]E GR\ND-R5T USURY4 ,& :5 WE REALIZE ?AT ! V]Y RISE 9 GR\ND VALUATION IS MA9LY SUBJECT TO MANIPULATION ( MONEY1 ! :OLE QUE/ION ( R5T 9 MOD]N CITIES L>GELY R$UCES ITSELF TO ! QUE/ION ( ! MONOPOLY ( MONEY4 ,)\T ! MONOPOLY ( MONEY1 & ?R\< IT 9DU/RY & BUS9ESS1 R5T MIE ALL ! 9T]E/ COLLECT$ 9 ?IS C\NTRY ON BONDS1 /OCKS1 MORTGAGES & O!R CAPITAL1 ) GR\ND R5T ALONE1 ! LATT] IS BUT A M]E BAGATELLE BESIDE IT4 ,ECONOMIC ,R5T ,LIKE ! DIFF]5CE ?AT EXI/S BETWE5 ! ABILITY ( ONE 9DIVIDUAL & ?AT ( ANO!R1 !RE IS A DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ADVANTAGES ( L& SITES4 ,BO? ( !SE CLASSES ( V>IATION HAVE 5GAG$ ! ATT5TION ( SOCIOLOGI/S & ECONOMI/S = C5TURIES1 ) ! RESULT ?AT !RE HAS BE5 DEVELOP$ A %>P DI/9CTION BETWE5 TWO OPPOS+ VIEWPO9TS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 !RE IS ! GR\P ?AT EXALTS COMPLETE EQUALITY AS ! SUPREME DESID]ATUM1 TO BE A*IEV$ AT :ATEV] CO/2 ON ! O!R H&1 !RE >E ?OSE :O HOLD ?AT LIB]TY IS ! PRIME REQUISITE ( HUMAN HAPP9ESS1 TO BE MA9TA9$ EV5 AT ! EXP5SE ( ABSOLUTE EQUALITY4 ,! \TCOME ( !SE TWO CLAIMS IS ?AT1 9 ! =M] CASE1 ! 5D IS ATTA9$ 9 EQUALITY ( SLAV]Y - AS %[N 9 ,COMMUNISM2 9 ! LATT]1 ! ONLY EQUALITY S\E AS F> SEP>AT$ AS ! POLES1 & !Y >E H]E ?US \TL9$ = ! PURPOSE ( %[+ 7#a7 ?AT1 AS ATTEMPTS TO EQUALIZE ! RESULTS ( ! EX]CISE ( ! ABILITIES ( HUMAN BE+S 5D 9 ,COMMUNISM1 A LIKE ATTEMPT TO EQUALIZE ! RESULTS ( ! USE ( ALL QUALITIES ( L& MU/ 5D 9 ! SAME WAY2 & 7#b7 ?AT1 9 EI!R CASE1 ! 5D CAN BE EV5 APPROXIMATELY A*IEV$ ONLY BY ! USE ( 9VASIVE =CE4 ,N[1 BETWE5 ?OSE :OSE EMOTIONS CAUSE !M TO FEEL ?AT !IR GREATE/ HAPP9ESS LIES 9 EQUALITY ( 5SLAVEM5T & ?OSE :O BELIEVE ?AT HAPP9ESS CAN ONLY BE REALIZ$ ?R\< EQUALITY ( FRE$OM !RE IS A PR(\ND DIV]G5CE1 :I* P]MITS ( NO COMPROMISE4 ,! *OICE MU/ BE MADE BETWE5 ! TWO IRRECONCILABLE POSITIONS4 ,MUTUALI/S HAVE MADE ! *OICE1 & IT IS ON ! SIDE ( LIB]TY ,!RE=E1 HAV+ SO *OS51 !Y RECOGNIZE ?AT1 LIKE HUMAN DIFF]5CES1 L& DIFF]5CES MU/ ALWAYS EXI/4 ,TO ACCEPT ! SITUATION & MAKE ! BE/ ( IT IS !IR POLICY4 ,&1 UNLIKE ?OSE :O IGNORE ! O!R ECONOMIC FACTORS1 ,MUTUALI/S >E NOT DISMAY$1 OR EV5 DI/URB$1 BY ! 9EQUALITIES ?AT RESULT FROM ! ADVANTAGES 5JOY$ BY ! HOLD] ( A SUP]IOR PIECE ( L&4 ,!Y DO NOT CLAIM OR BELIEVE ?AT ALL ?OSE 9EQUALITIES WILL VANI% OR CAN BE MADE TO DISAPPE>1 BUT CONT5D ?AT ECONOMIC PROCESSES >E ALREADY CAUS+ !IR DIM9UTION1 & ?AT ! OP]ATION ( ?OSE =CES :I* ,MUTUALISM WILL 9AUGURATE & NURTURE WILL FUR!R R$UCE ?OSE 9EQUALITIES TO A PO9T :]E !Y MAY BE DISREG>D$4 ,?AT B5EFIT :I* ! HOLD] ( A SUP]IOR SITE REAPS FROM ITS ADVANTAGES ! ECONOMI/S HAVE T]M$ 0ECONOMIC R5T40 ,IT >ISES FROM C]TA9 DIFF]5CES1 :I* >E1 PR9CIPALLY3 ,( QUALITY & F]TILITY ( SOIL2 ( SUB-SURFACE CONT5T2 ( LOCATION2 ( TOPOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS2 ( METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS4 ,ASIDE FROM ! V>I\S POLITICAL MEASURES :I* AU?ORIT>IANS PROPOSE1 !RE IS NO S+LE FACTOR ?AT C\LD ELIM9ATE ECONOMIC R5T2 BUT !RE >E MANY & V>I\S ELEM5TS ?AT >E CON/ANTLY OP]AT+ T[>D ITS EQUALIZATION4 ,! CON/ANT DIM9UTION ( ! PRI/9E F]TILITY ( ! SOIL1 9VOLV+ A PROPORTIONAL 9CREASE 9 ! AM\NT ( LABOR1 CONSI/+1 ( DEEP] CULTIVATION & MORE ABUNDANT F]TILIZATION1 REQUIR$ TO PRODUCE CROPS4 ,?AT ! QUE/ION ( F]TILIZATION ( WORN\T SOILS IS A VITAL ONE 9 E/IMAT+ ! RELATIVE VALUES ( L& IS %[N BY ! FACT ?AT IT REQUIRES AN AV]AGE ( #fgd P\NDS ( COMM]CIAL F]TILIZ] P] CROP ACRE ON ! ORIG9ALLY RI* BUT N[ DEPLET$ SOILS ( ,HOLL& TO SECURE NORMAL CROPS1 :ILE ! AV]AGE = ! COMP>ATIVELY NEW L&S 9 ?IS C\NTRY IS ONLY #f4#d P\NDS4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( TIME1 AT ?AT RATE1 ! ACTUAL UNF]TILIZ$ VALUE ( SOILS MAY BECOME NE>LY EQUAL4 ,UND] ! ,MUTUALI/ L& PROGRAM ( OCCUPANCY & USE1 BE=E L& ?AT IS DI/ANT1 SAY1 A HUNDR$ MILES FROM M>KET1 IS BR\RANT ! PAYM5T ( ! HI<] FREIEAS1 9VOLV+ A CORRESPOND+ 9CREASE 9 CONSUMPTION ( PRODUCTS1 CREATES A DEM& ?AT BR+S 9TO CULTIVATION L& ( LESS] F]TILITY4 ,! OP]ATION ( ?IS =CE IS CONT9U\S1 & SOME ( ! FACTORS P>TICIPAT+ >E AS FOLL[S3 #a4 ,9CREASE 9 TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES4 ,L& ?AT WAS =M]LY ALMO/ 9ACCESSIBLE TO M>KETS HAS1 ?R\< ! USE ( MOTOR TRUCKS1 & AT AN ALMO/ NEGLIGIBLE CO/1 BE5 BR\KETS4 ,! VALUE ( SU* L& IS N[ ALMO/ AS GREAT AS ?AT ( L& MU* CLOS] TO C5T]S ( POPULATION4 ,9 ! DAIRY+ DI/RICTS1 IT HAS BE5 ! PRACTICE ( RAILWAY COMPANIES TO MAKE A FLAT RATE = ! TRANSPORTATION ( MILK1 SO ?AT \TLY+ DI/RICTS1 )9 A C]TA9 SPECIFI$ RADIUS1 5JOY ! SAME RATES AS ?OSE NE> ! M>KET4 ,! DEVELOPM5T & GREAT] USE ( AIRPLANES WILL MO/ C]TA9LY C>RY ?IS PROCESS MU* FUR!R4 #b4 ,9 ! CITIES1 A SIMIL> PH5OM5ON IS OBS]VABLE4 ,MOTOR C>S HAVE R5D]$ MANY DI/ANT SUBURBS ACCESSIBLE TO EV5 COMMON LABOR]S1 SO ?AT ! POPULATION ( ! CITIES IS N[ BE+ SPREAD OV] MU* L>G] >EAS1 IMPROV+ LIV+ CONDITIONS = EV]YONE1 AS ?IS DISP]SION HAS RELIEV$ CONGE/ION4 ,! IMM$IATE RESULTS ( ?IS HAS BE5 A NOTICEABLE R$UCTION 9 R5TS 9 :AT W]E1 =M]LY1 ?ICKLY POPULAT$ URBAN >EAS4 #c4 ,MANY HILLY DI/RICTS1 ! L& ( :I* A FEW YE>S AGO1 WAS WOR?LESS AS RESID5CE PROP]TY TO ANYONE EXCEPT ! OCCASIONAL WEAL?Y 9DIVIDUAL1 >E N[ SUBDIVID$ & SOLD TO P]SONS ( MOD]ATE MEANS & EV5 TO WORK+ PEOPLE1 :O1 ?ANKS TO ! ADV5T ( ! MOTOR C>1 >E ABLE TO UTILIZE !SE >EAS = HOMES4 ,ON ?IS ACC\NT1 ?IS L& HAS1 9 MANY 9/ANCES1 BECOME MORE DESIRABLE1 & !RE=E MORE VALUABLE1 ?AN L[] DI/RICTS CLOS] 91 & HAS TO ?AT DEGREE R$UC$ ! ECONOMIC R5T ( ! LATT]4 ,MOREOV]1 ! FUR!R IMPROVEM5T ( AVIATION WILL 9EVITABLY EXT5D ?IS LEVEL+ PROCESS BY MAK+ ACCESSIBLE HI<] ALTITUDES & MORE DI/ANT LOCALITIES4 #d4 ,! RADIO1 PHONOGRAPH & MOTION PICTURES4 ,NO LOCALITY IS N[ SO DI/ANT OR ISOLAT$ ?AT IT MAY NOT 5JOY A L>GE NUMB] ( ! SAME $UCATIONAL & 5T]TA9M5T FEATURES ?AT ! CITY DWELL] HAS ACCESS TO4 ,?IS HAS COME TO BE AN IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 5HANC+ ! DESIRABILITY ( \TLY+ LOCALITIES & 9 DE/ROY+ ! MONOPOLY ( !SE ADVANTAGES ?AT ! CITIES HAD HI!RTO POSSESS$4 #e4 ,! V]Y PRESSURE ( R5TS !MSELVES1 9 ! CONGE/$ >EAS1 HAVE =C$ MANY GREAT 9DU/RIES TO SEEK LOCATIONS 9 RURAL OR SEMI-RURAL LOCALITIES1 & ?IS *ANGE HAS BE5 MADE FEASIBLE BY ! IMPROVEM5T 9 TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES4 ,!SE REMOVALS1 FUR!RMORE1 HAVE CAUS$ A CORRESPOND+ MIGRATION ( WORK]S FROM ! CITIES TO ! PLACES TO :I* !IR EMPLOYM5T MOV$4 ,SU* TRANSF]S CREATE L& VALUES 9 ! NEW LOCATIONS1 JU/ AS SURELY AS !Y R$UCE !M 9 ! PLACES LEFT VACANT4 #f4 ,)9 ! CONF9ES ( ! CITIES1 ! EQUALIZ+ T5D5CY IS ACCEL]AT$ BY ! *A9 /ORES1 :I* SELL M]*&ISE 9 ! F>!/ SUBURBAN LOCALITIES AT ! SAME PRICE & 9 ! SAME V>IETY AS !Y DO 9 !IR C5TRALLY LOCAT$ /ORES4 ,%REWDLY MANAG$1 !Y R>ELY OCCUPY EXP5SIVE CORN] LOCATIONS1 BUT UTILIZE LESS CONSPICU\S SITES1 DEP5D+ UPON !IR REPUTATION & UPON ADV]TIS+ TO DRAW CU/OM]S4 ,!Y >E ASSI/+ ?US 9 ! DIM9UTION ( ECONOMIC R5T4 ,FROM ! =EGO+ IT WILL BE SE5 ?AT ECONOMIC R5T IS L>GELY ! RESULT ( MAL-DI/RIBUTION4 ,!RE=E1 ) ! CON/ANT IMPROVEM5T N[ TO BE OBS]V$ 9 ! V>I\S DI/RIBUTIVE PROCESSES1 ECONOMIC R5T T5DS MORE & MORE TO DISAPPE>4 ,CONT5D+ ?AT ! ABOLITION ( GR\ND R5T 7BY FREE+ ! L&7 & ( 9T]E/ 7?R\< FREE BANK+7 W\LD T]M9ATE ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]1 MUTUALI/S OPPOSE ANY S*EME TO EQUALIZE ECONOMIC R5T BY =CIBLY TAK+ FROM ! OCCUPI] & US] ANY P>T ( ! PRODUCT ( HIS L&4 ,S9CE 9 ALMO/ ALL CASES ! SUP]IOR ADVANTAGES :I* HAS HOLD+ MAY HAVE OV] ANO!R >E M]G$ 9TO ! LABOR 7CULTIVATION & IMPROVEM5T7 & CAPITAL 7F]TILIZ]S1 OR*>DS1 BUILD+S7 :I* HE HAS PLAC$ UPON IT1 ,MUTUALI/S SEE CLE>LY ?AT ! PURE ECONOMIC R5T C\LD NEV] BE ACCURATELY DIFF]5TIAT$ FROM ! O!R ELEM5TS1 & ?AT1 !RE=E1 TO TAX ! SO-CALL$ R5TAL VALUE ( ! L& W\LD BE ALWAYS TO CONFISCATE A P>T ( HIS LABOR & CAPITAL4 ,RA!R ?AN ACQUIESCE 9 SU* AN 9VASIVE PROJECT1 !Y W\LD WILL+LY SUBMIT TO ! TRIFL+ 9EQUITIES ( ECONOMIC R5T ?AT MIIAN ME?OD1 IT MU/ BE BORNE 9 M9D ?AT ! EQUALITY ATTA9$ 9 ! LATT] WAY IS REA*$ MORE BY TAK+ WEAL? FROM SOME ?AN BY ADD+ B5EFITS TO O!RS4 ,F9ALLY1 TO FUR!R EMPHASIZE ! FACT ?AT ,MUTUALI/S >E CORRECT 9 !IR CONT5TION ?AT ECONOMIC R5T IS NOT A PRIME S\RCE ( ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK]1 & ?AT IT IS BECOM+ LESS & LESS A FACTOR 9 ?AT PROCESS EV]Y DAY1 & ?AT1 UND] ,MUTUALISM1 ITS DIM9UTION W\LD BE GREATLY ACCEL]AT$1 NO BETT] >GUM5T C\LD BE ADDUC$ ?AN ONE BY ,H5RY ,GEORGE1 9 HIS VOLUME1 ,PROTECTION OR ,FREE ,TRADE1 7PP4 #a#e#e-#f74 ,:ILE DEMON/RAT+ H[ ! ADVANTAGES ONE C\NTRY POSSESSES OV] ANO!R W\LD BE EQUALIZ$ UND] FREE TRADE1 HE LEAVES ! 9ESCAPABLE D$UCTION ?AT1 )9 ! B\ND>IES ( ANY ONE C\NTRY OR ANY ONE DI/RICT OR CITY1 ! ADVANTAGES ?AT ANY ONE LOCALITY MIE CAPABLE4 ,TRADE BETWE5 !M BE+ FREE1 W\LD ONE C\NTRY DO ALL ! EXPORT+ & ! O!R ALL ! IMPORT+8 ,?AT1 ( C\RSE1 W\LD BE PREPO/]\S4 ,W\LD TRADE1 !N1 BE IMPOSSIBLE8 ,C]TA9LY NOT4 ,UNLESS ! PEOPLE ( ! C\NTRY ( LESS ADVANTAGES TRANSF]R$ !MSELVES BODILY TO ! C\NTRY ( GREAT] ADVANTAGES1 TRADE W\LD GO ON ) MUTUAL B5EFIT4 ,! PEOPLE ( ! C\NTRY ( GREAT] ADVANTAGES W\LD IMPORT FROM ! C\NTRY ( LESS ADVANTAGES ?OSE PRODUCTS AS TO :I* ! DIFF]5CE ( ADVANTAGE BETWE5 ! TWO C\NTRIES WAS LEA/1 & W\LD EXPORT 9 RETURN ?OSE PRODUCTS AS TO :I* ! DIFF]5CE WAS GREATE/4 ,BY ?IS EX*ANGE BO? PEOPLES W\LD GA94 ,! PEOPLE ( ! C\NTRY ( POORE/ ADVANTAGES W\LD GA9 BY IT SOME P>T ( ! ADVANTAGES ( ! O!R C\NTRY1 & ! PEOPLE ( ! C\NTRY ( GREATE/ ADVANTAGES W\LD ALSO GA91 S9CE1 BE+ SAV$ ! NECESSITY ( PRODUC+ ! ?+S AS TO :I* !IR ADVANTAGE WAS LEA/1 !Y C\LD CONC5TRATE !IR 5]GIES UPON ! PRODUCTION ( ?+S 9 :I* !IR ADVANTAGE WAS GREATE/40 ,! =EGO+ WAS WRITT5 SOME =TY YE>S AGO4 ,IT WAS LOGICAL !N4 ,N[1 ) ! IMPETUS :I* SUBSEQU5T 9V5TIONS HAVE GIV5 TO ! PROCESSES ! WRIT] 5UM]ATES1 HIS >GUM5T IS IRREFUTABLE1 & ITS APPLICATION TO ! SOLUTION ( ! ECONOMIC R5T PROBLEM IS NO LESS P]FECT4 ,RUSSIA'S ,L& ,EXP]IM5T ,! CASE ( ,RUSSIA ILLU/RAT$ V]Y P]T95TLY ! FACT ?AT M]E RETURN TO ! L& CAN NEV] RESULT 9 ! SALVATION ( MANK9D AT ITS PRES5T /AGE ( EVOLUTION4 ,YE>S AGO1 :5 ! ,S+LE ,TAX & O!R S*EMES OP5$ TO DISCUSSION1 ! COMP>ATIVE IMPORTANCE ( CAPITAL AS AGA9/ L&1 RADICAL ECONOMI/S ADMITT$ ! =M] TO BE MORE IMPORTANT 9 C\NTRIES ( HI< 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T LIKE ,5GL& & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 BUT W]E 9CL9$ TO CONSID] ! L& QUE/ION P>AM\NT 9 PURELY AGRICULTURAL C\NTRIES1 LIKE ,RUSSIA4 ,REC5T HI/ORY DISPROVES ! LATT] CONT5TION4 ,9 ,RUSSIA1 AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 ! L>GE L&$ E/ATES W]E CONFISCAT$ & GIV5 TO ! L&LESS PEOPLE4 ,IF ! !ORIES ( ?OSE :O BELIEV$ 9 L& RE=M AS A CURE-ALL1 OR EV5 AS ONE ( PRIME IMPORTANCE1 W]E TRUE1 !N ?IS ONE RE=M W\LD HAVE SOLV$ ! PROBLEM = ,RUSSIA1 OR AT LEA/ BR\K$ IMPROVEM5T 9 CONDITIONS4 ,! PROBLEM 9 ,RUSSIA1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT TO SETTLE MORE PEOPLE ON ! L&4 ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 9 ?AT C\NTRY WAS NOT ONLY SUFFICI5T = ITS [N NE$S1 BUT1 EXCEPT 9 TIMES ( FAM9E1 !Y HAD FOOD EV5 = EXPORT4 ,& EV5 !N ! FAILURE TO AVOID ! FAM9E WAS DUE MU* MORE TO ! BREAK-D[N ( ! TRANSPORTATION SY/EM & MONET>Y POLICY ?AN TO AN 9SUFFICI5CY ( FOOD 9 ! C\NTRY4 ,RUSSIA'S FIR/ NE$ WAS MORE CAPITAL - MEANS ( TRANSPORTATION1 IMPLEM5TS1 MA*9]Y1 & TOOLS4 ,:5 ! L& HAD BE5 CONFISCAT$1 WORK]S 9 ! CITIES :O HAD BE5 PRODUC+ !SE ?+S BEGAN TO RETURN TO ! VILLAGES1 TO TILL ! SOIL4 ,BY DO+ SO !Y DIM9I%$ ! PRODUCTION ( ! V]Y ?+S :I* W]E NE$$ MO/ URG5TLY BY ! F>M] AS WELL AS BY ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION4 ,HAD !Y REMA9$ AT !IR JOBS 9 ! CITIES1 ACCEL]AT+ ?AT EV] 9SUFFICI5T1 MU* NE$$ 9DU/RIAL \TPUT1 !Y C\LD HAVE HELP$ AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION F> MORE BY SUPPLY+ ! F>M]S ) TOOLS & MA*9]Y ?AN BY1 PUTT+ MORE L& UND] CULTIVATION 9 ! OLD1 WA/EFUL1 PRIMITIVE WAY4 ,L59'S WRIT+S %[ A BELIEF 9 L& NATIONALIZATION1 9 ! ,S+LE ,TAX1 & 9 OCCUPANCY & USE4 ,ALL ?REE !ORIES >E JUMBL$ UP1 & ALL ?REE SEEM TO HAVE BE5 TRI$ \T SUCCESSIVELY 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,AFT] ! REVOLUTION1 ! L&LORDS W]E DISPOSSESS$ & ! L& WAS SEIZ$ BY ! PEASANTS4 ,!N ! ,SOVIETS TRI$ TO TAKE NE>LY ALL ! CROPS :I* ! PEASANTS HAD PRODUC$4 ,?IS WAS A SORT ( S+LE-TAX1 S9CE AT ! TIME !RE W]E NO O!R S\RCES ( TAXATION2 = 9DU/RY1 :5 UND] ,SOCIALI/ OR ,COMMUNI/ CONTROL1 DOES NOT EV5 PAY CO/S1 NOT TO M5TION AN EXCESS ?AT C\LD BE TAX$4 ,! PEASANTS W]E NOT 5?USIA/IC AB\T SU* AN >RANGEM5T4 ,! NEXT YE> !Y SAW TO IT ?AT !RE WAS NO CROP TO TAKE4 ,AT LA/1 FROM %E] NECESSITY1 ! OCCUPANCY & USE T5URE ( L& HAD TO BE ACCEPT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,L& ,[N]%IP ,IT WILL BE 9T]E/+ TO NOTE BRIEFLY ! PROGRESS ( L& [N]%IP FROM ITS PRIMITIVE BEG9N+S4 ,9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETY 7EXAMPLES ( :I* CAN EV5 BE F\ND TODAY 9 TROPICAL REGIONS71 COMMUNAL [N]%IP WAS ! RULE4 ,) ! RISE ( FEUDALISM1 L& [N]%IP WAS USURP$ BY W>LORDS1 POT5TATES1 ! *UR*1 & O!R TYRANTS1 :O R5T$ \T L& TO 9DIVIDUAL T5ANTS1 BUT )\T RELEAS+ CONTROL4 ,AS S]FDOM DECREAS$1 ! NUMB] ( FREEHOLD]S 9CREAS$1 UNTIL !RE WAS DEVELOP$ ! /ILL PREVAL5T SY/EM ( 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP ( L& 9 FEE SIMPLE1 SUBJECT ONLY TO TAXES IMPOS$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! F\R? & F9AL /AGE ( L& T5URE WILL BE ?AT ( [N]%IP ?R\< OCCUPANCY & USE1 )\T TAXATION OR R5T ( ANY K9D4 ,IT WILL BE ! ONLY TYPE ( L& T5URE GU>ANTEE+ ABSOLUTE SECURITY TO ! 9DIVIDUAL1 S9CE 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP WILL BE BAS$ ON ONLY ONE CONDITION1 NAMELY1 ?AT ( OCCUPANCY & USE4 ,NO CONFISCATION & EVICTION WILL BE POSSIBLE UND] ,MUTUALISM1 = :ATEV] L& MAY BE OCCUPI$ & UTILIZ$1 :E!R IT BE A TW5TY ACRE OR*>D OR A QU>T] ACRE ( %OP SPACE1 OR AN ACRE ( HOME & G>D51 WILL BE ! OCCUPI] & US]'S EXCLUSIVELY BY VIRTUE ( ! MUTUAL AGREEM5T ( FREE 9DIVIDUALS1 BAS+ !IR JUDGM5T UPON ! LAW ( EQUAL LIB]TY4 ,ABSOLUTE SECURITY 9 ONE'S POSSESSIONS & P]SON IS JU/ AS IMPORTANT 9 MOD]N SOCIETY AS LIB]TY ITSELF2 =1 )\T ?IS SECURITY1 COMM]CE & 9DU/RY MU/ REMA9 CRIPPL$ & 9EFFECTIVE4 ,& A HI< /ATE ( DEVELOPM5T ( COMM]CE & 9DU/RY IS ESS5TIAL = ! SUCCESSFUL FUNCTION+ ( MOD]N COMPLEX SOCIETY4 ,9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETY1 L& WAS EV]Y?+4 ,& ! LESS ! PRIMITIVE F>M] KNEW AB\T F]TILIZ+1 ROTATION ( CROPS1 RECLAMATION ( L& & IRRIGATION1 ! MORE ( A SCRAMBLE HE MADE = SOIL :I* WAS NATURALLY 9 AN IDEAL CONDITION = CULTIVATION1 ,IMPLEM5TS & EQUIPM5T MEANT V]Y LITTLE !N4 ,BUT AS ! SCI5CE ( AGRICULTURE DEVELOP$1 ALONG ) ?AT ( 5G9E]+1 ) ITS DAMS1 TUNNELS1 RES]VOIRS & IRRIGATION DIT*ES1 IT WAS F\ND ?AT /EAM TRACTORS C\LD PL[ AS MANY ACRES 9 A GIV5 TIME AS ! OLD H& PL[ C\LD COV] SQU>E RODS4 ,) GAS 5G9ES1 ELECTRIC P[] & NE>LY AUTOMATIC H>VE/+ MA*9ES1 ! CAPITAL NE$$ TO WORK ! L& & TO TRANS=M ! RAW MAT]IALS BY MEANS ( ALL ?OSE MA*9ES & CONTRIVANCES SOON BECAME MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! L& ITSELF4 ,F>M+1 :I* ONCE WAS PRACTICALLY AN UNSKILL$ OCCUPATION1 HAS DEVELOP$ 9TO A PR(ESSION DEM&+ HI< & V>I$ SKILL & AN ALL->\ND PRACTICAL $UCATION1 SO ?AT ! P]SONAL FACTOR ( 9DIVIDUAL SKILL & EFFICI5CY1 :I* 9 =M] TIMES WAS MORE OR LESS NEGLIGIBLE1 IS N[ PRACTICALLY P>AM\NT1 /ILL FUR!R R$UC+ ! RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ( ! L& PROBLEM 9 ITSELF4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS FROM ! L& ?AT ! RAW MAT]IALS >E D]IV$ :I* GO 9TO ! PRODUCTION ( ALL COMMODITIES4 ,!SE GIFTS ( NATURE >E T5D]$ )\T CO/1 & ! PRODUC] %\LD BE FREE TO B5EFIT BY !IR USE )\T ! PAYM5T ( A PRICE1 9 KEEP+ ) ! ,MUTUALI/ PR9CIPLE ( RECIPROCITY4 ,!RE IS NO RECIPROCITY BETWE5 L&LORD & T5ANT4 ,! TRIBUTE :I* ! T5ANT MU/ PAY TO ! L&LORD 9 ! =M ( R5T IS ABSOLUTELY 9EQUITABLE4 ,IT IS ! RESULT ( A PRIVILEGE GRANT$ BY SOME GOV]NM5T :OSE TITLE TO ! L& WAS F\ND$ ON CONQUE/ OR ON SOME O!R 9EQUITABLE =M ( ACQUISITION4 ,NO CONDITION IS IMPOS$ ?AT SU* L& %ALL BE US$ BY ! GRANTEE4 ,IT IS HIS TO USE OR TO LET REMA9 IDLE AS HE PLEASES1 OR TO R5T - I4E41 TO EXACT TRIBUTE FROM ONE TO :OM HE GRANTS ! USE ( IT4 ,C\NTRY R5TS DIFF] FROM COMM]CIAL R5TS 9 ?AT ONE IS A TAX LEVI$ ON ! TILL] ( ! SOIL1 :ILE ! O!R IS A TAX LEVI$ UPON ! :OLE C\NTRY BECAUSE ( POSITION4 ,S9CE ! L&LORD NEV] [NS ! L& = ! PURPOSE ( LIV+ ON IT HIMSELF1 HE IS USUALLY AN ABS5TEE L&LORD4 ,! DISPUTE OV] HIM1 !N1 IS NOT :E!R HE %ALL SELL OR H[ MU* HE %ALL RECEIVE1 BUT :E!R HE %ALL LIVE ON ANO!R4 ,IF ! L&LORD %\LD LIVE (F ! 9T]E/ ( ! MONEY RECEIV$ = ! L&1 IT W\LD BE ! SAME ?+ - ONLY A *ANGE ( T]MS4 ,! WORD 0L&LORD0 IS CORRECTLY *OS54 ,A MAN :O [NS L& UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM ( L& T5URE IS VIRTUALLY A LORD OV] O!RS :O HAVE NO L& & :O MU/ PAY ! L&LORD R5T = ! RI 5\<4 ,IT GRANTS A FULL TITLE 7) ! PRIVILEGE ( NON-OCCUPANCY7 TO ! HOME/EAD] :O HAS FULFILL$ ! PRESCRIB$ CONDITIONS ( OCCUPANCY & IMPROVEM5T = FIVE YE>S4 ,H[EV]1 IF HE FAILS TO FULFILL ?OSE CONDITIONS1 ! PAT5T IS NOT GRANT$1 & ! CONDITIONAL TITLE HELD BY HIM REV]TS TO ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! L& !N IS OP5 = SETTLEM5T TO ANYONE :O WILL OCCUPY IT & DECL>E HIS 9T5TION TO LIVE UPON IT4 ,IF ! CONDITION IMPOS$ = ! FIR/ FIVE YE>S W]E TO BE MADE P]MAN5T & ! LAW %\LD APPLY1 NOT ONLY TO HOME/EADS1 BUT TO ALL REAL E/ATE HOLD+S1 !RE W\LD BE MORE ?AN 5\< GOOD L&1 = ALL PURPOSES1 AVAILABLE TO ALL :O WANT$ TO MAKE USE ( IT4 ,/ATE GRANT & SANCTION ( PRIVATE [N]%IP 9 L&1 IS NOT ( C\RSE1 ! IDEAL1 EV5 ?\< ! [N]%IP BE CONDITION$ EXCLUSIVELY UPON OCCUPANCY & USE4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 H[EV]1 %ORT ( ! EV5TUAL SUPPLANT+1 BY PRIVATE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS1 ( ALL GOV]NM5T REGULATION1 SU* M]ELY PROTECTIVE & DEF5SIVE P[]S ( GOV]NM5T1 BE+ ! LEA/ OPPRESSIVE1 WILL PROBABLY BE ! LA/ TO DISAPPE>4 ,! ONLY AU?ORITY OV] L& T5URE :I* WILL ULTIMATELY BE RECOGNIZ$ IS ! EQUAL LIB]TY ( ALL TO ITS USE4 ,?IS DOES NOT COME FROM A C5TRAL HEAD1 BUT FROM ! SIMPLE1 RECIPROCAL WANTS & NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,UND] ! FULL REALIZATION ( ! ,MUTUALI/IC SY/EM1 ANY P]SON MIATELY1 AS 9DEP5D5T 9DIVIDUALS4 ,IT IS AN 9DEP5D5T OCCUPY+ & US+ [N]%IP4 ,! HOLD]S MAY EX*ANGE AMONG !MSELVES !IR RII\S ,PROBLEMS ,SOLV$ ,! PROBLEMS TO BE FAC$ 9 ACTUAL LIFE >E MANY & V>I$1 & SOMETIMES SEEM IMPOSSIBLE TO SOLVE2 & YET1 9 ! 