,*APT] #a 
,! ,COMMUNE 

#ahheahhe 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY _?TOM _?MALAVODA1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE #a4 

,:5 WE SAY ?AT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION MU/ BE A*IEV$ BY ! LIB]ATION ( ! ,COMMUNES1 & ?AT IT IS ! ,COMMUNES1 ABSOLUTELY 9DEP5D5T1 LIB]AT$ FROM ! TUTELAGE ( ! ,/ATE1 ?AT ALONE CAN GIVE US ! NECESS>Y SETT+ = A REVOLUTION & ! MEANS ( ACCOMPLI%+ IT1 WE >E REPROA*$ ) WANT+ TO RECALL TO LIFE A =M ( SOCIETY ?AT HAS ALREADY \TLIV$ ITS TIME4 0,BUT ! ,COMMUNE10 !Y SAY1 0BELONGS TO ANO!R AGE6 ,9 SETT+ \T TO DE/ROY ! ,/ATE & PUT FREE COMMUNES 9 ITS PLACE1 Y\ >E LOOK+ TO ! PA/2 Y\ WANT TO LEAD US BACK 9TO ! HE>T ( ! MIDDLE AGES1 TO REIGNITE ! OLD COMMUNAL W>S1 & DE/ROY ! NATIONAL UNITIES ?AT HAVE BE5 SO PA9FULLY A*IEV$ 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 

,V]Y WELL1 LET US CONSID] ?IS CRITICISM4 

,FIR/1 WE MU/ UND]/& ?AT COMP>ISONS ) ! PA/ HAVE ONLY A RELATIVE VALUE4 ,IF1 9 FACT1 ! ,COMMUNE AS WE 5VISAGE IT W]E REALLY A M]E RETURN T[>DS ! ,COMMUNE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 MU/ WE NOT RECOGNIZE ?AT ! ,COMMUNE TODAY CANNOT POSSIBLY CLO! ITSELF AGA9 9 ! =MS IT ASSUM$ SEV5 C5TURIES AGO8 ,& IS IT NOT EVID5T ?AT IF IT W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 \R DAYS1 9 \R C5TURY ( RAILWAYS & TELEGRAPHS1 ( COSMOPOLITAN SCI5CE & RESE>* 9TO PURE TRU?1 ! ,COMMUNE W\LD HAVE AN ORGANIZATION SO DIFF]5T FROM ?AT :I* IT HAD 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY ?AT WE W\LD BE 9 ! PRES5CE ( AN ABSOLUTELY NEW FACT1 EM]G+ 9 NEW CONDITIONS & LEAD+ 9EVITABLY TO ABSOLUTELY DIFF]5T CONSEQU5CES4 

,BESIDES1 \R ADV]S>IES1 ! DEF5D]S ( ! ,/ATE1 UND] ITS V>I\S =MS1 %\LD REMEMB] ?AT WE CAN RAISE AGA9/ !M1 OBJECTIONS AS GOOD AS !IRS4 ,WE 9 \R TURN CAN SAY TO !M & ) MU* MORE REASON1 ?AT IT IS !Y :O HAVE !IR EYES TURN$ T[>DS ! PA/1 S9CE ! ,/ATE IS A =M JU/ AS OLD AS ! ,COMMUNE4 ,ONLY !RE IS ?IS DIFF]5CE2 :ILE ! ,/ATE 9 HI/ORY REPRES5TS ! NEGATION ( ALL FRE$OM1 ! TRIUMPH ( ! ABSOLUTE & ! >BITR>Y1 ! RU9 ( ITS SUBJECTS1 TORTURE & ! SCAFFOLD1 IT IS PRECISELY 9 ! LIB]TIES ( ! ,COMMUNE & 9 ! UPRIS+S ( PEOPLES & ,COMMUNES AGA9/ ! ,/ATE ?AT WE R$ISCOV] ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL PAGES ( HI/ORY4 ,C]TA9LY1 9 TRANSPORT+ \RSELVES 9TO ! PA/1 IT IS NOT T[>DS ,L\IS ,XL1 A ,L\IS ,X,V1 A ,CA!R9E #aa ?AT WE TURN \R ATT5TION2 IT IS RA!R T[>DS ! COMMUNES OR REPUBLICS ( ,AMALFI & ,FLOR5CE1 ?OSE ( ,T\L\SE & ,LAON1 ( ,LIEGE & ,C\RTRAY1 ( ,AUGSBURG & ,NUREMB]G1 ( ,PSKOV & ,NOVGOROD4 

