,:]E ! ,%OE ,P9*ES 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D 

,TEXT 3 

,!RE IS A WORD 9 USE AMONG ADM9I/RATORS1 09/ITUTIONALIZATION01 MEAN+ PUTT+ PEOPLE 9TO 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT !RE MU/ BE AN EV5 MORE REGRETTABLE WORD 0DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION01 MEAN+ GETT+ !M \T AGA94 ,IT HAS ONLY ONE ?+ TO RECOMM5D IT 3 IT PUTS MY !ME 9 ONE WORD4 ,BY 9/ITUTIONS1 9 ! G5]AL S5SE1 WE MEAN 0AN E/ABLI%$ LAW1 CU/OM1 USAGE1 PRACTICE1 ORGANIZATION1 OR O!R ELEM5T 9 ! POLITICAL OR SOCIAL LIFE ( A PEOPLE01 & 9 A SPECIAL S5SE1 WE MEAN 0AN $UCATIONAL1 PHILAN?ROPIC1 REM$IAL1 OR P5AL E/ABLI%M5T 9 :I* A BUILD+ OR SY/EM ( BUILD+S PLAYS A MAJOR & C5TRAL ROLE1 E4G41 S*OOLS1 HOSPITALS1 ORPHANAGES1 OLD PEOPLE'S HOMES1 JAILS40 

,S9CE ,I AM CONC]N$ ) AN AN>*I/ APPROA*1 ,I MU/ ALSO DEF9E ! AIMS ( AN>*ISM1 & = ?IS PURPOSE ,I WILL USE A S5T5CE FROM ,KROPOTK9 3 

,IT SEEKS ! MO/ COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUALITY COMB9$ ) ! HI<E/ DEVELOPM5T ( VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS1 9 ALL POSSIBLE DEGREES1 = ALL IMAG9ABLE PURPOSES1 EV] MODIFI$ ASSOCIATIONS :I* C>RY 9 !MSELVES ! ELEM5TS ( !IR DURABILITY & CON/ANTLY ASSUME NEW =MS :I* ANSW] BE/ TO ! MULTIPLE ASPIRATIONS ( ALL4 

,IF Y\ ACCEPT !SE DEF9ITIONS Y\ WILL SEE ?AT AN>*ISM IS HO/ILE TO 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! G5]AL S5SE2 HO/ILE ?AT IS TO SAY1 TO ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION 9TO PRE-E/ABLI%$ =MS OR LEGAL 5TITIES1 ( ! V>I\S K9DS ( HUMAN ASSOCIATION4 ,IT IS PR$ISPOS$ T[>DS DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION1 T[>DS ! BREAKD[N ( 9/ITUTIONS4 

,N[ DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION IS A FEATURE ( CURR5T ?\<T & ACTUAL TR5DS 9 ! SECOND OR SPECIAL S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,!RE IS A *>ACT]I/IC PATT]N ( DEVELOPM5T COMMON TO MANY ( !SE SPECIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,FREQU5TLY !Y >E F\ND$ OR MODIFI$ BY SOME 9DIVIDUAL PIONE]1 A SECUL> OR RELIGI\S PHILAN?ROPI/1 TO MEET SOME URG5T SOCIAL NE$ OR REM$Y SOME SOCIAL EVIL4 ,!N !Y BECOME ! FOCUS ( ! ACTIVITIES ( A VOLUNT>Y SOCIETY1 & AS ! N9ETE5? C5TURY PROCE$S1 GA9 ! ACKN[L$GM5T & SUPPORT ( ! /ATE4 ,LOCAL AU?ORITIES MAY FILL 9 ! GEOGRAPHICAL GAPS 9 ! DI/RIBUTION1 & F9ALLY1 9 \R [N DAY1 ! 9/ITUTIONS !MSELVES >E 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 ?AT IS' TO SAY1 NATIONALIZ$1 TAK5 OV] BY ! /ATE AS A PUBLIC S]VICE4 ,BUT AT ! V]Y PEAK ( !IR GR[? & DEVELOPM5T1 A D\BT >ISES4 ,>E !Y 9 FACT REM$Y+ ! EVIL OR S]V+ ! PURPOSE = :I* !Y W]E 9/ITUT$1 OR >E !Y M]ELY P]PETUAT+ IT4 ,A NEW G5]ATION ( PIONE] ?9K]S >ISES :I* SEEKS TO SET ! PROCESS 9 REV]SE1 TO ABOLI% ! 9/ITUTION ALTOGE!R1 OR TO BREAK IT D[N 9TO NON-9/ITUTIONAL UNITS1 OR TO MEET ! SAME SOCIAL NE$ 9 A NON-9/ITUTIONAL WAY4 ,?IS IS SO M>K$ A TR5D1 ?AT IT LEADS US TO SPECULATE ON ! EXT5T TO :I* ! SPECIAL 9/ITUTIONS CAN BE REG>D$ AS MICROCOSMS OR MODELS = ! CRITICAL /UDY ( ! G5]AL 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY4 

,9/ITUTIONAL ,MAT]NITY 

,A G5]ATION AGO ! ACCEPT$ 0IDEAL0 PATT]N ( *ILDBIR? WAS 9 A MAT]NITY HOSPITAL4 ,! BABY WAS TAK5 AWAY FROM ! MO!R AT BIR? & PUT BEH9D GLASS BY A MASK$ NURSE1 TO BE BR\<T \T AT /RICTLY REGULAT$ H\RS = FE$+4 ,KISS+ & CUDDL+ W]E REG>D$ AS UNHVGI5IC4 7,MO/ BABIES W]E NOT BORN ?AT WAY1 BUT ?AT WAS ! IDEAL74 0 ,TODAY ! IDEAL PICTURE IS COMPLETELY DIFF]5T4 ,BABY IS BORN AT HOME1 ) FA!R HELP+ ! MIDWIFE1 :ILE BRO!RS & SI/]S >E 5C\RAG$ TO 0%>E0 ! NEW ACQUISITION4 ,HE IS COSSETT$ BY ALL & SUNDRY & F$ ON DEM&4 7,AGA9 MO/ BABIES >E NOT BORN ?AT WAY1 BUT IT IS ! NEW ACCEPT$ IDEAL74 ,?IS *ANGE 9 ATTITUDES CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! SW+ ( ! P5DULUM ( FA%ION1 TO COMMON-S5SE RE-ASS]T+ ITSELF1 OR IT MAY BE ! RESULT ( ! POPUL>IZATION ( ! F9D+S ( AN?ROPOLOGI/S & PSY*OANALY/S & ( ! IMM5SELY 9FLU5TIAL EVID5CE COLLECT$ BY ,JOHN ,B[LBY 9 HIS ,:,O REPORT ON MAT]NAL C>E4 ,PR(ESSOR ,A%LEY ,MONTAGU WRITES3 

!RE WAS A DISEASE FROM :I*1 BUT HALF A C5TURY AGO1 MORE ?AN HALF ( ! *ILDR5 7:O DI$7 9 !IR FIR/ YE> ( LIFE1 REGUL>LY DI$4 ,?IS DISEASE WAS KN[N AS M>ASMUS FROM ! ,GREEK WORD MEAN+ WA/+ AWAY04 ,?IS DISEASE WAS ALSO KN[N AS 9FANTILE ATROPHY OR DEBILITY4 ,:5 /UDIES W]E UND]TAK5 TO TRACK D[N ITS CAUSE1 IT WAS DISCOV]$ ?AT IT WAS G5]ALLY BABIES 9 ! 0BE/0 HOMES & HOSPITALS :O W]E MO/ (T5 ITS VICTIMS1 BABIES :O W]E APP>5TLY RECEIV+ ! BE/ & MO/ C>EFUL PHYSICAL ATT5TION1 :ILE BABIES 9 ! POORE/ HOMES1 ) A GOOD MO!R1 DESPITE ! LACK ( HYGI5IC PHYSICAL CONDITIONS1 (T5 OV]CAME ! PHYSICAL H&ICAPS & N\RI%$4 ,:AT WAS LACK+ 9 ! /]ILIZ$ 5VIRONM5T ( ! BABIES ( ! FIR/ CLASS & WAS G5]\SLY SUPPLI$ 9 BABIES ( ! SECOND CLASS WAS MO!R LOVE4 ,?IS DISCOV]Y IS RESPONSIBLE = ! FACT ?AT HOSPITALS TODAY 5DEAVOR TO KEEP ! 9FANT = AS %ORT A TIME AS POSSIBLE4 

,! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! TWO 0IDEAL0 PATT]NS ( *ILDBIR? IS FREQU5TLY DEBAT$ 9 ! PRESS TODAY1 P>TLY AS A RESULT ( TWO REC5T (FICIAL REPORTS1 ! ,CRANBROOK ,REPORT 7( ! ,MAT]NITY ,S]VICE ,COMMITTEE1 #a#i#e#i7 & ! REPORT ON ,HUMAN ,RELATIONS 9 ,OB/ETRICS 7#a#i#f#a74 ,TODAY BETWE5 #f & #g P] C5T1 ( BIR?S TAKE PLACE 9 HOSPITALS OR NURS+ HOMES1 & A L>G] P]C5TAGE PROBABLY W\LD IF MORE B$S W]E AVAILABLE1 BUT IT IS /ILL TRUE ?AT 0,MANY MO!RS COMP>E !IR RECEPTION & MANAGEM5T 9 HOSPITAL UNFAVORABLY ) CONF9EM5T AT HOME4 ,( ONE S]IES ( #ccf MO!RS :O HAD AT LEA/ ONE BABY 9 HOSPITAL & ONE AT HOME1 #h.0 PREF]R$ HOME CONF9EM5T & ONLY #a#d.0 HOSPITAL CONF9EM5T04 7,! ,LANCET #b#b_/#d_/#f#a74 ,!SE APP>5TLY CONTRADICTORY P]C5TAGES SIMPLY MEAN ( C\RSE ?AT MO!RS WANT ! ADVANTAGES' ( BO? 0IDEALS0-- M$ICAL SAFETY & A DOME/IC ATMOSPH]E4 ,! REAL DEM& IS 9 FACT = ! DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ! HOSPITAL4 ,?US 9 OP5+ ! NEW OB/ETRIC UNIT ( ,*>+ ,CROSS ,HOSPITAL 7#b#c_/#b_/#f7 ,PR(ESSOR ,NORMAN ,MORRIS DECL>$ ?AT 0,TW5TYFIVE YE>S ( A*IEVEM5T HAVE VA/LY R$UC$ ! HAZ>DS ( *ILDBIR?1 BUT HOSPITALS TOO (T5 DR[N ! JOYS ( MO!RHOOD 9 A SEA ( 9HUMANITY40 ,!RE WAS1 HE SAID 0AN ATMOSPH]E ( COLDNESS1 UNFRI5DL9ESS1 & SEV]ITY MORE 9 KEEP+ ) AN 9COME TAX (FICE4 ,MANY ( \R SY/EMS :I* 9VOLVE DRAGOON+ & REGIM5TATION MU/ BE COMPLETELY REVIS$4 ,NO SI/] %\LD BE P]MITT$ TO EX]CISE H] AU?ORITY BY MEANS ( A REIGN ( T]ROR04 ,& AT ! ,ROYAL ,SOCIETY ( ,HEAL? ,CONGRESS 7#b#i_/#d_/#f#a7 HE DESCRIB$ MANY EXI/+ MAT]NITY UNITS AS M]E BABY FACTORIES4 0,SOME EV5 SEEM TO BOA/ ?AT !Y HAVE DEVELOP$ A MORE EFFICI5T CONVEYOR BELT SY/EM ?AN ANY?+ ?AT HAS GONE BE=E04 

,*ILDR5 9 ,HOSPITAL 

,! WIDESPREAD ACCEPTANCE ( ! VIEW :I* HAS BECOME KN[N AS 0,B[LBY'S MAT]NAL DEPRIVATION HYPO!SIS0 HAS PR(\NDLY AFFECT$ ATTITUDES TO ! TREATM5T ( Y\NG *ILDR5 9 HOSPITAL4 ,! ,AM]ICAN P$IATRICIANS ,RU? & ,H>RY ,BAKW9 OBS]V$ ?AT 3  ,! EFFECT ( RESID5CE 9 A HOSPITAL MANIFE/S ITSELF BY A FAIRLY WELL-DEF9$ CL9ICAL PICTURE4 ,A /RIK+ FEATURE IS ! FAILURE TO GA9 PROP]LY1 DESPITE ! +E/ION ( DIETS :I* >C 5TIRELY ADEQUATE = GR[? 9 ! HOME4 ,9FANTS 9 HOSPITALS SLEEP LESS ?AN O!RS & !Y R>ELY SMILE OR BABBLE SPONTANE\SLY4 ,!Y >C LI/LESS & APA!TIC & LOOK UNHAPPY4 ,! APPETITE IS 9DIFF]5T & FOOD IS ACCEPT$ )\T 5?USIASM4 ,RESPIRATORY 9FECTIONS :I* LA/ ONLY A DAY OR TWO 9 ! HOME >E PROLONG$ & MAY P]SI/ = WEEKS & MON?S4 ,RETURN TO ! HOME RESULTS 9 DEF]VESC5CE 7DISAPPE>ANCE ( FEV]7 )9 A FEW DAYS & PROMPT & /RIK+ GA9 9 WEI<T4 