5D1 A COMP>ATIVELY SIMPLE & PRACTICAL SOLUTION IS ALWAYS F\ND1 :I* (T5 9VOKES AMAZEM5T AT ! DIFFID5CE & TIMIDITY ) :I* !SE PROBLEMS W]E ORIG9ALLY APPROA*$4 ,! SOLUTION IS USUALLY A NATURAL & LOGICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! PROBLEM4 ,PROM95T 9 ?IS RESPECT W]E ! ,M9]S' ,C\RTS 9 ! F> ,WE/ ( FIFTY YE>S AGO1 :I* MET )\T (FICIAL SANCTION & FUNCTION$ ONLY BY MUTUAL AGREEM5T ( ! 9HABITANTS ( ?OSE \T-(-!-WAY PLACES4 ,!IR COMMONS5SE DECISIONS1 BAS$ M]ELY ON ! M]ITS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CASES1 HE$LESS ( E/ABLI%$ LEGAL PRACTICES1 W]E QUITE G5]ALLY RESPECT$ & C>RI$ \T4 ,9 ! WE/]N ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ALL ! ORIG9AL TITLES TO ! L&1 EXCLUSIVE ( ! OLD ,SPANI% L& GRANTS1 W]E 9 ! ,F$]AL GOV]NM5T1 & BY ! ,HOME/EAD & ,PREEMPTION ,ACTS ! L& WAS ?R[N OP5 = F>M PURPOSES4 ,LAT] ON1 ! ,M9+ ,ACT P]MITT$ 5TRY BY ?OSE SEEK+ ! METALS ?AT >E F\ND 9 VE9S4 ,NEW GEOLOGICAL & METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS W]E 5C\NT]$ 9 !SE ,/ATES ?AT DID NOT EXI/ ELSE:]E4 ,!SE NECESSITAT$ RADICAL *ANGES 9 ! LAW = :I* !RE W]E NO PREC$5TS1 EXCEPT AS !Y W]E E/ABLI%$ BY COMMONS5SE AGREEM5TS & USAGE AMONG ! V>I\S OCCUPANTS4 ,F>M L&S1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 >E LAID \T 9 SQU>ES CONTA9+ A C]TA9 NUMB] ( ACRES1 ONE HUNDR$ & SIXTY ACRES BE+ ! NUMB] COMMONLY ALLOTT$4 ,! [N]%IP ( ?IS L& FOLL[$ ! COMMON LAW & 9CLUD$ ALL ! L& BEL[ ! SURFACE BETWE5 V]TICAL PLANES DRAWN D[NW>D ?R\< ! B\ND>Y L9ES ( ! TRACT4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! [N] ( ! SURFACE [N$ ALL ! L& BEL[ ?AT SURFACE4 ,! VE9S :I* CONTA9 ! ORES USUALLY CROP \T ON ! SURFACE ( ! M\NTA9S1 BUT AS !Y DESC5D 9TO ! E>? !Y (T5 V>Y FROM ! P]P5DICUL>4 ,UNLESS ! M9] HAS A L>GE PIECE ( L&1 ! VE9S WILL SOON RUN UND] ! B\ND>Y L9ES ( HIS NEIGE A PIECE ( L& AS ! F>M ALLOTM5TS1 HE WAS GIV5 ONLY T5 ACRES4 ,H[EV]1 ! COMMON LAW RULE M5TION$ ABOVE WAS *ANG$4 ,! CLAIMANT MU/ FIR/ LOCATE ! VE9 & MAY CLAIM A SLICE ( ! VE9 FIFTE5 HUNDR$ FEET 9 L5G?2 BUT ?IS SLICE ( ! VE9 HE MAY FOLL[ D[N 9TO ! E>?1 NO MATT] H[ IT EXT5DS NOR 9 :AT DIRECTION IT RUNS1 EV5 IF IT %\LD EXT5D UND] ! SURFACE B\ND>Y L9ES ( O!R M9+ CLAIMS4 ,! :OLE VE9 IS HIS1 B\ND$ ONLY BY HIS 5D L9ES4 ,VE9S RUNN+ 9 DIFF]5T DIRECTIONS MAY MEET HUNDR$S ( FEET BEL[ ! SURFACE & CROSS EA* O!R4 ,! MANY DIFFICULT QUE/IONS ( FACT :I* >OSE BETWE5 CONFLICT+ CLAIMANTS CAN BE EASILY IMAG9$4 ,YET1 ALL !SE QUE/IONS W]E SOLV$ AS !Y PRES5T$ !MSELVES1 & ! M9+ 9DU/RY GREW & FL\RI%$4 ,9 ! >ID ,/ATES WAT] WAS1 IF ANY?+1 MORE IMPORTANT ?AN L&1 = ! L& WAS WOR?LESS )\T WAT]4 ,! COMMON LAW DOCTR9E ( RIP>IAN RIM+ W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! C\RTS ( ! ,T]RITORY ( ,COLORADO SOON HAD TO SANCTION CU/OM BY DECID+ ?AT 9 A 0?IR/Y L&0 ! COMMON LAW RULE MU/ BE ABROGAT$1 & ?AT ! WAT] C\LD BE 0APPROPRIAT$0 - I4E41 TAK5 \T ( ! /REAM & DIV]T$ TO ! L& :]E IT WAS NE$$ = IRRIGATION4 ,! V>I\S SETTL]S 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! /REAMS MIS1 IT WAS CONSID]$ AN AB&ONM5T ( ! RII\S QUE/IONS REG>D+ ! RESPECTIVE RIM+ DI/RICTS UP TO ! FULL EXT5T ( ! WAT] AVAILABLE4 ,!SE ILLU/RATIONS %\LD GIVE REASSURANCE TO ?OSE READ]S :O FE> ?AT A DEP>TURE FROM ! PRES5T SY/EM ( L&-HOLD+ W\LD CREATE *AOTIC CONDITIONS1 OR ?AT ! DISPUTES >IS+ OV] ! QUE/ION ( ACTUAL OCCUPANCY & USE MID]1 TO >RIVE AT ?AN ! ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION ( OCCUPANCY & USE ( L&4 ,& ! B\ND>Y DISPUTES ( ADJAC5T L&-HOLD]S ON ! SURFACE >E NO?+ 9 COMP>ISON ) ! CONFLICTS ( RIISE & >E SATISFACTORILY ADJU/$ 9 M9+ DISPUTES4 ,*,A,P,T,] ,V,I,I4 ,S,O,C,I,A,L ,A,S,P,E,C,T,S ,! ,9DIVIDUAL & ,SOCIETY ,9 ! RELATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO SOCIETY1 ,MUTUALISM (F]S TO DEVELOP TO ! FULLE/ POSSIBLE DEGREE ?AT LIMIT$ AM\NT ( RECIPROCITY N[ SUBSI/+ BETWE5 MAN & MAN4 ,IT IS NE$LESS TO SAY ?AT ?IS MU/ ALWAYS BE DONE ) ! MO/ C>EFUL CONSID]ATION = ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL LIB]TY4 ,)\T P]FECT EQUALITY ( LIB]TY1 RECIPROCITY WILL NOT DEVELOP4 ,!RE=E1 AT EV]Y PO9T1 SU* LIB]TY MU/ BE MO/ JEAL\SLY GU>D$4 ,BUT1 AS EXPRESS$ 9 ,MUTUALISM1 ! IDEA ( HELPFULNESS1 :]E HELPFULNESS IS WANT$1 IS SOME?+ ?AT MU/ APPEAL TO ALL 9TELLIG5T & RATIONAL P]SONS4 ,:5 !Y UND]/& ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY MU/ ALWAYS GO H& 9 H& ) MUTUAL HELPFULNESS1 !Y1 WILL NOT MAKE ! MI/AKE ( ?OSE :O USE ! ,GOLD5 ,RULE AS !IR MA9 GUIDE2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 !Y WILL NOT =CE !IR ASSI/ANCE UPON ?OSE :O DO NOT ASK = IT OR :O DO NOT DESIRE IT4 ,! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! MEAN+ ( MUTUALITY IS COOP]ATION2 IT CANNOT BE ONE-SID$2 &1 9 ITS APPLICATION 9 CONJUNCTION ) EQUAL LIB]TY1 IT MU/ BE TWO-SID$4 ,!RE CAN BE NO UNWILL+ P>TICIPANT 9 ,MUTUALISM4 ,!RE MAY BE A DESIRE TO AID1 BUT IT MU/ ALWAYS BE ACCOMPANI$ BY A WILL+NESS TO ACCEPT HELP1 & TO GIVE 9 RETURN SOME?+ ?AT IS ASK$ = OR DESIR$4 ,?US IT WILL BE SE5 ?AT AGGRESSION HAS NO PLACE 9 ! !ORY ( ,MUTUALISM4 ,!RE MU/ BE JU/ AS MU* FRE$OM TO DECL9E ASSI/ANCE AS !RE IS TO (F] IT4 ,NO P]SON OR GR\P ( P]SONS %\LD BE P]MITT$ TO DECIDE :AT IS GOOD = ANO!R P]SON1 OR TO =CE ANO!R TO ACCEPT SOME?+ ?AT HE DOESN'T WANT4 ,SU* CO]CION W\LD BE A VIOLATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL LIB]TY AS EMBODI$ 9 ,MUTUALISM4 ,!RE=E1 IT IS CLE> ?AT 9 RESPECT TO ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,MUTUALISM & LIB]TY ONE IS ! H&-MAID5 ( ! O!R2 !Y >E 9SEP>ABLE4 ,ONE MU/ BE MEASUR$ BY ! O!R4 ,ONE CANNOT EXI/ )\T ! O!R4 ,IT IS D\BTFUL IF1 )\T A FULL UND]/&+ ( ! FUNDAM5TALS ( LIB]TY1 ONE CAN HAVE A TRUE APPRECIATION ( ! UND]LY+ IDEA ( ,MUTUALISM4 ,=1 VIEW+ ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL LIB]TY AS AN AB/RACTION1 ,MUTUALISM MAY BE CALL$ ITS PRACTICALIZATION4 ,) EQUAL LIB]TY AS ! F\NDATION4 ,MUTUALISM IS ! /RUCTURE ?AT IS BUILT UPON IT - ! CONCRETE1 LIV+1 WORK+ SY/EM ?AT SUPPLIES1 9 ! FULLE/ MEASURE1 EV]Y NE$ ( HUMANITY4 ,IT CAN & DOES COV] EV]Y HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,MUTUALISM ,ESS5TIALLY ,LIB]T>IAN ,H]E1 !N1 IS :]E ,MUTUALISM (F]S ITS SOLUTION4 ,! ,MUTUALI/ WANTS EV]Y P]SON TO HAVE AN EQUAL RIE CONV]T$ 9TO ALCOHOL 9 ! BODILY PROCESSES1 SAYS ?AT IT IS A D5IAL ( HIS FRE$OM = O!RS TO DR9K O!R BEV]AGES CONTA9+ MORE ?AN ONE-HALF ( ONE P] C5T ( ALCOHOL4 ,HE DOESN'T PROVE SU* D5IAL ( FRE$OM2 HE M]ELY ASS]TS IT4 ,IT IS1 !RE=E1 ONE ( ! PURPOSES ( ,MUTUALI/S1 NOT ONLY TO AWAK5 9 ! PEOPLE ! APPRECIATION ( & DESIRE = FRE$OM1 BUT ALSO TO >\SE 9 !M A DET]M9ATION TO ABOLI% ! LEGAL RE/RICTIONS N[ PLAC$ UPON NON9VASIVE HUMAN ACTIVITIES & TO 9/ITUTE1 ?R\< PURELY VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS1 SU* MEASURES AS WILL LIB]ATE ALL ( US FROM ! EXACTIONS ( PRIVILEGE & ! P[] ( CONC5TRAT$ CAPITAL4 ,CLE>LY 5\<1 EV]Y PRODUCT ( A MAN'S LABOR MU/ BE HIS [N4 ,AS A COROLL>Y1 ANY PRODUCT ( ! LABOR ( O!RS1 IF IT BE GIV5 HIM OR IF HE ACQUIRES IT BY EX*ANG+ ! PRODUCTS ( HIS [N LABOR !RE=E IS ALSO A MAN'S [N4 ,A MAN'S CLAIM TO SU* A 0RIISES3 ,) JU/ :AT RIGU$ ?AT A HUMAN BE+ IS BORN ) ANY RIE 9 N[ISE B\ND TO SEE ?AT HE OBTA9S ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,PURELY AS A MATT] ( AB/RACT RIT$ 9 HIS EF=TS TO SECURE ! SATISFACTION ( HIS BODILY NE$S4 ,?IS BE+ SO1 ! HI/ORY ( CIVILIZATION HAS BE5 M]ELY A RECORD ( ATTEMPTS TO COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! OLD RESID5T & ! NEW >RIVAL2 BETWE5 ! /RONG & ! WEAK4 ,VE/$ RIE FRE] FROM ?IS DOM9ATION ( ! CLASSES ?AN EV] BE=E4 ,& SO ! =MULATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL LIB]TY1 TOGE!R ) ITS APPLICATION & PRACTICALIZATION 9 ! SY/EM ( ,MUTUALISM1 IS SIMPLY AN ATTEMPT TO C>RY ?IS COMPROMISE TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION4 ,TRIAL BY ,JURY ,:5 ! ,MAGNA ,C>TA WAS WRE/$ FROM ,K+ ,JOHN1 AMONG ! ?+S :I* IT GRANT$ WAS A TRIAL BY A JURY ( ONE'S PE]S4 ,! PURPOSE ( ?IS PROVISION WAS TO TAKE FROM ! K+ & FROM ! NOBLES ! P[] TO S5D A SUBJECT TO PRISON = ASS]T+ ! RITA2 & AT ?AT TIME TRIAL BY JURY WAS1 FUNDAM5TALLY1 9 A PUR] & BETT] =M ?AN IT HAS BE5 AT ANY TIME S9CE4 ,! OBVI\S IMPLICATIONS ( ?AT GREAT 9/RUM5T W]E ?AT1 ! JURY WAS TO JUDGE 9DEP5D5TLY & FE>LESSLY EV]Y?+ 9VOLV$ 9 ! *>GE1 & ESPECIALLY ITS 9TR9SIC JU/ICE1 & GIVE ITS DECISION !REUPON2 & ?IS MEANT ?AT ! JURY WAS TO JUDGE ! LAW AS WELL AS ! FACT4 ,)9 A C5TURY ( ! TIME ( ! PROMULGATION ( ?AT GREAT 9/RUM5T1 ITS PROVISIONS HAD BE5 SO ALT]$ ?AT C\RTS W]E BEG9N+ TO TAKE AWAY FROM JURIES ! P[] TO DET]M9E ! JU/ICE ( ! LAWS4 ,9 ! SEV5 HUNDR$ YE>S ?AT HAVE PASS$ S9CE ?AT *>T] WAS GRANT$1 LAWMAK]S & JUDGES HAVE SO MODIFI$ TRIAL BY JURY ?AT TODAY ! RIDLY RECOGNIZ$4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE1 H[EV]1 ?AT1 9 ,AM]ICA1 !RE HAS ( LATE BE5 A T5D5CY TO TRAVEL BACK T[>D ! ORIG9AL PURPOSE & SCOPE ( TRIALS BY JURY4 ,A CASE 9 PO9T IS ?AT ( ,SC>F ,VS4 ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7#a#e#f ,U4,S4 #f#a71 9 :I* ! VIEW ( ! MAJORITY ( ! C\RT WAS ?AT IT IS ! DUTY ( A JURY 9 A CRIM9AL CASE TO RECEIVE ! LAW FROM ! C\RT & TO APPLY IT AS LAID D[N BY ! C\RT1 SUBJECT TO ! CONDITION ?AT 9 GIV+ A G5]AL V]DICT ! JURY MAY 9CID5TALLY DET]M9E BO? LAW & FACT AS COMP\ND$ 9 ! ISSUES SUBMITT$ TO !M 9 ! P>TICUL> CASE2 & IT WAS FUR!R HELD ?AT ! P[] TO GIVE A G5]AL V]DICT 5ABLES ! JURY TO TAKE ITS [N VIEW ( ! T]MS & ! M]ITS ( ! LAW 9VOLV$4 ,IF JURIES W]E PROP]LY *OS5 BY LOT1 \T ( ! :OLE POPULATION ( A COMMUNITY1 & NOT1 AS !Y >E N[1 TAK5 \T ( A C]TA9 LIMIT$ PANEL1 ! JURY W\LD BE REPRES5TATIVE ( ! S5TIM5T ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,) ALL ! 9VASIVE LAWS ?AT >E N[ ON ! BOOKS1 & ) ALL ?OSE ?AT ! BUSYBODIES >E ADD+ FROM TIME TO TIME1 ! ORD9>Y CITIZ5 HAS NE$ ( A NEW ,MAGNA ,C>TA1 SO ?AT HE MAY NOT BE SMO!R$ 9 ?IS MAZE ( LAWS AS ! COMMON MAN 9 ,K+ ,JOHN'S TIME WAS CRU%$ BY ! PRIVILEGES EX]CIS$ BY ! RUL]S ( ?AT DAY4 ,A RETURN TO ! K9D ( JURY EMPLOY$ 9 ?AT P]IOD W\LD P>TLY DO AWAY ) ?IS MAZE1 & 9VASIVE LAWS C\LD BE VETO$ BY ! SIMPLE EXP$I5T ( DECL9+ TO 5=CE !M4 ,IF ANY LAW IS TO BE 5=C$1 A JURY MU/ CONVICT ! ALLEG$ LAWBREAK]4 ,IF ! JURY IS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! G5]AL S5TIM5T ( ! COMMUNITY 7& IT WILL BE1 IF FAIRLY DRAWN BY LOT FROM ! :OLE COMMUNITY71 !RE WILL BE1 ON AN AV]AGE1 ! SAME PROPORTION ( M5 ON ! JURY :O >E OPPOS$ TO ! 9VASIVE LAW AS !RE IS AMONG ! PEOPLE 9 G5]AL4 ,LET IT BE SUPPOS$1 = 9/ANCE1 ?AT ONE-TWELF? ( ! COMMUNITY IS OPPOS$ TO A C]TA9 9VASIVE LAW4 ,?IS IS ONLY A SMALL PORTION ( ! MAJORITY NECESS>Y TO REPEAL IT BY VOT+1 & AT ! BALLOT BOX ?AT ONE-TWELF? W\LD BE P[]LESS4 ,BUT ?AT ONE MAN1 9 EV]Y TWELVE1 :O IS OPPOS$ TO ?AT LAW CAN1 IF ON A JURY1 PREV5T A V]DICT FROM BE+ R5D]$4 ,?US1 IF ONLY N9E P] C5T ( ! COMMUNITY >E OPPOS$ TO A BAD LAW1 !Y CAN PREV5T ITS 5=CEM5T4 ,?IS IS LESS ?AN ONE-FIF? ( ! NUMB] NECESS>Y TO REPEAL A LAW ?R\< ! M$IUM ( AN ELECTION4 ,LAWS :I* >E = ! PUNI%M5T ( ?OSE :O >E CLE>LY 9VAD]S1 & :I* PRACTICALLY ! :OLE COMMUNITY WI%ES TO HAVE 5=C$1 W\LD NOT1 UND] A CONDITION ( EQUAL FRE$OM & A SY/EM ( ,MUTUALISM1 OCCUPY ! ATT5TION ( ! C\RTS AS (T5 AS !Y DO N[1 S9CE1 9 ! ABS5CE ( EXPLOITATION BY PRIVILEGE1 !RE W\LD BE MU* LESS POV]TY2 & POV]TY1 AS ! CRIM9OLOGI/S AGREE1 IS ! *IEF CAUSE ( CRIME4 ,) ECONOMIC CONDITIONS SU* ?AT EV]Y ABLE-BODI$ MAN MAY BE C]TA9 ( LIFE-SU/A9+ EMPLOYM5T1 EI!R AS HIS [N MA/] OR RECEIV+ ! FULL PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR 9 ! EMPLOY ( SOMEONE1 ! MA9 9C5TIVE = 9VASIVE ACTIONS W\LD BE LACK+4 ,AGA91 MORE EFFICI5T PROTECTION AGA9/ ! AGGRESSIVELY 9CL9$1 :I* W\LD MEAN ! PREV5TION ( CRIME RA!R ?AN ITS DETECTION & PUNI%M5T AFT] ! ACT1 W\LD RELIEVE ! C\RTS ( A GREAT DEAL ( !IR WORK1 & !RE W\LD BE A T5D5CY T[>D PROMPT] & SWIFT] JU/ICE1 & EXP]I5CE HAS %[N ?AT ?IS 9 ITSELF IS A V]Y EFFECTIVE CRIME PREV5TIVE4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! =EGO+1 O/RACISM & ! BOYCOTT MAY BE US$ ) GOOD RESULTS 9 DEF5SE AGA9/ CRIM9ALS1 ESPECIALLY AGA9/ ?OSE :OSE DEPR$ATIONS >E ( ! LESS] SORT :I* >E NOT ( A NATURE TO CALL = IMM$IATE & =CIBLE RE/RA9T4 ,MOREOV]1 ! APPLICATION ( SU* PUNI%M5T C\LD BE SWIFT & SURE4 ,9 CIVIL PROC$URE1 ! 9CREAS+ USE ( PRIVATE >BITRATION C\RTS1 N[ ALREADY 9 USE 9 SEV]AL /ATES1 W\LD T5D TO LIE TO BE CONSID]$ ! JU/ & RIIANS 7,SOCIALI/S1 ,COMMUNI/S1 ,S+LE ,TAX]S1 & ALL POLITICAL P>TIES7 & ! LIB]T>IANS 7,MUTUALI/S1 ,9DIVIDUALI/S1 ET AL474 ,! =M] BELIEVE ?AT :ATEV] EVILS EXI/ 9 ! PRES5T SY/EM CAN BE ]ADICAT$ BY ! 5ACTM5T ( LAWS - 9 O!R WORDS1 BY ! USE ( PHYSICAL =CE AGA9/ ALL P]SONS1 :E!R ASS5T+ OR DISS5T+4 ,= IT IS TRUE ?AT ! USE ( ! BALLOT 9 ! H&S ( A MAJORITY IS JU/ AS MU* AN EX]CISE ( PHYSICAL =CE AS IS ! USE ( MA*9E GUNS 9 ! H&S ( AN >MY OR ( A BOMB 9 ! H&S ( A REVOLUTIONI/4 ,= ( :AT USE IS ! V]DICT ( A MAJORITY UNLESS IT CAN BE 5=C$8 ,& H[ IS SU* V]DICT GO+ TO BE 5=C$ BY A GOV]NM5T UNLESS IT IS KN[N ?AT1 9 CASE ( REFUSAL TO ACCEPT ! V]DICT1 ! :OLE P[] ( ! >MY & NAVY CAN1 IF NECESS>Y1 BE BR\ TO SECURE ?AT 5=CEM5T8 ,! V]Y ?REAT ( ! USE ( ! >MY & NAVY IS JU/ AS MU* A USE ( PHYSICAL =CE AS IS ! ACTUAL FIR+ ( ! GUNS & ! RELEASE ( ! POISON GAS4 ,TO ?OSE P]SONS :OSE S5SE ( JU/ICE DOES NOT REVOLT AT ! CO]CION ( 9(F5SIVE 9DIVIDUALS1 ! MESSAGE ( ! LIB]T>IAN C>RIES NO WEIE BL9D TO SC5ES ( RAP9E & MURD]2 !IR E>S >E DEAF TO PLEAD+S = JU/ICE2 !IR HE>TS >E COLD TO APPEALS = FAIR-DEAL+2 &1 ABOVE ALL1 !IR REASON+ FACULTIES >E IMPOT5T 9 ! FACE ( >GUM5TS ( EXP$I5CY4 ,BUT LET ALL S5TIM5T BE LAID ASIDE1 & IT MAY /ILL BE %[N ?AT FRE$OM PAYS4 ,& IT PAYS FROM :ATEV] PO9T ( VIEW IT IS REG>D$4 ,IT PAYS BECAUSE IT CO/S LESS 9 ACTUAL CA%2 IT PAYS BECAUSE IT IS SIMPL] & MORE EASILY APPLI$2 IT PAYS BECAUSE IT R$UCES ! POSSIBILITY ( ]ROR TO ! L[E/ CONCEIVABLE PO9T2 IT PAYS BECAUSE IT IS 9 L9ES ) ! PROCESS ( EVOLUTION2 & F9ALLY1 & ?IS IS ! GREATE/ ASSET ( ALL1 IT PAYS BECAUSE IT IS PRODUCTIVE ( ! L>GE/ DEGREE ( HAPP9ESS4 ,! LIB]T>IAN IDEAL IS ! ONLY CONCEPT ?AT PAVES ! WAY = ! OP]ATION ( ,MUTUALISM4 ,P]FECT ,MUTUALISM C\LD NOT EXI/ UND] ANY =M ( AU?ORITY2 IT W\LD BE ?W>T$ & EMASCULAT$ AT EV]Y TURN4 ,JU/ AS TODAY EV]Y SOCIAL & ECONOMIC EVIL ?AT S]VES TO 5?RALL$ HUMANITY IS ! RESULT ( SOME =M ( GOV]NM5TAL 9T]F]5CE ) FRE$OM & ) NATURAL PROCESSES1 SO W\LD ! SAME OR SIMIL> =CES T5D TO NULLIFY & C\NT]ACT1 TO SOME EXT5T1 ! ADVANTAGES TO BE D]IV$ FROM ! APPLICATION ( ! PR9CIPLES ( ,MUTUALISM4 ,IT IS A PLANT ?AT REQUIRES ! F]TILE SOIL ( LIB]TY 9 :I* TO MAKE ITS UNIMP$$ GR[?4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! M]IT ( ! SY/EM IS ?AT IT MAY BE 9AUGURAT$ )\T ANY CATACLYSMIC DI/URBANCE ( ! PRES5T REGIME4 ,9DE$1 = ! MO/ IMPORTANT PHASE ( ,MUTUALISM - ?AT ( MUTUAL BANK+ - BUT ONE F$]AL LAW1 TOGE!R ) ITS C\NT]P>T 9 A NUMB] ( /ATES1 W\LD NE$ TO BE REPEAL$ 9 ORD] TO PAVE ! WAY = ! REALIZATION ( ?IS GREAT LIB]AT+ IDEA4 ,AGA91 9 O!R DIRECTIONS1 ,MUTUALISM MAY BE 9ITIAT$ 9 SPITE ( ! UNT[>D ASPECT ( CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITY4 ,9 M]CANTILE & 9DU/RIAL L9ES1 VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION & O!R ASSOCIATIVE ACTIVITIES MAY BE C>RI$ ON )\T ANY *ANGE 9 PRES5T LAWS4 ,9 MANY 9/ANCES1 SU* OP]ATIONS W\LD BE FACILITAT$ BY ! REMOVAL ( C]TA9 LEGAL RE/RICTIONS & OB/ACLES1 BUT ! />T CAN BE MADE1 ONCE !RE >E 5\< 9DIVIDUALS SO M9D$1 )\T ! ABOLITION ( A S+LE PROVISION4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 !RE >E N[ MANY VOLUNT>Y MUTUALI/IC ASSOCIATIONS BE+ CONDUCT$ ) FAIR SUCCESS1 :OSE ACTIVITIES W\LD BE IMM5SELY SIMPLIFI$ & :OSE ACCOMPLI%M5TS W\LD BE GREATLY AUGM5T$ IF !Y C\LD BE RELIEV$ ( ! H&ICAPS :I* ! LAW N[ PLACES UPON !M4 ,IT IS ONE ( ! C>D9AL PURPOSES ( ,MUTUALISM TO FREE !M1 AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE1 ( !SE OB/ACLES4 ,MUTUAL ,9SURANCE ,ONE ( ! MO/ CONSPICU\S EXAMPLES ( ,MUTUALISM 9 PRACTICE AT PRES5T - UND] CAPITALISM - IS ! MUTUAL 9SURANCE COMPANY1 ( :I* MANY >E 9 SUCCESSFUL OP]ATION4 ,!IR SUCCESS IS UND\BT$LY DUE TO ! FACT ?AT !Y >E NOT NE$LESSLY RE/RICT$ BY LAW2 & ! WOND] IS ?AT !Y >E NOT 9T]F]$ )1 S9CE !Y >E PROVID+ TO !IR MEMB]S 9SURANCE AT CO/1 ?US KEEP+ A TIDY SUM 9 PR(ITS FROM ! C(F]S ( ! REGULATION =M ( 9SURANCE COMPANY4 ,:AT !SE ,MUTUAL ,9SURANCE COMPANIES HAVE DONE IS CONCLUSIVE PRO( ( ! EFFICACY ( ,MUTUALISM 9 O!R DEP>TM5TS ( 9DU/RY & COMM]CE4 ,IF FIRE & LIFE 9SURANCE1 ?R\< MUTUAL ASSOCIATIONS1 CAN BE SUPPLI$ AT CO/1 !RE IS NO REASON :Y ANY O!R PROTECTION MAY NOT BE SUPPLI$ BY ! SAME MEANS ON LIKE T]MS4 ,MUTUAL 9SURANCE COMPANIES NOT ONLY DI/RIBUTE FIRE LOSSES AMONG ! 9SUR$1 BUT !Y ALSO ACTUALLY PREV5T FIRES1 S9CE ALL PROP]TIES 9SUR$ >E UND] ! SUP]VISION ( ! COMPANY'S 9SPECTOR1 :OSE BUS9ESS IT IS TO SEE ?AT 9 ! FIR/ PLACE ! [N]S AVAIL !MSELVES ( ! BE/ ME?ODS ( FIRE PREV5TION1 & ( ! MO/ EFFICI5T MEANS ( EXT+UI%+ FIRE1 %\LD IT GET />T$4 ,?IS 9SURANCE IDEA IS CAPABLE ( EXT5SION 9 A MULTITUDE ( DIRECTIONS4 ,AS ,LLOYDS 7! GREAT ,5GLI% 9SURANCE COMPANY71 :O 9SURE EV]Y IMAG9ABLE SORT ( RISK1 HAVE AMPLY DEMON/RAT$1 !RE IS PRACTICALLY NO 5T]PRISE OR V5TURE ?AT MAY NOT BE COV]$ BY ?IS GREAT BLANKET ( PROTECTION1 ! P>TICUL> M]IT ( :I* LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT IT IS :OLLY PRIVATE & VOLUNT>Y & NOT 9 ANY WAY OP]AT$ OR SUPPORT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,IT IS PURELY ! RESULT ( ! VOLUNT>ILY ASSOCIATIVE EF=T ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,AS AN 9/ANCE ( ITS OP]ATION1 !RE MAY BE CIT$ ! EXI/5CE 9 ,5GL& ( AN ASSOCIATION ?AT1 = A CONSID]ATION1 9SPECTS & PASSES JUDGM5T ON ! CON/RUCTION ( BUILD+S1 SO ?AT ANY P]SON1 :O MAY BE BUILD+ A H\SE OR BUY+ ONE ALREADY BUILT & :O KN[S NO?+ AB\T ! TE*NICAL FACTORS 9VOLV$1 MAY OBTA9 9=MATION & ADVICE AB\T A PROPOS$ BUILD+ OR ONE ALREADY CON/RUCT$4 ,?IS S]VICE C\LD CONCEIVABLY BE EXT5D$ TO ! 9SURANCE ( SU* P]SONS AGA9/ LOSSES >IS+ FROM DEFECTIVE OR 9ADEQUATE CON/RUCTION ( ANY BUILD+ 9SPECT$ & PASS$ UPON BY SU* AN ASSOCIATION4 ,?IS W\LD TAKE ! PLACE ( CUMB]SOME1 BUREAUCRATIC BUILD+ ORD9ANCES1 & W\LD BE MORE EFFICI5T & RELIABLE1 S9CE ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ASSOCIATION W\LD DEP5D UPON S]VICE BE+ R5D]$ *EAPLY & DEP5DABLY4 ,! TITLE 9SURANCE COMPANY1 AS IT EXI/S 9 MANY P>TS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 IS A CONSPICU\S EXAMPLE ( ! SUCCESSFUL R5D]+ ( A LIKE S]VICE4 ,AFT] A TITLE TO REAL E/ATE HAS BE5 P]FECT$ TO ITS SATISFACTION1 ! COMPANY WILL 9SURE ! SAME = ! APPROXIMATE VALUE ( ! PROP]TY1 & *>GE = ?IS S]VICE PROPORTIONATELY ACCORD+ TO ! RISK 9VOLV$4 ,9 SOME /ATES ! GOV]NM5T HAS ADOPT$ A SY/EM ?AT ATTEMPTS TO OBVIATE ! NECESSITY = ?AT SORT ( 9SURANCE2 BUT1 9/9CTIVELY *>Y ( ANY?