,IT IS NOT A MATT] ON :I* WE %\LD BE SATISFI$ ) M]E WORDS & SOPHI/RIES2 IT IS IMPORTANT TO /UDY & ANALYZE CLOSELY1 & NOT TO IMITATE ,M4 DE ,LAVELEYE#b#i & HIS ZEAL\S /UD5TS :O CONF9E !MSELVES TO TELL+ US1 0,BUT ! ,COMMUNE BELONGS TO ! MIDDLE AGES6 ,9 CONSEQU5CE IT MU/ BE CONDEMN$60 0,! ,/ATE IS A :OLE PA/ ( CRIME10 WE ANSW]1 0& !RE=E IT IS CONDEMN$ ) MU* MORE JU/IFICATION40 

,BETWE5 ! ,COMMUNE ( ! MIDDLE AGES & ?AT :I* MI<T BE E/ABLI%$ TODAY1 & PROBABLY WILL BE E/ABLI%$ SOON1 !RE WILL BE PL5TY ( ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CES3 A V]ITABLE ABYSS OP5$ UP BY ! SIX OR SEV5 C5TURIES ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T & H>% EXP]I5CE4 ,LET US EXAM9E ! PR9CIPAL DIFF]5CES4 

,:AT WAS ! PURPOSE ( ?AT 0CONJURATION0 OR 0COMMUNION0 MADE BY ! BURGESSES 9 SU* & SU* A CITY8 ,IT WAS A V]Y MODE/ ONE3 TO LIB]ATE !MSELVES FROM ! LORDS4 ,! 9HABITANTS1 M]*ANTS & >TISANS1 CAME TOGE!R & SWORE NOT TO ALL[ 0ANYONE :ATEV] TO DO H>M TO ONE AMONG !M OR TO TREAT HIM FROM ?IS TIME ONW>D AS A S]F02 IT WAS AGA9/ ! LONG-E/ABLI%$ MA/]S ?AT ! ,COMMUNE ROSE 9 >MS4 0,COMMUNE10 SAID AN AU?OR ( ! #a#b? C5TURY1 QUOT$ BY ,AUGU/9 ,?I]RY1#c 0IS A NEW & DETE/ABLE WORD1 & ?IS IS H[ IT MU/ BE UND]/OOD3 TAXABLE PEOPLE %ALL PAY ONCE ONLY A YE> ! R5T !Y [E !IR LORDS4 ,IF !Y COMMIT AN (F5SE1 IT %ALL BE DIS*>G$ BY A LEGALLY FIX$ P5ALTY2 & ! PEASANTS %ALL BE 5TIRELY EXEMPT FROM ! LEVIES ( MONEY IT HAS BE5 CU/OM>Y TO IMPOSE ON !M40 

,?US IT WAS ACTUALLY AGA9/ ! LORDS ?AT ! ,COMMUNE ROSE UP 9 ! MIDDLE AGES4 ,IT IS FROM ! ,/ATE ?AT ! ,COMMUNE ( TODAY IS SEEK+ TO LIB]ATE ITSELF,G,B,P ,?IS IS AN ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE1 = WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT IT WAS ACTUALLY ! ,/ATE1 REPRES5T$ BY ! K+ :O1 LAT] ON1 REALIZ+ ?AT ! ,COMMUNES WI%$ TO MAKE !MSELVES 9DEP5D5T ( ! LORDS1 S5T ITS >MIES 0TO PUNI%10 AS ! ,*RONICLE SAYS1 0! PRESUMPTION ( !SE NE']-DO-WELLS1 :O1 9 ! NAME ( ! ,COMMUNE1 MAKE A %[ ( REBELL+ AGA9/ ! CR[N40 

