,*APT] #e 
,POLITICAL ,RI<TS 

#ahheahhe 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,/EVE ,/E>NS1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,EA* DAY1 9 A :OLE RANGE ( TONES1 ! B\RGEOIS PRESS PRAISES ! VALUE & ! IMPORTANCE ( \R POLITICAL LIB]TIES1 ( ! 0POLITICAL RI<TS ( ! CITIZ503 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 FREE ELECTIONS1 FRE$OM ( ! PRESS & ( MEET+1 ETC4 

0,S9CE Y\ HAVE !SE FRE$OMS10 !Y SAY TO US1 0:AT IS ! PO9T ( REBELL+8 ,DON'T ! LIB]TIES Y\ ALREADY POSSESS ASSURE ! POSSIBILITIES ( ALL ! RE=MS ?AT MAY BE NECESS>Y1 )\T Y\R NE$+ TO RESORT TO ! GUN80 ,SO1 LET US ANALYZE1 FROM \R PO9T ( VIEW1 :AT !SE FAM\S 0POLITICAL LIB]TIES0 >E WOR? TO ! CLASS ?AT [NS NO?+1 RULES NOBODY1 & HAS 9 FACT V]Y FEW RI<TS & PL5TY ( DUTIES4 

,WE >E NOT ASS]T+1 AS HAS SOMETIMES BE5 SAID1 ?AT POLITICAL RI<TS HAVE NO VALUE TO US4 ,WE KN[ V]Y WELL ?AT S9CE ! DAYS ( S]FDOM & EV5 S9CE ! LA/ C5TURY1 WE HAVE MADE A C]TA9 AM\NT ( PROGRESS2 ! MAN ( ! PEOPLE IS NO LONG] ! BE+ DEPRIV$ ( ALL RI<TS ?AT HE WAS 9 ! PA/4 ,! ,FR5* PEASANT CAN NO LONG] BE FLOGG$ AT ! ROADSIDE1 AS HE /ILL IS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,9 PUBLIC PLACES1 \TSIDE HIS FACTORY OR WORK%OP1 ! WORK] CONSID]S HIMSELF ! EQUAL ( ANYONE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! GREAT CITIES4 ,! ,FR5* WORK] IS NO LONG] ?AT BE+ LACK+ 9 ALL HUMAN RI<TS :O 9 ! PA/ WAS TREAT$ BY ! >I/OCRACY AS A BEA/ ( BURD54 ,?ANKS TO ! REVOLUTIONS1 ?ANKS TO ! BLOOD :I* ! PEOPLE %$1 HE HAS ACQUIR$ C]TA9 P]SONAL RI<TS :OSE VALUE WE HAVE NO DESIRE TO M9IMIZE4 

,BUT WE KN[ H[ TO DRAW DI/9CTIONS1 & WE ASS]T ?AT !RE >E RI<TS & RI<TS4 ,!RE >E ?OSE ?AT HAVE A REAL VALUE & ?OSE ?AT DO NOT1 & :OEV] TRIES TO CONF\ND !M IS ONLY DECEIV+ ! PEOPLE4 ,C]TA9 RI<TS LIKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! EQUALITY ( ! PEASANT & ! SQUIRE 9 !IR P]SONAL RELATIONS1 OR ! CORPORAL 9VIOLABILITY ( ! P]SON1 HAVE BE5 WON ?R\< GREAT /RUGGLES1 & >E SO DE> TO ! PEOPLE ?AT !Y WILL RISE UP RA!R ?AN ALL[+ !M TO BE VIOLAT$4 ,BUT !RE >E O!RS1 LIKE UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 ETC41 T[>DS :I* ! PEOPLE HAVE ALWAYS REMA9$ LUKEW>M1 BECAUSE ! KN[ P]FECTLY WELL ?AT !SE RI<TS1 :I* HAVE S]V$ SO WELL TO DEF5D ! RUL+ B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ ! 5CROA*M5TS ( ROYAL P[] & ( ! >I/OCRACY1 >E NO MORE ?AN AN 9/RUM5T 9 ! H&S ( ! DOM9ANT CLASSES TO MA9TA9 !IR P[] OV] ! PEOPLE4 ,!SE RI<TS >E NOT EV5 REAL POLITICAL RI<TS1 S9CE !Y PROVIDE NO SAFEGU>D = ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE2 & IF WE /ILL DECORATE !M ) ?AT POMP\S TITLE IT IS BECAUSE \R POLITICAL LANGUAGE IS NO MORE ?AN A J>GON ELABORAT$ BY ! RUL+ CLASSES = !IR [N USE & 9 !IR [N 9T]E/4 