+ ! GOV]NM5T UND]TAKES1 PEOPLE HAVE BE5 RELUCTANT TO AVAIL !MSELVES ( ! OPPORTUNITY4 ,!Y KN[ ONLY TOO WELL H[ GOV]NM5T USUALLY BUNGLES & MISMANAGES ! ?+S IT UND]TAKES6 ,FRE$OM ,9/EAD ( ,AU?ORITY ,AL?\< MANY SU* ACTIVITIES HAVE BE5 HAMP]$ & H$G$ ) RE/RICTIONS & REGULATIONS BY ! ,/ATE1 !IR GR[? %[S :AT MIY ASSOCIATIONS W\LD BE =M$ TO P]=M ?OSE FUNCTIONS AS ! NE$ W\LD >ISE4 ,9 FACT1 IT HAS BE5 ! USURPATION BY ! GOV]NM5T ( FUNCTIONS ?AT %\LD BE PURELY ! BUS9ESS ( VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS ?AT HAS RET>D$ DEVELOPM5T ( COMM]CE & 9DU/RY 9 MANY L9ES4 ,! LATE ,/EPH5 ,PE>L ,&REWS1 9 HIS ILLUM9AT+ BOOK1 ,! ,SCI5CE ( ,SOCIETY1 GIVES AN 9/ANCE ( A PRIVATE CORPORATION P]=M+ ! GOV]NM5T'S WORK :5 ! PO/-(FICE DEP>TM5T WAS DEMORALIZ$ BY ! DE/RUCTION ( A BRIDGE4 ,AN EXPRESS COMPANY 7A PRIVATE CORPORATION7 IMM$IATELY RE/OR$ ITS [N S]VICE & = A :OLE WEEK HAD TO SUPPLY ! MAIL S]VICE ?AT ! GOV]NM5T WAS UNABLE TO PROVIDE1 ! PO/MA/]-G5]AL HIMSELF BE+ OBLIG$ TO RELY UPON ! EXPRESS COMPANY = ! DELIV]Y ( HIS [N MAIL4 ,SU* 9/ANCES HAVE MULTIPLI$ TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT IT HAS BECOME AN AXIOM ?AT :AT ! GOV]NM5T DOES IS DONE ) ALMO/ UNI=M 9EFFICI5CY4 ,TO DO )\T ! ,/ATE DOES NOT AT ALL T]RIFY ?OSE :O >E FAMILI> ) PIONE]+ CONDITIONS 9 NEW C\NTRIES4 ,9 SU* LOCALITIES & UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 ! GOV]NM5T1 LOCALLY1 IS LIKELY TO BE EXTREMELY WEAK1 DUE TO ! SP>S5ESS & POV]TY ( ! POPULATION4 ,! FRAMEWORK ( ! 9/ITUTION IS !RE1 ( C\RSE1 & IT FUNCTIONS AS WELL AS IT CAN1 LEVY+ TAXES & PURSU+ ITS O!R 9VASIVE ACTIVITIES AS BE/ IT MAY2 BUT AS A PROTECTOR IT IS IMPOT5T2 &1 FUR!RMORE1 9 ! PURELY ECONOMIC FIELD1 :]E IT LEVIES TAXES = ROADS & O!R PUBLIC IMPROVEM5TS1 ! PITTANCE ?AT IT RECEIVES FROM ! FEW & 9DIG5T TAXPAY]S LEAVES LITTLE ?AT MAY BE DEVOT$ TO PROVID+ ! IMPROVEM5TS ?AT >E ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y TO ! EXI/5CE ( ! POPULATION4 ,& RIY ASSOCIATION1 :I* IS ONE ( ! FUNDAM5TALS ( ,MUTUALISM4 ,AFT] BE+ BL$ BY ! GOV]NM5T = AS MU* CA% AS CAN POSSIBLY BE RAIS$1 & RECEIV+ PRACTICALLY NO?+ 9 RETURN 9 S]VICE 7ROAD BUILD+ & O!R IMPROVEM5TS71 ! SETTL]S >E OBLIG$ TO DONATE 9 LABOR MANY TIMES ! VALUE ( EV5 :AT ! /ATE HAS =CIBLY TAK5 FROM !M1 9 ORD] ?AT !Y MAY HAVE ! NECESS>Y PUBLIC IMPROVEM5TS4 ,IF1 !RE=E1 AFT] HAV+ BE5 ROBB$ BY ! ,/ATE1 !Y /ILL >E OBLIG$ TO ASSOCIATE VOLUNT>ILY = ! PURPOSE ( SATISFY+ !IR COLLECTIVE NE$S1 ?9K H[ MU* SIMPL] IT W\LD BE = !M TO SO ASSOCIATE )\T ! 9T]M$IATION - UNNECESS>Y & WOR?LESS - ( ?IS SAME ,/ATE6 ,DESPITE ! FACT ?AT !RE IS AN ELABORATE POLICE DEP>TM5T 9 EV]Y URBAN COMMUNITY1 = ! SUPPORT ( :I* ALL PROP]TY [N]S >E TAX$1 ! S]VICE R5D]$ BY ! ,/ATE IS SO 9ADEQUATE ?AT 7AS WAS BRIEFLY PO9T$ \T 9 AN E>LI] *APT]7 MANY BUS9ESSES >E =C$ TO PROVIDE !IR [N POLICE PROTECTION4 ,W]E !Y TO ASSOCIATE 9 MUTUAL ORGANIZATIONS1 !Y C\LD PROVIDE !MSELVES ) 9SURANCE - AT CO/ - AGA9/ BURGL>Y & MOLE/ATION1 )\T PAY+ ! EXORBITANT RATES ?AT BURGL>Y 9SURANCE COMPANIES ( ! ORD9>Y SORT N[ *>GE4 ,9 FACT1 ?IS PR9CIPLE MIT ( IT AS MITICIPATE 9 ?IS1 ?R\< ! ORGANIZATION ( MUTUAL PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATIONS1 & ?US MAKE ! PRES5T K9D ( 9EFFICI5T & UNCONTROLLABLE POLICE =CE UNNECESS>Y4 ,:5 TAXPAY]S F9D ?AT !Y CAN GET REAL PROTECTION = JU/ :AT IT CO/S1 !Y WILL BE LOA! TO SUPPORT ! PREPO/]\S & EXTRAVAGANT ?+ ?AT N[ GOES BY ?AT NAME4 ,! ,BOYCOTT ,A ,NON-,9VASIVE ,MEASURE ,A POT5T 9/RUM5T = PROTECTION & DEF5SE1 & ONE :I* IS AT ONCE BO? LIB]T>IAN & CAPABLE ( MUTUALI/IC EMPLOYM5T1 IS ! BOYCOTT1 SO CALL$ BECAUSE ( ! FACT ?AT IT WAS FIR/ MADE USE ( 7BY ! ,L& ,LEAGUE 9 ,IREL& 9 #a#h#h7 AGA9/ A L&LORD'S AG5T BY ! NAME ( ,BOYCOTT4 ,FIR/ US$ BY ! WEAK 9 A CONTE/ ) ! /RONG1 & MORE FREQU5TLY S9CE ?AT TIME BY LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 9 CONTROV]SIES ) EMPLOY]S1 IT HAS BE5 ATTACK$ BY ! REPRES5TATIVES ( PRIVILEGE AS A REPREH5SIBLE ?+4 ,IT HAS BE5 ALMO/ UNIV]SALLY CONDEMN$ BY ! C\RTS1 & D5\NC$ FROM ! PULPIT1 & IT IS P>TICUL>LY DI/A/EFUL TO ! POLICE1 :O >E ALWAYS AT A LOSS TO KN[ :AT TO DO TO P]SONS :O REFUSE TO USE VIOL5CE & :O P]SI/ 9 GO+ QUIETLY AB\T !IR [N BUS9ESS4 ,! LEXICOGRAPH]S1 TOO1 >E PRONE TO ANA!MATIZE IT 9 !IR DEF9ITIONS1 ASS]T+ ?AT IT IS AN 9/RUM5T = P]SECUTION & OPPRESSION4 ,& YET IT IS ! ONLY WEAPON ?AT CANNOT BE US$ 9VASIVELY6 ,! REASON = ?IS IS ?AT ! BOYCOTT IS NOT AN ACT2 IT IS M]ELY ! REFUSAL TO ACT4 ,N[1 H[ CAN A REFUSAL TO ACT 79 ! ABS5CE ( AN EXPRESS AGREEM5T OR CONTRACT TO ! CONTR>Y7 BE CON/RU$ AS AN 9VASION8 ,TO BOYCOTT A P]SON IS M]ELY TO LET HIM ALONE2 TO REFUSE TO TRADE ) HIM2 TO REFUSE TO HAVE ANY?+ :ATEV] TO DO ) HIM4 ,N[1 BE=E IT CAN BE MA9TA9$ ?AT A P]SON CAN BE WRONG$ BY SU* A REFUSAL TO ASSOCIATE ) HIM1 ! FOLL[+ QUE/ION MU/ BE ANSW]$3 ,BY :AT RIY IS TO MAKE IT NECESS>Y = ! P]SON BOYCOTT$ TO E/ABLI% HIS RIE NOT P]=M$4 ,!RE MU/ BE AN OV]T ACT - :I* CANNOT COME )9 ! SCOPE ( A BOYCOTT - BE=E IT BECOMES MORE S]I\S TO ACT 9 CONC]T ) O!RS ?AN IT IS TO ACT ALONE4 ,IF A TRADESMAN HAS NO E/ABLI%$ RIE NOT SU/A9$ BY RIMY TO %OOT D[N A NUMB] ( M5 AS IT IS = A S+LE GUNMAN TO %OOT D[N ONE4 ,IT HAS BE5 ! HABIT ( ! C\RTS & O!R SUPPORT]S ( PR$ATORY WEAL? TO D5\NCE MORE SEV]ELY ! SECOND>Y & T]TI>Y BOYCOTTS ?AN ! PRIM>Y ONES4 ,?IS CONT5TION HAS NO WEIY OR QUAT]N>Y4 ,9 PRACTICE1 ! SECOND>Y BOYCOTT IS :]E ONE P]SON IS BOYCOTT$ = NOT JO9+ 9 ! PRIM>Y BOYCOTT4 ,N[1 PRECISELY ! SAME CONDITIONS EXI/ 9 ONE CASE AS 9 ! O!R4 ,IF A P]SON HAS A RITICIPATE1 HE MAY BOYCOTT ! BAK] & REQUE/ HIS DRUGGI/ TO )DRAW HIS PATRONAGE FROM ! BAK] - :I* W\LD BE ! T]TI>Y BOYCOTT4 ,& ?IS C\RSE MIE ID5TICAL4 ,9 NO CASE CAN ANY ( ?OSE TRADESM5 M5TION$ E/ABLI% ANY RIDON$ IF HE FEELS ANGRY AT HIS CU/OM]1 HE CANNOT JU/LY *>GE ?AT ANY ( HIS RI TO ! ONE CIT$ ABOVE1 MAKE ! PO9T ?AT ! GRIEVANCE1 OR :ATEV] IT MAY HAVE BE5 ?AT 9DUC$ ! ORIG9AL 9DIVIDUAL TO BOYCOTT HIS GROC]1 IS 5TIRELY LO/ SIY & T]TI>Y BOYCOTTS1 & ?AT ! P]SONS 9VOLV$ 9 !SE LATT] BOYCOTTS HAVE NO CONC]N ) ! ORIG9AL MOTIVE1 & ?AT !RE=E IT IS AN 9JU/ICE TO =CE !M TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! CONTROV]SY4 ,ALL ( :I* MAY BE TRUE - EXCEPT ! 9JU/ICE4 ,IT MU/ BE REIT]AT$ ?AT !RE CAN BE NO 9JU/ICE :5 NO?+ HAS BE5 DONE4 ,& 9 NOT ONE PHASE ( ! CASE CIT$ HAS ANY OV]T ACT BE5 P]=M$4 ,9 EA* & EV]Y 9/ANCE ( ! PRESSURE BR\1 !RE WAS M]ELY A DECL9ATION TO ACT - SIMPLY A LETT+ ALONE4 ,H[ SILLY IT W\LD BE = ONE ( ?OSE TRADESM5 TO COMPLA9 ?AT IT WAS UNJU/ TO LET HIM ALONE6 ,& YET ?AT IS PRECISELY :AT HE SAYS1 9 EFFECT1 :5 HE ALLEGES ?AT HE HAS BE5 DONE AN 9JU/ICE :5 A CU/OM] REFUSES - = NO MATT] :AT REASON - LONG] TO PUR*ASE GOODS FROM HIM4 ,ANO!R ?+ ?AT ! C\RTS DECL>E ILLEGAL AB\T ! BOYCOTT IS ! ?REAT TO )DRAW PATRONAGE FROM A M]*ANT OR ! ?REAT TO CEASE WORK+ = AN EMPLOY]4 ,!Y =GET1 S9CE IT SUITS !IR PURPOSE = ! TIME1 ! AXIOM ?AT A P]SON HAS A RIIAN MEASURE1 /RESS HAS BE5 LAID UPON ITS EMPLOYM5T BY LABOR AGA9/ ! EMPLOY]1 S9CE REFUSAL TO WORK = ANY EMPLOY] IS 9V>IABLY C\PL$ ) A REFUSAL TO PUR*ASE HIS PRODUCTS & ) AN EF=T TO 9DUCE O!RS TO REFUSE TO PATRONIZE HIM4 ,BUT IT IS A GAME ?AT TWO CAN PLAY AT2 IT IS NOT :OLLY ONE-SID$4 ,EMPLOY]S (T5 RESORT TO ! SAME MEASURES1 9 CREAT+ & MA9TA9+ A BLACKLI/1 :I* CONTA9S ! NAMES ( EMPLOYES :O HAVE /RUCK WORK OR :O >E O!RWISE UNDESIRABLE2 & V>I\S EMPLOY]S COMB9E TO USE ?IS LI/ 9 ORD] TO CO]CE LABOR4 ,9 SU* 9/ANCES NO?+ IS HE>D FROM ! C\RTS CONC]N+ 0CONSPIRACY0 OR ! SECOND>Y OR T]TI>Y BOYCOTT1 AL?\< !SE LATT] >E FREQU5TLY US$ TO COMPEL RECALCITRANT EMPLOY]S TO JO9 9 ! BLACKLI/+ PROCE$+4 ,& IT %\LD BE ADD$ ?AT NO ONE HAS ANY MORE RIE PRACTICALLY ID5TICAL & NEI!R IS VIOLATIVE ( ! PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY4 ,! C\RTS1 ( C\RSE1 %\LD BE CONSI/5T 9 !IR TREATM5T ( BO?4 ,BUT ?AT W\LD BE A LITTLE TOO MU* TO EXPECT ( 9/ITUTIONS ?AT >E1 SO (T51 BIAS$ 9 FAVOR ( PRIVILEGE4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE 9 ?IS CONNECTION ?AT 9 ,5GL&1 :]E P]SONAL LIB]TY IS APPRAIS$ MORE HIE TWO NOTORI\S & UNSAVORY EXAMPLES - ,BUCK ,/OVE ,COMPANY VS4 ,! ,AM]ICAN ,F$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 9 :I* ! (FIC]S ( ! F$]ATION W]E F\ND GUILTY1 9 ! ,DI/RICT ( ,COLUMBIA C\RTS1 ( VIOLAT+ AN 9JUNCTION AGA9/ ADV]TIS+ ! FACT ?AT ! F$]ATION CONSID]$ ! /OVE COMPANY 0UNFAIR02 & ! CASE ( ! ,DANBURY HATT]S1 :]E9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,SUPREME ,C\RT AFFIRM$ A DECISION ( ! L[] C\RT ?AT ! HAT COMPANY MIRI$ \T ! BOYCOTT AGA9/ ! COMPANY ?AT REFUS$ TO ACC$E TO ! T]MS ( ! WORKM54 ,! HAT COMPANY WAS P]MITT$ TO ATTA* ! BANK SAV+S1 P]SONAL PROP]TY & REAL E/ATE ( ! MEMB]S ( ! UNION 9 SATISFACTION ( ITS JUDGM5T4 ,NO ACC\NT IS AVAILABLE ( ! F9AL SUCCESS ( ?IS UND]TAK+1 BUT = %E] ROBB]Y NO?+ IS COMP>ABLE 9 ! ANNALS ( MOD]N C\RT PROC$URE4 ,AS SUGGE/$ E>LI] 9 ?IS *APT]1 ! BOYCOTT1 & ITS COMPANION1 O/RACISM1 MAY BE UTILIZ$ AS PUNI%M5TS = CRIME1 & ALSO AS CRIME-DET]R5TS4 ,UND] C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES1 !Y MAY CON/ITUTE A MO/ DRA/IC P5ALTY4 ,ON ACC\NT ( ! GREG>I\S HABITS ( HUMAN BE+S1 TO BE PUT :OLLY BEYOND ! PALE ( SOCIETY W\LD BE MORE PA9FUL TO MANY ?AN TO BE 9C>C]AT$ 9 A PRISON ) O!RS4 ,TO 9FLICT SU* PUNI%M5T HAS MANY ADVANTAGES = ! DEF5SIVE ORGANIZATION ?AT MAKES USE ( IT4 ,IT IS SIMPLE2 IT IS EASILY & 9EXP5SIVELY APPLI$2 IT 9VOLVES1 !ORETICALLY1 NONE ( ! ELEM5TS ( PHYSICAL =CE2 &1 ABOVE ALL1 IT IS NOT 9 ITSELF AN 9VASIVE ACT4 ,:AT MORE IDEAL ME?OD ( CORRECT+ ! ]R+ T5D5CIES & ANTI-SOCIAL ACTIVITIES ( \R FELL[-M5 CAN BE CONCEIV$8 ,S9CE ! BOYCOTT IS PURELY VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION = NON9VASIVE PURPOSES1 & S9CE IT IS AT ONCE A DI/9CTLY LIB]T>IAN WEAPON & ! MO/ P]FECT EXAMPLE ( PASSIVE RESI/ANCE1 IT IS1 :5 NECESS>Y1 AN EM95T P>T ( ! ,MUTUALI/IC PROGRAM4 ,RIE ASSOCIAT$1 & NOT TO ?AT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION KN[N AS 0GOV]NM5T0 OR 0/ATE4'' ,! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO IS FUNDAM5TAL & VITAL1 &1 IF NOT CLE>LY DI/+UI%$ 9 ! M9D ( ! /UD5T1 S]I\S CONFUSION ( ?\E F\ND$ ON PHYSICAL =CE1 &1 AS EXPLA9$ 9 ,*APT] ,I1 >E NECESS>ILY AGGRESSIVE & 9VASIVE 9 *>ACT]4 ,CONSID]+ !IR ORIG9 & FUNCTIONS1 !Y MU/ BE ( ?AT NATURE 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE4 ,SOCIETY1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAS NO SU* ORIG9 & HAS NO SU* FUNCTIONS4 ,\T ( IT MAY ISSUE & FROM IT MAY BE ADAPT$ ANY ORGANIZATION ?AT1 9 ! C\RSE ( EVOLUTION1 MAY >ISE4 ,SOCIETY1 !N1 AS ?US DEF9$1 IS CON/ITUT$ ( MYRIADS ( COMPACTS1 BO? EXPRESS & IMPLI$1 :I* >E SUPPOS$ TO 5ABLE ALL1 REG>DLESS ( 9DIVIDUAL /R5G?1 TO LIVE 9 PEACE & H>MONY1 S9CE ALL RECOGNIZE1 MORE OR LESS CLE>LY1 ?AT ?AT IS A NECESS>Y CONDITION ( HAPP9ESS4 ,& SO ,MUTUALI/S1 S9CE !Y >E KE5LY AW>E ( ?IS FUNDAM5TAL CONDITION1 >E CONC]N$ ) :AT !Y CONSID] TO BE ! BE/ ADAPTATION ( MEANS TO ! 5D4 ,ACCEPT+ FRANKLY ! E?ICAL CONCEPT \TL9$ ABOVE1 !Y HOLD ?AT !Y HAVE DEVIS$ A SOCIAL SY/EM ?AT WILL CON=M 9 ! BE/ POSSIBLE WAY TO ALL ! CONDITIONS ( MOD]N LIFE1 S9CE IT IS BAS$ ON EQUAL FRE$OM & RECIPROCITY & ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL OV] HIMSELF1 HIS AFFAIRS1 & ! PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR1 TO BE REALIZ$ ?R\< 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE1 FREE CONTRACT1 & VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION4 ,MUTUALISM MEANS ?AT !RE %ALL BE NO CO]CION BY SOCIETY ( ANY P]SON :O COMMITS NO ANTISOCIAL ACT1 & ?AT ALL ! COLLECTIVE AFFAIRS ( SOCIETY %ALL BE CONDUCT$ BY VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS1 :]E9 PAYM5T %ALL BE MADE = S]VICES R5D]$1 & = NO?+ ELSE4 ,MUTUALISM ,NOT ,M$DLESOME ,9 ! REALM ( PURELY P]SONAL AFFAIRS1 ,MUTUALISM LIKEWISE PROVIDES = P]FECT LIB]TY BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS1 LEAV+ !M ALWAYS FREE TO ASSOCIATE !MSELVES VOLUNT>ILY 9 :ATEV] WAY !Y MAY *OOSE2 OR TO REMA9 ISOLAT$ & AP>T1 & EV5 TO REFUSE TO P>TICIPATE 9 ANY ASSOCIATIVE ACTIVITIES1 IF !Y SO ELECT1 IT BE+ UND]/OOD ?AT NO SU* P]SON IS TO B5EFIT FROM ! ASSOCIATIVE EF=TS )\T PAYM5T !RE=E1 UNLESS1 9 ! NATURE ( ?+S1 !RE IS NO WAY TO SEGREGATE ! ADVANTAGES ACCRU+ FROM ! COLLECTIVE OP]ATIONS4 ,SOCIETY1 UND] ,MUTUALISM1 9T]F]ES 9 NO WAY ) ! PRIVATE AFFAIRS ( M5 & WOM54 ,9DIVIDUALS >E LEFT FREE TO 5T] 9TO ANY CONTRACTS !Y MAY WI% TO MAKE1 & !Y >E ALSO FREE TO ASSOCIATE )\T ! =MALITY ( CONTRACTS1 & = ANY PURPOSE :ATEV]1 :E!R IT BE SOCIAL1 COMM]CIAL1 9DU/RIAL1 OR SEXUAL4 ,AS LONG AS ?OSE ACTS >E ( A NON9VASIVE NATURE1 SOCIETY HAS NO CONC]N ) !M :ATEV]1 & ,MUTUALISM WILL TOL]ATE NO 9T]F]5CE ) SU* ACTS4 ,*ILDR51 BE+ ! PRODUCT ( ! BODIES ( !IR P>5TS1 >E JU/ AS C]TA9LY ! PROP]TY ( !IR P>5TS AS IS ! PRODUCT ( ! LATT]S' LABOR1 &1 UND] ,MUTUALISM1 SU* PROP]TY RIE COMPET5T TO CONTRACT = !MSELVES & TO DECIDE :E!R !Y WILL ACCEPT ! GU>DIAN%IP ( !IR P>5TS OR ?AT ( SOME ONE ELSE4 ,IT %\LD NEV] BE =GOTT5 - :AT ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* HAS SO CLE>LY DEMON/RAT$ - ?AT ! $UCATION ( *ILDR5 IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 DET]M9+ ! C\RSE ( FUTURE EV5TS4 0,AS ! TWIG IS B5T1 SO ! TREE WILL 9CL9E0 IS AS TRUE TODAY AS :5 IT WAS WRITT54 ,ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL ?+S 9 ! POSITIVE $UCATION ( ! *ILD1 !N1 IS TO MAKE SURE ?AT IT HAS AN OP5 M9D4 ,:AT IS 9/ILL$ 9TO ! *ILD M9D IS NOT AS IMPORTANT AS ?AT ! M9D BE LEFT OP5 TO RECEIVE :5 ! TIME COMES = IT TO MAKE AN 9TELLIG5T *OICE4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT ?AT ! *ILD BE LEFT FREE TO ACCEPT OR REJECT :AT IS (F]$ TO IT2 BUT IT IS /ILL MORE IMPORTANT ?AT IT %\LD HAVE ITS P[]S ( P]CEPTION SO DEVELOP$ ?AT IT MAY BE ABLE TO *OOSE ) DISCRIM9ATION4 ,?AT TRA9+ MU/ COME FROM ! P>5TS - OR !IR REPRES5TATIVES2 IT MU/ NOT BE LEFT TO *ANCE ACQUISITION4 ,*,A,P,T,] ,V,I,I,I4 ,$,U,C,A,T,I,O,N ,& ,! ,>,T,S ,! HUE & CRY AMONG POLITICAL & ECONOMIC RADICALS IS = FREE $UCATION4 ,BY ?AT !Y MEAN AN $UCATION FURNI%$ FREE ( *>GE4 ,BUT ?AT IS NOT AT ALL DESIRABLE1 AS IT IS NOT EQUITABLE4 ,IT W\LD HAVE TO BE PAID = SOMEH[1 IF NOT BY B5EFICI>IES OR SYMPA?IZ]S1 !N BY SOCIETY AT L>GE1 & ?IS LATT] ME?OD IMPLIES TAXES & =C$ CONTRIBUTIONS BY 9DIVIDUALS :O MAY BE 5TIRELY \T ( SYMPA?Y ) ?AT P>TICUL> =M ( $UCATION1 & DECL9E TO MAKE USE ( IT4 ,IT FUR!RMORE IMPLIES ! EXI/5CE ( ! EVILS 9H]5T 9 COMPULSORY /ATE $UCATION1 9 DIRECT PROPORTION TO ! /R5G? ( ! P>TICUL> =M ( GOV]NM5T 9 CONTROL4 ,COMPULSORY $UCATION CAN NO LONG] BE SUPPORT$ ON ! OLD >GUM5T ?AT PEOPLE DO NOT APPRECIATE ! VALUE ( S*OOL+4 ,! T5D5CY TODAY IS 9 JU/ ! O!R DIRECTION4 ,PEOPLE ON ! :OLE OV]E/IMATE1 RA!R ?AN UND]E/IMATE1 ! B5EFITS D]IV$ FROM COMPULSORY S*OOLS4 ,IF TODAY COMPULSORY $UCATION W]E DROPP$1 IT NE$ NOT BE FE>$ ?AT PEOPLE W\LD KEEP !IR *ILDR5 \T ( S*OOL1 PROVID$ ?AT LIV+ CONDITIONS W]E NOT TOO ADV]SE4 ,?IS W\LD ESPECIALLY HOLD TRUE IF S*OOLS EXI/$ 9 :I* *ILDR5 C\LD LE>N ?+S WOR?:ILE4 ,AN EV]-PRES5T BYPRODUCT ( ANY /ATE CONTROLL$ S*OOL SY/EM IS ! 9CULCATION 9 ! *ILD ( WOR%IP & GLORIFICATION ( ! P>TICUL> /ATE 7BE IT ,MON>*Y OR ,COMMUNISM71 ( OB$I5CE & BL9D SUBMISSION TO ITS LAWS1 ! IMP>T+ ( /RICTLY C5SOR$ & LIMIT$ 9=MATION1 )HOLD+ ANY?+ :I* MI\SE A SUSPICION 9 ! *ILD ?AT 0ALL'S NOT RIDS ( MORALITY :I* %ALL T5D TO MAKE ?OSE 9 P[] MORE SECURE4 ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL1 9 ,PROSPECTS ( ,9DU/RIAL ,CIVILIZATION1 SAYS3 0,9 ! C\RSE ( 9/RUCTION1 ! S*OOLMA/] HAS ! OPPORTUNITY TO 9/ILL C]TA9 M5TAL HABITS4 ,IT IS H]E ?AT DISAGREEM5T BEG9S3 :AT M5TAL HABITS %ALL HE TEA*8 ,!RE >E ALL SORTS ( POSSIBILITIES4 ,JESUITS1 9 ! PROCESS ( GIV+ ADMIRABLE 9/RUCTION1 TAUY S*OOLS TEA* ! *ILDR5 TO BECOME #a P] C5T ,AM]ICANS2 I4E41 TO BELIEVE ?AT ,AM]ICA IS ,GOD'S [N C\NTRY1 ITS ,CON/ITUTION DIV9ELY 9SPIR$1 & ITS MILLIONAIRES MODELS ( ,SUNDAY-S*OOL VIRTUE4 ,5GLI% ELEM5T>Y S*OOLS TEA* ?AT ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE IS GREAT & B5EFIC5T1 ?AT IT HAS NEV] OPPRESS$ ,9DIA1 OR =C$ OPIUM ON ,*9A1 ?AT IT HAS BE5 9V>IABLY HUMANIT>IAN 9 ,AFRICA1 & ?AT ALL ,G]MANS >E WICK$4 ,RUSSIAN ELEM5T>Y S*OOLS TEA* ?AT ,COMMUNI/S >E VIRTU\S1 ,AN>*I/S WICK$1 & ! B\RGEOIS MISGUID$2 ?AT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS IMM95T ?R\<\T ,EUROPE2 & ?AT !RE CANNOT BE ANY IMP]IALISM 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY BECAUSE ALL IMP]IALISM IS DUE TO CAPITALISM4 ,! ,JAPANESE TEA* ?AT ! ,MIKADO IS A DIV9E BE+1 DESC5D$ FROM ! SUN GODDESS2 ?AT ,JAPAN WAS CREAT$ E>LI] ?AN O!R P>TS ( ! E>?2 & ?AT IT IS !RE=E ! DUTY ( ! ,*9ESE TO SUBMIT MEEKLY TO :ATEV] COMM&S ! ,JAPANESE MAY LAY UPON !M4 ,I UND]/& ?AT SIMIL> DOCTR9ES >E TAUAGUAY1 & ,SAN ,M>9O1 EA* ( :I* IS ESPECIALLY FAVOR$ BY ,HEAV5 & VA/LY MORE VIRTU\S ?AN ITS NEIE KN[N BY EV]Y $UCATION M9I/] 9 ! WORLD TO BE DELIB]ATELY & 9T5TIONALLY MISLEAD+1 [+ TO PATRIOTIC BIAS4 ,IT IS NOT M]ELY ?AT ! HI/ORY TAUS MORE LIKELY40 ,! F9AL AIM ( ,MUTUALISM 9 $UCATION IS TO SEE ! =M+ ( SELF-RELIANT1 FE>LESS 9DIVIDUALS1 :O >E ABLE TO DO !IR [N ?9K+ & TO %APE !IR LIVES ACCORD+ TO !IR [N IDEAS4 ,TO ANY O!R S*EME SU* A PROGRAM W\LD BE SUICIDAL4 ,MUTUALISM WILL ?RIVE UND] IT4 ,AN UNBIAS$1 FRANK ATTITUDE T[>D LIFE & ALL ITS PH5OM5A1 FE>LESS UTT]+ ( ONE'S' F9D+S1 SELF-RELIANCE 9 SOCIAL CONTACTS1 OPPOSITION TO EXT]NAL AU?ORITY ( 9DIVIDUALS OR AN AGGREGATION ( !M - SU* WILL BE ! RESULTS ( FRE$OM 9 $UCATION4 ,( MORAL - ?AT IS1 SOCIAL - PRECEPTS1 ,MUTUALISM HAS ONLY ONE1 & ?AT ONE IS NEGATIVE4 ,IT IS AS OLD AS ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,CONFUCIUS & BETT] ?AN ! ,*RI/IAN1 POSITIVE V]SION ( IT4 ,IT READS AS FOLL[S3 0,DO NOT DO UNTO O!RS :AT Y\ W\LD NOT HAVE !M DO UNTO Y\40 ,IT IS REM>KABLE H[ FULLY MOD]N DISCOV]IES 9 ! FIELD ( 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL BEHAVIOR CORROBORATE ! TRU? ( ! OLD ,JESUIT MAXIM3 ,GIVE US COMPLETE CONTROL ( ! *ILD UP TO ITS SEV5? YE>1 & Y\ CAN HAVE IT !REAFT]2 ! IMPLICATION BE+ ?AT IT IS PRACTICALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO BREAK D[N ! HABIT =MATIONS &1 MORE P>TICUL>LY1 ! EMOTIONAL & 9TELLECTUAL ATTITUDES =M$ 9 E>LY LIFE UND] SU* EFFICI5T PRACTICAL PSY*OLOGI/S AS ! ,JESUITS W]E4 ,IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT1 ) COMPLETE CONTROL ( ! 