,! ,COMMUNE ( TOMORR[ WILL KN[ ?AT IT CANNOT ADMIT ANY HI<] AU?ORITY2 ABOVE IT !RE CAN ONLY BE ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,F$]ATION1 FREELY ACCEPT$ BY ITSELF AS WELL AS ! O!R COMMUNES4 ,IT WILL KN[ ?AT !RE CAN BE NO MIDDLE WAY3 EI!R ! ,COMMUNE WILL BE ABSOLUTELY FREE TO ADOPT ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS IT WI%ES & TO MAKE ALL ! RE=MS & REVOLUTIONS IT F9DS NECESS>Y1 OR IT WILL REMA9 :AT IT HAS BE5 UP TO TODAY1 A M]E BRAN* ( ! ,/ATE1 RE/RICT$ 9 ALL ITS MOVEM5TS1 ALWAYS ON ! PO9T ( 5T]+ 9TO CONFLICT ) ! ,/ATE & SURE ( SUCCUMB+ 9 ! /RUGGLE ?AT WILL FOLL[4 ,! ,COMMUNE WILL KN[ ?AT IT MU/ BREAK ! ,/ATE & REPLACE IT BY ! ,F$]ATION1 & IT WILL ACT 9 ?AT WAY4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT1 IT WILL HAVE ! MEANS TO DO SO4 ,TODAY IT IS NOT ONLY SMALL T[NS ?AT RAISE ! BANN] ( COMMUNAL 9SURRECTION1 IT IS ,P>IS1 ,LYON1 ,M>SEILLE1 ,C>TAG5A1#c#a & SOON ALL ! GREAT CITIES WILL UNFURL ! SAME FLAG4 ,?IS WILL MEAN AN ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE FROM ! ,COMMUNE ( ! PA/4 

,9 FREE+ ITSELF FROM ! LORDS1 DID ! ,COMMUNE ( ! MIDDLE AGES FREE ITSELF ALSO FROM ?OSE RI* M]*ANTS :O1 BY ! SALE ( M]*&ISE & CAPITAL GOODS1 HAD GA9$ PRIVATE WEAL? 9 ! HE>T ( ! CITY8 ,NOT AT ALL6 ,HAV+ DEMOLI%$ ! T[]S ( ! OV]LORD1 ! 9HABITANT ( ! T[N V]Y SOON SAW )9 ! ,COMMUNE ITSELF ! CITADELS ( ! RI* M]*ANTS :O S\<T TO SUBDUE HIM BE+ BUILT1 & ! 9T]NAL HI/ORY ( ! ,COMMUNES 9 ! MIDDLE AGES WAS ?AT ( BITT] /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! RI* & ! POOR1 A /RUGGLE ?AT 5D$ 9EVITABLY ) ! K+'S 9T]V5TION4 ,AS A NEW >I/OCRACY TOOK %APE 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ! ,COMMUNE' ! PEOPLE1 HAV+ FALL5 9TO ! SAME K9D ( S]VITUDE TO ! LORD )9 ! CITY AS IT HAD HI!RTO SUFF]$ TO ! LORD \TSIDE1 UND]/OOD ?AT IT HAD NO?+ TO DEF5D 9 ! ,COMMUNE2 ITS MEMB]S DES]T$ ! WALLS !Y HAD BUILT TO GA9 !IR LIB]TY & :I* ! REGIME ( 9DIVIDUALISM HAD TURN$ 9TO ! RAMP>TS ( A NEW S]VITUDE4 ,HAV+ NO?+ TO LOSE1 ! PEOPLE LET ! RI* M]*ANTS DEF5D !MSELVES1 & !SE RELATIONS W]E USUALLY LIMIT$ TO A TREATY = ! DEF5SE ( URBAN RI<TS AGA9/ ! LORDS1 OR P]HAPS A PACT ( SOLID>ITY = ! MUTUAL PROTECTION ( ! CITIZ5S ( ! COMMUNES ON !IR DI/ANT J\RNEYS4 ,& :5 REAL LEAGUES W]E =M$ AMONG ! T[NS1 AS 9 ,LOMB>DY1 ,SPA9 & ,BELGIUM1 !SE LEAGUES W]E TOO LACK+ 9 HOMOG5EITY & TOO FRAGILE BECAUSE ( ! DIV]SITY ( PRIVILEGES1 & SOON BROKE UP 9TO ISOLAT$ GR\PS OR SUCCUMB$ UND] ! ATTACKS ( ! NEI<BOR+ /ATES4 