,B[LBY NOTES ! SAME ?+ & REM>KS ?AT ! CONDITION ( !SE 9FANTS IS 0UND\BT$LY A =M ( DEPRESSION HAV+ MANY ( ! HALLM>KS ( ! TYPICAL ADULT DEPRESSIVE PATI5T ( ! M5TAL HOSPITAL04 ,! PIONE] ( ! DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( *ILDR5'S HOSPITALS WAS ,SIR ,JAMES ,SP5CE :O1 9 #a#i#b#g1 SET UP A MO!R-&-*ILD UNIT AT ! ,BABIES' ,HOSPITAL1 ,NEWCA/LE4 ,9 #a#i#d#g1 WRIT+ 9 ! ,BRITI% ,M$ICAL ,J\RNAL AB\T ! RE=MS NE$$ 9 LONG-/AY HOSPITALS = *ILDR5 HE ADVOCAT$ ! BREAK+-D[N ( 9/ITUTIONAL HOSPITALIZATION ( OLD] *ILDR51 REM>K+ ?AT 

IT W\LD BE BETT] IF ! *ILDR5 LIV$ 9 SMALL GR\PS UND] A H\SE-MO!R1 & FROM !RE W5T TO !IR LESSONS 9 A S*OOL1 TO !IR TREATM5T 9 A SICK-BAY1 & TO !IR 5T]TA9M5T 9 A C5TRAL HALL 444 

,! F9D+S ( ,BAKW91 ,B[LEY & ,SP5CE1 & ( ,JAMES ,ROB]TSON1 ( ! ,TAVI/OCK ,*ILD ,DEVELOPM5T ,RESE>* ,UNIT 7:O MADE ! FILMS ,A ,TWO-YE>-OLD ,GES TO ,HOSPITAL & ,GO+ TO ,HOSPITAL ) ,MO!R7 W]E AT LA/ GIV5 (FICIAL 5DORSEM5T :5 ! ,M9I/RY ( ,HEAL? ACCEPT$ ! ,PIATT ,REPORT ON 0,! ,WELF>E ( ,*ILDR5 9 ,HOSPITAL0 :I* RECOMM5D$ ?AT = Y\NG *ILDR5 9/ITUTIONAL C>E %\LD BE ! LA/ RESORT1 ?AT 9/ITUTIONAL C>E %\LD BE BROK5 D[N 9TO SMALL 9=MAL UNITS1 ?AT ! VISIT+ ( *ILDR5 9 HOSPITAL %\LD BE UNRE/RICT$ & ?AT PROVISION %\LD BE MADE = ADMITT+ ? MO!RS ( UND]- LIVES TO HELP 9 !IR C>E & TO PREV5T ! DI/RESS ( SEP>ATION4 ,TWO YE>S LAT] !RE HAVE BE5 SEV]AL ATTEMPTS TO GAUGE ! EXT5T TO :I* !SE RECOMM5DATIONS HAVE BE5 C>RI$ \T4 ,ISABEL ,QUIGLY _<,SPECTATOR #b#d_/#b_/#f#a & CORRESPOND5CE 9 SUBSEQU5T ISSUES7 F\ND ?AT 0ONE HOSPITAL & ! NEXT1 UND] ! SAM ,NATIONAL ,HEAL? ,S]VICE1 SEEM$ AS DIFF]5T AS ,DO!BOYS ,HALL & A ,MONTESSORI CLASS01 & ,JAMES ,ROB]TSON _<,OBS]V] #a#e_/#a_/#f#a TO #a#b_/#b_/#f#a7 F\ND BO? W>DS :I* W]E A MODEL ( 5LI<T5$ PRACTICE & AT ! O!R EXTREME MANY 09 :I* PRACTICE IS SO RIGID &1 9 EFFECT1 SO 9HUMANE AS TO W>RANT ! UTMO/ CONC]N04 

,9/ITUTION ,*ILDR5 

,! OBS]VATIONS ( ! EFFECT ( ! 9/ITUTIONAL 5VIRONM5T ON SICK *ILDR5 >E ALSO TRUE ( PHYSICALLY HEAL?Y *ILDR54 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ COMP>ATIVE /UDIES ( ORPHANAGE *ILDR5 ) A MAT*$ CONTROL GR\P1 CONDUCT$ BY ! ,I[A ,*ILD ,WELF>E ,RESE>* ,/ATION 9 #a#i#c#h1 L$ ! OBS]V]S TO REM>K 3 

,NO ONE C\LD HAVE PR$ICT$1 MU* LESS PROV$1 ! /EADY T5D5CY TO DET]IORATE ON ! P>T ( *ILDR5 MA9TA9$ UND] :AT HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 REG>D$ AS /&>D ORPHANAGE CONDITIONS4 ,) RESPECT TO 9TELLIG5CE1 VOCABUL>Y1 G5]AL 9=MATION1 SOCIAL COMPET5CE1 P]SONAL ADJU/M5T1 & MOTOR A*IEVEM5T1 ! :OLE PICTURE WAS ONE ( RET>DATION4 ,! EFFECT ( FROM ONE TO ?REE YE>S 9 A NURS]Y S*OOL /ILL F> BEL[ ITS [N POT5TIALITIES1 WAS TO REV]SE ! TIDE ( REGRESSION1 :I*1 = SOME1 L$ TO FEEBLE-M9D$NESS4 

,9 ,BRITA9 DUR+ ! W> ,DORO?Y ,BURL+HAM & ,ANNA ,FREUD REPORT$ 9 ,9FANTS ,)\T ,FAMILIES ! /RIK+ *ANGES 9 *ILDR5 %[+ EV]Y SYMPTOM ( RET>D$NESS1 :5 !IR RESID5TIAL NURS]IES W]E BROK5 D[N TO PROVIDE FAMILY GR\PS ( F\R *ILDR5 EA* ) !IR [N SUB/ITUTE MO!R1 & S9CE !N A GREAT NUMB] ( SU* COMP>ISONS HAVE BE5 MADE 9 SEV]AL C\NTRIES1 :I* ,B>B>A ,WOOTTON SUMS UP 9 !SE WORDS 3 

,REPEAT$LY !SE *ILDR5 HAVE BE5 F\ND TO LAG BEH9D ! /&>DS ( ?OSE :O LIVE AT HOME2 TO HAVE BO? L[] 9TELLIG5CE & L[] DEVELOPM5TAL QUOTI5TS1 & TO BE1 MOREOV]1 RELATIVELY BACKW>D 9 BO? SPEE* & WALK+4 ,GOLDF>B1 :O HAS BE5 ONE ( ! MO/ ACTIVE 9VE/IGATORS 9 ?IS FIELD1 RECORDS ?AT ?OSE :O HAD SP5T !IR E>LIE/ YE'>S 9 9FANTS' HOMES W]E APT TO BE RET>D$ BO? 9 G5]AL1 & 9 P>TICUL> 9 SPEE*4 ,!Y W]E ALSO MORE DE/RUCTIVE & AGGRESSIVE1 MORE RE/LESS & LESS ABLE TO CONC5TRATE & MORE 9DIFF]5T TO PRIVACY RI<TS ?AN O!R *ILDR54 ,!Y W]E1 9 FACT1 IMPOV]I%$ 9 ALL ASPECTS ( !IR P]SONALITY4 

,! *ANGE 9 PUBLIC & (FICIAL OP9ION 9 ?IS C\NTRY BEGAN ) A LETT] TO ,! ,TIMES 9 #a#i#d#d1 FROM ,LADY ,ALL5 ( ,HURTWOOD1 :O FOLL[$ IT ) A PAMPHLET DRAW+ ATT5TION TO ! GROSSLY UNSATISFACTORY CONDITIONS ( *ILDR5'S HOMES & ORPHANAGES1 GIV+ EXAMPLES ( UNIMAG9ATIVE & CRUEL TREATM5T4 ,AS A RESULT AN 9T]-DEP>TM5TAL COMMITTEE WAS APPO9T$ 9 ! FOLL[+ YE>1 & ITS REPORT1 ! ,CURTIS ,REPORT ON ! ,C>E ( ,*ILDR5 WAS ISSU$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#d#f1 SEV]ELY CRITICIZ+ ! 9/ITUTIONAL C>E ( *ILDR51 & MAK+ RECOMM5DATIONS :I* HAVE BE5 SO WIDELY ACCEPT$ ?AT ,B[LBY WAS ABLE TO WRITE 9 #aiea 3 

,! CONTROV]SY OV] ! M]ITS ( FO/]-HOMES & ( 9/ITUTIONAL C>E CAN N[ BE REG>D$ AS SETTL$4 ,!RE IS N[ NO-ONE :O ADVOCATES ! C>E ( *ILDR5 9 L>GE GR\PS-- 9DE$ ALL ADVISE /RONGLY AGA9/ IT4 

,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! ME?ODS & ATTITUDES :I* HAVE PROV$ MO/ SUCCESSFUL ) NORMAL *ILDR5 & 'NORMALLY' SICK *ILDR5 %\LD BE EV5 MORE /RIK+ ) *ILDR5 :O >E AFFLICT$ 9 SOMEWAY1 = EXAMPLE1 SPA/IC OR EPILEPTIC *ILDR51 & ) M5TALLY H&ICAPP$ *ILDR54 ,DR4 ,TIZ>D & ,MISS ,DALY ( ! ,MAUDSLEY ,HOSPITAL >E C>RY+ \T A ?REE-YE> RESE>* PROJECT1 F9ANC$ BY A VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION1 AT ,BROOKL&S1 ,REIGATE1 :]E A GR\P ( #af 'IMBECILE' *ILDR5 FROM ! ,F\NTA9S ,HOSPITAL1 MAT*$ ) A CONTROL GR\P AT ! P>5T HOSPITAL1 >E BE+ C>$ = ON 'FAMILY' L9ES4 ,EV5 AFT] ! FIR/ YE> !Y 9CREAS$ BY AN AV]AGE ( #h MON?S 9 M5TAL AGE ON A V]BAL 9TELLIG5CE TE/ AS AGA9/ ?REE MON?S = ! CONTROLS4 ,9 P]SONAL 9DEP5D5CE1 MEASUR$ ON AN AGE SCALE !Y HAD 9CREAS$ BY SIX MON?S AS AGA9/ ?REE BY ! CONTROLS & !RE W]E SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPM5TS 9 SPEE*1 SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR & SELF-*OS5 ACTIVITY4 ',BY CONTRA/' COMM5TS ,L5 ,*ALON]1 

*ILDR5 C>$ = BY *ANG+ GR\PS ( NURSES 9 A W>D ( P]HAPS ?IRTY B$S F9D IT DIFFICULT TO MAKE CLOSE RELATION%IPS ) ANY ONE P]SON4 ,!Y >E APT TO BE PROVID$ = ON A MASS BASIS AT ALL LEVELS1 & AGA9 BECAUSE ( ! NUMB]S 9VOLV$1 ! DAILY R\ND HAS TO BE PRETTY CLOSELY REGULAT$4 ,IF !SE CONDITIONS T5D$ TO RET>D ! NORMAL 0DEPRIV$0 *ILD1 AS ! ,CURTIS ,COMMITTEE F\ND1 H[ MU* MORE MU/ !Y AFFECT ! SUBNORMAL8 

,SIMIL> EXP]I5CES ( ! B5EFITS ( SMALL1 P]MISSIVE FAMILY GR\PS HAVE REW>D$ ?OSE :O HAVE S\<T TO DE-9/ITUTIONALIZE ! RESID5TIAL C>E ( 'DEL9QU5T"9 OR MALADJU/$ *ILDR5-- ,GEORGE ,LYW>D AT ,F9*D5 ,MANOR1 OR ,DAVID ,WILLS AT ,BOD5HAM1 = 9/ANCE4 

,9/ITUTIONAL ,OLD ,AGE 

,= MANY G5]ATIONS ! WORD 9/ITUTION MEANT1 TO ! MAJORITY ( ?IS C\NTRY'S 9HABITANTS1 ONE ?+3 ! ,9/ITUTION1 ! ,POOR ,LAW ,9FIRM>Y OR ,UNION ,WORKH\SE1 ADMISSION TO :I* WAS A DISGRACE & A LA/ REFUGE1 REG>D$ ) DREAD & HATR$4 ,! ,POOR ,LAW HAS GONE1 BUT ,BRIAN ,ABEL-,SMI? 9 HIS CONTRIBUTION TO ! SYMPOSIUM ,CONVICTION REM9DS US ?AT WE >E /ILL SURR\ND$ BY ! ,POOR ,LAW TRADITION ':I* TAU<T US ?AT PEOPLE 9 NE$ W]E SECOND-CLASS CITIZ5S'1 & ?AT F\R \T ( FIVE OLD PEOPLE 9 ,L,C,C WELF>E ACCOMMODATION >E LIV+ 9 ! OLD WORKH\SES4 

,AFT] ! W> ! ,R[NTREE COMMITTEE ON ,PROBLEMS ( ,AG+ & ! ,C>E ( ! ,AG$ NOT$ ?AT 

,! COMMITTEE'S FIELD SURVEYS HAVE %[N ?AT ( OLD PEOPLE A HI< PROPORTION LEAD 9DEP5D5T LIVES 444 ,IT IS C]TA91 H[EV]1 ?AT A CONSID]ABLE NUMB] ( OLD P]SONS :O >E LEAD+ 9DEP5D5T LIVES & MANY :O >E LIV+ AS GUE/S ( !IR *ILDR5 >E REALLY UNFIT ON PHYSICAL OR M5TAL GR\NDS TO DO SO4 ,MANY CASES HAVE BE5 5C\NT]$ 444 ( OLD PEOPLE MA9TA9+ A HOPELESS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ADV]SITY 9 ORD] TO CL+ TO !IR LA/ VE/IGE ( 9DEP5D5CE4 ,SU* EXCESSIVE DEVOTION TO 9DEP5D5CE CAN BE EXPLA9$ P>TLY BY ! S]I\S LACK ( SUITABLE HOMES = OLD PEOPLE1 P>TLY BY ! REGULAT$ LIFE :I* IS WIDELY BELIEV$1 NOT ALWAYS ) JU/ICE1 TO BE ! COMMON FEATURE ( ALL ,9/ITUTIONS4 