,:AT1 9 FACT1 IS A POLITICAL RI<T IF IT IS NOT AN 9/RUM5T TO SAFEGU>D ! 9DEP5D5CE1 ! DIGNITY & ! FRE$OM ( ?OSE :O DO NOT YET HAVE ! P[] TO IMPOSE ON O!RS A RESPECT = ?AT RI<T8 ,:AT IS ITS USE1 IF IT IS NOT & 9/RUM5T ( LIB]ATION = ?OSE :O NE$ TO BE FRE$8 ,! ,GAMBETAS1 ! ,BISM>CKS1 ! ,GLAD/ONES NE$ NEI!R ! FRE$OM ( ! PRESS NOR ! FRE$OM ( MEET+1 BECAUSE !Y CAN WRITE :AT !Y WANT1 CAN MEET :OMSOEV] !Y WI%1 & PR(ESS :ATEV] IDEAS !Y PLEASE2 !Y >E ALREADY LIB]AT$4 ,!Y >E FREE4 ,IF !RE IS ANY NE$ TOGE!R1 IT IS SURELY TO ?OSE :O >E NOT P[]FUL 5\< TO IMPOSE !IR WILL4 ,SU* 9 FACT IS ! ORIG9 ( ALL POLITICAL RI<TS4 

,BUT1 LOOK$ AT FROM ?IS VIEWPO9T1 HAVE ! POLITICAL RI<TS WE >E TALK+ ( BE5 CREAT$ ) AN EYE TO ?OSE :O ALONE NE$ SAFEGU>DS8 ,OBVI\SLY NOT4 ,UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE CAN SOMETIMES & TO A C]TA9 EXT5T PROTECT1 )\T ! NE$ = A CON/ANT REC\RSE TO =CE 9 SELF-DEF5SE4 ,IT CAN S]VE TO REE/ABLI% ! EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 TWO =CES :I* /RUGGLE = P[]1 )\T ! RIVALS BE+ =CES TO DRAW !IR SWORDS ON EA* O!R AS !Y DID 9 ! PA/4 ,BUT IT CAN BE NO HELP IF IT IS A MATT] ( OV]?R[+ OR EV5 LIMIT+ P[]1 OR ( ABOLI%+ DOM9ATION4 ,S9CE IT IS SU* AN EXCELL5T 9/RUM5T = RESOLV+ 9 A PEACEFUL MANN] ANY QU>RELS AMONG ! RUL]S1 :AT USE CAN IT POSSIBLY BE TO ! RUL$8 

,DOES NOT ! HI/ORY ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE TELL US ?IS8 ,:5EV] ! B\RGEOISIE HAS FE>$ ?AT UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE MI<T BECOME A WEAPON 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE ?AT C\LD BE TURN$ AGA9/ ! PRIVILEG$1 IT HAS F\<T IT /UBBORNLY4 ,BUT ! DAY IT WAS PROV$1 9 #a#h#d#h1 ?AT UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE HELD NO?+ TO FE>1 & ?AT ONE C\LD RULE ! PEOPLE ) AN IRON ROD BY ! USE ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 IT WAS IMM$IATELY ACCEPT$4 ,N[ ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF HAS BECOME ITS DEF5D]1 BECAUSE IT UND]/&S ?AT H]E IS A WEAPON ADAPT$ TO SU/A9 ITS DOM9ATION1 BUT ABSOLUTELY H>MLESS AS A ?REAT TO ITS PRIVILEGES4 

,IT IS ! SAME ) FRE$OM ( ! PRESS4 ,:AT1 9 ! EYES ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 HAS BE5 ! MO/ CONCLUSIVE >GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( FRE$OM ( ! PRESS8 ,ITS P[]LESSNESS4 ,YES1 ITS P[]LESSNESS4 ,M4 DE ,GIR>D9#a HAS WRITT5 A :OLE BOOK ON ?IS !ME3 ! P[]LESSNESS ( ! PRESS4 0,=M]LY -- HE SAYS -- WE BURN$ WIT*ES BECAUSE PEOPLE HAD ! /UPIDITY TO BELIEVE !Y W]E ALL-P[]FUL2 N[ PEOPLE COMMIT ! SAME /UPIDITY REG>D+ ! PRESS1 BECAUSE !Y BELIEVE ?AT IT ALSO IS ALL-P[]FUL4 ,BUT IT IS NO?+ ( ! K9D2 IT IS AS P[]LESS AS ! WIT*ES ( ! MIDDLE AGES4 ,H5CE1 MORE P]SECUTIONS ( ! PRESS60 ,?IS IS ! CONT5TION ?AT ,M4 DE ,GIR>D9 (F]$ 9 ! PA/4 ,& :5 ! B\RGEOISIE DISCUSS ! FRE$OM ( ! PRESS AMONG !MSELVES1 :AT >GUM5TS TO !Y ADVANCE 9 ITS FAVOR8 