,H[ DIFF]5T FROM ! GR\PS ?AT MI<T COME 9TO EXI/5CE TODAY6 ,A SMALL COMMUNE C\LD NOT SURVIVE A WEEK )\T BE+ =C$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES TO E/ABLI% /ABLE RELATIONS ) 9DU/RIAL1 COMM]CIAL &>TI/IC C5T]S1 & !SE C5T]S1 9 !IR TURN1 W\LD FEEL ! NE$ TO OP5 !IR DOORS WIDE TO ! 9HABITANTS ( NE>BY VILLAGES1 ( ! SURR\ND+ COMMUNES1 & ( ! MORE DI/ANT CITIES4 

,IF ONE ( !SE CITIES W]E TO PROCLAIM ! ,COMMUNE TOMORR[1 W]ETO ABOLI% )9 ITSELF ALL 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY1 W]E TO 9TRODUCE COMPLETE COMMUNISM1 I4E4 ! COLLECTIVE 5JOYM5T ( SOCIAL CAPITAL1 ( !TOOLS ( WORK & ! PRODUCTS ( ?AT WORK1 9 A M]E FEW DAYS- PROVID$ IT W]E NOT SURR\ND$ BY HO/ILE >MIES-! CONVOYS ( C>TS W\LD >RIVE AT ! M>KETS4 ,! TRAD]S W\LD S5D TO ! CITY FROM DI/ANT PORTS !IR C>GOES ( RAW MAT]IALS4 ,! PRODUCTS ( ! CITY'S 9DU/RIES1 HAV+ SATISFI$ ! NE$S ( ! POPULATION1 W\LD GO TO SEEK BUY]S 9 ! F\R CORN]S ( ! E>?4 ,VISITORS W\LD >RIVE 9 CR[DS1 PEASANTS1 CITIZ5S ( NE>BY T[NS1 & =EIGN]S1 & !Y W\LD DEP>T TO TELL 9 !IR [N HOMES ( ! M>VEL\S LIFE ( ! FREE CITY :]E EV]YONE WORK$1 :]E NOBODY WAS ANY LONG] POOR OR OPPRESS$1 :]E ALL 5JOY$ ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR1 )\T ANYONE SEIZ+ A LION'S %>E4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO FE> ( ISOLATION2 IF ! COMMUNI/S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAD REASON TO COMPLA9 9 !IR COMMUNAL COLONIES1 IT WAS NOT BECAUSE ( ISOLATION1 BUT RA!R BECAUSE ( ! 9TRUSION ( ! SURR\ND+ B\RGEOIS WORLD 9 !IR COMMUNAL AFFAIRS4 