,MRS4 ,M>G>ET ,NEVILLE ,HILL :O WAS A MEMB] ( ! COMMITTEE REM>KS 9 H] REC5T BOOK ,AN ,APPROA* TO ,OLD ,AGE & ITS ,PROBLEMS ?AT ! 9/ITUTIONS & HOMES :I* IT VISIT$ -- ONLY #ad YE>S AGO -- %[$ ONLY TOO CLE>LY :Y OLD PEOPLE DID !IR UTMO/ TO KEEP \T ( 9/ITUTIONS4 ,AFT] MANY YE>S WORK 9 E/ABLI%+ A V>IETY ( H\S+1 HOMES & COMMUNITIES = OLD PEOPLE1 ! FIR/ ( H] CONCLUSIONS IS CLE>LY /AT$3 ',ALL :O CAN DO SO %\LD1 IRRESPECTIVE ( AGE1 CONT9UE TO LIVE !IR [N LIVES 9 !IR [N HOMES AS LONG AS POSSIBLE1 H5CE ! NE$ ( ADEQUATE NUMB]S ( SMALL CONV5I5T DWELL+S4' ,%E ALSO ILLU/RATES ! VALUE ( SMALL HOMES RUN ON HO/EL L9ES1 SMALL RESID5TIAL COMMUNITIES1 %ORT-/AY G]IATRIC UNITS & 'HALF-WAY H\SES' BRIDG+ ! GAP BETWE5 HOSPITAL TREATM5T & ! RETURN HOME1 & %E PO9TS \T ?AT ONE GR\P ( OLD PEOPLE-- ! P]MAN5TLY 9FIRM :O %\LD NOT REMA9 9 HOSPITAL BUT CANNOT LIVE ALONE-- HAVE NE$S :I* >E H>DLY EV] MET1 SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y FALL BETWE5 ! RESPONSIBILITIES ( ! ,HEAL? ,S]VICE ON ONE SIDE & ! LOCAL AU?ORITIES ON ! O!R4 ,H] BOOK HAS MANY ANECDOTES ( ! />TL+ *ANGE1 AM\NT+ LIT]ALLY TO A NEW LEASE ( LIFE1 :I* SOME OLD PEOPLE HAVE EXP]I5C$ AS A RESULT ( MOV+ FROM A *RONIC HOSPITAL OR FROM ! CV]-SOLICITUDE ( RELATIVES1 TO A GOOD RESID5TIAL HOME ) AN ATMOSPH]E ( 9DEP5D5CE & TOL]ANCE 3 

,PROBABLY ! FIR/ ?+ = ANYONE TO LE>N :O HAS OLD PEOPLE TO C>E = IS ! NE$ TO ALL[ !M ! UTMO/ FRE$OM ( ACTION1 TO REALIZE ?AT !IR P]SONALITY IS /ILL 9DIVIDUAL & ?AT SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE IS ESS5TIAL TO HAPP9ESS4 ,IT IS ALL TOO EASY TO TAKE ! ATTITUDE ?AT ! OLD >E PA/ DO+ ANY?+ & 5C\RAGE RE/+ & DO+ NO?+4 ,?IS IS MI/AK5 K9DNESS1 ?\<T IT MAY BE AN EASY WAY ( SATISFY+ ! CONSCI5CE COMP>$ ) ! MORE EXACT+ WAY ( CONT9UAL 5C\RAGEM5T TO BE ACTIVE1 TO GO \T1 TO F9D WOR?:ILE OCCUPATION4 ,! LATT] C\RSE1 H[EV]1 IS MU* MORE LIKELY TO PROMOTE HAPP9ESS & TO =E/ALL ! TR\BLES :I* MAY >ISE LAT] ON1 FROM 9FIRMITY & APA?Y4 

,! ,5D ( ! ,ASYLUM 

,! DE9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ! TREATM5T ( M5TAL ILLNESS BEGAN 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY :5 ,WILLIAM ,TUKE F\ND$ ! ,YORK ,RETREAT & ,P9EL1 9 ! SAME YE> 7#a#g#i#b7 /RUCK (F ! *A9S FROM HIS MAD PATI5TS 9 ! ,BICETRE 9 ,P>IS4 ,BUT 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ) :AT ,KA?LE5 ,JONES 9 H] ,M5TAL ,HEAL? & ,SOCIAL ,POLICY CALLS ! TRIUMPH ( LEGALISM'1 ! PATT]N WAS LAID D[N ( HUGE ISOLAT$ LUNATIC ASYLUMS AS A S9I/] APP5DAGE TO ! ,POOR ,LAW1 :I* >E ! H]ITAGE AGA9/ :I* MOD]N PIONE]S HAVE @5 M @5@54@5@5.0#c HIS REM>KABLE LECTURE ON PRISONS1 DELIV]$ 9 ,PANS 9 #a#h#g#g1 TOOK ,PMEL AS ! />T+ PO9T = ! 'COMMUNITY C>E :I* IS N[ DECL>$ POLICY = M5TAL HEAL? 3 

,IT WILL BE SAID1 H[EV]1 !RE WILL ALWAYS REMA9 SOME PEOPLE ! SICK IF V\ WI% TO CALL !M ?AT1 :O CON/ITUTE A DANG] TO SOCIETY ,WILL IT NOT BE NECESS>Y SOMEH[ TO RID \RSELVES ( !M1 OR AT LEA/ PREV5T !M FROM H>M+ O!RS8 ,NO SOCIETY1 NO MATT] H[ LITTLE 9TELLIG5T1 WILL NE$ SU* AN ABSURD SOLUTION & ?IS IS :Y4 ,=M]LY ! 9SANE W]E LOOK$ UPON AS POSSESS$ BY DEMONS & W]E TREAT$ ACCORD+LY4 ,!Y W]E KEPT 9 *A9S 9 PLACES LIKE /ABLES1 RIVET$ TO ! WALLS LIKE WILD BEA/S4 ,BUT ALONG CAME ,P9EL A MAN ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 :O D>$ TO REMOVE !IR *A9S & TRI$ TREAT+ !M AS BRO!RS4 0,Y\ WILL BE DEV\R$ BY !M CRI$ ! KEEP]S ,BUT ,P9EL D>$4 ,?OSE :O W]E BELIEV$ TO BE WILD BEA/S GA!R$ >\ND ,P9EL & PROV$ BY !IR ATTITUDE ?AT HE WAS RI<T BELIEV+ 9 ! BETT] SIDE ( HUMAN NATURE EV5 :5 ! 9TELLIG5CE IS CL\D$ BY DISEASE4 ,!N ! CAUSE WAS WON4 ,!Y /OPP$ *A9+ ! 

,!N ! PEASANTS ( ! LITTLE ,BELGIAN VILLAGE1 ,<EEL1 F\ND SOME?+ BETT] ,!Y SAID3 0,S5D US Y\R 9SANE4 ,WE WILL GIVE !M ABSOLUTE FRE$OM40 ,!Y ADOPT$ !M 9TO !IR FAMILIES1 !Y GAVE !M PLACES AT !IR TABLES1 ! *ANCE ALONGSIDE !M TO CULTIVATE !IR FIELDS & A PLACE AMONG !IR Y\NG PEOPLE AT !IR C\NTRY BALLS4 0,EAT1 DR9K & DANCE ) US4 ,WORK1 RUNAB\T ! FIELDS & BE FREE40 ,?AT WAS ! SY/EM ?AT WAS ALL ! SCI5CE ! ,BELGIAN PEASANT HAD ,& LIB]TY WORK$ A MIRACLE4 ,! 9SANE BECAME CUR$4 ,EV5 ?OSE :O HAD 9CURABLE1 ORGANIC LESIONS BECAME SWEET1 TRACTABLE MEMB]S ( ! FAMILY LIKE ! RE/4 ,I HE DISEAS$ M9D W\LD ALWAYS WORK 9 AN ABNORMAL FA%ION BUT ! HE>T WAS 9 ! RI<T PLACE4 ,!Y CRI$ IT WAS A MIRACLE4 ,! CURES W]E ATTRIBUT$ TO A SA9T & A VIRG94 ,BUT ?IS VIRG9 WAS LIB]TY & ! SA9T WAS WORK 9 ! FIELDS & FRAT]NAL TREATM5T4 

,AT ONE ( ! EXTREMES ( ! IMM5SE 0SPACE BETWE5 M5TAL DISEASE & CRIME0 ( :I* ,MAUDSLEY SPEAKS1 LIB]TY & FRAT]NAL TREATM5T HAVE WORK$ !IR MIRACLE4 ,!Y WILL DO ! SAME AT ! O!R EXTREME4 

,V]Y SL[LY PUBLIC S5TIM5T & (FICIAL POLICY HAS BE5 CAT*+ UP ) IHIS ATTITUDE4 ,! FIR/ RE=M 9 ! C>E ( ! M5TALLY ILL 9 ,AM]ICA PUT ! 9SANE 9TO /ATE HOSPITALS' WRITES ,J4 ,B4 ,M>T9 9 ,! ,PANE ( ,GLASS1 #d ! SECOND RE=M IS N[ 9 PROGRESS-- TO GET !M \T AGA9'4 ,EXACTLY ! SAME IS TRUE ( ?IS C\NTRY4 ,UNTIL ! RE=MS ( #aic IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO BE A VOLUNT>Y PATI5T 9 A PUBLIC M5TAL HOSPITAL1 & NOT SURPRIS+LY ! GREAT ADVANCES 9 EFFECTIVE TREATM5T W]E MADE \TSIDE !M4 ,S9CE !N1 !RE HAVE BE5 FEW] C]TIFICATIONS1 MORE V\NT>Y ADMISSIONS1 MORE DIS*>GES1 MORE CURES1 MORE D\BTS AB\T 9/ITUTIONALIZATION4 ,A KEY PIECE ( RESE>* WAS ?AT ( ,MILLI>D & ,MUNDAY 7',DIAGNO/IC ,PROBLEMS 9 ! ,FEEBLE-,M9D$'1 ,! ,LANCET #b#e_/#i_/#e#d74 ,AT ! ,F\NTA9 7,M5TAL ,DEFICI5CY7 ,HOSPITAL1 ,LONDON1 !Y F\ND ?AT #e#d.0 ( ! 0HI<-GRADE0 PATI5TS W]E NOT 9 FACT 9TELLECTUALLY DEFECTIVE4 ,COMM5T+ 9 ! LI<T ( ?IS ON '! FALSE IMPRESSION ( ! PROBLEM ( M5TAL DEFICI5CY' RESULT+ FROM PRES5T CLASSIFICATIONS1 !Y ADD$ ! SIGNIFICANT OBS]VATION ?AT 'SU* PATI5TS MAY BE SOCIALLY 9COMPET5T1 BUT 9 MANY CASES 9/ITUTIONAL LIFE ITSELF HAS AGGRAVAT$ !IR EMOTIONAL DIFFICULTIES' 

,! SUCCESSFUL EXP]IM5TS ( SOME LOCAL AU?ORITIES & REGIONAL HOSPITAL BO>DS W]E BELAT$LY FOLL[$ BY ! ,ROYAL ,COMMISSION ON ! ,LAW ,RELAT+ TO ,M5TAL ,ILLNESS & ,M5TAL ,DEFICI5CY 9 #aieg & ! SUBSEQU5T ,M5TAL ,HEAL? ,ACT ( #a#i#e#i1 SWEEP+ AWAY ! :OLE PROCESS ( C]TIFICATION & SEEK+ ! TREATM5T ( M5TAL SICKNESS LIKE ANY O!R ILLNESS & M5TAL DEFICI5CY LIKE ANY PHYSICAL H&ICAP4 ,\T-PATI5T FACILITIES1 OCCUPATION C5T]S & ! V>IETY ( PROVISIONS KN[N AS 'COMMUNITY C>E' >E TO REPLACE 9/ITUTIONS :]EV] POSSIBLE4 

,! ,NATIONAL ,C\NCIL = ,CIVIL ,LIB]TIES :I* HAS BE5 AGITAT+ = YE>S AB\T ! LOCK+ AWAY 9 9/ITUTIONS ( PEOPLE :O >E NO DANG] TO !MSELVES OR O!RS1 BELIEVES ?AT ! NEW PROVISIONS >E /ILL OP5 TO ADM9I/RATIVE ABUSE & ?AT !Y1 WILL 9 EFFECT LEGALIZE ! DET5TION ( ! #c1#g#h M5 & WOM5 7AT ,FEB4 #a#i#e#i7 :O1 S9CE ! CASE ( ,KA?LE5 ,RUTTY1 HAVE BE5 %[N TO BE ILLEGALLY DETA9$4 ,NORMAN ,DODDS SAYS ?AT MO/ ( !SE PEOPLE HAD BE5 S5T TO 9/ITUTIONS BY LOCAL AU?ORITIES AS !Y HAD NO:]E ELSE TO S5D !M1 & ?AT !Y W]E BE+ KEPT AS 'SLAVE LABOR' S9CE )\T !M ! HOSPITALS & 9/ITUTIONS C\LD NOT BE KEPT RUNN+4 ,Y\ CAN EASILY IMAG9E :AT HAPP5S 9 SU* CASES 3 A LOCAL AU?ORITY PUT A *ILD :O WAS A BIT DIM OR A BIT ( A NUISANCE & HAD NO P>5TS 9TO AN 9/ITUTION1 & ! 9/ITUTION DID ! RE/ ( ! DAMAGE1 SO ?AT BY ! TIME HE GREW UP HE WAS 9CAPABLE ( MAK+ A DECISION = HIMSELF OR ( GO+ 9TO ! \TSIDE WORLD1 & /AY$ !RE AS A USEFUL & H>MLESS DRUDGE UNTIL HE WAS PREMATURELY S5ILE4 