5VIRONM5T ( 9DIVIDUALS BY SU* AN AG5CY AS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,/ATE1 HABITS ( UN?9K+ OB$I5CE MAY BE TRA9$ 9 ! 9DIVIDUALS ?AT WILL BR+ !IR SOCIAL BEHAVIOR CLOSE TO SLAV]Y - A SLAV]Y 9 ONE S5SE VOLUNT>Y1 BECAUSE ! SPIRIT ( SELF-DET]M9ATION WILL HAVE BE5 CRU%$ \T OR 0CONDITION$10 AS ! BEHAVIORI/ T]MS IT4 ,AS 9 ! SPH]E ( RELIGION1 SU* A /ATE ( AFFAIRS SECURES & SIMPLIFIES ! TE*NIQUE ( GOV]N+ ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY4 ,IT SUPPRESSES CRITICISM ( ! CONTROLL+ =CE1 & PROVOKES A CONDONATION ( ACTS O!RWISE REPREH5SIBLE4 ,IT IS ! IDEAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS = ! BUREAUCRAT1 ! (FICIAL1 ! ONES 9 P[]4 ,!IR 9T5TIONS MAY BE EV] SO GOOD1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! ,BOL%EVI/S4 ,BUT !Y WILL NOT BROOK OPPOSITION1 DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION1 OR ! EXI/5CE ( DIV]G5T 9T]E/S4 ,= ! ELIM9ATION ( OPPOS+ IDEAS ALREADY EXI/+1 !Y USE ! JAILS1 EXILE1 OR DEA?1 AS DID ! *UR* =M]LY4 ,&1 LOGICALLY1 ! CONTROL ( $UCATION IS !IR MA9 HOPE = ! FUTURE2 TO PREV5T BO!RSOME IDEAS OR OPPOSITION FROM BE+ =M$1 AGA9 FOLL[+ ! ILLU/RI\S EXAMPLE ( ! ,*UR*4 ,& ! PUBLIC S*OOL SY/EM ) COMPULSORY $UCATION IS1 9 MOD]N TIMES1 ! IDEAL MEANS TO ?IS 5D4 ,IF1 9/EAD ( ! COMMUNI/IC - YES1 0COMMUNI/IC10 H[EV] IRRITAT+ ! T]M MAY BE - PUBLIC S*OOL ) COMPULSORY $UCATION & TAX SUPPORT1 !RE BE IMAG9$ A SOCIETY 9 :I* !RE W]E A COMPLETE FRE$OM 9 $UCATION AS !RE IS N[ 9 RELIGION1 IT IS EASILY P]CEIV$ ?AT 9 ?IS CASE ! SOCIAL ATTITUDES & HABIT PATT]NS W\LD1 ON ! :OLE1 BE 5TIRELY DIFF]5T4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT !RE W\LD /ILL PROBABLY BE C]TA9 GR\PS :O W\LD PREF] A COLLECTIVI/ MODE ( ECONOMIC >RANGEM5TS4 ,&1 UND] FRE$OM1 !Y W\LD NOT BE 9T]F]$ )4 ,! *ILDR5 TRA9$ 9 !IR S*OOLS W\LD NO D\BT HAVE L>GELY A COMMUNI/IC ATTITUDE4 ,BUT !RE W\LD BE SOME :O W\LD HOLD OPPOSITE VIEWS1 & O!RS ) MANY 9T]M$IATE IDEAS AS TO ECONOMIC =MS1 ALL ( :OM W\LD HAVE !IR [N S*OOLS4 ,?US !RE W\LD BE A PLURALITY ( SOCIAL ASPECTS :I* W\LD COME 9TO HEAL?Y COMPETITION ) ONE ANO!R4 ,! RESULT W\LD BE 9CREAS$ POSSIBILITIES = ! 9DIVIDUAL TO MAKE HIMSELF FREE FROM ! SELFI% CONTROL ( O!RS & TO F9D ! HAPP9ESS ?AT HE DESIRES4 ,IT IS ALSO QUITE PROBABLE ?AT SU* A PROGRAM WILL SEEM TO LACK DEF9IT5ESS 9 ! EYES ( MANY WELL-MEAN+ PEOPLE4 ,BUT ASIDE FROM ! FACT ?AT 9DIVIDUAL ,MUTUALI/S HAVE V]Y DECID$ OP9IONS AS TO ! $UCATION ( !IR *ILDR51 IT MU/ BE BORN 9 M9D ?AT :AT DI/+UI%ES ! :OLE ,MUTUALI/ DOCTR9E FROM O!R PROPOSALS IS PRECISELY ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT IT DOES NOT WANT TO =CE UPON ANYONE ANY READY-MADE S*EME = ! :OLE CONDUCT ( PEOPLE'S LIVES1 BUT ?AT IT WILL PROVIDE ! L>GE/ POSSIBLE FRE$OM 9 ALL HUMAN CONDUCT1 9CLUD+ $UCATION1 AS LONG AS SU* CONDUCT REMA9S NON9VASIVE4 ,IT IS EV5 TRUE ?AT1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,RUSSIAN ,COMMUNI/1 ! ,MUTUALI/ WILL ALL[ ! SAME LIB]TY TO ! MO/ BIGOT$ RELIGIONI/4 ,?IS ATTITUDE DOES NOT SPR+ FROM ANY HI< E/EEM = RELIGION1 BUT FROM ! CONSID]ATION ?AT ,MUTUALI/S BELIEVE IT TO BE NECESS>Y1 9 ORD] TO F9D \T :AT IS SOCIALLY B5EFICIAL1 ?AT ALL %ADES ( ?\ES A NUMB] ( OBJECTIONABLE FEATURES ) ! O!RS4 ,COMPULSORY /ATE $UCATION IS AV[$LY AN ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP GOOD & USEFUL CITIZ5S4 ,TO ?AT 5D1 ! *ILD IS =C$1 ALMO/ FROM 9FANCY1 TO SP5D ! BE/ H\RS ( ! DAY1 = TWO HUNDR$ DAYS A YE>1 ?R\<\T ?OSE MO/ IMPORTANT =MATIVE YE>S1 SITT+ AT A DESK & LE>N+ A LOT ( L>GELY USELESS 9=MATION 9 A SL[ & UN9T]E/+ MANN]4 ,CLASSES >E USUALLY SO L>GE ?AT 9DIVIDUAL 9/RUCTION IS MADE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,MOREOV]1 TEA*]S (T5 >E M5 OR WOM5 :O1 TEMP]AM5TALLY & 9TELLECTUALLY1 >E UNFIT TO GUIDE ! Y\NG1 BUT :O HAVE GONE 9TO TEA*+ S9CE !Y HAVE PROV$1 OR W]E AFRAID ?AT !Y MIT EV5 ! SIMPLE/ FACTS1 BECAUSE !RE IS ALWAYS A M9ORITY ( OB/REP]\S1 LAZY OR BACKW>D PUPILS4 ,?AT IMPLIES AN 5DLESS REPETITION ( ALL 9=MATION UNTIL IT MU/ BECOME FAMILI> EV5 TO ! MO/ 9ATT5TIVE E>1 SO ?AT MO/ P]IODS CONSI/ ( M]E DRILL RA!R ?AN ( 9/RUCTION4 ,?IS IS TORTURE1 NOT ONLY = ! TEA*]1 BUT = ! PUPILS AS WELL1 ESPECIALLY = ! MORE 9TELLIG5T ONES1 = SOMETIMES WEEKS WILL PASS BE=E NEW 9=MATION IS GIV5 \T4 ,:AT WOND] IF ! /UD5TS BECOME BOR$1 LOSE 9T]E/ 9 S*OOL & RUN 9TO MIS*IEF8 ,?IS EXPLA9S1 TOO1 :Y ! MO/ GIFT$ PUPILS >E USUALLY ! LAZIE/ 9 S*OOL1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! L[] GRADES4 ,LAZ9ESS IS ! WEAPON ) :I* !Y PROTECT !MSELVES AGA9/ ! /ULTIFY+ TREATM5T4 ,V]Y (T51 !IR LAZ9ESS IS NOT REAL2 !Y MAY WORK \TSIDE & 9 SPITE ( ! S*OOL1 BUT NOT AT ! ?+S !Y >E EXPECT$ TO4 ,) 9DIVIDUAL 9/RUCTION1 ! TAL5T$ PUPIL WILL NE$ BUT A V]Y SMALL P>T ( ! TIME ORD9>ILY ALLOTT$1 TO COV] ! 5TIRE S*OOL CURRICULUM4 ,= ! PROCESS ( MEMORIZ+ ! KN[L$GE GA9$ & ( DEVELOP+ DEXT]ITY 9 ITS USE HE WILL NOT NE$ ! PRES5CE ( A DRILL MA/]4 ,& PRIVATE 9/RUCTION1 :]E ! PUPIL ACCEPTS ! 9=MATION GRATEFULLY1 :]E DI/URBANCES1 ANTAGONISM1 & LAZ9ESS HAVE NO CAUSE = EXI/+1 WILL BR+ JOY TO TEA*] & PUPIL ALIKE4 ,H[ R>ELY IS ?IS TRUE ( REGUL> CLASS 9/RUCTION6 ,PRIVATE ,$UCATIONAL ,9/ITUTIONS ,! ADVANTAGES ?AT W\LD ACCRUE IF /UD5TS RECEIV$ !IR 9/RUCTION1 NOT 9 ! PUBLIC S*OOL1 BUT PRIVATELY1 9 SMALL GR\PS1 >E MANY4 ,9DEP5D5CE & 9ITIATIVE W\LD BE DEVELOP$4 ,! TEA*] W\LD CONF9E HIMSELF ESS5TIALLY TO 9DICAT+ ! DIRECTION 9 :I* !Y %\LD WORK4 ,! /UD5TS W\LD HAVE TO CREATE1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 !IR [N MAT]IALS = 9/RUCTION2 AS MAK+ MAPS & RELIEFS = GEOGRAPHY1 GA!R+ COLLECTIONS ( SPECIM5S = ! /UDY ( ! NATURAL SCI5CES1 CON/RUCT+ 9/RUM5TS & MA*9]Y = DEMON/RATIONS 9 PHYSICS1 COLLECT+ 9/RUCTIVE PICTURES1 & DRAW+1 MEASUR+1 MODEL+ & SKET*+4 ,! MO/ COMPLETE $UCATIONAL MUSEUM1 ) ITS EXP5SIVE COLLECTIONS ( EV]Y SORT PAID = \T ( ,/ATE REV5UE1 WILL NOT BE ABLE TO ACCOMPLI% HALF AS MU*1 AS IT WILL LACK ! 9TIMACY & VITALITY ATTA*$ TO ?+S ! 9DIVIDUAL HAS ACTUALLY WORK$ H>D =4 ,PRIVATE $UCATION1 PAID = DIRECTLY & VOLUNT>ILY BY ?OSE :O SYMPA?IZE ) OR MAKE USE ( ! FACILITIES ( ! P>TICUL> S*OOL OR 9/ITUTION1 IS ! BE/ MEANS ( PROVID+ = ! *ILD ! TRA9+ & ! OPPORTUNITIES ! P>5TS DESIRE IT TO HAVE4 ,UND] PRES5T-DAY CONDITIONS1 ( C\RSE1 ! CO/ ( SU* $UCATION IS1 = MO/ PEOPLE1 PROHIBITIVE1 AS ! WORK]1 AFT] HAV+ HIS E>N+S SPLIT AMONG ! EMPLOY]1 ! L&LORD1 ! MONEY L5D]1 & ! GOV]NM5T 79CLUD+ TAXATION = COMPULSORY /ATE $UCATION71 HAS H>DLY 5\< LEFT TO FILL ! /OMA*S & CLO! ! BODIES ( HIMSELF & HIS FAMILY4 ,BUT ONCE ! WORK]'S E>N+S REALLY GO TO HIMSELF1 & HE IS FREE TO EXP5D OR SAVE !M ACCORD+ TO HIS NE$S & DESIRES1 HE CAN WELL AF=D TO PAY = ! BE/ PRIVATE $UCATION :I* HIS *ILDR5 >E CAPABLE ( ACQUIR+4 ,MO/ PRIVATE S*OOLS HAVE TO /RUGGLE H>D = !IR EXI/5CE1 S9CE !Y CANNOT PROTECT !MSELVES AGA9/ ! UNFAIR COMPETITION ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! LATT] EV5 RETA9S CONTROL OV] ! =M] BY PRESCRIB+ A DEF9ITE CURRICULUM :I* MU/ BE ADH]$ TO IRRESPECTIVE ( ! POSSIBLE OBJECT ( ! PRIVATE S*OOL1 UND] P5ALTY ( NON-RECOGNITION ( EXP5D$ $UCATIONAL EF=TS4 ,9 ! FIELD ( CORRECTIVE $UCATION ( SO-CALL$ CRIM9AL BOYS1 A PRIVATE S*OOL1 ! ,GEORGE ,JUNIOR ,REPUBLIC1 GETS RESULTS ) DEL9QU5T BOYS SO SUP]IOR TO ?OSE ( ANY ,/ATE ,RE=MATORY ?AT $UCATORS & SOCIAL WORK]S ! WORLD OV] COME !RE TO /UDY ! ME?ODS EMPLOY$4 ,DR4 ,M>IA ,MONTESSORI IS A /RIK+ EXAMPLE = ! CLAIM MADE H]E ?AT PRACTICALLY ALL PROGRESS 9 $UCATION HAS COME FROM S\RCES O!R ?AN ! PUBLIC S*OOLS4 ,9 H] PRIVATE EXP]IM5TAL K9D]G>T5 9 ,ITALY1 ,DR4 ,MONTESSORI WORK$ \T ! PR9CIPLES & DETAILS ( H] SY/EM ( K9D]G>T5 & PRIM>Y $UCATION :I* HAS 5RI*$ PRES*OOL & PRIM>Y $UCATION ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 ,!RE >E HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PRIVATE S*OOLS ! WORLD OV] :I* RECEIVE ! SUPPORT ( ?9K+ PEOPLE BECAUSE ( ! RESULTS1 :I* >E SUP]IOR TO ?OSE ( ! PUBLIC S*OOLS4 ,QUITE G5]ALLY !SE S*OOLS >E HAMP]$ BY A LACK ( FUNDS1 BUT DESPITE ?IS FACT !Y SURPASS ?OSE ?AT EXI/ BY REASON ( COMPULSORY CONTRIBUTIONS FROM EV]YONE4 ,IT IS NE$LESS TO 5UM]ATE EXAMPLES ( ! ADVANTAGES ( PRIVATE ELEM5T>Y $UCATION1 = EV]YONE KN[S ?AT1 9 ORD] TO LE>N ANY?+ WOR?:ILE - = EXAMPLE TO SPEAK A =EIGN LANGUAGE - MO/ P]SONS GO TO A PRIVATE S*OOL2 OR TO LE>N BOOKKEEP+1 !Y GO TO A BUS9ESS COLLEGE 7USUALLY PRIVATE74 ,A *ILD S5T TO A PRIVATE 9/ITUTION LE>NS 9 TWO OR ?REE YE>S :AT IT TAKES EIS TO LE>N 9 ! PUBLIC S*OOL1 ) ITS LABORI\S & AU?ORIT>IAN ME?ODS4 ,AS REG>DS ! PLACES ( HI<] LE>N+1 ! MA9 CONT5TION ( ,MUTUALI/ AGA9/ /ATE OR GOV]NM5TAL $UCATION IS JU/ AS TRUE4 ,!Y CANNOT1 BY !IR V]Y NATURE1 FO/] ! $UCATION ( FREE1 FE>LESS P]SONALITIES4 ,!Y EXI/ TO PRES]VE ! /ATUS QUO1 & >E !RE=E =EV] FI ,DEP>TM5T TO 9TRODUCE MILIT>Y TRA9+ 9TO SECOND>Y S*OOLS & COLLEGES1 & ITS ACTUAL SUCCESS 9 MAK+ ?AT SUBJECT COMPULSORY 9 MANY CASES1 PROVES ! ,MUTUALI/S' CONT5TION4 ,AS REG>DS ACTUAL S*OL>LY ACCOMPLI%M5TS1 !RE >E =TUNATELY ALREADY MANY PRIVATE COLLEGES & UNIV]SITIES1 TE*NOLOGICAL 9/ITUTIONS & SPECIAL S*OOLS ?AT >E DO+ SUP]IOR WORK4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT MANY ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS1 ESPECIALLY ! D5OM9ATIONAL S*OOLS1 >E NOT EXACTLY TO ! LIK+ ( MO/ MUTUALI/S4 ,BUT1 AS PO9T$ \T TIME & AGA91 ,MUTUALISM IS NOT A S*EME TO PROVIDE UNIV]SAL HAPP9ESS ACCORD+ TO ! PATT]N ( A FEW OR ( MANY P]SONS1 BUT M]ELY ONE TO GIVE OPPORTUNITY = ANYONE TO A*IEVE HAPP9ESS ACCORD+ TO HIS [N FA%ION1 AS LONG AS HE DOES NOT ATTEMPT TO =CE HIS P>TICUL> IDEA ( HAPP9ESS D[N O!R PEOPLE'S ?ROATS4 ,BUT ,MUTUALI/S PREF]1 EV5 N[1 ?OSE PRIVATE S*OOLS ) :I* !Y MAY NOT BE 9 ACCORD1 BECAUSE !SE S*OOLS DO NOT HAVE ! P[] & P]MAN5CY ( ! PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS & >E !RE=E MORE EASILY ADAPT$ TO *ANG+ NE$S UND] FREE COMPETITION 9 $UCATION4 ,9 ALL ?IS DISCUSSION IT MU/ BE KEPT 9 M9D ?AT !RE IS NO EF=T TO DECRY ! GOOD WORK DONE BY SOME /ATE UNIV]SITIES & BY 9DIVIDUAL TEA*]S 9 MANY ( !M4 ,! PO9T IS ?AT ?IS GOOD WORK IS DONE1 NOT BECAUSE ! 9/ITUTION IS RUN BY ! ,/ATES1 BUT 9 SPITE ( ?AT FACT4 ,& FREQU5TLY IT HAPP5S ?AT ! SCI5TIFIC F9D+S ( A DEP>TM5T RUN C\NT] TO SOME POPUL> NOTION OR SPECIAL ECONOMIC 9T]E/S1 & ! TEA*] LOSES HIS JOB1 OR RECANTS4 ,?US ! SY/EM BY ITS V]Y NATURE1 TO A L>GE EXT5T DISC\RAGES RESPECT = TRU?1 DE/ROYS 9ITIATIVE1 & /IFLES SCI5TIFIC ?\ SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( ! S*OOLS ( TODAY4 ,EV5 TODAY1 ! PRIVATE S*OOLS >E F> AHEAD ( ! PUBLIC S*OOLS1 NOT ONLY 9 !IR ME?ODS ( IMP>T+ USEFUL 9=MATION & CULTURAL VALUES1 BUT ALSO 9 ! SCOPE ( SUBJECT MATT]1 9 ! L9K+ UP ( S*OOL & LIFE1 & 9 ! DEVELOP+ ( P]SONALITIES4 ,! PUBLIC S*OOLS RELUCTANTLY FOLL[ SUIT 9 SOME M9OR 9/ANCES1 :5 SLUGGI% PUBLIC OP9ION WAKES UP = A MOM5T OR TWO & DEM&S PROGRESSIVE RE=M4 ,BUT ! IMPROVEM5T IS USUALLY NEGLIGIBLE4 ,:5 !RE >E NO MORE PRIVILEG$ S*OOLS1 :I* CAN AF=D TO WAIT = PUPILS TO BE =CIBLY DRIV5 9TO !IR CLASSROOMS2 :5 ALL S*OOLS >E EQUALLY FREE TO COMPETE = PUPILS2 :5 !Y F9D !IR EXI/5CE DEP5D5T UPON ! QUALITY ( !IR $UCATIONAL A*IEVEM5TS RA!R ?AN UPON ! :IM OR DECREE ( SOME GOV]N+ P[]2 !N %ALL WE SEE HEAL?Y MULTI=MITY 9 $UCATION1 S*OOLS ( ALL TYPES VY+ ) ONE ANO!R TO A*IEVE EXCELL5CE 9 !IR P>TICUL> FIELDS1 :E!R !SE BE K9D]G>T51 PRIM>Y $UCATION1 SECOND>Y $UCATION1 UNIV]SITY TRA9+1 VOCATIONAL TRA9+1 OR SOME O!R =M ( SPECIAL $UCATION4 ,!N ONLY WILL IT BE POSSIBLE TO CAT] TO ALL TA/ES1 NE$S1 & DESIRES1 SO ?AT EV]YONE MAY HAVE FULL OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP HIS P]SONALITY )9 ! LIMITS ( EQUALITY ( FRE$OM4 ,>TS & ,CULTURE 0,A GOOD COMMUNITY DOES NOT SPR+ FROM ! GLORY ( ! ,/ATE1 BUT FROM ! UNFETT]$ DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUALS3 FROM HAPP9ESS 9 DAILY LIFE1 FROM CONG5IAL WORK GIV+ OPPORTUNITY = :ATEV] CON/RUCTIV5ESS EA* MAN OR WOMAN MAY POSSESS1 FROM FREE P]SONAL RELATIONS EMBODY+ LOVE & TAK+ AWAY ! ROOTS ( 5VY 9 ?W>T$ CAPACITY = AFFECTION1 & ABOVE ALL FROM ! JOY ( LIFE & ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! SPONTANE\S CREATION ( >T & SCI5CE4 ,IT IS !SE ?+S ?AT MAKE A NATION OR AN AGE WOR?Y ( EXI/5CE1 & !SE ?+S >E NOT TO BE SECUR$ BY B[+ D[N BE=E ! ,/ATE4 ,IT IS ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 :OM ALL ?AT IS GOOD MU/ BE REALIZ$1 & ! FREE GR[? ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MU/ BE ! SUPREME 5D ( A POLITICAL SY/EM :I* IS TO REFA%ION ! WORLD40 ,?IS /ATEM5T BY ,B]TR& ,RUSSELL1 9 HIS ,PROPOS$ ,ROADS TO ,FRE$OM1 ABLY SUMS UP ! CASE = LIB]TY4 ,= ! SAKE ( ACCURACY ONE MITAKE AT ! EXP5SE ( ANO!R 9DIVIDUAL W\LD BE AGA9/ ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL LIB]TY4 ,& IT IS ?IS PR9CIPLE UPON :I* ! BE/ POSSIBLE SY/EM ( SOCIETY MU/ ( NECESSITY RE/4 ,IT IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! JOY ( LIFE 9 ! SPONTANE\S CREATION ( >T & SCI5CE :I* MAKES A NATION OR AN AGE WOR?Y ( EXI/5CE6 ,( ALL HUMAN EXPRESSION1 >T IS ! ONE ?AT REQUIRES ! FULLE/ AM\NT ( FRE$OM 9 ORD] TO GR[ & TO FL\RI%4 ,! CREATIVE SPIRIT WILL NOT ?RIVE 9 BONDAGE ( ANY SORT4 ,IT SUFF]S & DECAYS UND] ! C5SOR%IP ( ! POLICE1 UND] ! :IP ( COMM]CIALIZ$ GRE$1 OR UND] ! VETO ( BLU/]+ AU?ORITY4 ,! NE>LY EXCLUSIVE RE/RICTION ( >TI/S 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES TO ! REPRES5TATION ( RELIGI\S SUBJECTS1 ! DE/RUCTION ( 9VALUABLE CULTURAL DOCUM5TS BY ?OSE 9 P[]1 AS = 9/ANCE ?AT ( ! OLD ,TEUTONIC LIT]ATURE BY ,*>LEMAGNE1 ! :OLE DISGU/+ KEYHOLE C5SOR%IP OV] MOD]N LIT]ATURE & >T BY PURITANICAL (FIC]S ( ! LAW1 & ABOVE ALL ! S5SELESS1 %AMEFUL1 :OLESALE DE/RUCTION ( CULTURAL & >TI/IC VALUES 9 ! W>S ( MOD]N GOV]NM5TS1 >E TYPICAL EXAMPLES ( ! P]NICI\S ME?ODS & 9FLU5CES TO :I* ! CREATIVE SPIRIT MAY BE SUBJECT$ 9 ANY BUT A FREE SOCIETY4 ,S9CE A WORK ( >T %\LD BE ! MO/ 9TIMATE & ESS5TIAL EXPRESSION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CREATOR1 !RE IS NO ABSOLUTE & UNIV]SAL /&>D BY :I* IT CAN BE JUDG$4 ,IT IS NEI!R GOOD NOR BAD1 0BUT ?9K+ MAKES IT SO40 ,! SAME WORK MAY EVOKE A GOOD REACTION 9 ONE OBS]V] & A BAD REACTION 9 ANO!R4 ,= ANY BODY ( M5 TO USURP A MONOPOLY ( >BITR>Y JUDGM5T 9 MATT]S ( >T & CULTURE & TO ATTEMPT TO 5=CE SU* JUDGM5T BY ! IMPOSITION ( F9E & IMPRISONM5T SEEMS ! HEIROGANCE4 ,& ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( SU* A /ATE ( AFFAIRS IS ! ?ROTTL+ & UTT] DE/RUCTION ( MU* ( ! F9E/ POT5TIAL G5IUS ( ALL TIMES4 ,G5IUS WILL ASS]T ITSELF AGA9/ ALL ODDS1 IT MAY BE SAID4 ,BUT CAN IT EV5 BE GUESS$ H[ MU* G5IUS HAS BE5 /UNT$1 ?W>T$1 & KILL$ BE=E IT C\LD GA!R 5\< =CE TO ASS]T ITSELF 8 ,! ATMOSPH]E MO/ CONDUCIVE TO ! BLOSSOM+ ( >T & ES!TIC VALUES IS NOT ONE ( OPPRESSION OR FRANTIC /RUGGLE4 ,! ,GREEK SCULPTORS1 >*ITECTS1 POETS1 & ?9K]S W]E M5 ( LEISURE 7AL?\< NOT ( IDL5ESS74 ,! FACT IS NOT TO BE CONDON$ ?AT !IR LEISURE TO CREATE VALUES WAS MADE POSSIBLE ?R\< ! EXI/5CE ( A CLASS ( HELOTS - SLAVES - :O DID ALL ! DRUDG]Y4 ,! ,R5AISSANCE PA9T]S & SCULPTORS1 AS WELL AS ! SCI5TI/S1 W]E 9 MO/ CASES PROTEGES ( ! WEAL?Y & P[]FUL1 :O 5ABL$ !M1 = BRIEF P]IODS ( TIME1 TO LIVE 5TIRELY = !IR SPECIAL WORK4 ,IT CAN ONLY BE IMAG9$ :AT A S5SE ( UTT] HUMILIATION & SICKNESS ( HE>T !SE M5 MU/ HAVE EXP]I5C$ 9 HAV+ !IR FRE$OM TO CREATE DEP5D5T ON ! :IMS & PREJUDICES ( MORE OR LESS >I/OCRATIC & POMP\S IGNORAMUSES1 BUT ! SOCIAL SY/EM ( ! P]IOD HAD HO O!R MEANS ( PROVID+ LEISURE & MONEY = ! >TI/ ?AN BY CURRY+ FAVOR ) RI* PATRONS4 ,BUT IF !Y HAD BE5 REALLY FREE TO CREATE1 WE %\LD HAVE AN EV5 MORE 9SPIR+1 DEEP]-REA*+ ES!TIC H]ITAGE TO DRAW UPON4 ,C5SOR%IP1 ) ITS TRA9 ( EVILS1 & ! DEPLORABLE NE$ ( RI* SPONSORS HAVE EV] BE5 ! BANE ( >T4 ,!RE IS NO REASON TO SUPPOSE ?AT 9 A MUTUALI/IC SOCIETY >T %\LD /ILL REMA9 9 BONDAGE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y4 ,ONE :OSE COMP5SATION AM\NTS TO ! FULL VALUE ( HIS PRODUCT CAN AF=D TO SP5D FEW] H\RS AT ! TASK ( E>N+ A LIV+ ?AN IS POSSIBLE = HIM UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM1 ESPECIALLY S9CE COMMODITIES W\LD BE *EAP] BECAUSE ( ! ELIM9ATION ( ! TRIPLE BURD5 ( 9T]E/1 L& R5T & MONOPOLI/IC PR(ITS4 ,) MORE LEISURE & FEW] C>ES MAN CAN GIVE MORE HE$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( SELF1 BO? E?ICALLY & ES!TICALLY4 ,!RE=E ! ,MUTUALI/ WORK] WILL BE MORE ABLE ?AN ! WAGE SLAVE ( TODAY TO TAKE ACTIVE 9T]E/ 9 ! PRACTICE & APPRECIATION ( ! >TS & SCI5CES1 9 ! APPLICATION ( >T & BEAUTY TO EV]YDAY LIFE1 & 9 ! VOLUNT>Y E/ABLI%M5T ( CULTURAL UNITS BY :I* ALL ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY MAY B5EFIT4 ,EV5 N[ !RE >E PRIVATE GALL]IES ( DI/9CTION :I* >E OP5 TO ! PUBLIC4 ,9 ! (FICIAL MUSEUMS1 (T5 ! MO/ 9T]E/+ EXHIBITS >E ?OSE LOAN$ OR DONAT$ BY PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS4 ,PRIVATE MUSEUM ASSOCIATIONS >E 9 EXI/5CE :I* >E MORE ALIVE & 9=MATIVE ?AN ! USUAL TYPE ( FOSSILIZ$ PUBLIC MUSEUM4 ,!RE IS ! ,BALBOA ,MUSEUM 9 ,SAN ,DIEGO1 ,CALI=NIA1 :I* IS KEPT UP BY PRIVATE CONTRIBUTIONS & 7UND\BT$LY = ?IS V]Y REASON7 MANAGES TO IMP>T MU* CULTURAL 9FLU5CE TO ! COMMUNITY & TO ! V>I\S GR\PS ( EAG]1 Y\?FUL /UD5TS4 ,! ,METROPOLITAN ,MUSEUM & ! ,MUSEUM ( ,NATURAL ,HI/ORY 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 ! ,S\?WE/ ,MUSEUM 9 ,LOS ,ANGELES1 >E ALL ( ! SAME TYPE4 ,!RE >E ORGANIZATIONS LIKE ! ,NATIONAL ,GEOGRAPHIC ,SOCIETY1 :I* EXI/S 5TIRELY BY VIRTUE ( PRIVATE CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ITS MANY ?\S&S ( MEMB]S1 & YET IS ABLE TO C>RY ON EXT5SIVE EXPLORATIONS & EXP$ITIONS ( GREAT CULTURAL VALUE & TO BR+ TO ITS MEMB]S FIR/-H& 9=MATION ON MANY SUBJECTS1 9 MANY C\NTRIES1 ?R\< ITS BEAUTIFUL MAGAZ9E4 ,! V>I\S AUTO CLUBS1 ) !IR GOOD-ROAD MAPS & DEP5DABLE T\R+ 9=MATION1 NOT TO =GET !IR ROAD & TRAFFIC SIGNS1 :I* >E = ! B5EFIT ( ALL AUTOMOBILI/S1 GIVE O!R 9/ANCES ( SUCCESSFUL PRIVATE ASSOCIATIONS NOT ORGANIZ$ = GA9 BUT = MUTUAL B5EFIT4 ,!RE >E ALP9E & HIK]S' CLUBS1 :OSE PUBLIC M\NTA9 HUTS1 ESPECIALLY BUILT TRAILS1 FREELY FURNI%$ CLIMB+ ACCESSORIES1 & G5]AL FRI5DL9ESS TO ALL LOV]S ( ! \T-DOORS >E HEAL?Y SIGNS ( COOP]ATION = ! GOOD ( SOCIETY AT L>GE4 ,9 ,G]MANY !RE IS ! 