,! FACT IS ?AT TODAY COMM]CE & EX*ANGE1 :ILE OV]FL[+ ! B\NDS ( NATIONAL FRONTI]S1 HAVE ALSO DE/ROY$ ! WALLS ( ! ANCI5T CITIES4 ,!Y HAVE E/ABLI%$ A COHESION ?AT DID NOT EXI/ 9 ! MIDDLE AGES4 ,ALL ! 9HABIT$ PLACES ( WE/]N ,EUROPE >E SO 9TIMATELY L9K$ ) EA* O!R ?AT ISOLATION HAS BECOME IMPOSSIBLE = ANY ( !M2 !RE IS NOT A VILLAGE1 H[EV] HI<LY P]*$ IT MAY BE ON ITS M\NTA9 RIDGE1 ?AT HAS NOT AN 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL C5T] T[>DS :I* IT GRAVITATES1 & ) :I* IT CANNOT BREAK ITS L9KS4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! GREAT 9DU/RIAL C5T]S HAS DONE EV5 MORE4 ,EV5 TODAY1 ( C\RSE1 P>O*IALISM CAN CREATE MANY JEAL\SIES BETWE5 NEI<BOR+ COMMUNES1 DELAY+ !IR ALLIANCE & EV5 9FLAM+ FRATRICIDAL /RUGGLES4 ,BUT EV5 IF SU* JEAL\SIES MAY AT FIR/ H9D] ! DIRECT F$]ATION ( TWO COMMUNES1 !IR F$]ATION CAN 9 FACT BE E/ABLI%$ BY ! M$IATION ( ! GREAT C5T]S4 ,TODAY1 TWO SMALL NEI<BOR+ MUNICIPALITIES MAY HAVE NO?+ ?AT REALLY L9KS !M DIRECTLY2 ! SCANT9ESS ( ! RELATIONS !Y MA9TA9 S]VES RA!R TO CREATE CONFLICTS ?AN TO L9K !M 9 ! BONDS ( SOLID>ITY4 ,BUT ! TWO ( !M HAVE ALREADY A COMMON C5T] ) :I* !Y >E 9 CON/ANT COMMUNICATION & )\T :I* !Y C\LD NOT SURVIVE2 & :ATEV] MAY BE !IR LOCAL JEAL\SIES !Y WILL SEE !MSELVES OBLIG$ TO COME TOGE!R ?R\< ! M$IATION ( ! L>GE T[N :]E !Y GET !IR PROVISIONS & TO :I* !Y TAKE !IR PRODUCTS2 EA* ( !M WILL HAVE TO BECOME P>T ( ! SAME F$]ATION SO AS TO MA9TA9 !IR RELATIONS ) ! URBAN FOCUS & GR\P !MSELVES >\ND IT4 

,YET ?IS C5T] WILL NOT BE ABLE TO E/ABLI% AN 9TRUSIVE PREPOND]ANCE ( ITS [N OV] ! COMMUNES 9 ITS 5VIRONM5T4 ,?ANKS TO ! 9F9ITE V>IETY ( ! NE$S ( 9DU/RY & COMM]CE1 ALL 9HABIT$ PLACES HAVE ALREADY SEV]AL C5T]S :I* !Y >E ATTA*$1 & AS !IR NE$S DEVELOP1 !Y WILL 5T] 9TO RELATIONS ) FUR!R PLACES ?AT CAN SATISFY NEW NE$S4 ,\R NE$S >E 9 FACT SO V>I\S1 & !Y EM]GE ) SU* RAPIDITY1 ?AT SOON A S+LE F$]ATION WILL NOT BE SUFFICI5T TO SATISFY !M ALL4 ,! ,COMMUNE WILL !N FEEL ! NE$ TO CONTRACT O!R ALLIANCES1 TO 5T] 9TO O!R F$]ATIONS4 ,BELONG+ TO ONE GR\P = ! ACQUISITION ( FOOD SUPPLIES1 IT WILL HAVE TO JO9 A SECOND GR\P TO OBTA9 O!R GOODS1 SU* AS METALS1 & !N A ?IRD & A F\R? GR\P = TEXTILES & WORKS ( >T4 ,TAKE UP AN ECONOMIC ATLAS ( ANY C\NTRY1 & Y\ WILL SEE ?AT ECONOMIC FRONTI]S DO NOT EXI/3 ! ZONES ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE ( V>I\S PRODUCTS 9T]P5ETRATE EA* O!R1 TANGLE ) EA* O!R1 IMPOSE !MSELVES ON EA* O!R4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ! F$]ATIONS ( ,COMMUNES1 IF !Y W]E TO FOLL[ !IR FREE DEVELOPM5T1 W\LD V]Y SOON />T TO M+LE & 9T]SECT1 & 9 ?IS WAY =M A NETWORK ?AT W\LD BE COMPACT1 0ONE & 9DIVISIBLE1'' 9 QUITE A DIFF]5T WAY FROM !SE /ATI/ GR\P+S :OSE P>TS >E NO MORE ?AN JUXTAPOS$1 LIKE ! RODS BUNDL$ >\ND ! LICTOR'S AX4 