,! NEW APPROA* HAS HAD SOME EXCIT+ SUCCESSES4 ,! ,WOR?+ EXP]IM5T 9 COMMUNITY C>E1 ! ,H5D]SON ,SOCIAL ,REHABILITATION ,UNIT -- A !RAPEUTIC COMMUNITY = PSY*OPA?S1 ! FACTORY AT ,BRI/OL KN[N AS ! ,9DU/RIAL ,!RAPY ,ORGANIZATION1 ! NEW 9DEP5D5T FACTORY AT ,*EADLE ,ROYAL ,HOSPITAL :I* IS TO GR[ FROM ! WORK%OP !RE4 ,! 'BASIC RE-ORI5TATION' :I* ,DR4 ,WADSWOR?1 ! ,M$ICAL ,(FIC] AT ,*EADLE ,ROYAL DESCRIBES AS ! FIR/ RESULT ( TAK+ ! LOCKS (F ! DOORS1 WAS :AT HE CALLS '! REPLACEM5T ( A CU/ODIAL AU?ORIT>IAN SY/EM BY A P]MISSIVE & TOL]ANT CULTURE 9 :I* ! PATI5TS >E 5C\RAG$ TO BE !MSELVES & %>E !IR FEEL+S'4 ,EXPLA9+ ! PURPOSE ( ! NEW W+ AT ,COPPICE ,HOSPITAL1 ,NOTT+HAM1 AS ! RESULT ( PRIVATE SUBSCRIPTIONS & A ,NUFFIELD GRANT1 ! SUP]9T5D5T1 SAID1 ',IT IS TO BE RUN BY ! PATI5TS !MSELVES4 ,! HOSPITAL /AFF1 AL?\< READY TO GIVE ADVICE & GUIDANCE1 WILL ONLY 5T] AT !IR EXPRESS 9VITATION4 ,! PATI5TS WILL DECIDE :AT !Y WI% TO DO ) !IR TIME & ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9TO DO+ IT' 

,! RESE>* ORGANIZATION ,P,E,P IS CONDUCT+ A ?REE-YE> /UDY ( ! WAY 9 :I* ! EMPHASIS ON COMMUNITY C>E WORKS \T 9 PRACTICE4 ,! FIR/ REPORT1 9 ! BROAD%EET ,COMMUNITY ,M5TAL ,HEAL? ,S]VICES /UDY+ ! PLANS & PROPOSALS ( #ab LOCAL AU?ORITIES IS NOT P>TICUL>LY 5C\RAG+4 ,COMMUNITY C>E \<T TO MEAN SOME?+ MORE ?AN SIMPLY LOCAL AU?ORITY C>E1 & ! REPORT CALLS = A SY/EMATIC /UDY ( PUBLIC ATTITUDES TO M5TAL DISORD]1 :I*1 IT IS ?\<T1 HAVE 'AN IMPORTANT IRRATIONAL COMPON5T'4 ,! SAME PO9T WAS RAIS$ LA/ YE> AT ! CONF]5CE ( ! ,WORLD ,F$]ATION ( ,M5TAL ,HEAL?1 :]E ,DR4 ,D4 ,F4 ,BUCKLE COMM5T$ ?AT !RE W]E /RONG PSY*OLOGICAL REASONS1 HIDD5 FROM ! PEOPLE 9 ! COMMUNITY :I* CAUS$ !M TO PUT AWAY PEOPLE !Y C\LD NOT ABIDE OR :O RAIS$ ! LEVEL ( ANXIETY1 & ,DR4 ,JO%UA ,BI]] SAID 

,I & MY COLLABORATORS >E CONV9C$ ?AT IT IS \R [N ANXIETY :I* =CES US TO LOCK PEOPLE UP1 TO BR& !M1 & TO MAKE !M CRIM9ALS4 ,I BELIEVE IF WE CAN OV]COME \R [N ANXIETY & TREAT ADULTS & & ADOLESC5TS AS MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY1 WE WILL CREATE FEW] M5TAL PATI5TS & FEW] CRIM9ALS4 

,9/ITUTES ( ,CRIME 

,9 L9K+ CRIM9ALITY ) M5TAL DISORD] 7CONSID]+ CRIME 9 ! PSY*OLOGI/'S RA!R ?AN 9 ! LEGALI/IC S5SE71 HE BR+S US TO ! MO/ S9I/] ( 9/ITUTIONS1 ! PRISON4 ,K>L ,M5N+]1 F\ND] ( ! ,M5N+] ,CL9IC1 ADDRESS+ ! ,AM]ICAN ,B> ,ASSOCIATION1 SAID 

0,IT IS NOT G5]ALLY ! SUCCESSFUL PR(ESSIONAL CRIM9ALS UPON :OM WE 9FLICT \R ANTIQUAT$ P5AL SY/EM4 ,IT IS ! UNSUCCESSFUL CRIM9AL :O GETS CAU<T-- ! CLUMSY1 DESP]ATE & OBSCURE1 ! FRI5DLESS1 DEFECTIVE & DISEAS$4 ,9 SOME 9/ANCES ! CRIME HE COMMITS IS ! M]E/ ACCID5T OR IMPULSE4 ,MORE (T5 ! (F5D] IS A P]SI/5TLY P]V]SE1 LONELY & RES5TFUL 9DIVIDUAL :O JO9S ! ONLY GR\P = :I* HE IS ELIGIBLE-- ! \TCA/ & ! ANTI-SOCIAL4 

,& :AT DO WE DO ) SU* (F5D]S8 ,AFT] A SOLEMN PUBLIC C]EMONY WE PRON\NCE !M 5EMIES ( ! PEOPLE1 & CONSIGN !M = >BITR>Y P]IODS TO 9/ITUTIONAL CONF9EM5T4 ,H]E !Y LANGUI% UNTIL TIME HAS GR\ND \T SO MANY WE>Y MON?S & YE>S4 ,!N1 ) A /UPIDITY SURPASS$_/ ONLY BY ?AT ( !IR ORIG9AL 9C>C]ATION1 !Y >E DUMP$ BACK ON SOCIETY1 ) EV]Y C]TA9TY ?AT *ANGES HAVE TAK5 PLACE 9 !M = ! WORSE4 

,HE CALLS = DIAGNOSIS ( ! (F5D]1 9VE/IGATION ( ! MO/ SUITABLE TE*NIQUES 9 $UCATION1 9DU/RIAL TRA9+ & PSY*O!RAPY1 NOT+ ! EXP]I5CE ( M5TAL HOSPITALS ( ! DESIRABILITY ( MOV+ PATI5TS \T ( 9/ITUTIONAL CONTROL SWIFTLY & CONCLUDES ?AT 'ONCE WE ADOPT DIAGNO/IC TREATM5T DIRECT$ T[>DS GETT+ ! PRISON]S \T ( JAIL & BACK TO WORK1 ! TABOO ON PRISONS1 LIKE ?AT ON M5TAL HOSPITALS1 WILL BEG9 TO DIM9I%'4 ,! PRISON WILL 9 FACT CEASE TO BE A PRISON4 ,9 ?IS C\NTRY ,B>B>A ,WOOTTON1 9 H] ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CE & ,SOCIAL ,PA?OLOGY DISCUSSES ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( CRIME 9 !SE T]MS3 

,TO BE CONVICT$ ( A CRIME 7O!R ?AN ?AT :I* IS CONDON$ BY ! PREVAIL+ MORES7 IS TO ACQUIRE A SPECIAL EXP]I5CE2 & %>$ EXP]I5CE IS ! BASIS ( A COMMON CULTURE4 ,GRADUATION FROM A P]IOD ( PROBATION TO RESID5CE 9 AN APPROV$ S*OOL1 & !REAFT] TO ,DET5TION ,C5T]1 ,BOR/AL OR PRISON IS ITSELF AS MU* A WAY ( LIFE AS IS A GRADUATION FROM ,ETON TO ,OX=D & !NCE TO ONE ( ! PR(ESSIONS4 ,& MORE IS 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS %>$ EXP]I5CE ?AN CONTAM9ATION 9 ! S5SE ( EXPOSURE TO EXPLICIT SUGGE/IONS = FUTURE CRIM9AL ACTIVITIES FROM (F5D]S ( GREAT] EXP]I5CE4444 ,WE HAVE1 9DE$1 TO FACE ! DISAGREEABLE P>ADOX ?AT EXP]I5CE ( :AT >E 9T5D$ TO BE RE=MATIVE 9/ITUTIONS ACTUALLY 9CREASES ! PROBABILITY ( FUTURE LAPSES 9TO CRIM9ALITY2 IT HAS1 = EXAMPLE1 BE5 %[N ?AT A PREVI\S RESID5CE 9 AN APPROV$ S*OOL IS ONE ( ! BE/ PR$ICTORS ( RECIDIVISM AMONG ,BOR/AL BOYS4 ,! EFFECTS ( SU* EXPOSURE HAVE1 H[EV]1 BE5 RELATIVELY LITTLE /UDI$ 9 CRIM9AL 9VE/IGATIONS3 9DE$ !Y T5D TO BE DISC\NT$4 

,= AN>*I/S1 ( C\RSE1 ?IS PO9T ( VIEW WILL BE FAMILI>4 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 WROTE #ag YE>S AGO 9 ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE ?AT 

,! MO/ COMMON ME?OD PURSU$ 9 DEPRIV+ ! (F5D] ( ! LIB]TY HE HAS ABUS$1 IS TO ]ECT A PUBLIC JAIL1 9 :I* (F5D]S ( EV]Y DESCRIPTION >E ?RU/ TOGE!R1 & LEFT TO =M AMONG !MSELVES :AT SPECIES ( SOCIETY !Y CAN4 ,V>I\S CIRCUM/ANCES CONTRIBUTE TO IMBUE !M ) HABITS ( 9DOL5CE & VICE1 & TO DISC\RAGE 9DU/RY2 & NO EF=T IS MADE TO REMOVE OR S(T5 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,IT CANNOT BE NECESS>Y TO EXPATIATE UPON ! ATROCI\SNESS ( ?IS SY/EM4 ,JAILS >E1 TO A PROV]B1 SEM9>IES ( VICE2 & HE MU/ BE AN UNCOMMON PR(ICI5T 9 ! PASSION & ! PRACTICE ( 9JU/ICE1 OR A MAN ( SUBLIME VIRTUE1 :O DOES NOT COME \T ( !M A MU* WORSE MAN ?AN :5 HE 5T]$4 

,& #h YE>S AGO 9 HIS LECTURE 9 0,PRISONS & ,!IR ,MORAL ,9FLU5CE ON ,PRISON]S01 ,KROPOTK9 SUMM$ UP ! PROBLEM 9 !SE TR5*ANT WORDS 3 

,:ATEV] *ANGES >E 9TRODUC$ 9 ! PRISON REGIME1 ! PROBLEM ( SECOND (F5D]S DOES NOT DECREASE4 ,?AT IS 9EVITABLE3 IT MU/ BE SO -- ! PRISON KILLS ALL ! QUALITIES 9 A MAN :I* MAKE HIM BE/ ADAPT$ TO COMMUNITY LIFE4 ,IT MAKES HIM ! K9D ( P]SON :O WILL 9EVITABLY RETURN TO PRISON 444 

,I MI<T PROPOSE ?AT A ,PE/ALOZZI BE PLAC$ AT ! HEAD ( EA* PRISON4444 ,I MI<T ALSO PROPOSE ?AT 9 ! PLACE ( ! PRES5T GU>DS1 EX-SOLDI]S & EX-POLICEM51 SIXTY ,PESLALOZZIS BE SUB/ITUT$4 ,BUT1 Y\ WILL ASK1 :]E >E WE TO F9D !M8 ,A P]T95T QUE/ION4 ,! GREAT ,SWISS TEA*] W\LD C]TA9LY REFUSE TO BE A PRISON GU>D1 =1 BASICALLY1 ! PR9CIPLE ( ALL PRISONS IS WRONG BECAUSE IT DEPRIVES M5 ( LIB]TY4 ,SO LONG AS Y\ DEPRIVE A MAN ( HIS LIB]TY1 Y\ WILL NOT MAKE HIM BETT]4 ,Y\ WILL CULTIVATE HABITUAL CRIM9ALS4 

,P5AL POLICY TODAY IS A FANTA/IC MESS ( CONFLICT+ !ORIES & PRACTICES3 RETRIBUTION1 RE/ITUTION1 DET]RANCE1 !RAPY1 DESP]ATION1 9]TIA1 FE>1 & =CE ( HABIT4 ,! ,HOME ,SECRET>Y HIMSELF IS A SPLIT P]SONALITY -- HALF ( HIM WANTS TO GET T\< & ! O!R HALF HAS LO/ FAI? 9 ! VALUE ( PRISONS4 ,BUT :O CAN D\BT1 ?AT 9 SPITE ( PRIMITIVE PUBLIC ATTITUDES & (FICIAL P>SIMONY1 WE >E GROP+1 9 A HALF-HE>T$ & CONTRADICTORY FA%ION T[>DS ! DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ! TREATM5T ( DEL9QU5CY JU/ AS M5TAL & PHYSICAL SICKNESS & DEFICI5CY1 *ILDHOOD & OLD AGE >E SL[LY BE+ RESCU$ FROM ! DEHUMANIZ+ EFFECTS ( ! 9/ITUTIONAL 5VIRONM5T8 