0,DU]]BUND10 & ASSOCIATION ( >TI/S1 TEA*]S1 WRIT]S1 & WORK]S 9 ! TRADES1 :OSE EXPRESS PURPOSE IS ! DEVELOPM5T AMONG ALL CLASSES ( PEOPLE ( >TI/IC & CULTURAL 5JOYM5T & APPRECIATION4 ,?R\< A GREAT NUMB] ( V>I$ ACTIVITIES1 ) ! 5?USIA/IC HELP ( ITS MEMB]S1 ! ,DU]]BUND1 DUR+ ! PA/ ?IRTY YE>S1 HAS ACTUALLY SUCCE$$ 9 RAIS+ ! CULTURAL /&>D ( A L>GE P>T ( ,G]MANY'S POPULATION TO A NOTICEABLY HI<] LEVEL4 ,!RE >E PRIVATE1 NONPR(IT-MAK+ !AT] CLUBS :I* PROVIDE TICKETS = GOOD PLAYS TO ANYONE AT R$UC$ RATES4 ,9 ALL CIVILIZ$ C\NTRIES SIMIL> 9/ANCES MAY BE F\ND4 ,SU* SCI5TIFIC EXP$ITIONS AS ?OSE OR ,AMUNDS51 & ( ,ELLSWOR? TO ! ,POL> REGION1 ( ,LORD ,C>N>VON 9TO ,EGYPTIAN TOMBS1 ( ,S*LIEMANN TO ! RU9S ( ANCI5T ,TROY1 >E ALL ! RESULT ( PRIVATE SUBSCRIPTION4 ,EV5 N[ !RE >E MILLIONS ( PEOPLE :O PAY1 )\T ANY LEGAL COMPULSION :ATEV]1 = ! SUPPORT ( ALL SORTS ( 9/ITUTIONS = :I* !RE IS A ''DEM&02 AS PRIVATE S*OOLS1 *UR*ES1 FRAT]NAL ORD]S1 HOSPITALS1 LIBR>IES1 MUSEUMS1 CREMATORIES1 >TI/S' CLUBS1 SCI5TIFIC ORGANIZATIONS1 PEACE SOCIETIES1 RECREATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS1 SOCIAL S]VICE AG5CIES1 CIVIL LIB]TY UNIONS1 & O!RS4 ,9DE$1 IT IS H>D TO REALIZE H[ MANY DIFF]5T ACTIVITIES >E BE+ C>RI$ ON BY VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 NOT M]ELY = ! B5EFIT ( ! GR\P1 BUT ) ! AV[$ PURPOSE ( BE+ AT ! DISPOSAL ( SOCIETY AT L>GE4 ,IF A SY/EM SO HE$LESS ( HUMAN VALUES AS IS \R PRES5T SY/EM HAS NOT BE5 ABLE TO CRU% \T ALL >TI/IC IMPULSES & ! VOLUNT>Y CREATION ( CULTURAL VALUES1 :AT MAY WE NOT EXPECT ( A SOCIETY ( 9DIVIDUALS :O WILL HAVE ! OPPORTUNITY = SELF-DEVELOPM5T1 LEISURE TO CREATE & TO APPRECIATE1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 :O WILL FULLY UND]/& ! MEAN+ & VALUE ( MUTUALITY & :O WILL PROTECT ONE ANO!R'S FRE$OM TO 5GAGE 9 ANY NON9VASIVE ACTIVITIES1 NO MATT] H[ RADICAL A DEP>TURE FROM ! CU/OM>Y ACTIVITIES !Y MI,Y ,E,C,O,N,O,M,I,C ,O,R,G,A,N,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N -- ,! ,C,O,O,P,],A,T,I,V,E,S ,9 ORD] TO SATISFY PRACTICAL PEOPLE A PICTURE MIY ASSOCIATION 9 ! FUTURE1 & A GR\P ( ORGANIZATIONS MIILY1 EA* MEMB] HAV+ ! RIE ( ! PROP]TY1 TO )DRAW AT ANY TIME TO JO9 ANY O!R SOCIETY1 OR TO %IFT = HIMSELF4 ,IT HAS #a1#b#i BRAN*ES & RUNS #aaf FACTORIES & PRODUCTIVE 9DU/RIES 9 :I* ANY?+ IS MADE FROM %OES TO FURNITURE1 FROM ROPE TO PRES]VES1 FROM BOOKS TO AUTOMOBILES4 ,IT IS ! L>GE/ DI/RIBUTOR ( TEA 9 ! WORLD & OP]ATES A L>GE PLANT 9 ,*ICAGO1 = BL5D+1 PACK+ & %IPP+1 9 :I* #d$ M5 & WOM5 >E EMPLOY$4 ,ITS TEA TRADE AV]AGES AB\T #f11 P\NDS A YE>4 ,IT [NS #c#c1#e#e#b ACRES ( L& 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ) A NOM9AL ORIG9AL VALUE ( NE>LY @s #e112 #a1 ACRES 9 ,CANADA2 & BESIDES1 #e1#f#i#i ACRES ( TEA PLANTATIONS 9 ,CEYLON1 & #b#h1#f#a#g ACRES 9 ,9DIA1 EMPLOY+ T5 ?\S& PEOPLE4 ,! TOTAL :OLESALE DI/RIBUTIVE TRADE = ! YE> AM\NTS TO @s #c#a#i1#f#c#h1#c#c#h4#b4 ,IT FUR!RMORE OP]ATES A BANK ( ITS [N ) OV] #a1#e AG5CIES ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,9 ! YE> 9 QUE/ION1 IT HAS HAD A TURNOV] ( OV] ,G,B,P#b1#d#h1#e#a1#h#d#c4#i4 ,ONE-HALF ( ! 9DU/RIAL LIFE & ACCID5T 9SURANCE 9 ! C\NTRY IS WRITT5 BY ?IS COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 ,ITS LIFE 9SURANCE CO/S ONE-F\R? ( ! OLD PR(IT-MAK+ RATES4 ,ITS SOCIAL WORK EMBRACES ALMO/ EV]Y BRAN* ( HUMAN S]VICE4 ,IT NOT ONLY S]VES ITS [N MEMB]S1 BUT IS ALSO ( WIDE PUBLIC B5EFIT4 ,BY ?IS TIME C]TA9 IMPATI5T1 MATT]-(-FACT READ]S WILL NO LONG] BE ABLE TO CONTROL !MSELVES3 0,H[ W\LD IT BE POSSIBLE = OV] ?REE MILLION PEOPLE TO COOP]ATE 9 SU* A L>GE & V>I$ 5T]PRISE8 ,IT IS ABSURD6 ,IT CAN'T BE DONE6 ,Y\ W\LD HAVE TO *ANGE HUMAN NATURE6 ,Y\2 WILL NEV] GET TOGE!R SU* A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE = ?OSE PURPOSES )\T COMPULSION4 ,PEOPLE >E TOO SELFI%40 ,! REPLY IS3 SU* A SOCIETY1 EXI/S AT ! PRES5T1 TIME4 ,= ,*ICAGO READ ,LONDON1 & = ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES READ ,5GL&1 & Y\ HAVE A /ATEM5T ( ! AFFAIRS ( ! ,5GLI% ,COOP]ATIVE ,:OLESALE ,SOCIETY4 ,:AT HAS BE5 PRES5T$ AS IMAG9>Y WAS AN ACTUALLY EXI/+ FACT 9 ! YE> #a#i#b#b4 ,IS IT 9CR$IBLE8 ,IF PRO(S IS DESIR$1 ! READ] IS REF]R$ TO A PUBLICATION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,WA%+TON1 5TITL$ ,COOP]ATION 9 ,=EIGN ,C\NTRIES1 A REPORT ( ! ,F$]AL ,TRADE ,COMMISSION1 #a#i#b#e1 FROM :I* ! =EGO+ REPORT IS TAK5 ALMO/ V]BATIM4 ,ANO!R EV5 MORE 5LIBASSE'S ,COOP]ATIVE ,DEMOCRACY2 :I* IS FULL ( 9T]E/+ & /IMULAT+ 9=MATION AB\T :AT HAS BE5 DONE 9 ! FIELD ( VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS4 ,ANO!R ANSW] IS ?AT :ILE IT W\LD PROBABLY BE IMPOSSIBLE TO COMPEL ?OSE PEOPLE TO WORK TOGE!R ?US H>MONI\SLY1 !IR SOCIAL & ,MUTUALI/IC PROP5SITIES IMPEL !M NATURALLY & VOLUNT>ILY TO COOP]ATE TO DO ! ?+S ?AT NE$ TO BE DONE ASSOCIATIVELY4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( =CE1 !IR SELF-9T]E/ MAKES !M COME TOGE!R ON A ,MUTUALI/IC BASIS1 :]E ! ADVANTAGE ( ONE IS ! ADVANTAGE ( ! O!R1 & :]E EV]YONE GIVES & TAKES ON A FREE MAN'S BASIS4 ,?US !Y SATISFY WANTS :I*1 BY !MSELVES1 !Y C\LD NOT SATISFY AS WALL4 ,?IS SATISFACTION AWAK5S NEW WANTS4 ,!SE DEM& NEW 5T]PRISES1 NEW COMB9ATIONS1 NEW 9V5TIONS4 ,9 ?IS WAY SOCIETY WILL GR[ NATURALLY & EASILY1 LIKE A TREE4 ,IF1 EV5 N[1 ) ! CON/ANT 9T]F]5CE & DI/URBANCE ( SOCIAL RELATIONS ?R\< ! CONDITIONS M5TION$ 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]S1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO DO SU* ?+S1 :AT MAY NOT BE EXPECT$ :5 SPECIAL PRIVILEGE IS GONE & TRULY ,MUTUALI/IC RELATIONS CAN BE E/ABLI%$ 9 ALL PROV9CES ( LIFE1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ECONOMICS8 ,! BELIEF ?AT GOV]NM5T COMPULSION IS NECESS>Y TO MAKE PEOPLE PRODUCE ASSOCIATIVELY ! ?+S !Y NE$ OR WANT IS ABSURD4 ,! ,COOP]ATIVE ,MOVEM5T ,9/EAD ( BE+ ! \TCOME ( A C]TA9 DEF9ITE SOCIAL !ORY1 ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,MOVEM5T HAS SIMPLY DEVELOP$ )9 ! LA/ EIS1 FROM ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JAMES ,PET] ,W>BASSE1 ! *IEF EXPON5T ( ! MOVEM5T 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 A ,COOP]ATIVE IS 0A VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION 9 :I* ! PEOPLE ORGANIZE DEMOCRATICALLY TO SUPPLY !IR NE$S ?R\< MUTUAL ACTION1 9 :I* ! MOTIVE ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION IS S]VICE1 NOT PR(IT1 & 9 :I* IT IS ! AIM ?AT ! P]=MANCE ( USEFUL LABOR %ALL GIVE ACCESS TO ! BE/ REW>DS40 ,! ULTIMATE T5D5CY IS 0T[>D ! CREATION ( A NEW SOCIAL /RUCTURE ?AT %ALL BE CAPABLE ( SUPPLANT+ BO? PR(IT-MAK+ 9DU/RY & ! COMPULSORY POLITICAL /ATE BY ! COOP]ATIVE ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY40 ,9 CONTRA/ ) ! L>GE/ EXP]IM5T 9 SOCIALISM 7BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS71 ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,MOVEM5T HAS FULLY DEMON/RAT$ ITS ABILITY TO PROVIDE FOOD1 CLO?+ & %ELT] = ALL 9 ABUNDANCE4 ,ANYONE :O /UDIES ?IS MOVEM5T M>VELS AT ! FACT ?AT BUS9ESS TRANSACTIONS RUNN+ 9TO BILLIONS >E C>RI$ ON V]Y SUCCESSFULLY BY ORGANIZATIONS BAS$ 5TIRELY ON VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION4 ,( ! V>I\S TYPES ( COOP]ATIVES - ! CONSUM]S'1 PRODUC]S'1 CR$IT1 & AGR>IAN - !RE >E 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COOP]ATIVE ,ALLIANCE ?\S&S ( SOCIETIES1 REPRES5T$ BY EIS OLD1 IT HAS MADE 5ORM\S /RIDES4 ,!RE IS N[1 9 SU* 5T]PRISES1 A TOTAL 9VE/M5T ( OV] @s #e111 ( :I* @s #b11 IS 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY & @s #a11 9 ,*ICAGO4 ,/RANGE TO SAY1 IT DOES NOT SEEM TO HAVE BE5 9AUGURAT$ H]E 9 ! 9T]E/S ( PEOPLE ( SMALL MEANS1 BUT ,NEW ,YORK' MILLIONAIRES W]E ! FIR/ TO ADOPT IT1 9 ! =M ( MAGNIFIC5T AP>TM5T H\SES1 AS GIV+ !M GREAT] COM=T & CONV5I5CES AT LESS CO/ & TR\BLE1 :ILE PROVID+ AN 9VE/M5T ?AT HAS 9V>IABLY 9CREAS$ 9 VALUE4 ,AFT] ! WEAL?Y HAD DEMON/RAT$ ! VALUE ( ! PLAN1 IT WAS UTILIZ$ BY MANY O!RS 9 ALL WALKS ( LIFE & 9 ALL ! =MS ADAPT$ TO ! USES ( ! V>I\S CLASSES ( P]SONS ADOPT+ IT2 ?OSE ( MOD]ATE MEANS BE+ ! PR$OM9ANT TYPE REPRES5T$4 ,IT MAY BE ADD$1 MOREOV]1 ?AT !RE HAVE BE5 PRACTICALLY NO FAILURES 9 !SE V5TURES4 ,9 BANK+ & 9SURANCE1 COOP]ATIVES HAVE PROV$ ( IMM5SE B5EFIT TO ?OSE :O HAD SUFF]$ FROM ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,! SMALL PRODUC] & ! F>M] 9 ,EUROPE W]E 9 ! CLUT*ES ( ! USURI\S MONEY-L5D] UNTIL ! COOP]ATIVE BANKS1 GREATLY OPPOS$1 ( C\RSE1 BY ! GOV]NM5TS1 CAME TO !IR HELP4 ,IF ! F>M]S ( ?IS C\NTRY UND]/OOD ! DEVELOPM5T ( A CR$IT 9/RUM5T ?AT W\LD TAKE C>E ( !IR NE$S )\T ROBB+ !M1 !Y C\LD DO ! SAME ?+ 9 ?IS REG>D AS !Y DID 9 ! CASE ( 9SURANCE1 :I* 9 MANY PLACES HAS BE5 CUT 9 HALF ?R\< ! SELF-HELP ( ! F>M]S4 ,WILL ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,MOVEM5T OBTA9 = ! WORK] ! FULL PRODUCT ( HIS LABOR8 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,MOVEM5T IS WORK+ T[>D ?AT 5D1 TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT 5VISAGES ! PROBLEM4 ,:ILE MO/ ( ! COOP]ATIVES PAY ! /OCKHOLD]S SOME DIVID5DS1 !SE >E COMP>ATIVELY SMALL4 ,&1 IRRESPECTIVE ( ! NUMB] ( %>ES A MEMB] [NS1 HE HAS ONLY ONE VOTE 9 ! AFFAIRS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 HIS SAV+S RETURNS DO NOT DEP5D ON ! NUMB] ( %>ES1 BUT ON HIS PATRONAGE ( ! SOCIETY4 ,= 9/ANCE1 IF ONE FAMILY BUYS @s #b1 WOR? ( GOODS DUR+ A YE>1 & ! SAV+S RETURNS >E T5 P] C5T1 !N !Y GET BACK @s #b AT ! 5D ( ! YE>1 EV5 IF !Y [N ONLY ONE %>E4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF A MAN PATRONIZES ! SAME SOCIETY ONLY TO ! EXT5T ( PUR*AS+ T5 DOLL>S' WOR? ( GOODS1 HE WILL RECEIVE ONLY ONE DOLL>1 EV5 IF HE [NS TW5TY %>ES1 OR :ATEV] ! LIMIT ALL[$ TO ONE MEMB] MAY BE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! T5D5CY IS TO GIVE S]VICE TO MEMB]S AT CO/1 & NOT PAY !M A PR(IT = ! LOAN ( !IR CAPITAL4 ,IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME S]VICE AT CO/ W\LD BE ! RULE1 & ! PROGRESSIVE LEAD]S >E HOP+ = ?IS2 BUT !Y CANNOT :OLLY ACCOMPLI% ?IS )\T SU* AN 9/RUM5T AS ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 IT SEEMS ?AT !Y FEEL ! NE$ ( JU/ SU* AN 9/ITUTION4 ,J4 ,P4 ,W>BASSE APP>5TLY EXPRESSES ?AT FEEL+ 9 ! FOLL[+ WORDS3 0,! PAYM5T ( 9T]E/ MI AS ! SOCIETY DEVELOP$ TO ! PO9T :]E IT WAS UNNECESS>Y TO CALL UPON ITS MEMB]S = CAPITAL = DEVELOPM5T PURPOSES4 ,ULTIMATELY1 :5 A SOCIETY DESIR$ TO UND]TAKE NEW DEVELOPM5TS1 IT W\LD PROCE$ ) ! LABOR P[] ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,IT W\LD USE ! MAT]IALS & NATURAL RES\RCES :I* IT ALREADY POSSESS$4 ,MAT]IAL :I* IT HAD TO PROCURE FROM O!R SOCIETIES W\LD BE PAID = ) CR$IT TO BE EX*ANG$ = PRODUCTS ( ITS [N4 ,A C5TRAL CLE>+ H\SE1 GR[+ \T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COOP]ATIVE ,ALLIANCE1 OR ! BANK+ OR :OLESALE AG5CY :I* IT CREATES1 W\LD S]VE TO /ABILIZE & ADJU/ 9T]NATIONAL EX*ANGE40 ,!RE >E A NUMB] ( ADVANTAGES :I* ! EMPLOYES ( CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVES 5JOY AT ! PRES5T TIME4 ,ON ! :OLE1 ! WAGES >E SLI AS WORK+ CONDITIONS1 H\RS ( EMPLOYM5T1 VACATIONS1 ETC41 >E CONC]N$4 ,! COOP]ATIVE /ORES 9 ,5GL& W]E ! FIR/ TO ALL[ ! HALF DAY A WEEK TO EMPLOYES4 ,SOME ORGANIZATIONS PAY !IR WOM5 MORE ?AN ! LEGAL M9IMUM WAGES2 S9CE MO/ COOP]ATORS >E WORK+ M5 & WOM5 !MSELVES1 !Y >E SYMPA!TIC TO ANY MOVEM5T = ! WELF>E ( ! EMPLOYES ( ! SOCIETY4 ,SOMETIMES !IR VOTE WILL PROVIDE = !SE PEOPLE CONDITIONS BETT] ?AN ?OSE UND] :I* !Y !MSELVES >E WORK+4 ,MO/ COOP]ATIVES GIVE CONT9U\S EMPLOYM5T TO WORK]S1 BECAUSE !Y >E ASSUR$ ( A MORE /ABLE M>KET ?R\< !IR DI/RIBUTIVE SOCIETIES1 &1 9 SOME CASES1 \T ( A M]E S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY1 :I* IS USUALLY ABS5T 9 ORD9>Y BUS9ESS4 ,! MAJORITY ( EMPLOYES1 BE+ AT ! SAME TIME MEMB]S1 HAVE A VOICE 9 ! RUNN+ ( AFFAIRS4 ,9 MANY PLACES1 COOP]ATION BETWE5 ! SOCIETY & ! EMPLOYES1 & AMONG ! EMPLOYES !MSELVES1 HAS DEVELOP$ TO AN A/ONI%+ EXT5T 9 SUPPLY+ ! LATT] ) 9SURANCE1 $UCATION1 RECREATION1 H\S+1 & HEAL? PROTECTION4 ,A NOTABLE EXAMPLE IS ! COOP]ATIVE G>D5 CITY ( ,FREIDORF1 9 ,SWITZ]L&4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !RE >E ON RECORD A NUMB] ( CASES :]E /RIKES HAVE BE5 WON BY WORK]S ) ! HELP ( COOP]ATIVES4 ,FREQU5TLY1 A /RIKE IS DECID$ BY ! L5G? ( TIME ?AT ! WORK]S CAN 5DURE HUNG]4 ,:]E /RIK]S HAVE TO DEP5D ON PR(IT /ORES OR1 WORSE YET1 ON COMPANY /ORES1 !Y WILL BE />V$ 9TO SUB-MISSION4 ,BUT :]E !Y HAVE !IR [N COOP]ATIVE1 ) A NATIONAL ORGANIZATION AT ! BACK ( IT1 !Y CAN %[ AN 9DEP5D5CE ?AT WILL BR+ RESULTS4 ,A FAVORITE TRICK1 9 CASE ( /RIKES1 IS = BANKS TO REFUSE LOANS TO UNIONS OR PREV5T !M FROM US+ !IR FUNDS1 AS HAS BE5 DONE 9 A NUMB] ( CASES 9 ,5GL&4 ,9 EV]Y CASE1 ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,:OLESALE ,SOCIETY HAS HELP$ ! UNIONS ) A SPIRIT ( MUTUALITY ?AT WAS 9SPIR+ & ?AT HAD ! LOGICAL CONSEQU5CE ?AT MEMB]%IP 9 ! SOCIETY1 AS WELL AS DEPOSITS 9 ITS BANK+ DEP>TM5T1 9CREAS$4 ,COOP]ATION ,IS ,LIB]T>IAN ,WILL ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,MOVEM5T 9CREASE 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY8 ,ONE ( ! TE/S ( ANY RE=M MOVEM5T ) REG>D TO P]SONAL LIB]TY IS ?IS3 WILL ! MOVEM5T PROHIBIT OR ABOLI% PRIVATE PROP]TY8 ,IF IT DOES1 IT IS AN 5EMY ( LIB]TY4 ,= ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT CRIT]IA ( FRE$OM IS ! RI*I/S D5Y PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,EV5 SOME ( ! COOP]ATORS1 :ILE ADMITT+ ! RITICUL> EVIL 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL [N]%IP ( CAPITAL4 ,BUT1 HAPPILY1 !RE >E A GREAT MANY COOP]ATORS :O REALIZE ?AT PRIVATE PROP]TY IS A PRIME ESS5TIAL = 9DIVIDUALS1 MAK+ !M 9DEP5D5T1 ?RIFTY1 RESPONSIBLE - EFFECTS EXACTLY OPPOSITE TO ?OSE PRODUC$ BY PUBLIC [N]%IP4 ,! ,COOP]ATIVE ,MOVEM5T IS F\ND$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION4 ,ANY MEMB] MAY )DRAW FROM HIS ,COOP]ATIVE1 TAK+ ) HIM ?AT :I* BELONGS TO HIM4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HE IS FREE1 9 ?AT RESPECT4 ,&1 S9CE ! ULTIMATE AIM ( ! MOVEM5T IS ! GRADUAL DISAPPE>ANCE ( MONOPOLI/IC & COMPULSORY 9/ITUTIONS1 ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL 5JOY A PROGRESSIVELY L>G] FRE$OM ?AN HE DOES N[1 IF ?IS AIM IS REA*$4 ,A COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATION CAN TOL]ATE CRITICISM2 IT CAN BE ?REAT5$ BY ANY MEMB] ) NONSUPPORT1 OR EV5 ) OPPOSITION2 ANY NUMB] ( MEMB]S MAY ACTUALLY SEC$E & BE FREE TO />T A C\NT] ORGANIZATION1 )\T BE+ %OT = TREASON4 ,9 FACT1 A TRUE COOP]ATIVE IS A CREATURE ( ITS MEMB]S2 IT HAS NO P[] OV]1 !M EXCEPT :AT HAS BE5 ACCEPT$1 BY VOLUNT>Y AGREEM5T2 !Y CAN OV]?R[ IT AT ANY TIME2 & IT WILL ONLY BE ABLE TO EXI/ IF IT GIVES ! S]VICE = :I* IT WAS 9T5D$4 ,?IS IS FRE$OM2 &1 BECAUSE1 COOP]ATORS ACKN[L$GE ?IS FRE$OM1 !RE IS HOPE ?AT1 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME1 !Y WILL ACKN[L$GE FRE$OM AS ! MO/ IMPORTANT REQUIREM5T 9 ALL ! RELATIONS ( M54 ,MOREOV]1 !Y WILL1 NO D\BT1 ALSO F9D1 ?AT !1 ONLY LIB]TY POSSIBLE 9 HUMAN RELATIONS IS EQUAL LIB]TY - ?AT IS1 ! L>GE/ AM\NT ( P]SONAL LIB]TY ?AT IS COMPATIBLE ) ! LIKE LIB]TY ( ALL4 ,! FACT ?AT ! ,COOP]ATIVES >E PURELY VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS1 & >E1 AS F> AS !Y GO1 :OLLY LIB]T>IAN1 GIVES !M A HI< PLACE 9 ! E/EEM ( ,MUTUALI/S1 :O MA9TA9 ?AT ! WORLD'S BE/ WORK IS DONE 9 ! ABS5CE ( COMPULSION1 & 9 SPITE (1 RA!R ?AN ) ! AID (1 ! >BITR>Y P[] ( ORGANIZ$ AU?ORITY4 ,IT IS ?IS *>ACT]I/IC ( !IR /RUCTURE1 9 ! VIEW ( ,MUTUALI/S1 ?AT R5D]S ! ,COOP]ATIVES ( PECULI> VALUE 9 ADVANC+ ! PR9CIPLES ( ,MUTUALISM & 9 DEVELOP+ ITS PROCESSES4 ,IT IS A SIGNIFICANT FACT ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 AFT] TRY+ TO SQUEEZE ! ,RUSSIAN ,COOP]ATIVE ,MOVEM5T 9TO !IR ,/ATE CAPITALISM1 W]E =C$ BY ! BAD RESULTS TO GIVE BACK TO ! ,COOP]ATIVES !IR FRE$OM1 & ?AT !Y N[ EXPECT MORE HELP 9 ! SOCIALIZATION ( ,RUSSIAN ECONOMIC LIFE FROM ! COOP]ATIVES ?AN FROM ANY O!R AG5CY4 ,BUT1 IF !SE REMA9 TRUE COOP]ATIVES1 ! ,COMMUNI/S WILL BE SADLY DISAPPO9T$ 9 !IR EXPECTATIONS4 ,VOLUNT>Y ,ORGANIZATION ,IMM$IATELY ,PRACTICABLE ,VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION IS ONE ( ! PHASES ( ,MUTUALISM ?AT CAN BE PUT 9TO IMM$IATE OP]ATION1 )\T ! ALT]ATION OR ABROGATION ( A S+LE LAW1 & IT IS ALREADY BE+ PRACTIC$ 9 MANY C\NTRIES4 ,BUT MO/ PEOPLE >E UTT]LY UNAW>E ( ! MAGNITUDE ( SOME ( ! COOP]ATIVE 5T]PRISES N[ 9 EXI/5CE4 ,! ,5GLI% COOP]ATIVES />T$ AS COMPETITION AGA9/ %ORT WEIGE NUMB] ( COOP]ATIVE ORGANIZATIONS N[ 9 EXI/5CE1 BUT SPACE IS NOT AVAILABLE H]E1 &1 MOREOV]1 ! 9=MATION MAY BE F\ND 9 A NUMB] ( BOOKS N[ OBTA9ABLE 9 BOOK /ORES & PUBLIC LIBR>IES4 ,SUFFICE IT = ! PRES5T TO CALL ATT5TION TO A FEW FIGURES :I* MAY BE SURPRIS+ & 9T]E/+4 ,!RE IS 9 EXI/5CE TODAY ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,COOP]ATIVE ,ALLIANCE1 ) GR\PS FROM #cd DIFF]5T C\NTRIES2 REPRES5T+ #h NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS1 SU* AS :OLESAL]S' COOP]ATIVES1 :I* 9 TURN REPRES5T ANY:]E FROM #e TO OV] #b1 9DIVIDUAL SOCIETIES EA*4 ,! TOTAL MEMB]%IP ( !SE SOCIETIES ORGANIZ$ 9 ?IS WAY IS OV] #e11 PEOPLE4 ,IF AN AV]AGE ( F\R TO A FAMILY BE TAK51 ! RESULT IS A TOTAL ( MORE ?AN #b11 :O >E S]V$ BY !SE COOP]ATIVES4 ,?AT IS NE>LY TWICE ! POPULATION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 7,9T]NATIONAL ,COOP]ATIVE ,BULLET91 #a#i#b#f47 ,ON ,JANU>Y #a1 #a#i#b#f1 ,G]MANY HAD #e#b1#g#h#h COOP]ATIVE SOCIETIES 7CONSUM]S'1 PRODUC]S'1 CR$IT1 & AGR>IAN71 ) #a11 MEMB]S4 ,TAK+ F\R TO A FAMILY1 IT IS F\ND ?AT MORE ?AN HALF ( ! ,G]MAN POPULATION IS ?US S]V$4 ,! ,C5TRAL ,UNION ALONE CONSI/S ( #a1#a ASSOCIATIONS1 ) #h1#e %OPS & /ORES1 A TURNOV] ( @s #a#e#d111 & A MEMB]%IP ( #c1#e14 ,RUSSIA HAS AS MANY COOP]ATORS AS ,G]MANY1 IF NOT MORE4 ,! LITTLE C\NTRY ( ,SWITZ]L& HAD1 9 #a#i#b#d1 #eai COOP]ATIVES2 ) OV] #c#f1 MEMB]S1 & A TURNOV] ( #c#e11 FRANCS A YE>4 ,MORE ?AN ONE ?IRD ( ! ,SWISS FAMILIES >E COOP]ATORS4 ,%\LD IT BE SUGGE/$ ?AT ! L>GE/ BAK]IES 9 \R FUTURE SOCIETY MAY BE COOP]ATIVES1 MANY PEOPLE1 ?9K+ ( ! BIG CAPITALI/ TRU/S1 WILL BE SKEPTICAL4 ,IF !Y %\LD BE TOLD ?AT !RE IS ONE COOP]ATIVE BAK]Y ) #ab OV5S & ! MO/ MOD]N MA*9]Y1 :I* TURNS \T #h TONS ( BREAD A WEEK1 & DI/RIBUTES @s#h11 WOR? ( BREAD & CAKES A YE>2 %\LD !Y BE FUR!R TOLD ?AT ?IS BAK]Y KEEPS ! PRICE ( BREAD D[N TO CO/ = ! CONSUM]1 ?AT IT USES ONLY GOOD +R$I5TS1 ?AT IT SIFTS ITS FL\R1 9 CONTRA/ TO PR(IT BAK]IES - 9 %ORT1 ?AT IT IS ! BE/ EQUIPP$1 ! L>GE/1 & ! CLEANE/ 9 RESPECT TO EQUIPM5T1 MAT]IAL & P]SONNEL - !SE P]SONS MI ONES >E TO BE F\ND 9 MANY O!R C\NTRIES4 ,!SE EXAMPLES >E CIT$ M]ELY TO REFUTE ! CRITICS :O 9SI/ ?AT VOLUNT>Y ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,MUTUALI/S UNRES]V$LY ACKN[L$GE & S9C]ELY APPRECIATE ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,SOCIETIES4 ,:5 COOP]ATIVE /ORES W]E />T$ 9 ,5GL&1 YE>S HAD TO ELAPSE BE=E PREJUDICE & OPPOSITION C\LD BE OV]COME4 ,ONE AT A TIME ! MEMB]S /RAGGL$ & 9 DROPP$ \T4 ,?REE G5]ATIONS PASS$ BE=E ! GREAT ORGANIZATIONS :I* EXI/ TODAY W]E F9ALLY EVOLV$4 ,9 ,5GL&1 ! ,MUTUALI/ PR9CIPLE ( EX*ANGE C\LD BE PUT 9TO EFFECT AT ONCE4 ,! COOP]ATIVE ORGANIZATIONS HAVE ! COMPLETE MA*9]Y = A ,MUTUAL ,BANK RIMS1 & %IPS1 & ABOVE ALL1 ! BANK+ DEP>TM5TS ( !SE ASSOCIAT$ SOCIETIES W]E OP]AT$ AT CO/ - ?AT IS TO SAY1 AT AN 9T]E/ RATE ( Z]O P] C5T P] YE> - SO MU* B5EFIT W\LD ACCRUE TO ! WORK]S & PRODUC]S ?AT ALL EXCEPT ! P>ASITIC CLASSES W\LD BECOME MORE PROSP]\S4 ,! SMALL LOSS ( ! 