,?US1 LET US REPEAT1 ?OSE :O COME & SAY TO US ?AT ! ,COMMUNES1 ONCE !Y >E FRE$ ( ! TUTELAGE ( ! ,/ATE1 WILL CLA% TOGE!R & DE/ROY EA* O!R 9 9T]NEC9E W>S1 =GET ONE ?+3 ! 9TIMATE PATT]N ( L9K+ ?AT EXI/S ALREADY BETWE5 V>I\S LOCALITIES1 ?ANKS TO ! C5T]S ( 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL GRAVITATION1 ?ANKS TO ! MULTITUDE ( !SE C5T]S1 ?ANKS TO !IR 9CESSANT 9T]C\RSE4 ,!Y DO NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT :AT ! MIDDLE AGES ACTUALLY W]E1 ) !IR CLOS$ CITIES & !IR C>AVANS TRAIL+ SL[LY OV] DIFFICULT ROADS UND] ! EYES ( ! ROBB] B>ONS2 !Y =GET ?OSE CURR5TS ( M51 ( M]*&ISE1 ( TELEGRAMS1 ( IDEAS & FEEL+S1 ?AT N[ CIRCULATE AMONG \R CITIES LIKE ! WAT]S ( RIV]S ?AT NEV] DRY UP2 !Y HAVE NO REAL IDEA ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO EPO*S !Y SEEK TO COMP>E4 

,BESIDES1 IS NOT HI/ORY !RE TO PROVE TO US ?AT ! 9/9CT = F$]ATION HAS ALREADY BECOME ONE ( ! MO/ PRESS+ NE$S ( HUMANITY8 ,IT WILL BE 5\< ONE DAY IF ! ,/ATE BECOMES DISORGANIZ$ = ONE REASON OR ANO!R1 IF ! MA*9E ( OPPRESSION FAILS 9 ITS OP]ATIONS1 = ! FREE ALLIANCES TO APPE> ( !IR [N ACCORD4 ,LET US REMEMB] ! SPONTANE\S F$]ATIONS ( ! >M$ B\RGEOISIE DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,LET US REMEMB] ! F$]ATIONS ?AT SURG$ UP SPONTANE\SLY 9 ,SPA9 & SAV$ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! C\NTRY :5 ! ,/ATE WAS %AK5 TO ITS F\NDATIONS BY ! CONQU]+ >MIES ( ,NAPOLEON4 ,AS SOON AS ! ,/ATE IS NO LONG] 9 A POSITION TO IMPOSE A =C$ UNION1 UNION RISES UP ( ITS [N ACCORD1 ACCORD+ TO NATURAL NE$S4 ,OV]?R[ ! ,/ATE1 & ! F$]AL SOCIETY WILL SURGE \T ( ITS RU9S1 TRULY ONE1 TRULY 9DIVISIBLE1 BUT FREE & GR[+ 9 SOLID>ITY BECAUSE ( ITS FRE$OM4 