,/ATI/ICS & ,RES]VATIONS 

,TO :AT EXT5T IS DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION OPPOS$ TO BE+ M]ELY TALK$ AB\T8 ,! ?IS /ATI/ICALLY WAS A PAP] GIV5 BY ,BRIAN ,P9K] TO ! ,MAN*E/] ,/ATI/ICAL ,SOCIETY 9 !Y /UDI$ *ANGES 9 ! USE ( 9/ITUTIONS ,:ILE !Y HAD TO IGNORE *ANGES 9 CRIT]IA & L5G? F\ND 7ACCORD+ TO ,! ,GU>DIAN7 ?AT ACTUALLY TAK+ PLACE AS ONLY ATTEMPT TO ANSW] ,ABEL-,SMI? & ,ROB]T ,P9K] TO ,MAN*E/] ,/ATI/ICAL ,SOCIETY 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#f1 9 :I* BETWE5 #aiaa & #a#i#e#a4 ( /AY1 !Y F\ND 7ACCORD+ TO ,! ,GU>DIAN7 ?AT 

,9 WELF>E C>E ! PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION LOOK$ AFT] 9 9/ITUTIONS APP>5TLY FELL BY NE>LY #e#a.0 ,IT APPE>$ ?AT BETWE5 #aiaa & #aiea ! PHYSICALLY ILL 9CREAS$ BY #b#a.0 & ! M5TALLY ILL BY #b#f.0 MORE ?AN W\LD HAVE BE5 EXPECT$ FROM3 DEMOGRAPHIC *ANGES ALONE4 ,]RORS ( CLASSIFICATION PROBABLY ACC\NT$ = SOME ( ! DIFF]5CE2 BUT IT SEEM$ PROBABLE ?AT ! PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION 9 HOSPITAL WAS L[] 9 #aiea ?AN 9 #a#i#a#a4 ,9 M5TAL HOSPITALS ! PROPORTION HAS 9CREAS$ ONLY BY A SMALL AM\NT4 

,) LAW-BREAK]S ! MO/ /RIK+ *ANGE WAS ! DECL9E 9 ! AGE ( (F5D]S4 ,AMONG ! MO/ NUM]\S GR\P ( S+LE M5 ! PRISONS ( #aiaa CONTA9$ 4#d#e.0 ( M5 AG$ #d#e-#f#d1 4#c#a.0 ( M5 AG$ #f#e-#g#d1 & 4#b#a.0 ( M5 AG$ #a#e-#d#d4 ,9 #aiea ! HI<E/ PROPORTION CAME FROM ! AGE GR\P #a#e-#d#d 74#c#h.07 & ! PROPORTION DECL9$ AS AGE 9CREAS$4 

,9 !SE #d YE>S !RE WAS A CONSID]ABLE 9CREASE 9 ! PROPORTION ( *ILDR5 9 9/ITUTIONAL C>E :ILE ! PROPORTION ( ! AG$ FELL4 ,9 #aiea MANY SICK PEOPLE1 MANY LAW-BREAK]S 4& MANY PEOPLE NE$+ WELF>IE C>E W]E LIV+ AT HOME ) ! SUPPORT ( DI/RICT NURSES1 PROBATION (FIC]S1 *ILDR5'S (FIC]S1 & MANY O!R WORK]S4 

,A FEW O!R FIGURES 3 ,( #f#a1#e#h *ILDR5 9 ! C>E ( LOCAL AU?ORITIES 9 #aif NE>LY A HALF >E BO>D$ \T ) FO/]-P>5TS4 7,9 #aie ! PROPORTION WAS ONE-?IRD74 ,( \R #a#b1 M5TALLY H&ICAPP$ PEOPLE SLI<TLY LESS ?AN HALF LIVE AT HOME OR 9 HO/ELS & >E SELF-SUPPORT+ 9 SOME 9DU/RY4 ,A FIF? >E P>TLY SELF-SUPPORT+ & A T5? >E USEFUL AT HOME IF NO?+ ELSE4 ,FIGURES GIV5 9 ,! ,LANCET 7#a_/#d_/#f#a7 %[ ?AT IT %\LD BE POSSIBLE )9 #b YE>S TO R$UCE ! NUMB] ( M5TAL HOSPITAL B$S FROM #c4#e TO #a4#h B$S P] ?\S& ( POPULATION4 ,9 ,WOR?+1 ) ITS F9E EXP]IM5T 9 COMMUNITY C>E1 F\R \T ( FIVE M5TAL PATI5TS >E \T-PATI5TS4 

,:AT NONE ( ! FIGURES CAN TELL US ( C\RSE IS ! V]Y ?+ WE W\LD REALLY LIKE TO KN[3 ! EXT5T TO :I* 9/ITUTIONS HAVE BE5 OR >E BE+ TRANS=M$ 9TO NON-9/ITUTIONAL UNITS4 

,A GREAT MANY GOOD IDEAS HAVE ADVOCATES :O EXT5D !M BEYOND !IR VALIDITY4 ,?US ,B[LBY'S F9D+S ON MAT]NAL DEPRIVATION HAS BE5 EXT5D$ BY SOME PEOPLE 9TO A DET]M9I/IC !ORY ?AT ! DEPRIV$ *ILD IS H\ND TO BECOME A MALADJU/$ *ILD :O CAN NEV] DEVELOP AFFECTIONATE RELATION%IPS ) O!RS4 ,! SAME ?+ IS TRUE ( ASPECTS ( ! ANTI-9/ITUTIONAL TR5D4 ,9 ! NAME ( KEEP+ ! FAMILY TOGE!R AT ALL CO/1 !RE HAS ALREADY APPE>$ A PO9T ( VIEW :I* W\LD RETURN A MALADJU/$ *ILD TO ! S\RCE ( HIS MALADJU/M5T1 OR W\LD 9SI/ ?AT ! PROP] PLACE = A H&ICAPP$ *ILD IS 9 HIS [N FAMILY1 EV5 ?\< HE MAY BE UNABLE TO GET !RE ! REM$IAL C>E & UND]/&+ ?AT HE NE$S1 OR EV5 ?\< HE MAY BECOME AN 9TOL]ABLE BURD5 TO ! RE/ ( ! FAMILY4 ,OR ! >GUM5T MAY BE ?AT GR&MA \<T TO LIVE ) H] RELATIONS EV5 ?\< %E MAY1 ON ! ONE H& DISRUPT ! :OLE FAMILY RELATION%IP BY H] TYRANNICAL DEM&S1 OR ON ! O!R1 MAY BE TREAT$ ) SU* 9DIFF]5CE & NEGLECT ?AT %E FEELS %E MU/ APOLOGIZE = /ILL BE+ ALIVE4 ,OR ?AT BABIES \<T TO BE BORN AT HOME REG>DLESS ( CONDITIONS !RE OR ! PEACE ( M9D ( ! MO!R4 ,?IS K9D ( ABSOLUTI/ >GUM5T IS AS FOOLI% AS ITS OPPOSITE1 BECAUSE BO? IGNORE ! IMM5SE V>IETY ( 9DIVIDUAL CIRCUM/ANCES & TEMP]AM5TS4 

,UN=TUNATELY TOO1 ! CASE = BREAK+-D[N 9/ITUTIONS MAY BE PUT SIMPLY AS A MATT] ( R$UC+ ! CO/ ( ! SOCIAL S]VICES RA!R ?AN = ITS EFFECT ON ! LIVES ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,POSSIBLY 9 ! LONG RUN IT MI<T BE *EAP]1 BUT 9 FACT ! IMM$IATE CO/ IS LIKELY TO BE GREAT]1 BECAUSE SO MU* NE$S TO BE DONE4 ,:AT1 ASKS ,ABEL-,SMI? 9 ,CONVICTION1 %\LD WE DO TO REBUILD ! SOCIAL S]VICES 9 SU* A WAY ?AT !Y REALLY S]VE8 ,HE ANSW]S 3 

,WE W\LD REBUILD HOSPITALS ON MOD]N L9ES -- \TPATI5TS DEP>TM5TS OR HEAL? C5T]S1 ) A FEW B$S TUCK$ AWAY 9 ! CORN]S4 ,WE W\LD CLOSE ! M5TAL DEFICI5CY COLONIES & BUILD NEW VILLAS ) SMALL W>DS4 ,H[ MANY C\LD BE LOOK$ AFT] BY QUASI-H\SEMO!RS 9 UNITS ( EI<T JU/ LIKE GOOD LOCAL AU?ORITIES >E DO+ = *ILDR5 DEPRIV$ ( A NORMAL HOME LIFE8 ,H[ MANY C\LD BE LOOK$ AFT] AT HOME IF !RE W]E PROP] OCCUPATIONAL C5T]S & DOMICIL>Y S]VICES8 ,WE W\LD PL[ UP ! S9I/] OLD M5TAL HOSPITALS & BUILD SMALL ONES 9 OR NE> ! T[NS4 ,WE W\LD PULL D[N MO/ ( ! 9/ITUTIONS = OLD PEOPLE & PROVIDE !M ) SUITABLE H\S+ 444 ,WE W\LD PROVIDE A FULL RANGE ( OCCUPATIONS AT HOME & ELSE:]E = ! DISABL$1 ! AG$ & ! SICK4 ,WE W\LD DIS*>GE PRISON]S 9TO ! PSY*IATRIC HOSPITALS & TRY & CURE !M4 ,! CRIM9AL LAW W\LD BECOME A SOCIAL S]VICE & /OP BE+ SO BLOODY MAJE/IC 444 

,! ,9/ITUTIONAL ,*>ACT] 

,ONE ( ! ?+S ?AT EM]GES FROM ! /UDY ( 9/ITUTIONS IS ! EXI/5CE ( A RECOGNIZABLE DEHUMANIZ$ 9/ITUTIONAL *>ACT]4 ,9 ITS ULTIMATE =M IT WAS DESCRIB$ BY ! PSY*IATRI/ ,BRUNO ,BETTELHEIM 9 HIS BOOK ,! ,9=M$ ,HE>T 7:]E HE RELATES HIS PREVI\S /UDIES ( CONC5TRATION CAMP BEHAVIOR & ( EMOTIONALLY DI/URB$ *ILDR51 TO ! HUMAN CONDITION 9 MOD]N 0MASS SOCIETY'74 ,BETTELHEIM WAS A PRISON] AT ,DA*AU & ,BU*5WALD1 & HE DESCRIBES ?OSE PRISON]S :O W]E KN[N AS ,MUSELMANN] 7'MOSLEMS'71 ! WALK+ CORPSES :O 'W]E SO DEPRIV$ ( AFFECT1 SELF-E/EEM1 & EV]Y =M ( /IMULATION1 SO TOTALLY EXHAU/$1 BO? PHYSICALLY & EMOTIONALLY1 ?AT !Y HAD GIV5 ! 5VIRONM5TAL TOTAL P[] OV] !M4 ,!Y DID ?IS :5 !Y GAVE UP TRY+ TO EX]CISE ANY FUR!R 9FLU5CE OV] !IR LIFE & 5VIRONM5T'4 

,BUT EV5 ! MOSLEMS1 BE+ ORGANISMS1 C\LD NOT HELP REACT+ SOMEH[ TO !IR 5VIRONM5T1 & ?IS !Y DID BY DEPRIV+ IT ( ! P[] TO 9FLU5CE !M AS SUBJECTS 9 ANY WAY :ATSOEV]4 ,TO A*IEVE ?IS1 !Y HAD TO GIVE UP RESPOND+ TO IT AT ALL1 & BECAME OBJECTS1 BUT ) ?IS !Y GAVE UP BE+ P]SONS4 

,AT ?IS PO9T SU* M5 /ILL OBEY$ ORD]S1 BUT ONLY BL9DLY OR AUTOMATICALLY2 NO LONG] SELECTIVELY OR ) 9N] RES]VATION OR ANY HATR$ AT BE+ SO ABUS$4 ,!Y /ILL LOOK$ AB\T1 OR AT LEA/ MOV$ !IR EYES >\ND4 ,! LOOK+ /OPP$ MU* LAT]1 ?\< EV5 !N !Y /ILL MOV$ !IR BODIES :5 ORD]$1 BUT NEV] DID ANY?+ ON !IR [N ANY MORE4 ,TYPICALLY1 ?IS /OPP+ ( ACTION BEGAN :5 !Y NO LONG] LIFT$ !IR LEGS AS !Y WALK$1 BUT ONLY %UFFL$ !M4 ,:5 F9ALLY EV5 ! LOOK+ AB\T ON !IR [N /OPP$1 !Y SOON DI$4 

,?IS DESCRIPTION HAS A RECOGNIZABLE AFF9ITY TO PH5OM5A OBS]V$ 9 'NORMAL' 9/ITUTIONS4 0,(T5 ! *ILDR5 SIT 9]T OR ROCK !MSELVES = H\RS01 SAYS ,DR4 ,B[LBY ( 9/ITUTION *ILDR54 0,GO & WAT* !M />+ AT ! RADIATOR1 WAIT+ TO DIE01 SAYS ,MR4 ,ABEL-,SMI? ( 9/ITUTION P5SION]S4 ,DR4 ,RUSSELL ,B>TON HAS GIV5 ?IS 'MAN-MADE DISEASE' ! NAME ,9/ITUTIONAL ,NEUROSIS 7:I* IS ! TITLE ( HIS SPL5DID MONOGRAPH ON ! SUBJECT71 & HAS DESCRIB$ ITS CL9ICAL FEATURES 9 M5TAL HOSPITALS1 ITS DIFF]5TIAL DIAGNOSIS1 ETIOLOGY1 TREATM5T & PREV5TION4 ,IT IS1 HE SAYS 