9T]E/ ON !IR DEPOSITS & ! LOSS ( PR(ITS 9 !IR /ORES W\LD COME BACK ?REEFOLD TO ! ,COOP]ATIVE WORK]S ?R\< ! 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION1 ?R\< BETT] WAGES & ?R\< *EAP] COMMODITIES4 ,ONE HUNDR$ YE>S1 AGO1 ,JOSIAH ,W>R51 9 ,9DIANA1 DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! 0TIME ,/ORE0 ?AT GOODS C\LD BE SOLD AT CO/4 ,!RE IT WAS ACCOMPLI%$ UND] PRIMITIVE CONDITIONS BY A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL2 IT IS 9F9ITELY SIMPL] TO DO IT N[ BY ! COOP]ATION ( A MILLION P]SONS6 ,D5M>K1 A C\NTRY 9 :I* COOP]ATION HAS BE5 HID5 & DAIRY PRODUCTS AS SPECIALTIES4 ,9 ?IS FIELD !Y HAVE BECOME V]Y EFFICI5T1 & ! EGGS1 BUTT]1 & *EESE PRODUC$ >E SO HIE 9 DEM& OV] ALL O!RS 9 ! NEIK HAS NO RUL+ L&LORD & CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ITS L& IS P>CEL$ \T 9TO MANY SMALL HOLD+S1 :I* >E [N$ BY ! F>M]S !MSELVES4 ,!RE IS NOT MU* T5ANCY4 ,?IS IS 9 %>P CONTRA/ TO ,5GL&1 :]E ! NOBILITY [NS MILLIONS ( ACRES ( L&1 & #b11 PEOPLE >E PAUP]S OR UNEMPLOY$ ALL ! TIME2 OR TO ,G]MANY1 :]E ! PEOPLE1 NOT)/&+ ALL !IR SUFF]+S1 >E EV5 N[ UNWILL+ TO DISPOSSESS ! ,KAIS] ( HIS L&S4 ,! ,DANI% COOP]ATIVE SOCIETIES1 ?R\< !IR CR$IT SY/EM1 CAN BORR[ MONEY FROM ! BANKS AT A L[ RATE ( 9T]E/4 ,! GOV]NM5T1 HAY+ NO L&$ OR MONEY$ >I/OCRACY TO CODDLE1 AT ! EXP5SE ( ! RE/ ( ! POPULATION1 PUTS FEW] OB/ACLES 9 ! PA? ( ! PRODUC+ CLASSES ?AN ELSE:]E1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! C\NTRY1 POOR AS IT IS1 HAS A V]Y L>GE EXPORT TRADE4 ,COLONIES ,A =M ( COOP]ATION ?AT IS RECURR5TLY POPUL> IS ?AT ( COLONIZATION4 ,EAG]NESS TO REALIZE DIV]G+ POLITICAL OR ECONOMIC IDEALS DUR+ !IR [N LIFETIME HAS1 FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL1 CAUS$ EV]-NEW GR\PS ( IDEALI/S TO SEGREGATE !MSELVES 9 COLONIES4 ,:ILE SOCIETY WAS COMP>ATIVELY SIMPLE & PRIMITIVE1 & PL5TY ( DESIRABLE L& WAS TO BE HAD = ! M]E OCCUPANCY1 SOME ( !SE COLONIZATION S*EMES W]E ABLE1 TO SUCCE$2 BUT AT ! PRES5T /AGE ( CIVILIZATION1 ) ITS COMPLEX NE$S & DEM&S1 & ) EV]Y 9* ( ! E>? BE+ CLAIM$ BY ONE OR ANO!R ( ! E/ABLI%$ POLITICAL UNITS1 !Y >E G5]ALLY PR$E/9$ TO FAILURE AS F> AS !IR TRUE OBJECT IS CONC]N$4 ,SU* EXP]IM5TS MAY /ILL S]VE AS USEFUL LABORATORIES 9 :I* TO TRY \T V>I\S S*EMES & IDEAS1 & 9 ?AT WAY !Y MAY HAVE A C]TA9 VALUE4 ,H[EV]1 !Y >E ALSO B\ND TO DEMON/RATE ! FUTILITY ( SEGREGATION FROM ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE AS A SOLUTION ( ! SOCIAL PROBLEM4 ,MUTUALI/S1 :ILE !Y REG>D !SE PLANS ) TOL]ATION & EV5 ) EAG] 9T]E/1 DO NOT PRESUME TO (F] !M AS A PRACTICAL MEANS ( REALIZ+ !IR [N IDEALS4 ,) ! EXCEPTION ( ! GR\PS ?AT W]E B\ND TOGE!R BY RELIGI\S TIES1 ?OSE EXP]IM5TS W]E USUALLY DOOM$ TO E>LY FAILURE2 & EV5 ! RELIGI\S ONES F9ALLY T5D TO W9D UP AS CAPITALI/IC CONC]NS4 ,A TYPICAL CASE IS ! RISE ( & ! PRES5T /ATE ( ,MORMONISM4 ,COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION = PR(IT SEEMS TO BE ! *IEF FUNCTION ( ?AT SOCIETY AS IT EXI/S TODAY4 ,ANO!R CASE IS ?AT ( ! ,D\KHOBORS 9 ,CANADA1 A COMMUNI/IC COLONY ( ! RELIGI\S V>IETY4 ,?R\< CON/ANT FRICTION ) ! ,/ATE 9 :I* !IR COLONY IS LOCAT$1 !Y W]E =C$ TO VE/ ALL P[]S 9 !IR LEAD]1 ,PET] ,V]EG91 :O RULES !M AS A B5EVOL5T CZ> & REPRES5TS1 & DEF5DS !M AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T4 ,SOCIAL PROBLEMS CAN BE FRUITFULLY WORK$ \T ONLY 9 ! MID/ ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY4 ,TO GO AWAY FROM IT ) A FEW *OICE SPIRITS1 & TO TRY TO BEG9 ANEW BY PIONE]+1 ) ALL ITS H>D%IPS1 IS A MI/AKE1 AS IT TAKES AWAY FROM SOCIETY ! V]Y P]SONS MO/ NE$$ = ! SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEMS4 ,COLONIES USUALLY BEG9 ) AGRICULTURE1 :I*1 ESPECIALLY = ! 9EXP]I5C$ CITY DWELL]1 HAS 9 ITSELF SO MANY PROBLEMS ?AT MU/ BE SOLV$ ?AT ! IMM$IATE C>ES SOON TAKE POSSESSION ( ! COLONI/S1 LEAV+ LITTLE TIME OR 5]GY = ! PRACTICE & REALIZATION ( ! V]Y IDEAL = :I* ! COLONY WAS F\ND$4 ,LIV+ TOGE!R AS CLOSELY AS COLONI/S G5]ALLY MU/ & HAV+ 9TIMATE DEAL+S ) ONE ANO!R TO ! EXCLUSION ( \TSID]S1 ALWAYS TURNS \T BADLY1 BECAUSE ?AT TRULY COMMUNI/IC IMPULSE1 :I* ! BELIEV]S 9 !SE CLOSE =MS ( COOP]ATION & GR\P LIFE PO/ULATE1 IS LACK+1 EV5 9 ! FIR/ G5]ATION1 & ESPECIALLY SO 9 ! NEXT4 ,?IS BASIC MISCONCEPTION HAS CAUS$ ! D[NFALL ( ALL SU* EXP]IM5TS1 :E!R L>GE OR SMALL4 ,9 MANY A =GOTT5 CORN] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MAY BE F\ND A SMALL GR\P ( PEOPLE :O CON/ITUTE ! REMNANT ( A COLONY :]E MANY P]SONS1 SOMETIMES NUMB]+ HUNDR$S1 RISK$ & LO/ ! SAV+S ( A LIFETIME TRY+ TO REALIZE AN IDEAL CONDITION ( SOCIET>Y RELATIONS4 ,IF ALL ?IS EXP5DITURE ( TIME1 & WEAL?1 & P]SONAL EF=T1 & ALL ?IS HI<-M9D$ EAG]NESS ( SPIRIT1 C\LD HAVE BE5 PUT TO A MORE PRACTICAL PURPOSE1 ! LIB]T>IAN MOVEM5T W\LD HAVE GA9$ IMM5SELY BY IT4 ,O!R ,EF=TS ,!RE >E A GREAT MANY ORGANIZATIONS :I* HAVE BE5 =M$ EXPRESSLY = ! PURPOSE ( GETT+ 9DIVIDUALS TO COOP]ATE1 9 ! HOPE ?AT1 BY SU* UNIT$ ACTION1 !Y MIDIZE CONDITIONS CONTROLL+ ! PRODUCTION & M>KET+ ( COMMODITIES2 LESS5 ! CO/ ( COMMODITIES TO ! CONSUM]2 9CREASE ! RATE ( COMP5SATION = WORK P]=M$2 & SECURE ! USE ( L&1 CAPITAL1 & IDEAS ON MORE FAVORABLE T]MS4 ,9 ! FIR/ GR\P >E F>M]S' & FRUIT-GR[]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 TRADE ASSOCIATIONS1 CORPORATIONS1 & TRU/S4 ,TO ! SECOND GR\P BELONG ! CONSUM]S' COOP]ATIVE SOCIETIES4 ,! ?IRD GR\P IS L>GELY REPRES5T$ BY ! V>I\S LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,& ! F\R? GR\P 9CLUDES BUILD+ & LOAN SOCIETIES1 9SURANCE COMPANIES1 CR$IT UNIONS1 LABOR BANKS1 L& LEAGUES1 & O!R UNITS ( RADICAL & RE=M MOVEM5TS4 ,NATURALLY ! DEM>CATION IS SELDOM CLE> CUT4 ,!RE IS NE>LY ALWAYS SOME OV]LAPP+ ( 9T]E/S & AIMS4 ,:ILE ! AV[$ 9T5TION ( ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,MOVEM5T1 ACCORD+ TO ITS LEAD]S1 IS ! ABOLITION ( ! PR(IT SY/EM1 !RE IS NO 9DICATION ?AT ! RANK & FILE HAVE YET BE5 $UCAT$ TO ! PO9T ( UND]/&+ ?AT ! PR9CIPAL =M ( EXPLOITATION IS 9T]E/4 ,! GREAT MAJORITY ( COOP]ATIVES >E /ILL PAY+ 9T]E/ OR DIVID5DS ON ! CAPITAL 9VE/$ BY ! MEMB]S1 & !Y >E /ILL DEM&+ 9T]E/ ON LOANS & PAY+ 9T]E/ = BANK DEPOSITS4 ,S9CE !Y >E 9 ! MID/ ( A SOCIETY ORGANIZ$ ON A CAPITALI/IC BASIS1 !Y >E NECESS>ILY AFFECT$ BY PR(IT PSY*OLOGY1 & IT IS !RE=E UND]/&ABLE ?AT !Y DO NOT REALIZE ?AT 9T]E/ & PR(ITS WILL HAVE TO DISAPPE> 5TIRELY BE=E EXPLOITATION CAN BE :OLLY ABOLI%$4 ,S9CE ?AT PSY*OLOGY IS NATURAL 9 ?AT 5VIRONM5T1 AS LONG AS ! ,COOP]ATIVES DO NOT FAMILI>IZE !MSELVES ) ,MUTUALI/IC MEANS ( CIRCULAT+ !IR [N CR$IT1 OR1 RA!R1 ( FURNI%+ CR$IT TO !IR MEMB]S )\T PURE 9T]E/1 !Y WILL FEEL IT NECESS>Y TO CONT9UE TO *>GE & PAY 9T]E/ 9 TRANSACTIONS ) !IR MEMB]S4 ,TO HELP !M TO SEE ! VA/ OPPORTUNITY ?AT LIES )9 !IR GRASP1 & TO UTILIZE ! P[] ) :I* !IR ADMIRABLE ORGANIZATIONS PROVIDE !M1 IT IS HOP$ ! PRES5T VOLUME MAY BE ( S]VICE4 ,*,A,P,T,] ,X4 ,M,E,?,O,D,S ,( ,R,E,A,L,I,Z,A,T,I,O,N ,IT IS ! *IEF M]IT ( ,MUTUALISM ?AT ITS PROGRAM IS 9 L9E ) ! PA/ GR[? ( SOCIETY4 ,9 M$IEVAL TIMES1 ! RELATIONS ( M5 W]E FIX$2 !IR OP9IONS1 CALL+1 PLACES ( RESID5CE1 E>N+S1 9 %ORT1 !IR SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE1 WAS MORE OR LESS /ATIC - E/ABLI%$ BY CU/OM & AU?ORITY4 ,! GREAT PROGRESS MADE S9CE ?OSE DAYS IS DUE TO ! 9CREASE ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM 9 ! V>I\S SPH]ES ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,MUTUALISM PROPOSES A FUR!R EXT5SION ( LIB]TY1 9 CON=MITY ) ?IS HI/ORIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,?US ! IMM$IATE PROGRAM ( ,MUTUALISM IS PRES5T$3 ,9 ! SOCIAL SPH]E1 IT IS ! CREATION & SUPPORT ( SU* VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS AS WILL BE ABLE TO SUP]S$E ! PRES5T CO]CIVE SY/EM1 &1 9 ! ECONOMIC FIELD1 ! CREATION & SUPPORT ( SU* VOLUNT>Y AG5CIES AS WILL %>P5 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE & RESPONSIBILITY1 & FREE ECONOMIC LIFE FROM ! OPPRESSIVE H& ( AU?ORITY & PRIVILEGE4 ,AS IT HAS BE5 9 ! PA/1 PROGRESS WILL BE SL[ & T$I\S1 ALMO/ IMP]CEPTIBLE TO CONTEMPOR>Y OBS]V]S4 ,IT WILL BE NO?+ SPECTACUL>1 LIKE A GLORI\S BUT FUTILE REVOLUTION1 BUT JU/ A CONT9U$ APPLICATION ( H>D WORK1 COMMON S5SE1 ET]NAL VIGILANCE - ! ONLY WAY 9 :I* ANY *ANGE = ! BETT] HAS EV] COME AB\T4 ,BECAUSE ,MUTUALISM WILL REMOVE1 = ! B5EFIT ( ALL PRODUC]S1 ! PRES5T >TIFICIAL LIMITATION ( PRODUCTION ( ALL COMMODITIES1 & BECAUSE IT WILL ABOLI% EXPLOITATION1 )\T SUBJECT+ M5 TO ! SLAV]Y ( CO]CIVE COMMUNISM1 IT %\LD APPEAL TO ?OSE P]SONS :O PREF] ! V>IEGATION ( LIB]TY TO ! DULL M$IOCRITY ( EQUALITY4 ,! PRES5T SY/EM IS *ANG+1 & ! QUE/ION = EA* /UD5T TO ANSW] IS3 ,%ALL ! PEOPLE CREATE !IR [N VOLUNT>Y =MS ( ORGANIZATION1 OR %ALL !Y 9CREASE ! P[]S ( ANTIQUAT$ AU?ORITY & ACCEPT ITS RULES & REGULATIONS = ! CONDUCT ( !IR LIVES8 ,IT IS A MO/ HOPEFUL SIGN = ! VIRILITY ( ! HUMAN RACE ?AT1 9 SPITE ( ALL ! M$DLESOME PAT]NALISM ( ! ,/ATE1 :I*1 ?R\< ITS MAZE ( LAWS & REGULATIONS1 T5DS TO SUBV]T & EXT+UI% 9ITIATIVE BY DISC\RAG+ 9DIVIDUALITY & ! PRECI\S S5SE ( P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY1 !RE %\LD /ILL EXI/ A SURPRIS+LY L>GE NUMB] ( ALTOGE!R VOLUNT>Y ACTIVITIES & ASSOCIATIONS4 ,! *IEF DI/9CTION BETWE5 !SE & ,/ATE ACTIVITIES IS ! P]SONAL 9ITIATIVE AT ! BASE ( ! =M]1 & ! CONSEQU5T OBS]VANCE ( ! PR9CIPLE ( VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION2 :ILE 9 ! NATURE ( ! LATT] !RE IS AN >BITR>Y IMPOSITION1 COMPELL+ CONTRIBUTIONS & MEMB]%IP AT ALL CO/S1 9 ! FACE ( V>Y+ APTITUDES1 9CL9ATIONS1 & EV5 ( \TRAG$ PROTE/S4 ,?IS APPLIES TO ANY FUNCTION :I* ! ,/ATE MAY >ROGATE TO ITSELF1 :E!R IT BE 9 RELIGION1 $UCATION1 >T1 COMM]CE1 OR 9DU/RY4 ,9 RELIGION1 SO F>1 ! RIT ( ALL CLE>HEAD$ PEOPLE TO CURB ! PRES5T DEM& ( RELIGI\S LEAD]S = COMPULSORY RELIGI\S 9/RUCTION 9 ! PUBLIC S*OOLS1 & TO C\NT]ACT ! RIDICUL\S OPPOSITION 9 ! BACKW>D /ATES TO ! TEA*+ ( EVOLUTION 9 ! HI<] 9/ITUTIONS ( LE>N+4 ,9 ! $UCATIONAL FIELD !RE >E ORGANIZATIONS LIKE ! ,SOCIETY = ! ,PROMOTION ( ,SIMPLIFI$ ,SPELL+1 ! ,SOCIETY = ! ,ADVANCEM5T ( ,SCI5CE1 & A L>GE NUMB] ( PRIVATE MUSEUM SOCIETIES & $UCATIONAL GR\PS ( V>Y+ SIZE & 9FLU5CE1 ALL DEVELOP+ 9ITIATIVE & AN 9CREAS+ S5SE ( P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY AMONG !IR MEMB]S4 ,ALL !SE ORGANIZATIONS >E WOR?Y ( SUPPORT4 ,EV]Y LIB]AL OR RADICAL WILL F9D IT DESIRABLE1 AS A MEANS ( $UCAT+ ! PEOPLE1 TO BELONG TO ONE OR MORE ( SU* SOCIETIES1 ESPECIALLY ! LOCAL ONES1 :I* >E ( NECESSITY MORE RE/RICT$ 9 !IR APPEAL1 & !RE=E MORE 9 NE$ ( SUPPORT4 ,= IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ! MO/ VALUABLE ACTIVITY 9 BEHALF ( FRE$OM MU/ TAKE PLACE 9 ! $UCATIONAL FIELD1 & ?AT !RE CAN NEV] BE TOO MU* ( IT4 ,O!R VALUABLE EXPRESSIONS ( PRIVATE 9ITIATIVE >E ! MANY HOSPITALS1 SANATORIUMS1 & ASYLUMS F\ND$ & MA9TA9$ BY B5EVOL5T SOCIETIES & RELIGI\S GR\PS4 ,!Y >E USUALLY SUP]IOR TO ,/ATE 9/ITUTIONS1 & !IR 9CREASE IS TO BE LOOK$ ON ) FAVOR1 AS !Y WILL T5D TO LESS5 ! NE$ = & IMPORTANCE ( ! POMP\S1 R$-TAPE-B\ND ,/ATE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,ANO!R 5C\RAG+ 9DICATION IS F\ND 9 ! WORLD ( BUS9ESS1 :]E !RE IS AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( JO9T [N]S ( ALL SORTS ( BUS9ESS 5T]PRISES4 ,! CURR5T TYPES ( CORPORATE ORGANIZATION MAKE POSSIBLE UND]TAK+S ( SU* A SCOPE & MAGNITUDE ?AT ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF W\LD HESITATE TO 5GAGE 9 !M4 ,& YET1 NOT SO LONG AGO1 SU* ACCUMULATIONS ( PRIVATE CAPITAL & RES\RCES W]E SUPPOS$ TO BE IMPOSSIBLE & ALL 5T]PRISES ( ANY SIZE US$ TO MAKE APPEAL = ,/ATE AID BE=E COMM5C+ OP]ATIONS1 BELIEV+ !MSELVES UNABLE TO SUCCE$ )\T IT4 ,TODAY1 ! TABLES >E TURN$1 & 9/EAD ( CORPORATIONS ASK+ ! ,/ATE = AID1 !Y HAVE BECOME SO RI* & P[]FUL ?AT ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE IS BE+ 9VOK$ TO CURB !M4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS NOT ! CORPORATE /RUCTURE :I* NE$S TO BE F\E MADE POSSIBLE ?R\< ! ,/ATE PROTECT$ SPECIAL PRIVILEGES1 ANALYZ$ & CRITICIZ$ 9 PREVI\S *APT]S ( ?IS BOOK4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( MONOPOLI/IC FRAN*ISES1 ( 9T]E/ EXTORTION1 ( ROYALTIES & PAT5T CONTROL1 ( 0PROTECTIVE0 T>IFFS1 & ( NON-OCCUPY+ L&[N]%IP1 ! PUBLIC S]VICE CORPORATIONS1 = 9/ANCE1 W\LD HAVE TO R5D] SATISFACTORY S]VICE TO !IR PATRONS - S]VICE AT CO/ - AS !IR FAILURE TO DO SO W\LD CAUSE O!R CORPORATIONS TO BE ORGANIZ$ BY DISSATISFI$ 9DIVIDUAL PATRONS OR BY ANO!R 9DEP5D5T GR\P ( 9DIVIDUALS1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ! ORIG9AL CORPORATION W\LD BE OBLIG$ TO IMPROVE ITS S]VICE OR RETIRE FROM ! FIELD4 ,PRACTICAL ,PROGRAM ,:5 ! READ] HAS PURSU$ ?IS DISCUSSION TO ?IS PO9T HE WILL HAVE DISCOV]$ ?AT ,MUTUALI/S BELIEVE ?AT !IR IDEALS MAY BE REALIZ$1 TO A CONSID]ABLE EXT5T1 UND] ! PRES5T GOV]NM5TAL REGIME1 & 9 SPITE ( MANY ( ! LAWS N[ ON ! /ATUTE BOOKS4 ,IT IS NOT CLAIM$1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! COMPLETE PROGRAM & PLAN ( ,MUTUALISM CAN BE C>RI$ \T 9 ?AT WAY1 & IT MU/ BE OBVI\S TO EV5 ! CASUAL READ] ?AT !RE >E MANY LAWS ?AT /& 9 ! WAY4 ,!RE=E1 ,MUTUALI/S SEEK TO REMOVE !SE IMP$IM5TS4 ,ESPECIALLY 9 ! CASE ( ,MUTUAL ,BANK+1 IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO MAKE ANY GREAT HEADWAY AGA9/ ! F$]AL LAW ?AT N[ IMPOSES A TAX ( T5 P] C5T ON ALL ISSUES ( MONEY O!R ?AN ?AT ISSU$ BY ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF OR ?R\< ! NATIONAL BANKS4 ,9 ADDITION TO ?IS1 !RE >E LAWS 9 MANY /ATES MAK+ IT A CRIM9AL (F5SE TO ISSUE ANY SORT ( NOTES ?AT MAY PASS AS MONEY4 ,N[1 !RE >E V>I\S WAYS 9 :I* !SE UNNECESS>Y & OBNOXI\S LAWS MAY BE ELIM9AT$4 ,! FIR/1 :I* SUGGE/S ITSELF TO ! P]SON :O BELIEVES 9 ! EFFICACY ( POLITICAL ACTION1 IS ?AT ( REPEAL BY ! LEGISLATURES & ,CONGRESS4 ,?AT /EP MAY BE PURSU$1 POSSIBLY ) GOOD RESULTS4 ,9 FACT1 IT IS AN ADMIRABLE PROC$URE1 & MAY BE PRESCRIB$ 9 EV5 MORE CASES ?AN ?OSE DIRECTLY BE>+ ON ! 9AUGURATION ( ,MUTUALISM4 ,BUT IT %\LD BE PO9T$ \T ?AT !RE IS A C]TA9 TRADITION ?AT MILITATES AGA9/ ?AT /EP4 ,H[ R>ELY HAS ANY LAW BE5 REPEAL$ \TRIE FEW SIGNS ( ANY *ANGE4 ,DESPITE ?AT GLOOMY \TLOOK1 !RE IS1 H[EV]1 WORK ( ?AT K9D :I* MU/ BE DONE4 ,:]E LAWS HAVE BE5 5ACT$ - ?R\< IGNORANCE OR DELIB]ATE 9T5T - ?AT /& DIRECTLY 9 ! WAY ( ! REALIZATION ( ,MUTUALI/ IDEALS1 !IR ABROGATION OR NULLIFICATION MU/ BE SECUR$ SOMEH[4 ,:]E OB/RUCTIONS 9 ! ROAD ( PROGRESS CANNOT BE SURM\NT$ !Y MU/ BE REMOV$4 ,:E!R1 ACCORD+ TO ,OPP5HEIM] & ONE S*OOL ( SOCIOLOGI/S1 ! ,/ATE ORIG9AT$ 9 AGGRESSION1 OR :E!R1 ACCORD+ TO O!R AU?ORITIES & 9VE/IGATORS1 IT DEVELOP$ FROM PRIMITIVE ATTEMPTS TO ASSOCIATE = DEF5SE1 ! FACT REMA9S ?AT1 AT ! PRES5T TIME1 ITS OP]ATIONS P>TAKE MORE ( ! =M] NATURE ?AN ( ! LATT]4 ,:ILE SOME ( ! ACTIVITIES 9VOLV$ 9 ! REALIZATION ( ,MUTUALISM CAN BE C>RI$ ON UND] ! PRES5T LAWS ON ! /ATUTE BOOKS1 MANY ( ! MORE VITAL & ESS5TIAL ELEM5TS >E FRU/RAT$ & AT TIMES :OLLY PREV5T$ BY !SE LAWS1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ,MUTUAL ,BANK+4 ,BUT IT %\LD BE BORNE 9 M9D ?AT IT IS DIFFICULT TO >\SE ANY 5?USIASM 9 LEGISLATORS = ! REPEAL ( LAWS1 = ! SIMPLE REASON ?AT !RE IS R>ELY A GREAT & 9SI/5T DEM& = ! SIMPLE REPEAL ( A LAW4 ,MO/ PEOPLE BELIEVE ?AT ALL ! ILLS ?AT BESET SOCIETY MAY BE CUR$ BY MORE & EV] MORE LEGISLATION4 ,:5 A LAW FAILS TO DO ITS WORK IT IS =GOTT51 & NOT UNTIL ITS POSITIVE RESULTS BECOME 9TOL]ABLE EVILS IS !RE ANY PRESSURE BR\ ON LEGISLATORS = ITS DIRECT & UNCONDITIONAL REPEAL4 ,ANO!R ELEM5T ?AT T5DS TO MAKE REPEAL DIFFICULT IS ! FACT ?AT MO/ LAWS CREATE A NUMB] ( (FICES = ! PURPOSE ( ADM9I/RATION & 5=CEM5T1 & !SE (FICES >E FILL$ BY ! H5*M5 ( ! LEGISLATORS & O!R POLITICIANS4 ,IF !SE (FICES >E ABOLI%$ BY ! REPEAL ( ! LAWS1 ! (FICIALS HOLD+ !M WILL LOSE !IR POSITIONS1 & ! BOSSES :OM !Y S]VE WILL BE =C$ TO PROVIDE O!R SITUATIONS = !M4 ,?IS IS NOT EASY = !M TO DO1 & !RE=E ! BOSSES WILL BE EXTREMELY RELUCTANT TO IMPOSE ?AT BURD5 ON !MSELVES4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT IS ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS :Y !Y >E SO COLD T[>D ANY PROPOSITION = REPEAL4 ,& MOD]N POLITICS (F]S NO SOLUTION = ?AT PROBLEM4 ,TO GO 9TO PRODUCTIVE LABOR 9 ORD] TO E>N AN HONE/ LIV+ IS NOT TO ! TA/E ( ?AT CLASS ( P]SONS4 ,/ILL ANO!R =MIDABLE =CE EV] PRES5T TO OB/RUCT ANY ATTEMPT TO REPEAL UNDESIRABLE LAWS LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT ! (FICE HOLD]S N[ NUMB] AB\T ONE 9 EV]Y T5 ( ! POPULATION ( ?IS C\NTRY4 ,!Y >E 5GAG$ 9 ! ADM9I/RATION & 5=CEM5T ( ! V>I\S LAWS1 & ! FE> ( ! LOSS ( !IR JOBS L9ES !M UP SOLIDLY AGA9/ REPEAL4 ,9 ! M9D ( ! SUP]FICIAL ?9K]1 EV5 ?