0,LOOK AT ,5GL&1 ,SWITZ]L& & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 !Y SAY4 0,9 ALL ( !M ! PRESS IS FREE & YET CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION IS BETT] E/ABLI%$ 9 !M ?AN 9 ANY O!R C\NTRY2 ITS REIGN IS MORE SECURE AMONG !M ?AN ANY:]E ELSE40 ,& !Y ADD1 0,:AT DOES IT MATT] IF DANG]\S DOCTR9ES >E PRODUC$4 ,DON'T WE HAVE ALL ! MEANS ( /IFLIL+ ! VOICES ( ! J\RNALS ?AT PROTECT !M )\T EV5 A REC\RSE TO VIOL5CE8 ,& EV5 IF ONE DAY1 AT A TIME ( AGITATION1 ! REVOLUTION>Y PRESS BECOMES A DANG]\S WEAPON1 SO :AT8 ,ON ?AT DAY IT WILL BE TIME 5\< TO DE/ROY IT ) A S+LE BL[ ON ! MO/ CONV5I5T PRETEXT40 

,AS = ! FRE$OM ( MEET+1 ! SAME K9D ( REASON+ HOLDS4 0,GIVE COMPLETE FRE$OM ( MEET+40 ,SAY ! B\RGEOISIE4 0,IT WILL DO NO H>M TO \R PRIVILEGES4 ,:AT WE HAVE TO FE> >E ! SECRET SOCIETIES1 & PUBLIC MEET+S >E ! BE/ WAY ( P>ALYZ+ !M4 ,BUT IF1 9 A MOM5T ( EXCITEM5T1 PUBLIC MEET+ %\LD GET \T ( H&1 WE W\LD ALWAYS HAVE ! MEANS ( SUPPRESS+ !M1 S9CE WE HOLD ! P[]S ( GOV]NM5T40 

0,! 9VIOLABILITY ( ! DWELL+8 ,( ,C\RSE6 ,WRITE IT 9TO ALL ! CODES6 ,CRY IT FROM RO(TOPS60 SAY ! KN[+ ONES AMONG ! B\RGEOISIE4 0,WE DON'T WANT POLICEM5 COM+ TO SURPRISE US 9 \R LITTLE NE/S40 ,BUT WE WILL 9/ITUTE A SECRET S]VICE TO KEEP AN EYE ON SUSPECTS2 WE WILL PEOPLE ! C\NTRY ) POLICE SPIES1 MAKE LI/S ( DANG]\S PEOPLE1 & WAT* !M CLOSELY4 ,& IF WE SMELL \T ONE DAY ?AT ANY?+ IS AFOOT1 !N WE MU/ SET TO VIGOR\SLY1 MAKE A JE/ ( 9VIOLABILITY1 >RE/ PEOPLE 9 !IR B$S1 SE>* & RANSACK !IR HOMES6 ,BUT ABOVE ALL WE MU/ DO ?IS BOLDLY & IF ANYONE PROTE/S TOO L\DLY1 WE MU/ LOCK !M UP AS WELL1 & SAY TO ! RE/1 ',:AT W\LD Y\ HAVE US DO1 G5TLEM58 ,WE MU/ DEAL FIRMLY ) ! SITUATION6' ,& WE %ALL BE APPLAUD$40 

0,! PRIVACY ( CORRESPOND5CE8 ,SAY IT EV]Y:]E1 WRITE & CRY IT \T1 ?AT CORRESPOND5CE IS 9VIOLABLE4 ,IF ! HEAD ( SOME VILLAGE PO/ (FICE OP5S A LETT] \T ( CURIOSITY1 SACK HIM AT ONCE & PROCLAIM L\DLY ?AT HE IS A MON/R\S CRIM9AL4 ,TAKE GOOD C>E ?AT ! LITTLE SECRETS WE EX*ANGE ) EA* O!R 9 \R LETT]S %ALL NOT BE DIVULG$4 ,BUT IF WE GET W9D ( SOME PLOT BE+ HAT*$ AGA9/ \R PRIVILEGES1 !N LET US NOT /& ON C]EMONY2 LET US OP5 EV]YONE'S LETT]S1 ALLOCATE A ?\S& CL]KS TO ! TASK IF NECESS>Y1 & IF SOMEONE TAKES IT ON HIMSELF TO PROTE/1 LET US SAY FRANKLY1 AS AN ,5GLI% M9I/] DID REC5TLY TO ! APPLAUSE ( P>LIAM5T4 ',YES1 G5TLEM51 IT IS ) A HEAVY HE>T & ! DEEPE/ ( DI/A/E ?AT WE ORD] LETT]S TO BE OP5$1 BUT IT IS 5TIRELY BECAUSE ! C\NTRY 7I4E4 ! >I/OCRACY & ! B\RGEOISIE7 IS 9 DANG]40 