A DISEASE *>ACT]IZ$ BY APA?Y1 LACK ( 9ITIATIVE1 LOSS ( 9T]E/"9 ESPECIALLY 9 ?+S ( AN IMP]SONAL1 NATURE1 SUBMISSIV5ESS1 APP>5T 9ABILITY TO MAKE PLANS = ! FUTURE1 LACK ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 & SOMETIMES A *>ACT]I/IC PO/URE & GAIT4 

,P]MUTATIONS ( !SE WORDS & PHRASES1 '9/ITUTIONALIZ$'1 'DULL'1 'APA!TIC'1 ')DRAWN'1 '9ACCESSIBLE'1 'SOLIT>Y'1 'UNOCCUPI$'1 'LACK+ 9 9ITIATIVE'1 'LACK+ 9 SPONTANEITY'1 'UNCOMMUNICATIVE'1 'SIMPLE'1 '*ILDI%'1 'GIVES NO TR\BLE'1 'HAS SETTL$ D[N WELL'1 'IS COOP]ATIVE'1 %\LD ALWAYS MAKE ONE SUSPECT ?AT ! PROCESS ( 9/ITUTIONALIZATION HAS PRODUC$ A NEUROSIS4 

,HE ASSOCIATES SEV5 FACTORS ) ! 5VIRONM5T3 9 :I* ! DISEASE OCCURS 9 M5TAL HOSPITALS3 7#a7 ,LOSS ( CONTACT ) ! \TSIDE WORLD4 7#b7 ,5=C$ IDL5ESS4 7#c7 ,BOS S9 ESS ( M$ICAL & NURS+ /AFF4 7#d7 ,LOSS ( P]SONAL FRI5DS1 POSSESSIONS1 & P]SONAL EV5TS4 7#e7 ,DRUGS4 7#f7 ,W>D ATMOSPH]E4 7#g7 ,LOSS ( PROSPECTS \TSIDE ! 9/ITUTION1 & DISCUSSES ! WAY 9 :I* !SE FACTORS CAN BE MODIFI$1 & ! /AGES ( REHABILITATION BY :I* ! DISEASE MAY BE CUR$4 

,O!R WRIT]S HAVE CALL$ ! CONDITION 0PSY*OLOGICAL 9/ITUTIONAL -- ISM'1 OR 'PRISON /UPOR1 & MANY YE>S AGO ,F5N] ,BROCKWAY1 9 HIS BOOK ON PRISONS1 DEPICT$ ! TYPE EXACTLY 9 HIS DESCRIPTION ( ! ,IDEAL ,PRISON]4 

,! MAN :O HAS NO P]SONALITY3 :O IS CONT5T TO BECOME A M]E COG 9 ! PRISON MA*9E2 :OSE M9D IS SO DULL ?AT HE DOES NOT FEEL ! H>D%IP ( SEP>ATE CONF9EM5T2 :O HAS NO?+ TO SAY TO HIS FELL[S2 :O HAS NO DESIRES1 EXCEPT TO FE$ & SLEEP1 :O %IRKS RESPONSIBILITY = HIS [N EXI/5CE & CONSEQU5TLY IS QUITE READY TO LIVE AT O!RS' ORD]S1 P]=M+ ! ALLOTT$ TASK1 M>*+ H]E & !RE AS COMM&$1 %UTT+ ! DOOR ( HIS CELL UPON HIS [N CONF9EM5T AS REQUIR$4 

,AU?ORITY & ,AUTONOMY 

,?IS IS ! IDEAL TYPE ( ,9/ITUTION ,MAN1 ! K9D ( P]SON :O FITS ! SY/EM ( PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS :I* WE 9H]IT$ FROM ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & IT IS NO ACCID5T ?AT IT IS ALSO ! IDEAL TYPE = ! BOTTOM PEOPLE ( ?AT C5TURY'S SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! G5]AL S5SE4 ,IT IS ! IDEAL SOLDI] 7!IRS NOT TO REASON :Y71 ! IDEAL WOR%IP] 7,HAVE ?9E [N WAY1 ,LORD_/,HAVE ?9E [N WAY_/,?\ >E ! POTT]_/ ,I AM ! CLAY71 ! IDEAL WORK] 7,Y\'RE NOT PAID TO ?9K1 JU/ GET ON ) IT71 ! IDEAL WIFE 7A *ATTEL71 ! IDEAL *ILD 7SE5 BUT NOT HE>D71 ! IDEAL PRODUCT ( ! ,$UCATION ,ACT ( #a#h#g4 

,! 9/ITUTIONS W]E A MICROCOSM1 OR 9 SOME CASES A C>ICATURE1 ( ! SOCIETY :I* PRODUC$ !M4 ,RIGID1 AU?ORIT>IAN1 HI]>*ICAL1 ! VIRTUES !Y S\<T W]E OB$I5CE & SUBS]VI5CE4 ,BUT ! PEOPLE :O S\<T TO BREAK D[N ! 9/ITUTIONS1 ! PIONE]S ( ! *ANGES :I* >E SL[LY TAK+ PLACE1 OR :I* HAVE /ILL TO BE F\<T =1 W]E MOTIVAT$ BY DIFF]5T1 VALUES4 ,! KEY WORDS 9 !IR ATTITUDE HAVE BE5 LOVE1 SYMPA?Y1 P]MISSIV5ESS1 & 9/EAD ( 9/ITUTIONS1 !Y HAVE PO/ULAT$ FAMILIES1 COMMUNITIES1 LEAD]LESS GR\PS1 AUTONOM\S GR\PS4 ,! QUALITIES !Y HAVE S\<T TO FO/] >E SELF- RELIANCE1 AUTONOMY1 SELF-RESPECT1 & AS A CONSEQU5CE1 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY1 MUTUAL RESPECT & MUTUAL AID4 ,:5 WE COMP>E ! ,VICTORIAN ANTEC$5TS ( \R PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS ) ! ORP9S ( WORK+ CLASS MUTUAL AID 9 ! SAME P]IOD1 ! V]Y NAMES SPEAK VOLUMES4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE ! ,WORKH\SE1 ! ,POOR ,LAW ,9FIRM>Y1 ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIETY = ! ,$UCATION ( ! ,POOR 9 ,ACCORDANCE ) ! ,PR9CIPLES ( ! ,E/ABLI%$ ,*UR*2 & ON ! O!R1 ! ,FRI5DLY ,SOCIETY1 ! ,SICK ,CLUB1 ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,SOCIETY1 ! ,TRADE ,UNION4 ,ONE REPRES5TS ! TRADITION ( FRAT]NAL & AUTONOM\S ASSOCIATIONS SPR++ UP FROM BEL[1 ! O!R ?AT ( AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS DIRECT$ FROM ABOVE4 

,PET] ,T[NS5D1 9 AN 9T]E/+ DISCUSSION ( ! CURR5T TR5D1 ,N ,! ,9/ITUTION & ! ,9DIVIDUAL'1 ,! ,LI/5] #b#c_/#f_/#f71 SUGGE/S ?AT ! PH5OM5ON ( 9/ITUTIONAL NEUROSIS >ISES FROM ! DEPRIVATION ( FAMILY LIFE 9 ! S5SE ( ! FRU/RATION ( ! 'NE$ TO GIVE AS WELL AS RECEIVE AFFECTION & TO P]=M RECIPROCAL S]VICES )9 A FAMILY OR QUASI-FAMILY GR\P'4 ,BUT MU/ WE NOT ALSO CONCLUDE ?AT IT IS NOT M]ELY ! NON-FAMILIAL1 BUT MORE ESPECIALLY ! AU?ORIT>IAN *>ACT] ( 9/ITUTIONS :I* PRODUCES 9/ITUTIONAL TYPES1 NOT ONLY AMONG ! 9MATES1 BUT AMONG ?OSE :O ADM9I/] ! 9/ITUTION8 

,! ,HI]>*Y ( ,9/ITUTION 

,?US ,DR4 ,B>TON DECL>ES ?AT 'IT IS MY IMPRESSION ?AT AN AU?ORIT>IAN ATTITUDE IS ! RULE RA!R ?AN ! EXCEPTION' 9 M5TAL HOSPITALS & HE RELATES ?IS TO ! FACT ?AT ! NURSE H]SELF IS 'SUBJECT TO A PROCESS ( 9/ITUTIONALIZATION 9 ! NURSES HOME :]E %E LIVES'4 ,HE F9DS IT USELESS TO BLAME ANY 9DIVIDUAL = '9DIVIDUALS *ANGE FREQU5TLY BUT M5TAL HOSPITALS HAVE REMA9$ UN*ANG$' & HE SUGGE/S ?AT IT IS A FAULT ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE /RUCTURE4 ,RI*>D ,TITMUSS 9 HIS /UDY ( ,! ,HOSPITAL & ,ITS ,PATI5TS ATTRIBUTES ! 'B>RI] ( SIL5CE' SO FREQU5TLY MET 9 ORD9>Y HOSPITALS TO ! EFFECT ON PEOPLE ( WORK+ & LIV+ 9 A CLOS$ 9/ITUTION ) RIGID SOCIAL HI]>*IES & CODES ( BEHAVIOR4 

444 !SE PEOPLE T5D TO DEAL ) !IR 9SECURITY BY ATTEMPT+ TO LIMIT RESPONSIBILITY & 9CREASE EFFICI5CY ?R\< ! =MULATION ( RIGID RULES & REGULATIONS & BY DEVELOP+ AN AU?ORITATIVE & PROTECTIVE DISCIPL9E4 ,! B>RI] ( SIL5CE IS ONE DEVICE EMPLOY$ TO MA9TA9 AU?ORITY4 ,WE F9D IT SO US$ 9 MANY DIFF]5T SETT+S :5 WE LOOK AT O!R 9/ITUTIONS :]E ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ! /AFF & ! 9MATES IS NOT A HAPPY ONE4 

& ,JOHN4 ,VAIZEY1 REM>K+ ?AT 'EV]Y?+ 9 \R SOCIAL LIFE IS CAPABLE ( BE+ 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 & IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT \R POLITICAL 5]GIES %\LD BE DEVOT$ TO RE/RA9+ 9/ITUTIONS' SAYS ?AT 'ABOVE ALL 444 9/ITUTIONS GIVE 9ADEQUATE PEOPLE :AT !Y WANT -- P[]4 ,>MY (FIC]S1 HOSPITAL SI/]S1 PRISON W>D]S -- MANY ( !SE PEOPLE >E 9ADEQUATE & UNFILL$ & !Y LU/ = P[] & CONTROL'4 ,9 ,! ,CRIM9AL & ,HIS ,VICTIM1 VON ,H5TIG TAKES ?IS VIEW FUR!R3 

,! POLICE =CE & ! RANKS ( PRISON (FIC]S ATTRACT MANY AB]RANT *>ACT]S BECAUSE !Y AF=D LEGAL *ANNELS = PA9 9FLICT+1 P[]-WIELD+ BEHAVIOR1 & BECAUSE !SE V]Y POSITIONS CONF] UPON !IR HOLD]S A L>GE DEGREE ( IMMUNITY1 ?IS 9 TURN CAUSES PSY*OPA?IC DISPOSITIONS TO GR[ MORE & MORE DISORGANIZ$ 444 

,F9ALLY44 ,DR4 ,BETTELHEIM SEES EV5 ,HOESS1 ! ,COMM&ANT ( ,AUS*WITZ1 AS A VICTIM ( ! 9/ITUTION4 ',?AT HE NEV] BECAME A 0MOSLEM0 WAS BECAUSE HE CONT9U$ TO BE WELL F$ & WELL CLO!D4 ,BUT HE HAD TO DIVE/ HIMSELF SO 5TIRELY ( SELF-RESPECT & SELF-LOVE1 ( FEEL+ & P]SONALITY1 ?AT = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES HE WAS LITTLE MORE ?AN A MA*9E4' 

,P]PETUAT+ ,SOCIAL ,PA?OLOGY 

,! PR(\ND *ANGES :I* >E COM+ OR CAN BE PR$ICT$ 9 ! SOCIAL C>E ( ! DEPRIV$1 ! DISABL$ OR ! DEL9QU5T1 CANNOT HAPP5 9 ISOLATION4 ,JU/ AS PROGRESS 9 PSY*OLOGICAL 9VE/IGATION HAS PROCE$$ FROM ! ABNORMAL TO ! NORMAL1 SO ! PROCESS ( CRITICAL EVALUATION1 MU/ MOVE FROM ! SPECIAL 9/ITUTIONS TO ! G5]AL ONES4 ,! CRITICISM ( ! ANTI-HUMAN QUALITY ( 9/ITUTIONS CANNOT REMA9 ISOLAT$ 9 ! FIELD ( SOCIAL M$IC9E OR SOCIAL PA?OLOGY4 ,*ANG+ ATTITUDES 9 ONE MU/ LEAD TO ! DEM& = A *ANGE 9 ATTITUDES 9 ! O!R4 