\< HE MAY BE IMBU$ ) A DESIRE TO HALT ! RAVAGES ( PRIVILEGE & MONOPOLY1 !RE SEEMS TO LURK ! IDEA ?AT HUMANITY CAN BE MADE 0GOOD0 BY LAW4 ,TO HIM1 !RE MU/ BE A /ATUTORY REM$Y = EV]Y SOCIAL ILL4 ,! ,MUTUALI/1 ON ! O!R H&1 KN[S ?AT PEOPLE >E NEV] MADE BETT] BY LAW - ?AT1 9 FACT1 LAW EV5 T5DS TO RET>D ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! HI<] SOCIAL 9/9CTS 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,MUTUALISM PROCLAIMS ! ALREADY DEMON/RAT$ FACT ?AT LIB]TY1 C\PL$1 AS IT MU/ BE1 ) RESPONSIBILITY1 IS ! REAL CREATOR ( *>ACT] & ! DEVELOP] ( 9ITIATIVE1 ( SELF-RELIANCE1 ( HONE/Y1 ( PROBITY1 & ( CONSID]ATION ( O!RS1 S9CE ! FREE MAN MU/ C>VE HIS [N C>E]1 & HE MU/ REALIZE ?AT ALL HIS ACTS MU/ BE P]=M$ AT HIS [N CO/4 ,?US ! POLITICAL SLOGAN ( ! ,MUTUALI/S MAY BE SAID TO BE3 ,OPPOSITION TO NEW LAWS & ! ABROGATION ( OLD ONES4 ,!IR TASK IS TO SPREAD ! GOSPEL ( 5LIY ASSOCIATION & MUTUAL EF=T4 ,MUTUALI/S1 !RE=E1 ADVOCATE ! =M+ ( VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS :I* CAN DEMON/RATE 9 ACTUAL PRACTICE ?AT ! V>I\S S]VICES & FUNCTIONS P]=M$ BY GOV]NM5TS CAN BE FURNI%$ & DIS*>G$ BETT] & *EAP] BY SU* ASSOCIATIONS4 ,! BEG9N+ %\LD BE MADE ) ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS - ?OSE DEAL+ ) PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION & F9ANCE - MANY ( :I* GOV]NM5TS HAVE >ROGAT$ TO !MSELVES4 ,!N $UCATION W\LD COME1 & W\LD BE FOLL[$ F9ALLY BY ?OSE ACTIVITIES :I* >E CONC]N$ ) ! PROTECTION ( LIFE & PROP]TY4 ,) EA* /EP TAK51 ALL ! 5TR5*M5TS ( PRIVILEGE & P[] GRADUALLY WILL GIVE WAY1 AS BUS9ESS ME?ODS & 9TELLIG5T SELF-9T]E/ BECOME ! GUIDES 9/EAD ( ! 9EFFICI5T & CUMB]SOME SY/EMS FOLL[$ BY ! ,/ATE1 LOAD$ D[N1 AS IT IS1 ) ITS MULTIPLICITY ( OP]ATIONS1 & 5D[$1 NATURALLY1 ) SO LITTLE CAPACITY = *ANGE OR IMPROVEM5T4 ,?US GOV]NM5T WILL BE ALMO/ IMP]CEPTIBLY SUP]S$$ BY ! SIMPLE1 MOBILE ASSOCIATIONS ?AT WILL BE AS HIY ASSOCIATIONS ASSUM+ ?OSE COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITIES :I* ! GOV]NM5T N[ IS SUPPOS$ TO P]=M1 MAK+ LAWS1 ADM9I/]+ JU/ICE1 CONDUCT+ C\RTS & HIR+ POLICEM5 MAY SEEM TO BE SO ESS5TIALLY PUBLIC FUNCTIONS ?AT HE F9DS IT H>D TO ?9K ( !SE FUNCTIONS DELEGAT$ TO PRIVATE ASSOCIATIONS4 ,BUT A FEW ILLU/RATIONS WILL %[ H[ !Y CAN BE BETT] ADM9I/]$ 9 ?IS WAY4 ,A /OCK EX*ANGE1 ) ITS BY-LAWS & RULES1 CAN DISCIPL9E ITS MEMB]S MORE QUICKLY & EFFECTIVELY ?AN IT C\LD DO IT ?R\< A LAWSUIT4 ,ITS DECISIONS >E MORE RESPECT$ & MORE FE>$ ?AN >E ?OSE ( ! C\RTS4 ,!Y >E %ORN ( ! TE*NICALITIES1 QUIBBLES & DELAYS ) :I* \R C\RT PROC$URE IS FILL$4 ,IF BUS9ESS ASSOCIATIONS & BUS9ESS PEOPLE G5]ALLY W]E TO ADOPT VOLUNT>Y >BITRATION ( DISPUTES1 ! NUMB] ( LAWSUITS W\LD RAPIDLY DIM9I%4 ,! MATT] ( PROTECT+ PROP]TY UND] PRES5T CONDITIONS IS ONE = :I* !RE EXI/ F$]AL1 /ATE1 C\NTRY1 & MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5TS1 & YET A CITIZ51 TO GET ACTUAL PROTECTION1 MU/ & DOES EMPLOY A PRIVATE WAT*MAN2 & ON ?IS LA/ & *EAPE/ AG5CY ( PROTECTION1 \TSIDE ( ALL ORGANIZ$ AU?ORITY1 HE PLACES HIS GREATE/ RELIANCE1 ! O!RS HAV+ ALL FAIL$ TO PROTECT HIM1 EV5 ?\< HE HAS BE5 TAX$ EXORBITANTLY = !IR SUPPORT4 ,IGNORATION ( ,LAWS ,9 ! LAW PROHIBIT+ ! MANUFACTURE & SALE ( 9TOXICAT+ LIQUORS1 ?IS C\NTRY HAS ! MO/ DRA/IC EXHIBITION ( ! MISUSE ( POLITICAL P[] ?AT MOD]N HI/ORY RECORDS4 ,?AT ABUSE ( P[] IS UNCONDITIONALLY UPHELD & APPROV$ BY ONLY A M9ORITY1 ?\< DECID$LY A FANATICAL & MILITANT GR\P1 ( ! PEOPLE4 ,!RE=E ! MAJORITY1 EI!R COV]TLY & TIMIDLY1 OR OP5LY & BRAZ5LY1 ACCORD+ TO CIRCUM/ANCES1 VIOLATE ! LAW 9 EV]Y P>TICUL> EV]Y DAY ( ! YE>4 ,&1 KN[+ ?AT 9 SO DO+ !Y 9JURE NO ONE1 !Y HAVE NO CONSCI5TI\S SCRUPLES AB\T IT4 ,BE=E PROHIBITION CAME 91 ! OP5 SALOON1 ) ITS EFFECT ON POLITICS1 WAS SAID TO BE ! GREAT EVIL4 ,IT WAS DET]M9$ ?AT ! LIQUOR 9T]E/S MU/ BE \TLAW$2 BUT \TLAW+ ! OP5 SALOON HAS \TLAW$ ! GREAT] P>T ( ! COMMUNITY1 & ! BOOTLEGG] IS MORE 9 EVID5CE & IS A MORE P[]FUL 9FLU5CE 9 POLITICS ?AN ! SALOONKEEP] EV] WAS4 ,?IS IS ALL ! RESULT ( MAK+ A NON9VASIVE ACT UNLAWFUL :5 PUBLIC S5TIM5T IS NOT CLE>LY 9 FAVOR ( ! LAW1 & IT %[S H[ ! PEOPLE CAN IGNORE & NULLIFY AN 9VASIVE LAW :5 A SUFFICI5TLY L>GE NUMB] ( !M DO NOT APPROVE IT4 ,:5 ! PEOPLE F9ALLY REALIZE ?AT PROHIBITION HAS BR$ MU* MORE CORRUPTION ?AN ! SALOON EV] DID1 ! ,EID NULLIFY+ A LAW BY EVASION IS ?AT ( ! M>RIAGE LAW4 ,DUR+ ! LA/ FEW DECADES PUBLIC S5TIM5T CONC]N+ ! CONJUGAL RELATIONS ( M5 & WOM5 HAS UND]GONE A SIGNIFICANT *ANGE4 ,9 FACT1 MANY ( ! REGULATIONS IMPOS$ BY *UR* & ,/ATE HAVE BECOME UTT]LY OBSOLETE1 & SC>CELY ANYONE ?9KS ( CON=M+ TO ALL ( !M4 ,9 ! PROCESS ( EVOLUTION HUMAN EXP]I5CE HAS DISCOV]$ ?AT ! CONV5TIONS ( YE/]YE> >E1 9 MANY WAYS1 UNSUIT$ TO PRES5T CONDITIONS1 &1 S9CE !RE IS /ILL SUFFICI5T PUBLIC S5TIM5T TO PREV5T ! ABROGATION OR ALT]ATION ( ! LAWS TO ANY GREAT EXT5T1 !RE IS NO?+ LEFT TO BE DONE1 BY ?OSE :O F9D CON=MITY 9TOL]ABLE1 BUT TO IGNORE1 EVADE & EV5 VIOLATE ! OPPRESSIVE 9JUNCTIONS4 ,MANY P]SONS NEV] TAKE ! TR\BLE TO COMPLY ) ANY ( ! LAW'S REQUIREM5TS CONC]N+ !IR CONJUGAL RELATIONS1 BECAUSE !Y F9D ITS M&ATES TOO ON]\S4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CONCEPTION ( FRE$OM ALONG !SE L9ES HAS BE5 SO GREAT 9 REC5T YE>S ?AT1 TO A GREAT NUMB] ( P]SONS1 :O CANNOT EV5 BE DESIGNAT$ AS ADVANC$ ?9K]S1 ! M>RIAGE LAWS1 9 MANY ( !IR PROVISIONS1 HAVE BECOME GROSSLY VIOLATIVE ( P]SONAL LIB]TY1 & CON/ITUTE A M$DL+ BY ! ,/ATE 9 :AT MO/ P]SONS N[ CONSID] A PURELY PRIVATE & ESS5TIALLY MUTUALI/IC >RANGEM5T BETWE5 TWO 9DIVIDUALS4 ,:ILE FEW *ANGES 9 ! /ATUTES ( ! V>I\S /ATES REG>D+ M>RIAGE & DIVORCE HAVE BE5 MADE 9 ! LA/ FIFTY YE>S1 ! MANN] 9 :I* ! LAW HAS BE5 CON/RU$ & APPLI$ BY ! C\RTS %[S ?AT A V]ITABLE REVOLUTION IS TAK+ PLACE4 ,A FEW YE>S AGO1 DIVORCE PROCE$+S W]E L5G?Y & BE=E A JURY1 & ! JUDGE COMMONLY FELT IT HIS DUTY TO PREV5T A SEP>ATION4 ,9 ! PROGRESSIVE /ATES1 ALL ?IS IS N[ *ANG$1 &1 :]E NO DEF5DANT APPE>S1 ! TRIAL IS BE=E ! JUDGE ALONE4 ,IF NO LEGALLY RECOGNIZ$ GR\NDS = ! DIVORCE EXI/1 ! PLA9TIFF MAGNIFIES ! *>GES ( 0CRUELTY10 0DES]TION10 0NONSUPPORT0 ETC41 & ! JUDGE GRANTS ! DECREE1 ! :OLE TRIAL TAK+ BUT A FEW M9UTES4 ,! GRANT+ ( ALIMONY TO WOM5 IS BECOM+ LESS FREQU5T1 P>TICUL>LY 9 CASES :]E !RE >E NO *ILDR5 & :]E ! WOMAN IS CAPABLE ( SELF-SUPPORT & !RE IS NO NECESSITY = IT4 ,H]E MAY BE SE5 ! WE>+ AWAY ( ! OLD TRADITIONS EV51 )\T ! CONS]VATIVE & OR?ODOX REALIZ+ ! *ANGES ?AT >E CONT9UALLY TAK+ PLACE 9 ALL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,! TRAFFIC LAWS >E ANO!R GR\P ?AT EMBODIES1 ALONG ) MANY WISE & USEFUL REGULATIONS1 MANY /UPID & 9TOL]ABLY H>MFUL RULES ?AT EV]YBODY VIOLATES :5 \T ( ! SIE = ! SAFETY & CONV5I5CE ( EV]YBODY4 ,! HUGE NUMB] ( REGULATIONS1 BY !IR V]Y MASS1 PUZZLE ! CITIZ51 :O CAN NO LONG] DISCRIM9ATE BETWE5 ! USEFUL ONES & ! S5SELESS ONES4 ,?US IT IS ?AT ! NUMB] & COMPLEXITY ( ! TRAFFIC LAWS MAKE IT DIFFICULT = ! DRIV] ( A MA*9E TO KN[ :AT TO DO1 ESPECIALLY :5 HE PASSES FROM ! JURISDICTION ( ONE SET ( REGULATIONS 9TO ?AT ( ANO!R4 ,HE LIT]ALLY DOES NOT KN[ 0:]E TO TURN40 ,MANY ( ! LESS IMPORTANT LAWS >E OP5LY & GUILELESSLY IGNOR$ OR VIOLAT$ EV]Y DAY1 TO SAY NO?+ ( ! CON/ANT & CONSI/5T EVASION ( TAXES BY RI* & POOR1 PI\S & PAGAN1 )\T ! LEA/ S5SE ( WRONG-DO+2 BUT ! CITATION ( ! =EGO+ IS SUFFICI5T TO PO9T ! WAY TO ! ULTIMATE REFUSAL ( EV]YONE TO SUPPORT OR RECOGNIZE ANY AU?ORITY :I* D5IES EQUALITY ( LIB]TY OR :I* FAILS TO GIVE AN EQUIVAL5T 9 S]VICES = EV]Y C5T DEM&$ = !M4 ,MUTUALISM EMPHASIZES ! FACT ?AT ITS PR9CIPLES >E F\ND$ ON ! 0LAW ( PURE EQUITY01 & IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ALL ?OSE LAWS :OSE VIOLATION1 EVASION1 OR IGNORATION HAVE BE5 CIT$ >E !MSELVES D5IALS ( PURE EQUITY & ( 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE1 FREE CONTRACT1 & VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 UPON :I* ,MUTUALISM IS F\ND$4 ,PASSIVE ,RESI/ANCE ,UNTIL A MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE CAN BE BR\D ( LAWS & REGULATIONS :5 HE OBS]VES ! IMPUNITY ) :I* !Y >E1 9 MANY CONSPICU\S 9/ANCES1 VIOLAT$ & FL\T$4 ,HE SEES1 FUR!RMORE1 ?AT A GREAT DEAL ( SUMPTU>Y & O!RWISE OBNOXI\S LEGISLATION RECEIVES ONLY HYPOCRITICAL SUPPORT FROM MANY :O W]E 9/RUM5TAL 9 SECUR+ ITS 5ACTM5T1 & ?IS DECID$LY LESS5S HIS RESPECT = IT4 ,! WAY IS !RE=E OP5 = MAK+ A LAW SO UNPOPUL> ?AT ! COMMUNITY WILL NOT CONS5T TO ITS 5=CEM5T4 ,:51 AS REC5TLY OCCURR$1 A GREAT /ATE VOT$ 9 A REF]5DUM BY A MAJORITY ( ?REE TO ONE TO DEM& ( ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T ! RID5T (FICIAL M$DL] TO TRUMP UP A *>GE AGA9/ A P]SON :O UTT]LY REFUSES TO DO ANY?+4 ,?AT1 BRIEFLY1 IS ! ESS5CE ( PASSIVE RESI/ANCE - TO DO NO?+4 ,TO REFUSE TO P>TICIPATE 9 ANY ( ! 9VASIVE ACTS ( GOV]NM5T MAY AT TIMES BE CON/RU$ AS A PUNI%ABLE (F5SE2 BUT :5 A SUFFICI5TLY L>GE NUMB] ( P]SONS P]SI/5TLY REFUSE SO TO ACT1 CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITY IS HELPLESS1 & 9 ! 5D1 IF ! PROC$URE IS C>RI$ TO ITS LIMITS1 MU/ SUCCUMB4 ,! =CE ?AT CAN BE BR\ BY A L>GE NUMB] ( PASSIVE RESI/]S IS PRACTICALLY IRRESI/IBLE1 & ?AT =CE HAS ! ADD$ ADVANTAGE ( BE+ NON9VASIVE4 ,= 9/ANCE1 S9CE ,MUTUALISM HOLDS1 ?AT NO TITLE TO L& EXCEPT ACTUAL OCCUPANCY & USE %\LD BE RECOGNIZ$1 IF A C]TA9 NUMB] ( HOMELESS & />V+ PEOPLE %\LD1 9 ACCORDANCE ) ,MUTUALI/ PR9CIPLES1 SQUAT UPON A TRACT ( VACANT L& BE+ HELD & NOT US$ BY SOME ABS5TEE [N] - SU* AS A GREAT RAILROAD COMPANY1 = 9/ANCE - & %\LD RETURN TO ! L& AS FA/ & AS (T5 AS !Y W]E EVICT$ BY ! %]IFF1 ?AT W\LD BE A P]FECT EXAMPLE ( PASSIVE RESI/ANCE1 PROVID$ !Y SUFF]$ !MSELVES TO BE REMOV$ FROM ! L& EA* TIME )\T PHYSICAL OPPOSITION4 ,! EFFECT ( ?IS W\LD BE TO BAFFLE & H>ASS 9VASIVE AU?ORITY1 JU/ AS ! NON-R5T-PAY+ TACTICS ( ! ,L& ,LEAGUE 9 ,IREL& 9 ! LA/ C5TURY BAFFL$ & H>ASS$ ! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T UP TO ! TIME ?AT ! T5ANTS W]E BETRAY$ BY !IR LEAD]S & ORD]$ TO SUBMIT4 ,IF NO O!R 5D BE IMM$IATELY GA9$1 SU* ME?ODS ALWAYS BR+ ! 9VAD+ =CES 9TO DISREPUTE & PLACE !M 9 ! POSITION ( BE+ OPPRESSORS ( HELPLESS P]SONS4 ,9 %ORT1 ?AT TRADITIONAL & UNIV]SAL POLICY ( AGGRESSION W\LD BE /RIPP$ ( ITS GLITT]+ TRAPP+S ( GLORY & PUT 9 ITS TRUE LITICIPATION1 & ?OSE :O EMPLOY IT DO NOT DO ?+S1 BUT REFRA9 FROM DO+ ?+S4 ,!RE IS1 MOREOV]1 ANO!R DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PASSIVE RESI/ANCE & NONRESI/ANCE4 ,! =M] IS CONSID]$1 BY ?OSE :O ADVOCATE IT1 A MATT] ( EXP$I5CY2 & !Y BELIEVE ?AT IT IS ! MO/ EFFICACI\S ( ALL ME?ODS4 ,NONRESI/ANCE1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS COMMONLY REG>D$1 BY ?OSE :O ADH]E TO IT1 AS A FETI%1 OR SOME?+ ?AT IS WOR%IP$ AS A UNIV]SAL PANACEA = ALL =MS ( AGGRESSION2 &1 AS SU*1 IT WILL BE F\ND TO BE ADVOCAT$ L>GELY BY ?OSE :O VIEW IT FROM A RELIGI\S ANGLE4 ,TO RESI/ PASSIVELY IS TO PLACE ! BURD5 ( ACTION & AGGRESSION UPON ! 5=C]S OR ! UPHOLD]S ( ! ?+S RESI/$4 ,SU* RESI/ANCE MAY TAKE ! =M ( REFUS+ TO OBEY ANY SORT ( M&ATE1 ESPECIALLY :5 ! OB$I5CE W\LD 9VOLVE ACTION1 & IT MAY BE C>RI$1 ( C\RSE1 TO ! EXT5T ( ! RESI/]'S WILL+NESS TO SUFF] ! CONSEQU5CES1 BE>+ 9 M9D ?AT SU* P5ALTY IS NOT ORD9>ILY SO GREAT AS = P]=M+ A =BIDD5 ACT ,/RIKES1 9 !IR SIMPLE =M1 >E A TRUE TYPE ( PASSIVE RESI/ANCE4 ,IT IS NOT YET A CRIME - 9 TIME ( PEACE - TO /OP WORK2 BUT ?OSE :O EXPLOIT LABOR >E B5D+ EV]Y EF=T TO HAVE IT LEGALLY SO MADE1 & SOME ( ! PEOPLE'S 0REPRES5TATIVES0 9 ,CONGRESS & 9 ! V>I\S LEGISLATURES >E CON/ANTLY TRY+ TO SECURE ! 5ACTM5T ( SU* LAWS4 ,PICKET+ - MEAN+ V]BAL ATTEMPTS TO P]SUADE WORKM5 TO JO9 9 A /RIKE & TO DISSUADE O!R WORKM5 FROM TAK+ ! PLACES ( /RIK]S - IS A LOGICAL EXT5SION ( PASSIVE RESI/ANCE1 & IS 9 NO S5SE A VIOLATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL LIB]TY4 ,:5 PICKET+ IS ACCOMPANI$ BY VIOL5CE OR ?REATS ( VIOL5CE 9 ANY =M1 SU* AS =CIBLY PREV5T+ ! WORKMAN :O REFUSES TO /RIKE OR ! /RIKE-BREAK] FROM 5T]+ ! 0/RUCK0 PLANT1 OR DO+ HIM BODILY H>M = DECL9+ TO BE P]SUAD$1 IT IS NOT PASSIVE RESI/ANCE & IS A VIOLATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL LIB]TY2 & ,MUTUALISM CLE>LY & %>PLY DRAWS ?AT DI/9CTION4 ,MUTUALI/S1 H[EV]1 L5D NO E> TO ?OSE C\RT DECISIONS1 & TO ! CONT5TIONS ( EMPLOY]S G5]ALLY1 ?AT ! SO-CALL$ 0SYMPA!TIC0 /RIKE IS AN 9FR+EM5T ( ! PR9CIPLE H]E9 PO/ULAT$ - ALWAYS PROVID$ ?AT !RE EXI/S NO CONTRACT :I* SU* /RIKE MAY VIOLATE4 ,/RIK+ WORK IS SO CLE>LY ! M]E EX]CISE ( AN UNDISPUT$ RI REMOV$ FROM ! PRIM>Y MOTIVATION ( SU* CESSATION ( WORK1 NO REFUSAL TO CONT9UE UN-CONTRACT$ LABOR CAN BY ANY /RET* ( ! IMAG9ATION BE CON/RU$ AS A D5IAL ( ANYONE'S LIB]TY4 ,TO PRET5D ! CONTR>Y IS TO C\NT5ANCE HUMAN SLAV]Y - NO MORE1 NO LESS4 ,AS AN 9/ANCE ( H[ PASSIVE RESI/ANCE HAS BR\ LAW1 IT IS P]T95T TO CITE ! CASE ( ! POLL TAX4 ,! EVASIONS ( ! PAYM5T ( ?IS TAX1 & ! V>I\S OB/ACLES ?R[N 9 ! WAY ( ITS COLLECTION1 HAVE MADE IT DECID$LY DIFFICULT TO 5=CE ! LAW - SO MU* SO1 9 FACT1 ?AT IT HAS BE5 REPEAL$ 9 MO/1 IF NOT ALL1 ( ! /ATES4 ,?IS IS AN EXAMPLE ( ! SUCCESSFUL OP]ATION ( PASSIVE RESI/ANCE4 ,AFT] ALL EF=TS TO SECURE ! REPEAL ( LAWS HAVE ACCOMPLI%$ !IR UTMO/1 AFT] IGNORATION1 EVASION & VIOLATION ( ESPECIALLY ABOM9ABLE ONES1 TOGE!R ) ! EX]CISE ( PASSIVE RESI/ANCE TO ITS FULLE/ EXT5T1 HAVE BR\I\S POSSIBLE WAYS1 ANY P>TICUL> LAW4 ,! C\RTS !MSELVES >E UNWITT+LY DO+ MU* TO AID ?IS WORK4 ,SOME GL>+ ILLU/RATIONS CAN BE SE5 9 ! V>I\S LEGAL DECISIONS AGA9/ SO-CALL$ CONSPIRACY4 ,C\RTS HAVE FREQU5TLY HELD ?AT MANY ACTS1 :5 P]=M$ BY 9DIVIDUALS ALONE1 MAY BE P]FECTLY LAWFUL1 BUT1 :5 P]=M$ BY TWO OR MORE P]SONS1 BECOME A 0CONSPIRACY10 & ALL CONSPIRACIES >E ADJUDG$ TO BE UNLAWFUL4 ,= JUDGES TO CONT5D ?AT ! M]E NUMB] ( P]SONS 5GAG$ 9 AN 5T]PRISE CONTROLS ! *>ACT] ( IT IS TO R5D] LAW RIDICUL\S1 S9CE IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y TO PURSUE !IR REASON+ TO ITS LOGICAL EXTREMITY TO %[ ITS FALLACY - OR1 P]HAPS1 ONLY ! JUDGE'S BIAS4 ,NO C\RT W\LD ?9K ( DECID+ ?AT1 AL?\< ONE MAN MAY 9NOC5TLY WOR%IP ,GOD 9 ! PRIVACY ( HIS [N HOME1 ! MOM5T HE GOES TO *UR* & JO9S ) O!RS 9 ?AT GE/URE HE BECOMES A CONSPIRATOR & %\LD BE DRAGG$ (F TO JAIL4 ,YET A P]FECT ANALOGY TO ?AT CASE IS ! ONE 9 :I* ONE WORKMAN MAY CEASE WORK & GO HOME & HIS RECTITUDE BE UN*ALL5G$1 :]EAS1 IF HE %\LD1 9 COMPANY ) O!R WORKM51 HIRE A HALL & DISCUSS ! MATT]1 HE W\LD !N BE 5GAG$ 9 A CONSPIRACY & %\LD BE AM5ABLE TO PUNI%M5T4 ,SU* IS ! BEWILD]+ 9CONSI/5CY ( ! JUDICIAL M9D 6 ,LET ! C\RTS SUFFICI5TLY MULTIPLY SU* ABSURDITIES & LAW WILL BECOME A JOKE4 ,VOLUNT>Y ,ASSOCIATION ,IF TODAY A SMALL PROPORTION ( \R POPULATION - SAY1 A NUMB] EQUAL TO ONE P]SON 9 EV]Y HUNDR$ - W]E TO BECOME ,MUTUALI/S1 A GREAT DEAL C\LD BE ACCOMPLI%$ )\T DELAY4 ,ONE P] C5T ( ! M5 9 A CITY1 BELIEV+ 9 ,MUTUALISM1 C\LD PUT IT 9TO PRACTICE 9 ITS MO/ IMPORTANT APPLICATION4 ,MOREOV]1 :5 !Y HAVE COME TO REALIZE ?AT1 BY EX*ANG+ ALL !IR PRODUCTS & S]VICES AT CO/1 !Y CAN D\BLE OR TREBLE !IR SEV]AL 9COMES1 !Y WILL BE WILL+ TO WORK TOGE!R FAI?FULLY TO A*IEVE ?AT RESULT4 ,:AT IS LIKELY TO TAKE PLACE IS AS FOLL[S3 ,ONE P]C5T ( A CITY ( A MILLION IS T5 ?\S&4 ,IF !SE T5 ?\S& M5 ALL HAD !IR ACC\NTS AT ! SAME BANK1 & ! (FIC]S ( ! BANK UND]/OOD ,MUTUALI/IC F9ANCE1 CR$IT C\LD BE EXT5D$ TO !SE DEPOSITORS UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM1 & NO GOV]NM5T CURR5CY W\LD BE NE$$ AT ALL4 ,!SE ,MUTUALI/S W\LD PL$GE ONE ANO!R1 :5 CR$IT WAS GIV5 TO ANY ONE ( !M AT ! BANK1 TO DRAW UPON ?AT CR$IT BY *ECK ONLY4 ,! ,MUTUALI/ RECEIV+ ?IS *ECK W\LD NOT ASK = CA%1 BUT W\LD DEPOSIT ! *ECK TO HIS [N ACC\NT & ALSO DRAW UPON HIS ACC\NT BY *ECK4 ,NONE ( !SE PEOPLE W\LD EV] DRAW MONEY1 & 9 ALL DEAL+S ) ONE ANO!R !Y W\LD DISP5SE ) CA% ALTOGE!R4 ,?IS NE$ WORK NO H>D%IP UPON ANY ( !M1 AS N9ETY-N9E P] C5T ( ALL PAYM5TS1 9CLUD+ ALL ( ! :OLESALE & MO/ ( ALL ! RETAIL TRANSACTIONS ( BUS9ESSM51 >E N[ MADE BY *ECK ANYWAY4 ,CA% IS NE$$ ONLY = 0TILL0 MONEY ( ! RETAIL M]*ANT & = O!R SIMIL>1 9CID5TAL PURPOSES4 ,MO/ L>GE FIRMS >E N[ PAY+ !IR WORK]S BY *ECK1 &1 AMONG ! BETT] PAID WORK]S1 !RE >E MANY :O HAVE *ECK+ ACC\NTS AT ! BANKS4 ,AS SOON AS ?IS NUMB] 9CREASES TO A SUFFICI5T EXT5T1 CA% WILL BECOME PRACTICALLY UNNECESS>Y4 ,A ME?OD LIKE ! ABOVE1 IF ADOPT$1 W\LD BR+ ! ,MUTUALI/S TOGE!R TO DEAL MORE & MORE ) ONE ANO!R4 ,! UNIT+ ( ?IS GR\P = ! PURPOSE ( FAIR DEAL+ W\LD IMM$IATELY GIVE EV]Y MEMB] T5 ?\S& POT5TIAL CU/OM]S4 ,BUS9ESS OR PR(ESSIONAL M5 SP5D A LIFETIME 9 ACQUIR+ SU* A CLI5TELE1 & NO 9TELLIG5T & SUCCESSFUL MAN LETS ANY?+ HAPP5 :I* WILL CAUSE HIM TO LOSE A S+LE CU/OM] OR CLI5T4 ,! V]Y FACT ?AT HE CAN BE TRU/$ IS HIS GREATE/ ASSET4 ,IF ANY MEMB] ( ?IS GR\P CANNOT BE SO TRU/$1 IT MEANS ?AT HE CANNOT APPRECIATE EQUITABLE DEAL+S & CANNOT WORK ON A BASIS ( MUTUALITY4 ,! GR\P W\LD !N REJECT HIM & HE W\LD BE ?R[N BACK 9TO ! CIVILIZ$ CANNIBALISM TO :I* HE HAD BE5 ACCU/OM$ & FROM :I* HE REALLY HAD NO DESIRE TO ESCAPE4 ,! TRANSACT+ ( BUS9ESS ) ONE ANO!R BY *ECK NECESSITATES ?AT ,MUTUALI/S BE ACQUA9T$ ) ONE ANO!R & DEAL ) ONE ANO!R1 TO ! GRADUAL EXCLUSION ( ! NON-MUTUALI/IC PUBLIC4 ,! LATT] W\LD SOON SEE ! ADVANTAGES D]IV$ BY ,MUTUALI/S FROM ?IS >RANGEM5T & W\LD NOT BE SL[ TO FOLL[ !IR EXAMPLE4 ,IF A SY/EM ( DO+ AWAY ) CA% %\LD /RIKE ! READ] AS RA!R FANCIFUL1 HIS ATT5TION IS DIRECT$ TO ! WAYS ( DO+ BUS9ESS :I* >E ADOPT$ :5 MONEY FAILS OR BANKS SUSP5D4 ,IT MIE ! V]Y TIMES :5 NEW ME?ODS ( F9ANCE >E TRI$ \T & F\ND TO WORK WELL4 ,ATT5TION HAS ALREADY BE5 CALL$ TO ! ,R5T5M>K 9 ,G]MANY1 AFT] ! 9FLATION ( #a#i#b#b4 ,:5 ! PANIC ( #ahic WAS 9 FULL SW+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 MANY BANKS SUSP5D$1 BANKRUPTCIES & =ECLOSURES MULTIPLI$1 & RU9 SEEM$ G5]AL4 ,! SOLV5T BANKS C\LD NOT MEET ALL ! CALLS ON !M = CA%1 SO ! CLE>+ H\SES ISSU$ C]TIFICATES TO CIRCULATE 9/EAD ( MONEY - A CLE> VIOLATION ( ! F$]AL LAW1 BUT :OLLY IGNOR$ BY ! AU?ORITIES4 ,! ISSUANCE ( SU* A CR$IT CURR5CY 9 ! FIR/ PLACE W\LD HAVE MADE ! PANICS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,BUT ! F9ANCI]S WILL NOT ISSUE IT UNTIL ! PANIC HAS COME & EV]Y?+ IS FALL+ TO PIECES4 ,!N ! CR$IT CURR5CY /EPS 9 & SAVES ! DAY4 ,DUR+ ! PANIC ( #aig RESORT WAS AGA9 HAD TO ?IS ME?OD4 ,!RE W]E WEEKS :5 BUS9ESS M5 SAW NO CURR5CY BUT !SE CLE>+ H\SE C]TIFICATES1 &1 AS ! BANKS REFUS$ TO PAY 9 CA%1 ! CLE>+ H\SE C]TIFICATES CON/ITUT$ PRACTICALLY ! 5TIRE CURR5CY EXCEPT = :AT LITTLE CA% !RE WAS /ILL 9 CIRCULATION4 ,IF A CR$IT CURR5CY CAN FUNCTION SO WELL :5 PANIC & UNC]TA9TY REIGN1 IT SURELY CAN WORK 9 NORMAL TIMES4 ,ALL IT NE$S TO BE SUCCESSFUL IS FAIR DEAL+ & MUTUAL TRU/4 ,) ! PROP] SUP]VISION1 ! *ANCES ( UNFAIR DEAL+ C\LD BE R$UC$ TO A PO9T :]E IT W\LD BE AN 9EXP5SIVE MATT] TO COV] !M FULLY BY A SAFE 9SURANCE4 ,AS = ! F>M]S1 !Y MU/ BE %[N ?AT !IR SALVATION LIES1 NOT 9 SPECIAL PRIVILEGES OR /ATE AID1 BUT 9 /OPP+ L& SPECULATION2 9 POOL+ !IR CAPITAL & RES\RCES = COOP]ATIVE ACTION1 SUB/ITUT+ ! CR$IT ( ! GR\P = ?AT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL2 9 FURNI%+ ?IS CR$IT TO !MSELVES AT CO/ 7IF NECESS>Y BY CIRCUMV5T+ ! 