,BUT !RE IS ANO!R ?+ TO BE CONSID]$4 ,= ! BURGESSES ( ! MIDDLE AGES ! ,COMMUNE WAS AN ISOLAT$ ,/ATE1 CLE>LY SEP>AT$ FROM O!RS BY ITS FRONTI]S4 ,= US1 0,COMMUNE0 NO LONG] MEANS A T]RITORIAL AGGLOM]ATION2 IT IS RA!R A G5]IC NAME1 A SYNONYM = ! GR\P+ ( EQUALS :I* KN[S NEI!R FRONTI]S NOR WALLS4 ,! SOCIAL ,COMMUNE WILL SOON CEASE TO BE A CLE>LY DEF9$ 5TITY4 ,EA* GR\P 9 ! ,COMMUNE WILL NECESS>ILY BE DRAWN T[>DS SIMIL> GR\PS 9 O!R COMMUNES2 !Y WILL COME TOGE!R & ! L9KS ?AT F$]ATE !M WILL BE AS SOLID AS ?OSE ?AT ATTA* !M TO !IR FELL[ CITIZ5S1 & 9 ?IS WAY !RE WILL EM]GE A ,COMMUNE ( 9T]E/S :OSE MEMB]S >E SCATT]$ 9 A ?\S& T[NS & VILLAGES4 ,EA* 9DIVIDUAL WILL F9D ! FULL SATISFACTION ( HIS NE$S ONLY BY GR\P+ ) O!R 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE ! SAME TA/ES BUT 9HABIT A HUNDR$ O!R COMMUNES4 

,TODAY ALREADY FREE SOCIETIES >E BEG9N+ TO OP5 UP AN IMM5SE FIELD ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,IT IS NO LONG] M]ELY TO SATISFY SCI5TIFIC1 LIT]>Y OR >TI/IC 9T]E/S ?AT HUMANITY CON/ITUTES ITS SOCIETIES4 ,IT IS NO LONG] M]ELY TO PURSUE ! CLASS /RUGGLE ?AT M5 5T] 9TO LEAGUES4 

,ONE W\LD HAVE DIFFICULTY N[ADAYS F9D+ ONE ( ! MULTIPLE & V>I$ MANIFE/ATIONS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY ?AT IS NOT ALREADY REPRES5T$ BY FREELY CON/ITUT$ SOCIETIES1 & !IR NUMB] KEEPS ON GR[+ UNCEAS+LY1 EA* DAY 9VAD+ NEW FIELDS ( ACTION1 EV5 AMONG ?OSE ?AT W]E ONCE CONSID]$ ! PRES]VE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,LIT]ATURE1 >TS1 SCI5CES1 $UCATION1 COMM]CE1 9DU/RIES1 TRANSPORT1 AMUSEM5TS1 PUBLIC HEAL?1 MUSEUMS1 F> (F 5T]PRISES1 POL> EXP$ITIONS1 EV5 T]RITORIAL DEF5SE AGA9/ AGGRESSORS1 C>E = ! W\ND$1 & ! V]Y C\RTS ( LAW3 EV]Y:]E WE SEE P]SONAL 9ITIATIVE EM]G+ & ASSUM+ ! =M ( FREE SOCIETIES4 ,?IS IS ! T5D5CY1 ! DI/9CTIVE TRAIT ( ! SECOND HALF ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 

,TAK+ FREE FLI<T1 & F9D+ AN IMM5SE NEW FIELD ( APPLICATION1 ?AT T5D5CY WILL S]VE AS ! BASIS = ! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE4 ,IT IS BY FREE GR\P+S ?AT ! SOCIAL ,COMMUNE WILL BE ORGANIZ$1 & !SE GR\P+S WILL OV]?R[ WALLS & FRONTI]S4 ,!RE WILL BE MILLIONS ( COMMUNES1 NO LONG] T]RITORIAL1 BUT EXT5D+ !IR H&S ACROSS RIV]S1 M\NTA9 *A9S & OCEANS1 UNIT+ 9DIVIDUALS & PEOPLES 9 ! F\R CORN]S ( ! E>? 9TO ! SAME S+LE FAMILY ( EQUALS4 

7,S\RCE3 ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ DUR+ ,KROPOTK9'S IMPRISONM5T1 ?IS COLLECTION CONTA9S >TICLES WRITT5 BETWE5 #ahgi & #a#h#h#b4 ,ACTUALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#e47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhd 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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