,WE MAY DRAW QUITE /RIK+ IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS K9D FROM A ,M9I/RY ( ,$UCATION REPORT1 ?AT ( ! ,UND]WOOD ,COMMITTEE ON ,MALADJU/$ ,*ILDR5 7#a#i#e#e74 ,! ,COMMITTEE REM>K$ ?AT ! REGIME 9 ORD9>Y S*OOLS IS SOMETIMES 'A PRECIPITAT+ OR CONTRIBUTORY FACTOR' 9 MALADJU/M5T ,B>B>A ,WOOTTON MAKES EXT5D$ COMM5T ON ?IS 9 H] BOOK ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CE & ,SOCIAL ,PA?OLOGY4 ,\R RELUCTANCE1 %E SAYS1 

TO EXAM9E ! IMP]FECTIONS ( \R 9/ITUTIONS AS ?OR\<LY AS WE EXAM9E ! FAULTS1 FAIL+S OR MIS=TUNES ( 9DIVIDUALS HAS ALSO O!R & CURI\S CONSEQU5CES4 ,AMONG !M IS ! FACT ?AT1 9 CASES :]E 9DIVIDUALS CANNOT ADJU/ !MSELVES TO :AT EXI/S1 IT IS (T5 F\ND EASI] TO 9V5T NEW 9/ITUTIONS ?AN TO IMPROVE ! OLD 444 ,=MIDABLE ADM9I/RATIVE COMPLEXITIES1 AS WELL AS1 ON OCCASION1 /RANGE CONTRADICTIONS FOLL[4 

,?IS PROCESS IS WELL ILLU/RAT$ BY DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! FIELD ( $UCATION & *ILD TRA9+4 ,ONE MI<T REASONABLY SUPPOSE ?AT ! PRIM>Y FUNCTION ( ! S*OOL WAS TO TRA9 ! *ILD 9 ! BUS9ESS ( ADAPT+ HIMSELF TO ! CULTURE 9 :I* HE HAS TO LIVE1 & TO HELP HIM TO MAKE ! BE/ CONTRIBUTION ( :I* HE IS CAPABLE 9 ?AT CULTURE 444 ,NOTORI\SLY1 H[EV]1 A C]TA9 NUMB] ( *ILDR5 FAIL TO ADJU/ !MSELVES TO ! $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTION :I* IS ?US 9T5D$ TO ADJU/ !M TO LIFE4 ,9DE$ IT N[ APPE>S ?AT ! ORD9>Y S*OOL1 F> FROM A*IEV+ ! ADJU/M5T :I* IS ITS NORMAL AIM1 SOMETIMES ACTUALLY HAS AN EXACTLY OPPOSITE EFFECT4 

,%E !N QUOTES ! F9D+S ( ! ,UND]WOOD ,COMMITTEE ON :AT %E T>TLY CALLS 0!SE RISKS ( EXPOSURE TO ! $UCATIONAL SY/EM0 & %E GOES ON3 

,AN OBVI\S WAY ( AVOID+ !SE CATA/ROPHES W\LD SEEM TO BE TO MODIFY ! REGIME 9 ! ORD9>Y S*OOL SO ?AT IT MI<T SUCCE$ BETT] 9 :AT IT IS 9T5D$ TO DO4 ,BUT ?AT IS TOO DIFFICULT4 ,ON ! PR9CIPLE ?AT IT IS EASI] TO CREATE A NEW 9/ITUTION ?AN TO MODIFY AN EXI/+ ONE *ILD GUIDANCE CL9ICS & S*OOLS = MALADJU/$ *ILDR5 HAVE TO BE 9V5T$ TO DEAL ) ! MISFITS ( ! NORMAL $UCATIONAL SY/EM4 ,AT !SE CL9ICS1 WE >E TOLD1 0AS ! PSY*IATRI/ COMES TO BE ACCEP$ AS AN ALLY 444 ! *ILD IS HELP$ TO BR+ HIS PROBLEMS TO ! SURFACE & FACE !M1 & ?R\< HIS RELATION%IP ) ! PSY*IATRI/ HE GA9S ! CONFID5CE NE$$ TO GO =W>D & TO MEET :ATEV] ! FUTURE HAS 9 /ORE = HIM0 7%E IS QUOT+ ! ,REPORT74 

,YET 0GO+ =W>D ) CONFID5CE TO MEET :ATEV] ! FUTURE HAS 9 /ORE0 IS1 SURELY1 JU/ :AT S*OOLS ( EV]Y K9D MI<T BE EXPECT$ TO HELP !IR PUPILS TO A*IEVE2 & ! TEA*]1 NO LESS ?AN ! PSY*IATRI/1 MI<T BE EXPECT$ TO BE ! *ILD'S ALLY1 NOT HIS 5EMY4 ,IF 9 PRACTICE S*OOLS & TEA*]S FAIL 9 !SE ROLES1 COMMONS5SE & ECONOMY ALIKE W\LD SUGGE/ ?AT :ATEV] IS WRONG ) !M %\LD BE PUT RI<T1 RA!R ?AN ?AT A :OLE FRE% LAY] ( 9/ITUTIONS %\LD BE CREAT$ TO MAKE GOOD ! DEFICI5CIES ( ?OSE ?AT WE ALREADY HAVE4 ,YET ! LATT] IS APP>5TLY ! EASI] C\RSE4 ,SO WE 5D ) S*OOLS DESIGN$ TO SUPPLEM5T & TO CORRECT :AT IE DONE 9 HOMES1 & CL9ICS OR SPECIAL $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS DESIGN$ TO SUPPLEM5T & TO CORRECT :AT IS DONE 9 S*OOLS 444 

,?\< S*OOLS DIFF] GREATLY FROM ONE ANO!R1 IT IS PROBABLY FAIR TO SAY ?AT ?OSE :I* >E 9CLUD$ 9 ! PUBLIC $UCATIONAL SY/EM 7& A HI< PROPORTION ( ?OSE \TSIDE IT7 >E ON ! :OLE IMBU$ ) AU?ORIT>IAN VALUES & EMPLOY AU?ORIT>IAN ME?ODS4 ,! VIRTUES :I* !Y 9CULCATE >E ?OSE ( DISCIPL9E & H>D WORK1 ( RESPECT =1 & OB$I5CE TO1 PROP]LY CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITY4 ,*ILDR5 >E AT LEA/ EXPECT$ TO BEHAVE POLITELY & RESPECTFULLY T[>DS !IR TEA*]S4 

,BUT NOT T[>DS !IR PSY*IATRI/S4 ,TYPICALLY1 ! CLIMATE ( ! CL9IC IS P]MISSIVE RA!R ?AN AU?ORIT>IAN3 ! ROLE' ( ! ADULTS IS TO HELP1 9DE$ TO S]VE1 NOT TO COMM& ! *ILDR5 444 

,H] REM>KS ILLU/RATE GRAPHICALLY ! COLLISION ( TWO OPPOS+ TR5DS ( ?\<T1 LIB]T>IAN & AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,! RESULT CAN EI!R BE ! AB&ONM5T ( ! !RAPEUTIC APPROA* ALTOGE!R BECAUSE IT CONFLICTS ) ! AU?ORIT>IAN VALUES ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 OR 9 *ANGE 9 ! S*OOLS & *ANGE 9 ! SOCIAL VALUES :I* DOM9ATE !M4 

,SCI5CE & ,GOV]NM5T 

,ALEX ,COM=T1 9 ,AU?ORITY & ,DEL9QU5CY 9 ! ,MOD]N ,/ATE1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT AN>*I/ CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIOLOGY S9CE ,KROPOTK9'S ,MUTUAL ,AID1 MAKES A SIMIL> PO9T 9 T]MS ( CRIM9OLOGY 3 

,IT IS ONLY )9 ! LA/ FEW YE>S ?AT PSY*IATRY HAS BE5 =MALLY 9VIT$ BY LEGAL1 ADM9I/RATIVE & EXECUTIVE AU?ORITIES TO 9T]V5E 9 ! PROBLEM ( CRIME4 ,IT WORK$ ITS WAY 9TO P5AL & LEGAL PROC$URE FROM ! \TSIDE1 BY MODIFY+ PUBLIC OP9ION & BY ?R[+ LI<T ON PROBLEMS ( DEL9QU5CY 9 ! C\RSE ( PURELY M$ICAL /UDIES1 & ! =MAL 9VITATION COMES :5 A G5]ATION ( LAWY]S1 PRISON COMMISSION]S1 & LEGISLATORS HAS GR[N UP 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL TRADITION :I* SOCIAL /UDIES HAVE CREAT$4 ,PSY*IATRY !RE=E BR+S 9TO ITS CONTACTS ) LAW A TRADITION ( ITS [N4 CUTT+ ACROSS ! PRECONCEPTIONS ( LAW & GOV]NM5T :I* COME FROM ! PRE-SCI5TIFIC TRADITION ( SOCIETY4 

,! ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% CRIM9OLOGY AS A DI/9CT BRAN* ( KN[L$GE 4 5C\NT]S IMM$IATE DIFFICULTIES4 ,ANTI-SOCIAL CONDUCT & DEL9QU5CY1 9 ! S5SE ( ACTION & ATTITUDE PREJUDICIAL TO ! WELF>E ( O!RS1 >E PSY*IATRIC 5TITIES3 CRIME1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS AN >BITR>Y CONCEPTION EMBRAC+ BO? AGGRESSIVE DEL9QU5CY1 SU* AS MURD] OR RAPE1 & ACTIONS :OSE IMPORTANCE IS PR$OM9ANTLY ADM9I/RATIVE1 SU* AS ! PUR*ASE ( ALCOHOL AFT] CLOS+ TIME4 ,S9CE ! CONCEPT ( CRIME DEP5DS DIRECTLY UPON LEGISLATION IT MAY BE ALT]$ AT ANY TIME TO EMBRACE ANY PATT]N ( BEHAVIOR4 ,UND] MOD]N CONDITIONS IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE = ! CRIM9AL PSY*IATRI/ TO BE CONFRONT$ ) ! TASK ( RE=M+ AN 9DIVIDUAL :OSE CONFLICT ) SOCIETY >ISES FROM A HI< RA!R ?AN A L[ DEVELOPM5T ( SOCIALITY4 ,REFUSAL TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! P]SECUTION ( A RACIAL M9ORITY1 OR 9 ! MILIT>Y DE/RUCTION ( CIVILIAN POPULATIONS1 HAVE REC5TLY FIGUR$ AS CRIMES 9 CIVILIZ$ ,WE/]N SOCIETIES4 ,UND] !SE CONDITIONS ! 9DEP5D5T TRADITION ( ! PSY*IATRI/ MU/ LEAD HIM TO DECIDE AT :AT PO9T ! PSY*OPA?Y ( ! 9DIVIDUAL EXCE$S ?AT ( SOCIETY1 :I* HE %\LD ATTEMPT TO =TIFY1 & BY :AT /&>DS4 ,MORE IMPORTANT P]HAPS IS ! GR[+ AW>5ESS ?AT1 GREAT AS IS ! NUISANCE VALUE ( ! CRIM9AL 9 URBAN SOCIETY1 ! C5TRALIZ$ PATT]N ( GOV]NM5T IS TODAY DEP5D5T = ITS CONT9U$ FUNCTION UPON A SUPPLY ( 9DIVIDUALS :OSE P]SONALITIES & ATTITUDES 9 NO WAY DIFF] FROM ?OSE ( ADMITT$ PSY*OPA?IC DEL9QU5TS4 ,SOCIETY1 SO F> FROM P5ALIZ+ ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR P] SC4 SELECTS ! =MS1 (T5 9DI/+UI%ABLE1 :I* IT WILL PUNI%1 & ! =MS IT MU/ FO/] BY VIRTUE ( ITS PATT]N 444 

,9 SPITE !RE=E1 ( ! EXT5T & S]I\SNESS ( DEL9QU5CY AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM1 ITS MO/ S]I\S ASPECT = HUMANITY TODAY IS ! PREVAL5CE ( DEL9QU5T ACTION BY P]SONS IMMUNE FROM C5SURE1 & BY E/ABLI%$ GOV]NM5TS4 ,! IMPORTATION ( SCI5CE 9TO ! /UDY ( CRIME IS AN IRREV]SIBLE ,MEP1 & ITS \TCOME CAN ONLY BE ! SUPPRESSION ( SCI5CE ITSELF OR ! RADICAL REMODEL+ ( \R IDEAS ( GOV]NM5T & ! REGULATION ( BEHAVIOR4 

,LADY ,WOOTTON DESCRIBES ! CLA% BETWE5 ! !RAPEUTIC APPROA* & AU?ORIT>IAN VALUES2 ,DR4 ,COM=T PUTS IT BLUNTLY AS A CLA% BETWE5 ! !RAPEUTIC APPROA* & GOV]NM5T ITSELF4 ,?US FROM ! CRITICISM ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN1 HI]>*ICAL1 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURE ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( SOCIAL M$IC9E & SOCIAL PA?OLOGY1 WE MOVE TO ! *ALL5GE TO AU?ORITY & HI]>*Y 9 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY ITSELF4 

,! ANTI-HUMAN *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! G5]AL 9/ITUTIONS GIVE RISE TO ! EXI/5CE ( ! SPECIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,PAUL ,TAPPAN REM>K$ ?AT ! FACT IS ?AT WE PREF] \R SOCIAL PROBLEMS TO ! CONSEQU5CES ( DELIB]ATE & H]OIC EF=TS SO DRA/ICALLY TO *ANGE ! CULTURE ?AT MAN C\LD LIVE 9 UNCOMPLICAT$ ADJU/M5T TO AN UNCOMPLICAT$ WORLD4' ,BUT IT IS NOT SO MU* ! COMPLEXITY ( \R CULTURE AS ITS AU?ORIT>IANISM :I* IS AT FAULT 3 WE NE$ IF WE >E TO A*IEVE ! MO/ COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 A COMPLICAT$ SOCIETY1 A SOCIETY 7TO GO BACK TO ,KROPOTK9'S DEF9ITION ( ! AN>*I/ APPROA*7 