9JURI\S BANK+ LAWS71 & ?US CREAT+ A WORK+ CAPITAL ON :I* !RE IS NO 9T]E/ TO BE PAID2 9 SY/EMIZ+ DI/RIBUTION SO ?AT ALL PRODUCTS SOLD WILL HAVE COME FROM ! NE>E/ FEASIBLE PRODUC+ C5T]1 ?US ELIM9AT+ MU* TIME & EXP5SE 9 UNNECESS>Y HAUL+2 9 SY/EMIZ+ PRODUCTION BY GA!R+ & DI/RIBUT+ 9=MATION AS TO ! NE$ & DESIRABILITY ( C]TA9 CROPS1 SO AS TO AVOID OV]PRODUCTION ( SOME & UND]PRODUCTION ( O!RS & ! EVILS ACCOMPANY+ SU* A CONDITION2 &1 F9ALLY1 9 PRACTIC+ & WORK+ = ! PROMULGATION ( ALL O!R ,MUTUALI/ IDEAS4 ,MYRON ,T4 ,H]RICK1 =M] ,AM]ICAN ,AMBASSADOR TO ,FRANCE1 PO9TS ! WAY :5 HE SAYS 9 HIS BOOK1 ,RURAL ,CR$ITS3 0,! F>M]S ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES DO NOT NE$ ANY SPECIAL PRIVILEGES OR GOV]NM5T AID4 ,IF ME?ODS W]E SIMPLIFI$ & TE*NICALITIES ELIM9AT$1 COOP]ATION1 OR ORGANIZ$ 9DIVIDUALISM BAS$ ON PRIVATE 9ITIATIVE & MUTUAL SELF-HELP1 W\LD EV5TUALLY BE APPLI$ TO ALL !IR ACTIVITIES40 ,A ,MUTUALI/ C\LD NOT HAVE EXPRESS$ IT BETT]4 ,TRADE ASSOCIATIONS SIMIL>LY C\LD BE GREATLY B5EFIT$ BY ADOPT+ ! PR9CIPLE ( FURNI%+ CR$IT TO !MSELVES AT CO/4 ,MR4 ,HUGO ,BILGRAM ( ,PHILADELPHIA1 9 ,! ,CAUSE ( ,BUS9ESS ,DEPRESSIONS1 HAS MADE SOME PRACTICAL SUGGE/IONS AS TO H[ ?IS C\LD BE DONE4 ,! READ] WILL ALSO RECALL C]TA9 PASSAGES E>LI] 9 ?IS *APT]4 ,! ,MUTUAL ,BANK IDEA1 ) ITS ELIM9ATION ( BUS9ESS DEPRESSIONS & CONSEQU5T BANKRUPTCIES & FAILURES1 %\LD READILY APPEAL TO ! BUS9ESS MAN4 ,TRADE ASSOCIATIONS W\LD F9D ONLY GA9 9 ! ABROGATION ( ! PAT5T LAWS4 ,!Y C\LD GET \T FROM UND] ! HEELS ( ! F9ANCI]S & MONOPOLY HOLD]S & NE$ NO LONG] FEEL AFRAID TO GIVE S]VICE4 ,MUTUALISM %\LD APPEAL TO !M1 TOO4 ,ORGANIZ$ ,LABOR'S ,OPPORTUNITY ,AS TO ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS1 !IR MEMB]S W\LD B5EFIT MO/ BY ! ADOPTION ( ,MUTUALISM4 ,!RE >E ?\S&S ( IDLE M5 9 UNIONS1 ) MILLIONS ( H\RS ( S]VICE GO+ TO WA/E DAILY BECAUSE ( 9ADEQUATE DEM& = !M4 ,! GIV+ ( CR$IT IS USUALLY ?\I$ PEOPLE HAVE TO WORK A :OLE MON? BE=E RECEIV+ PAYM5T4 ,DUR+ ?AT TIME !Y >E ! CR$ITORS ( !IR EMPLOY]S4 ,BUT !SE >E CASES ( 5=C$ CR$IT1 :ILE ?IS 9QUIRY IS CONC]N$ ) VOLUNT>Y CR$IT ONLY4 ,:5 A WORKMAN IS \T ( EMPLOYM5T1 :I* HAPP5S P]IODICALLY 9 ! BUILD+ TRADES1 HIS 5=C$ IDL5ESS IS A LOSS TO HIMSELF & TO ! COMMUNITY4 ,IF ! S]VICES ( ! IDLE M5 ( ! COMMUNITY C\LD BE EX*ANG$1 ALL ?IS LOSS C\LD BE TURN$ 9TO GA94 ,WORKM5 ALWAYS MANAGE SOMEH[ TO LIVE ?R\< LIMIT$ P]IODS ( 5=C$ IDL5ESS2 IT W\LD NOT MAKE IT ANY H>D] = !M IF !Y GAVE S]VICE )\T IMM$IATE COMP5SATION 9 CA% DUR+ SU* P]IODS4 ,LET A !ORETICAL CASE BE TAK5 BY WAY ( ILLU/RATION4 ,SUPPOSE ,JONES1 :O IS A C>P5T]1 WANTS TO BUILD A H\SE4 ,HE HAS ! PLANS1 [NS A LOT & HAS FIFTE5 HUNDR$ DOLL>S 9 CA%1 ) :I* TO PAY = HIS MAT]IAL1 BUT NO MONEY TO PAY = LABOR4 ,SUPPOSE1 FUR!R1 ?AT ?IRTY ( HIS FELL[ WORKM51 BELONG+ TO ! V>I\S BUILD+ TRADES1 W]E IDLE & W]E WILL+ TO GIVE HIM A WEEK EA* ( !IR IDLE TIME1 :I* W\LD BE 5\< TO BUILD ! H\SE1 & ?AT !Y ALSO W]E WILL+ TO WAIT = !IR COMP5SATION UNTIL !Y1 9 TURN1 %\LD BE 9 NE$ ( HIS HELP1 :5 HE %\LD BE IDLE4 ,! PAY TO :I* !Y W\LD BE 5TITL$ W\LD BE EVID5C$ BY ?IRTY PROMISSORY NOTES ( 7= 9/ANCE7 FIFTY DOLL>S EA*1 :I* ,JONES W\LD R$EEM 9 S]VICES FROM TIME TO TIME4 ,H]E WE HAVE AN ILLU/RATION ( IDLE MAN GIV+ CR$IT BY CONV]T+ !IR TIME1 :I* W\LD O!RWISE BE LO/1 9TO WEAL?1 = \T ( ! IDLE TIME ( !SE ?IRTY M5 ?IRTY H\SES C\LD BE BUILT1 EA* MAN GIV+ ONE WEEK TO ! CON/RUCTION ( EA* H\SE4 ,! GU>ANTEE+ ( ! PROMISSORY NOTES C\LD BE DONE BY ! ORGANIZATIONS TO :I* ! M5 BELONG$1 OR !Y C\LD BE SECUR$ BY MORTGAGE LI5 ON ! H\SE4 ,?IS !ORETICAL CASE C\LD BE WORK$ \T 9 PRACTICE ) V]Y LITTLE DIFFICULTY1 IF !SE M5 UND]/OOD :AT MUTUAL CR$IT C\LD DO = !M4 ,! MORAL ( ! /ORY IS ?AT !RE IS NO ONE 9 ! COMMUNITY SO POOR ?AT HE CANNOT GIVE CR$IT1 = :OEV] GIVES GOODS OR S]VICES TO ANO!R1 BE=E RECEIV+ !IR EQUIVAL5T 9 SIMIL> GOODS OR S]VICES 9 RETURN1 IS GIV+ CR$IT4 ,ONCE ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK IS OP]AT+1 MONEY WILL BE AVAILABLE PRACTICALLY )\T 9T]E/ TO ANY RESPONSIBLE PRODUC]1 SO ?AT HIS 9DEP5D5CE WILL NO LONG] DEP5D UPON ! :IM ( ! USUR]1 BUT UPON HIS DET]M9ATION & HIS ABILITY 9 HIS L9E ( WORK4 ,!RE WILL BE BIG FACTORIES & SMALL %OPS1 & ! DEM& = WAGE LABOR WILL BE GREAT] ?AN ! SUPPLY1 ) ! RESULT ?AT WAGES WILL SO> UNTIL !Y APPROA* ! FULL VALUE ( ! WORK DONE4 ,DUE TO ! ELIM9ATION ( 9T]E/1 R5T & PRIVILEG$ PR(ITS1 UND] ,MUTUALISM ! CO/ ( COMMODITIES WILL BE MU* L[] & MONEY !RE=E WILL HAVE MORE BUY+ P[]1 9 ADDITION TO WAGES BE+ HI<]4 ,IS ?IS NOT A CONDITION WOR? WORK+ =8 ,ONCE ! ,MUTUAL ,BANK IS E/ABLI%$1 ,MUTUAL EX*ANGE WILL P]MEATE ALL SOCIETY & DEMON/RATE EV]Y:]E ! B5EFITS TO BE D]IV$ BY ADH]+ TO ! CO/ PR9CIPLE1 SO ?AT SOCIETY MAY AT LA/ MOVE 9 ! RITY COOP]ATION4 ,! ME?ODS ( APPROA* = ! CR$IT GR\P ( ORGANIZATIONS MU/1 BY N[1 BE SELF-EVID5T4 ,MONEY & 9SURANCE AT CO/2 OCCUPANCY & USE1 AS ESS5TIALS TO L& [N]%IP2 ADH]5CE TO ! LAW ( EQUAL LIB]TY2 & VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 NO COMPULSION = ! NON9VASIVE 9DIVIDUAL - ALL !SE >E T5ETS ( ,MUTUALISM :I* CAN NEV] BE EMPHASIZ$ TOO /RONGLY4 ,ALL ?+S :I* MAKE = ! MAXIMUM ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY COMPATIBLE ) EQUALITY ( LIB]TY >E P>T ( ! ,MUTUALI/ PROGRAM1 NO MATT] FROM :AT QU>T] !Y >E T5D]$4 ,&1 P] CONTRA1 ANY?+ :I* LIMITS ! LIB]TY ( ANYONE BEL[ ! PO9T NE$$ TO RETA9 EQUALITY ( LIB]TY IS A DANG] TO ! 9DIVIDUAL1 & !RE=E TO HUMAN SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 & 9 CONSEQU5CE IS REJECT$ BY ,MUTUALISM4 ,LIB]TY IS ! FIR/ NE$ ( MAN4 ,= ,LIB]TY IS1 AS ,PR\DHON SO WELL /AT$1 NOT ! DAU5CE ,LEE ,SW>TZ ,?R\< ! AGES M5 HAVE LONG$ = FRE$OM & /RUGGL$ = IT4 ,USUALLY ?IS /RUGGLE HAS BE5 AN EF=T TO ESCAPE ! OPPRESSION ( ! ,/ATE OR ( SOME O!R =M ( ORGANIZ$ AU?ORITY ?AT PRET5D$ TO PROTECT !M4 ,?IS ASPIRATION HAS BE5 PRES5T 9 ALL RACES & 9 ALL NATIONALITIES2 &1 AS F> BACK AS HI/ORY RECORDS1 ! GREAT M9DS ( ALL TIMES HAVE TRANSMITT$ TO USE ! RESULT ( !IR LABORS4 ,!Y W]E RECRUIT$ FROM M5 ( LEISURE1 FROM ?OSE 9 ! PR(ESSIONS & 9 ! TRADES1 FROM PEASANTS1 & EV5 FROM HUMBLE SLAVES4 ,!IR WORDS HAVE BE5 GIV5 TO US 9 ,GREEK1 ,G]MAN1 ,FR5* & MANY O!R LANGUAGES AS WELL AS 9 ,5GLI%2 BUT !IR GOLD5 WORDS PROVE !IR K9%IP ) EA* O!R & ) US1 = !Y ALL %>$ ! SAME HUNG] = LIB]TY4 ,>I/OTLE1 ! ,GREEK 0FA!R ( PHILOSOPHY10 & P]HAPS ! GREATE/ M9D ( ALL TIME1 IS1 AFT] TW5TY-TWO C5TURIES1 A POT5T 9FLU5CE 9 ! %AP+ ( HUMAN ?\R5 METAL ITSELF40 ,EPICTETUS1 ! SLAVE-PHILOSOPH]1 :O LIV$ 9 ! FIR/ C5TURY ,A4 ,D41 WAS AT ?AT TIME ALREADY DISCUSS+ FRE$OM1 URG+ PEOPLE TO A*IEVE IT1 & PO9T+ \T ?AT NO FUGITIVE SLAVE EV] DI$ ( HUNG]4 ,EV5 9 ?OSE DAYS HE C\LD SEE1 AS HE SAID1 ?AT 0HE IS FREE :O LIVES AS HE WI%ES TO LIVE2 :O IS NEI!R SUBJECT TO COMPULSION NOR TO H9DRANCE1 NOR TO =CE2 :OSE MOVEM5TS >E NOT IMP$$1 & :OSE DESIRES ATTA9 !IR PURPOSE40 ,IF ,*9A HAD GIV5 ! WORLD NO?+ BUT ,CONFUCIUS & HIS REAL GOLD5 RULE1 %E W\LD BE A GREAT NATION = ?AT REASON ALONE1 = ,CONFUCIUS LEFT A LEGACY ?AT HAS NOT BE5 DISSIPAT$ 9 ! TW5TY-FIVE C5TURIES ?AT HAVE SUCCE$$ HIM4 ,( ! MOD]NS1 ,JOHN ,RUSK9 7#a#h#a#i-#a#i71 ! GREAT ,5GLI% PHILOSOPH]1 WROTE MU* ATTACK+ USURY & ! PRES5T SOCIAL SY/EM 9 G5]AL2 BUT ! ,BRITI% PUBLIC1 AL?\< IT LI/5$ TO HIS >T CRITICISMS1 W\LD HAVE NONE ( HIS ECONOMICS4 ,5GL& - ?AT GREAT NATION ( MONEY L5D]S - WAS NOT 9T]E/$4 ,:]E ! REAL BATTLE = FRE$OM BEGAN MAY H>DLY BE SAID1 BUT ! IDEA AS IT EXI/S 9 MOD]N TIMES F9DS E>LY EXPRESSION 9 ! PLEA ( ,JOHN ,MILTON 7#a#f#h-#a#f#g#d71 ,5GLI% POET & PUBLICI/1 = ! LIB]TY ( UNLIC5S$ PR9T+1 DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! ,COMMONWEAL? 9 ,5GL&4 ,A C5TURY LAT]1 ,R\SSEAU & ,TURGOT1 9 ,FRANCE1 WROTE ( FRE$OM = ! COMMON MAN1 & ,BURKE & ,GODW9 FOLL[$ 9 ,5GL&4 ,! LATT]'S ,REFLECTIONS ON ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE REMA9S A CLASSIC4 ,9 ! MIDDLE ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ,BUCKLE'S ,HI/ORY ( ,CIVILIZATION 9 ,5GL& APPE>$1 & 9 IT !RE WAS GA!R$ A GREAT MASS ( FACTS %[+ ! EVILS ( TYRANNY & OPPRESSION 9 ALL L&S4 ,H]B]T ,SP5C] 7#a#h#b-#a#i#c71 ! ,5GLI% PHILOSOPH]1 BEGAN WRIT+ AB\T ! SAME TIME1 & HE D$UC$ ! IDEA ( POLITICAL FRE$OM AS A MATT] ( EVOLUTION>Y GR[?4 ,HIS ,PR9CIPLES ( ,SOCIOLOGY IS A MA/]LY & EXHAU/IVE WORK1 BUT ,SOCIAL ,/ATICS & ,! ,COM+ ,SLAV]Y >E MORE VITAL1 ! LATT] %[+ :AT ! MULTIPLICATION ( ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,/ATE IS LEAD+ TO4 ,9 ,G]MANY1 ,MAX ,/IRN] 7P5 NAME ( ,JOHANN ,KASP> ,S*MIDT1 #a#h#f-#a#h#e#f71 9 ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N 7,LONDON3 ,A4 ,C4 ,FIFIELD71 BR\R51 9 HIS BOOK1 ,TRUE ,CIVILIZATION4 ,A GOOD HI/ORY ( HIS LIFE1 ,JOSIAH ,W>R5 7,BO/ON3 ,SMALL1 ,MAYN>D @& ,COMPANY71 HAS BE5 WRITT5 BY ,WILLIAM ,BAILIE1 ( ,BO/ON4 ,W>R5'S 0CO/ PR9CIPLE0 WAS EXT5SIVELY DEVELOP$ BY ,/EPH5 ,PE>L ,&REWS1 9 HIS ,SCI5CE ( ,SOCIETY4 ,PI]RE ,J4 ,PR\DHON1 9 ,FRANCE1 WORK$ \T ALL !SE !ORIES AT GREAT L5G? 9 A S]IES ( BOOKS WRITT5 BETWE5 #ahd & #a#h#f#e4 ,H]E FRE$OM & ,MUTUALISM RECEIV$ FULL TREATM5T ) 9COMP>ABLE /R5G? & VIGOR2 & ! COM+ ( ! P[] ( ! F9ANCIAL MA/]S WAS ACCURATELY =ETOLD4 ,?OSE ( HIS WORKS N[ 9 ,5GLI% >E3 ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY 8 7,LONDON3 ,A4 ,C4 ,FIFIELD72 ,SY/EM ( ,ECONOMICAL ,CONTRADICTIONS 7,VOLUME ,I71 & ,G5]AL ,IDEA ( ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY 7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS74 ,! FIR/ TWO W]E TRANSLAT$ BY ,B5JAM9 ,R4 ,TUCK] & ! LATT] BY ,JOHN ,BEV]LY ,ROB9SON4 ,PR\DHON'S ,SOLUTION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,PROBLEM 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,VANGU>D ,PRESS7 HAS 9 IT ! BE/ ( !SE O!R WORKS TOGE!R ) MU* ADDITIONAL MAT]IAL GIV+ HIS :OLE PROPOS$ SOLUTION 9 ITS RELATION TO ! PRES5T4 ,A CL>ION CALL TO ! SPIRIT ( 9DEP5D5CE & P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY IS ,H5RY ,DAVID ,?OREAU'S ,DUTY ( ,CIVIL ,DISOB$I5CE4 ,?IS & HIS ,WALD5 %[ ! NE>NESS ( HIS ?\E LESS /IMULAT+ ?AN HIS [N LIFE1 ) ITS CLE>-CUT EXEMPLIFICATION ( ! P[] ( AN HONE/ & RESOLUTE MAN TO AB/A9 FROM ! 9IQUITIES ( ! ,/ATE & AT ! SAME TIME TO LIVE AT PEACE ) HIS FELL[S4 ,$W>D ,C>P5T]'S ,NON-,GOV]NM5TAL ,SOCIETY 7,LONDON3 ,A4 ,C4 ,FIFIELD7 IS A ?\E T5D+ TO MAKE UN-NECESS>Y MANY GOV]NM5TAL ACTIVITIES4 ,! PROGRESS ( VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION IS VIVIDLY SET =? 9 ,COOP]ATIVE ,DEMOCRACY1 BY ,J4 ,P4 ,W>BASSE 7,MACMILLAN71 & 9 ! SAME AU?OR'S ,:AT ,IS ,COOP]ATION 8 9 ! S]IES ( \TL9ES PUBLI%$ BY ! ,VANGU>D ,PRESS4 ,ANO!R RECORD ( :AT HAS BE5 9 ?AT DIRECTION IS CONTA9$ 9 ,CONSUM]S' ,COOP]ATIVE ,SOCIETIES1 BY ,*>LES ,GIDE 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,ALFR$ ,A4 ,KNOPF71 A TRANSLATION FROM ! ,FR5*4 ,F9ALLY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES GOV]NM5T HAS PUBLI%$1 9 ! #aibe REPORT ( ! ,F$]AL ,TRADE ,COMMISSION1 UND] ! TITLE ( ,COOP]ATION 9 ,=EIGN ,C\NTRIES1 A /RIK+ ACC\NT ( ! ACCOMPLI%M5TS ( ! MOVEM5T ACROSS ! SEAS4 ,FOLL[+ ,PR\DHON1 ,COL4 ,WILLIAM ,B4 ,GRE5E1 ( ,MASSA*USETTS1 PUBLI%$ A S]IES ( >TICLES CALL$ ,MUTUAL ,BANK+1 ADAPT+ ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS TO ,AM]ICAN CONDITIONS AS !Y !N EXI/$ 79CLUD$ 9 ,PR\DHON'S ,SOLUTION ( ! ,SOCIAL ,PROBLEM2 ,VANGU>D ,PRESS74 ,LYS&] ,SPOON]1 A ,BO/ON LAWY]1 TREAT$ !SE SUBJECTS1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! LAW & ECONOMICS1 9 A L>GE NUMB] ( PAMPHLETS4 ,9 #a#h#h#a1 ,B5JAM9 ,R4 ,TUCK]1 ( ,BO/ON1 BEGAN PUBLI%+ A P]IODICAL CALL$ ,LIB]TY1 :I* = TW5TY-SEV5 YE>S ADVOCAT$ !SE DOCTR9ES ) UNRIVAL$ ABILITY & EXCEPTIONAL C\RAGE4 ,! BE/ ( HIS WRIT+S HAVE JU/ BE5 PUBLI%$ UND] ! TITLE ,9DIVIDUAL ,LIB]TY 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,VANGU>D ,PRESS74 ,HUGO ,BILGRAM1 ( ,PHILADELPHIA1 HAS = MANY YE>S EXP\ND$ ! F9ANCIAL IDEAS M5TION$ ABOVE4 ,HIS BOOK1 ,! ,CAUSE ( ,BUS9ESS ,DEPRESSIONS 7,LIPP9COTT71 WRITT5 9 COLLABORATION ) ,L4 ,E4 ,LEVY1 IS ! GREATE/ CONTRIBUTION TO ! SUBJECT 9 REC5T YE>S4 ,HE OV]?R[S ! 0QUANTITY !ORY0 ( MONEY1 & ,BOEHM-,BAW]K'S !ORY ( 9T]E/4 ,*>LES ,P4 ,ISAAC1 ( ,LONDON1 9 ,! ,M5ACE ( ! ,MONEY ,P[] 7,LONDON3 ,JONA?AN ,CAPE71 HAS WRITT5 WELL = FREE BANK+1 & HAS GA!R$ & PRES5T$ A GREAT DEAL ( HI/ORICAL DATA CONC]N+ ,5GLI% BANK+ & 9DU/RY4 ,PR(ESSOR ,FR$]ICK ,SODDY1 ( ,OX=D1 A GREAT AU?ORITY ON *EMI/RY & PHYSICS1 TREATS ECONOMICS FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! PHYSICI/1 & %[S1 9 HIS PAMPHLET ,C>TESIAN ,ECONOMICS 7,LONDON3 ,H5D]SON'S7 & 9 HIS BOOK1 ,WEAL?1 ,VIRTUAL ,WEAL?1 & ,DEBT 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,E4 ,P4 ,DUTTON @& ,COMPANY71 ?AT CAPITAL CANNOT BE SAV$2 ?AT ALL WEAL? IS A FL[ 9/EAD ( A /ORE4 ,HE ALSO DE/ROYS ! PRET5SE ?AT 9T]E/ IS NECESS>Y4 ,TREAT+ ( ,FRE$OM 9 ITS :OLE SCOPE1 ,*>LES ,T4 ,SPRAD+1 9 ,FRE$OM & ITS ,FUNDAM5TALS 7,LOS ,ANGELES3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,PUBLI%+ ,COMPANY7 HAS BR\GUM5TS 9 FAVOR ( EQUAL LIB]TY & CONT5D+ ?AT ?AT PR9CIPLE IS WORKABLE 9 EV]Y DEP>TM5T ( POLITICAL & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,?IS BOOK HELPS TO LAY ! F\NDATION = ,MUTUALISM4 ,\T ( ! TURMOIL 9 ,RUSSIA !RE HAS COME ONE /RIK+ FIGURE1 %OT BY ! ,COMMUNI/S 9 #aiba ON ACC\NT ( HIS OPPOSITION TO ,L594 ,HE HAS LEFT A BOOK 7NOT YET TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI%71 9 :I* HE LAYS /RESS ON ! ASSOCIATIONAL SIDE ( FRE$OM & ON A NEW SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTION :I* HE CALLS 0,SOCIOMETRY40 ,HE DIVIDES ALL SY/EMS ( HUMAN RELATION%IP 9TO ?REE TYPES1 DISFAVOR+ ! FIR/ BECAUSE IT REPRES5TS 5SLAVEM5T ?R\< ,COMMUNISM2 REJECT+ ! SECOND1 BECAUSE IT REPRES5TS ! SLAV]Y ( 9DU/RIAL EXPLOITATION2 LAUD+ ! ?IRD1 BECAUSE IT REPRES5TS FRE$OM & ,MUTUALISM4 ,?IS AGITATOR WAS ,LEV ,T*ORNY2 BUT !RE WAS NO ROOM = HIM 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,A BOOK CONTA9+ MANY ( ! ELEM5TS ( ,MUTUALISM IS ,VOLUNT>Y ,SOCIALISM1 BY ,FRANCIS ,D4 ,T&Y1 :O TRI$ TO DEVELOP ! ASSOCIATIONAL SIDE ( ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL LIB]TY4 ,HE1 UN=TUNATELY1 DI$ A FEW YE>S AGO 9 ! FULLNESS ( HIS P[]S4 ,H]TZKA1 9 HIS ,FREEL& .<& 9 ,TRAVEL TO ,FREEL& & 9 SOME O!R WRIT+S4 - ,J4,Z4.>1 PRES5T$ :AT HE T]M$ ''A SOCIAL ANTICIPATION10 DEVELOP+ A PLAN ( 0OP5 GR\P0 .<0OP5 COOP]ATIVE0 - ,J4,Z4.> ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RY ?AT IS UNIQUE & PROMIS+4 ,HIS PLAN CONTA9S MANY IDEAS ?AT >E BO? LIB]T>IAN & ,MUTUALI/IC1 BUT ITS DETAIL$ APPLICATION HAS NEV] G5]ALLY APPEAL$ TO ?OSE :O BASE !IR PHILOSOPHY RIGIDLY ON ! PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL LIB]TY4 ,JOHN ,BEV]LY ,ROB9SON WAS A TRANSLATOR ( ,PR\DHON & AU?OR ( ,! ,ECONOMICS ( ,LIB]TY4 ,HIS DEA?1 ALSO A FEW YE>S AGO1 REMOV$ A TIRELESS WORK] = FRE$OM4 ,ALFR$ ,B4 ,WE/RUP WAS A FAI?FUL WORK] = FRE$OM 9 F9ANCE1 & HIS ,NEW ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,MONEY HAS MANY VALUABLE PO9TS1 BUT HIS !ORIES >E VITIAT$ BY HIS REJECTION ( ! IDEA ( A /&>D ( VALUE4 ,WORDSWOR? ,DONI/HORPE & ,AUB]ON ,H]B]T W]E TWO ,5GLI%M5 ( ! OLD 9DIVIDUALI/ S*OOL1 :O W]E1 H[EV]1 NOT ESPECIALLY EMPHATIC AB\T ! CON/RUCTIVE LIB]T>IAN PHILOSOPHY1 AL?\< ! LATT] DOES1 9 HIS ,A ,POLITICIAN 9 ,SIY TAXATION1 & ! =M]1 9 ,9DIVIDUALISM3 A ,SY/EM ( POLITICS1 CONVICTS ,H]B]T ,SP5C] ( DEVIATIONS FROM HIS [N PR9CIPLE ( EQUAL FRE$OM4 ,F9ALLY1 ,EZRA ,H4 ,HEYWOOD %\LD NOT BE OV]LOOK$ AS ONE ( ! OLD TYPES ( ,AM]ICAN LABOR RE=M]S1 :OSE P]IODICAL1 ,! ,WORD1 WAS UNIQUE4 ,HE WAS1 AT TIMES1 A =CEFUL ADVOCATE ( LIB]T>IAN & ,MUTUALI/IC PR9CIPLES4 ,C>RY+ ON ! ACTIVE WORK = ,MUTUALISM & PRES5T+1 9 ADDITION TO WEIGUM5TS 9 FAVOR ( ! DOCTR9E1 COMM5T ON & CRITICISM ( ! MOVEM5T FROM EV]Y QU>T]1 IS ,! ,MUTUALI/1 A MAGAZ9E1 PUBLI%$ BY ,$W>D ,H4 ,FULTON AT #abbg ,PROSPECT ,AV5UE1 ,CL9TON1 ,I[A4 ,SOME ,G5]AL ,COMM5TS & ,NOTES TO ?IS ,BOOK BY ,JOHN ,ZUBE ,L,>,G,E,L,Y ,M,A,D,E ,:,5 ,R,E,A,D,+ ,?,I,S ,B,O,O,K ,= ,! ,F,I,R,/ ,T,I,M,E1 ,M,A,N,Y ,Y,E,>,S ,A,G,O ,UPON MY FIR/ READ+ ( ?IS BOOK ,I NOT$ ?AT IT IS A GOOD SURVEY ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL FRE$OM PROPOSALS - ) ! EXCEPTION ( E4G4 PRIC+ BY CO/S & HIS NOTIONS ON 9T]E/1 PR(IT & EXPLOITATION4 ,BUT !N EV]Y?+ GOOD 7FROM MY PO9T ( VIEW7 COMES ONLY R>ELY TOGE!R4 ,N[ ,I /ILL ?9K ?AT IT IS ONE ( ! BE/ AN>*I/ TO LIB]T>IAN BOOKS BUT IT DOES NOT GO F> 5\< T[>DS FULL ECONOMIC FRE$OM1 ESPECIALLY NOT T[>DS FULL MONET>Y FRE$OM & T[>DS EXT]RITORIALLY AUTONOM\S COMMUNITIES ( VOLUNTE]S1 AL?\< HE WRITES AB\T A =M ( FREE BANK+1 NAMELY MUTUAL BANK+ & VOLUNT>Y COMMUNITIES & FAVORS E4G4 VOLUNT>Y TAXATION1 :ILE OPPOS+ COPYRI*I/ICALLY 9T]PRET$4 ,REG>D+ L& RE=M HE ONLY DISCUSSES HIS [N FAVORITE SY/EM & CRITICIZES ,H5RY ,GEORGES & DOES NOT EV5 DISCUSS ?AT ( ,!ODOR ,H]TZKA1 AL?\< HE M5TIONS ONE ( ,H]TZKA'S BOOKS4 ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 LIKE MO/ L& RE=M]S1 HE IS /ILL 9TOL]ANT & CANNOT SEE ! POSSIBILITY ( DIFF]5T L& RE=M SY/EMS BE+ TOL]ANTLY PRACTIC$ 9 ! SAME C\NTRY - ALWAYS ONLY AT ! EXP5SE & CO/ ( !IR SUBSCRIB]S1 AL?\< HE FAVORS ?AT EXP]IM5TAL APPROA* 9 G5]AL T]MS4 ,HE /RESSES ! IMPORTANCE ( MONET>Y RE=MS4 ,BUT TO HIM ! MA9 AIM (T5 SEEMS TO BE ! R$UCTION ( 9T]E/ TO Z]O & ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! CO/ PRICE SY/EM4 ,ON ! 0CO/ PRICE0 LET ME H]E JU/ /ATE MY CONTR>Y VIEW3 ,! MO/ JU/1 ECONOMIC & ALSO MUTUALI/ & BE/ PRICE IS NOT ! 0MUTUALI/0 0CO/ PRICE0 BUT ! PRICE ( A REALLY FREE M>KET1 :I* IS COMPETITIVE & ALSO COOP]ATIVE .E ( ?AT ASPECT.>1 A M>KET1 FREE 9 EV]Y RESPECT1 9CLUD+ FULL MONET>Y1 CLE>+ & CR$IT FRE$OM & NOT SUBJECT$ TO CO]CIVE REGULATION & COMPULSORY TAXES4 ,SOME ,WEB ,SITES & ,DOCUM5TS ON ,MUTUALISM ,MUTUALI/4,ORG3 ,FREE ,M>KET ,ANTI-,CAPITALISM WWW4MUTUALI/4ORG_/ ,READ+S ON ,MUTUALISM WWW4MUTUALI/4ORG ,/UDIES 9 ,MUTUALI/ ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY BY ,KEV9 ,C>SON WWW4MUTUALI/4ORG ,MUTUALISM 7ECONOMIC !ORY7 - ,WIKIP$IA1 ! FREE 5CYCLOP$IA 54WIKIP$IA4ORG ,MUTUAL ,BANK+ WWW4!-PORTAL4ORG ,PR\DHON & ,AN>*ISM FLAG4BLACK5$4NET ,AT5EO ,LIB]T>IO ,VIRTUAL 3 ,MUTUALISMO .<,ESPANOL.> WWW4ALASB>RICADAS4ORG ,MUTUALISM - ,A ,?IRD ,WAY = ,AU/RALIA 7ESSAY BY ,M>K ,LA?AM - ,JUNE #b7 WWW4BRIS9/4ORG4AU ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,NOVEMB] #c1 #aibf 3 ,:AT ,IS ,MUTUALISM8 -- ,PUBLICATION4 ,APRIL #a#h1 #bb 3 ,:AT ,IS ,MUTUALISM8 -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,:AT ,IS ,MUTUALISM8 -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/