TO :I* PRE-E/ABLI%$ =MS1 CRY/ALLIZ$ BY LAW >E REPUGNANT2 :I* LOOKS = H>MONY 9 AN EV]-*ANG+ & FUGITIVE EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 A MULTITUDE ( V>I$ =CES & 9FLU5CES ( EV]Y K9D1 FOLL[+ !IR [N C\RSE4 

',A ,SORT ( ,AN>*Y' 

,>E WE EV] GO+ TO MAKE !SE 'DELIB]ATE & H]OIC EF=TS' TO ANALYZE & OP5 UP ! G5]AL 9/ITUTIONS -- FAMILY1 ! S*OOL1 ! FACTORY1 ! WAGE SY/EM1 ! SOCIAL DIVISIONS ( CLASS & /ATUS1 ! 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL /RUCTURE1 ! PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T1 ! BUREAUCRACY1 ! /ATE & ! W> MA*9E & PUNITIVE APP>ATUS :I* >E 9SEP>ABLE FROM IT8 

,TAKE1 = EXAMPLE ! S*OOL4 ,! *ANG+ RELATION%IPS BETWE5 P>5TS & TEA*]S1 P>5TS & *ILDR51 TEA*]S & *ILDR51 BETWE5 WORK & LEISURE1 BETWE5 $UCATION & PLAY1 C\LD LEAD TO AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T CONCEPTION ( ! S*OOL1 'CALCULAT$' AS ,GODW9 WROTE 7M #a#g#i#g73 

5TIRELY TO *ANGE ! FACE ( $UCATION4 ,! :OLE =MIDABLE APP>ATUS :I* HAS HI!RTO ATT5D$ IT1 IS SWEPT AWAY4 ,/RICTLY SPEAK+1 NO SU* *>ACT]S >E LEFT UPON ! SC5E AS EI!R PRECEPTOR OR PUPIL4 

,OR AS ,BAKUN9 PUT IT 9 #ahg 3 

,FROM !SE S*OOLS WILL BE ABSOLUTELY ELIM9AT$ ! SMALLE/ APPLICATIONS ( ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY4 ,!Y WILL BE S*OOLS NO LONG]1 !Y WILL BE POPUL> ACADEMIES1 9 :I* NEI!R PUPILS NOR MA/]S WILL BE KN[N1 :]E ! PEOPLE WILL COME FREELY TO GET1 IF !Y NE$ IT1 FREE 9/RUCTION1 & 9 :I*1 RI* 9 !IR [N EXP]I5CE1 !Y WILL TEA* 9 TURN MANY ?+S TO ! PR(ESSORS :O %ALL BR+ !M ! KN[L$GE :I* !Y LACK4 

,NOBODY TOOK MU* NOTICE ( !M1 BUT ,9 \R [N DAY A NUMB] ( EXP]IM5TS HAVE =E%AD[$ ! *ANG$ S*OOL 9 ONE WAY OR MORE ( ITS ASPECTS -- ! ,CAMBRIDGE%IRE ,VILLAGE ,COLLEGES & ! IDEAS ( ,H5RY ,MORRIS1 ! ,PIONE] ,HEAL? ,C5T] AT ,PECKHAM BE=E ! W>1 OR ,PRE/OLEE ,S*OOL 7:I* WAS AN ELEM5T>Y S*OOL 9 ,LANCA%IRE REVOLUTIONIZ$ BY ITS LATE HEADMA/] ,T$DY ,O',NEIL7 :]E 

TIMETABLES & PROGRAMS PLAY AN 9SIGNFICANT P>T1 = ! OLD] *ILDR5 COME BACK :5 S*OOL H\RS >E OV]1 & ) !M1 !IR P>5TS & ELD] BRO!RS & SI/]S4 

,OR ! IDEAS & PRACTICE ( ,A4 ,S4 ,NEILL & O!R PIONE]S ( ! S*OOL AS A FREE COMMUNITY ( *ILDR5 & ADULTS4 ,OR ! IDEA ( ! S*OOL AS AN EXT5SION ( ! FAMILY1 AS A FAMILY C5T] 9 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! COHESION ( ! NUCLE> FAMILY C\LD BE HEI<T5$ OR ITS T5SIONS LOOS5$1 AS A S\RCE ( AUTONOMY & RECIPROCITY1 AS A COMMUNITY WORK%OP1 AS A C5T] = ! EX*ANGE ( SKILLS & EXP]I5CES4 ,! ,PECKHAM ,EXP]IM5T & ITS F9D+S AB\T ! POSITIVE ASPECTS ( HEAL?1 WAS AN IMM5SE S\RCE ( CL9ICAL MAT]IAL4 ',WE HAD F\ND FROM EXP]I5CE'1 WROTE ! ,PECKHAM BIOLOGI/S1 '?AT SEV5 \T ( T5 UNCOMPLA9+ MEMB]S ( ! PUBLIC 5T]+ \R DOORS HAD NOT EV5 ! NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTES ( HEAL? -- FRE$OM FROM DIAGNOSIBLE DISORD]4 ,/ILL LESS HAD !Y ! POSITIVE ATTRIBUTES -- VITALITY1 9ITIATIVE & A COMPET5CE & WILL+NESS = LIV+4' ,IT IS !SE V]Y QUALITIES ?AT ! SPECIAL 9/ITUTIONS WE HAVE DISCUSS$ >E F\ND TO HAVE 9HIBIT$4 ,& SIGNIFICANTLY ! SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T ) :I* ! ,PECKHAM BIOLOGI/S S\<T TO RELEASE !SE QUALITIES WAS1 9 ! WORDS ( ! F\ND]1 ,DR4 ,SCOTT ,WILLIAMSON1 'A SORT ( AN>*Y'4 

,! ,IRRESPONSIBLE ,SOCIETY 

,OR TAKE H\S+4 ,ONE QU>T] ( ! POPULATION ( ,5GL& & ,WALES LIVE 9 ! ?REE-&-A-QU>T] MILLION DWELL+S [N$ BY LOCAL AU?ORITIES4 ,BUT IS !RE ONE MUNICIPAL H\S+ E/ATE 9 ?IS C\NTRY 9 :I* ! T5ANTS HAVE ANY CONTROL OV] & ANY RESPONSIBILITY = ! ADM9I/RATION ( !IR E/ATE1 !IR PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T8 ,OR 9DU/RY1 ) ITS AU?ORIT>IAN /RUCTURE1 ITS HI]>*ICAL *A9 ( COMM& & ITS MEAN+LESS R\T9ES4 ,DOES NOT ! 9DU/RIAL NEUROSIS 7LIKE ! 'SUBURBAN NEUROSIS' ( LONELY H\SEWIVES7 :I* HAS SO (T5 BE5 DIAGNOS$ BE> A SIGNIFICANT RELATION TO ,B>TON'S 9/ITUTIONAL NEUROSIS8 ,:5 >E WE GO+ TO EVOLVE A PROGRAM = ! DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ! FACTORY SY/EM 7SEE ,AN>*Y #b -- ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL74 ,:5 = ?AT MATT]1 >E WE GO+ TO DE-9/ITUTIONALIZE ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T8 ,OR WORK ITSELF4 ,OCCUPATION IS SO RIGIDLY 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO MOVE FROM ONE OCCUPATION TO ANO!R )\T BE+ ECONOMICALLY P5ALIZ$1 & VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO 5T] MANY OCCUPATIONS AT ALL UNLESS Y\ DO SO ON LEAV+ S*OOL4 ,:Y %\LD PEOPLE CONDEMN !MSELVES TO A LIFETIME 9 ONE OCCUPATION4 :Y NOT AN \TDOOR JOB 94 ! SUMM] & A N9DOOR ONE 9 ! W9T]1 OR AN ALT]NATION ( BRA9 WORK & MANUAL WORK8 ,:Y1 9 FACT1 DO WE ASK SO LITTLE \T ( LIFE8 

,BECAUSE ( ! PROCESS ( CONDITION+ ?AT BEG9S 9 9FANCY TO MAKE US FIT ! 9/ITUTIONS4 ,BETTELHEIM NOT$ ?AT ! 'OLD' PRISON]S1 ?OSE :O ADAPT$ SUCCESSFULLY1 S\<T TO LOOK & BEHAVE AS MU* LIKE !IR GU>DS AS POSSIBLE & DEVELOP$ ! SAME BRUTALITY & RU?LESSNESS4 ,& ,J4 ,A4 ,C4 ,BR[N 9 ,! ,SOCIAL ,PSY*OLOGY ( ,9DU/RY OBS]V$ ?AT ! 'FAI?FUL S]VANT' TYPE ( EMPLOYEE WAS ! ONE :O HAD BE5 SO BR[BEAT5 ?R\<\T HIS LIFE ?AT HE HAD ADOPT$ ! VALUES & ATTITUDES ( MANAGEM5T -- :I* IS PRECISELY :Y HE WAS APPRECIAT$4 ,9/ITUTIONAL SOCIETY SUCCESSFULLY IMBUES PEOPLE ) ITS VALUES SO ?AT !Y M9DLESSLY P]PETUATE ! 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!Y BECOME TOL]ANT1 9 ! M$ICAL S5SE1 ( ! 9TOL]ABLE4 

,R5E ,CUT=? ILLUM9AT$ ?IS PO9T BEAUTIFULLY 9 HIS RADIO PROGRAM AB\T ! MOTIVES & *>ACT]S ( PEOPLE ON ! ,ALD]MA/ON ,M>* 3 

,CONSID] = A MOM5T ! TIMES WE MIDDLE-AG$ M5 HAVE LIV$ ?R\< 9 ?IS MON/R\S C5TURY4 ,FIR/ ! HUGE T]RIBLE CASUALTY LI/S ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,!N ! MASS UNEMPLOYM5T1 ! MIS]Y1 & ! 9JU/ICE ( ! E>LY ,?IRTIES4 ,!N ! SPECTACLE ( ,EUROPE UND] ! HEEL ( A MURD]+ MANIAC1 ,BELS51 ,AUS*WITZ1 ! ,JEWS 9 ! GAS *AMB]S4 ,!N ANO!R W>4 ,!N ,HIRO%IMA & ,NAGASAKI4 ,& F9ALLY = US1 AN EXHAU/$1 MEAN+LESS /ATE1 9T5T ON ! 0LOLLY04 

,9 M$ICAL MATT]S !RE'S A PR9CIPLE CALL$ TOL]ANCE4 ,IF SOME POISONS >E F$ TO A HUMAN BE+ OV] A LONG P]IOD HE ACQUIRES A TOL]ANCE ( !M1 & CAN SURVIVE A LE?AL DOSE1 ?\< HIS :OLE METABOLISM MAY HAVE TO *ANGE TO MEET ! *ALL5GE4 ,! Y\NG >E ?OSE :O HAVE SO F> NEV] BREA!D ! POISONS WE HAVE HAD TO TRY TO CONTRIVE TO SURVIVE1 & !IR M9DS >E UNCL\D$ ) !M4 

,) EV]Y 9CREASE ( TOL]ANCE WE HAVE LO/ A HUMAN S5SITIVITY4 ,& N[ IT SEEMS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT !SE M>*]S1 :ATEV] !IR IMPACT ON ! BOMB1 OR ! FUTURE IMPACT ( ! BOMB UPON !M1 !SE ,ALD]MA/ON M>*]S MAY WELL ALREADY BE ! ONLY PEOPLE LEFT ALIVE 9 ,BRITA94 

,! RE/1 HE IMPLIES1 LIKE ! 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ PATI5TS & VICTIMS1 HAVE LO/ ! CAPACITY TO REACT4 

,AN>*I/S & ,BUREAUCRATS 

,?IS IS :Y ! TR5D :I* WE HAVE EXAM9$ 9 ! PHILOSOPHY ( SOCIAL WELF>E SEEMS TO ME SO IMPORTANT1 & TO IMPLY V]Y MU* WID] CONCLUSIONS4 ,SOCIAL IDEAS1 SAYS ,RI*>D ,TITMUSS1 'MAY WELL BE AS IMPORTANT 9 ,BRITA9 9 ! NEXT HALF-C5TURY AS TE*NICAL 9NOVATION'4 ,WE >E MOV+ AWAY FROM AN 9/ITUTIONAL PHILOSOPHY1 SAYS ,PET] ,T[NS5D1 '& HAVE NOT YET F\ND AN ALT]NATIVE PHILOSOPHY TO PUT 9 ITS PLACE'4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! ALT]NATIVE PHILOSOPHY IS ONE :I* SEEKS TO RELEASE ! SPONTANEITY1 9DIVIDUALITY & 9ITIATIVE1 ! UNSUSPECT$ HUMAN POT5TIALITIES1 :I* AN AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY HAS BURI$ 9 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ LIFE1 & ?AT ! PIONE]S ( ! BREAK-D[N ( 9/ITUTIONS >E P>T ( A BROAD] /RUGGLE BETWE5 OPPOS+ VALUES1 :I* MAY LEGITIMATELY BE CALL$ ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 AN>*I/S & BUREAUCRATS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #a#d1 #bba 3 ,:]E ! ,%OE ,P9*ES -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,:]E ! ,%OE ,P9*ES -- ,UPDAT$4 

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