,?IS IS :AT !SE SO-CALL$ LIB]TIES CAN BE R$UC$ TO4 ,FRE$OM ( PRESS & ( MEET+1 9VIOLABILITY ( HOME & ALL ! RE/1 >E ONLY RESPECT$ IF ! PEOPLE DO NOT MAKE USE ( !M AGA9/ ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 ,BUT ! DAY ! PEOPLE BEG9 TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( !M TO UND]M9E ?OSE PRIVILEGES1 ! SO-CALL$ LIB]TIES WILL BE CA/ OV]BO>D4 

,?IS IS QUITE NATURAL4 ,HUMANITY RETA9S ONLY ! RI<TS IT HAS WON BY H>D /RUGGLE & IS READY TO DEF5D AT EV]Y MOM5T1 ) >MS 9 H&4 

,IF M5 & WOM5 >E NOT :IPP$ 9 ! /REETS ( ,P>IS1 AS !Y >E 9 ,ODESSA1 IT IS BECAUSE ON ! DAY A GOV]NM5T D>$ TO ATTEMPT ?IS PEOPLE W\LD TE> ITS AG5TS TO PIECES4 ,IF AN >I/OCRAT CAN NO LONG] MAKE WAY = HIMSELF ?R\< ! /REETS ) ! HELP ( BL[S DELIV]$ RI<T & LEFT BY ! /AVES ( HIS S]VANTS1 IT IS BECAUSE ANY ( ! S]VANTS :O GOT SU* IDEAS 9TO !IR HEADS W\LD IMM$IATELY BE OV]P[]$4 ,IF A DEGREE ( EQUALITY EXI/S BETWE5 ! WORK] & HIS EMPLOY]1 AT LEA/ 9 ! /REETS & 9 PUBLIC E/ABLI%M5TS1 IT IS NOT BECAUSE ! WORK]'S RI<TS >E WRITT5 9TO ! LAW BUT BECAUSE1 ?ANKS TO REVOLUTIONS 9 ! PA/1 HE HAS A FEEL+ ( P]SONAL DIGNITY ?AT WILL NOT LET HIM 5DURE AN (F5SE FROM ANYONE4 

,YET IT IS EVID5T ?AT 9 PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY1 DIVID$ AS IT IS BETWE5 MA/]S & S]FS1 TRUE LIB]TY CANNOT EXI/2 IT WILL NOT EXI/ SO LONG AS !RE >E EXPLOIT]S & SLAVES1 GOV]NM5TS & GOV]N$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT DOES NOT FOLL[ ?AT1 AS WE AWAIT ! DAY :5 ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION WILL SWEEP AWAY ALL SOCIAL DI/9CTIONS1 WE WI% TO SEE ! PRESS MUZZL$1 AS 9 ,G]MANY1 ! RI<T ( MEET+ ANNULL$ AS 9 ,RUSSIA1 OR ! 9VIOLABILITY ( ! P]SON R$UC$ AS IT IS 9 ,TURKEY4 ,SLAVES ( CAPITAL ?AT WE ALL >E1 WE WANT TO BE ABLE TO WRITE & PUBLI% :ATEV] SEEMS RI<T TO US1 WE WANT TO BE ABLE TO MEET & ORGANIZE AS WE PLEASE1 PRECISELY SO ?AT WE CAN %AKE (F ! YOKE ( CAPITAL4 

,BUT IT IS HI< TIME WE UND]/OOD ?AT WE MU/ NOT DEM& !SE RI<TS ?R\< CON/ITUTIONAL LAWS4 ,WE CANNOT GO 9 SE>* ( \R NATURAL RI<TS BY WAY ( A LAW1 A SCRAP ( PAP] ?AT C\LD BE TORN UP AT ! LEA/ :IM ( ! RUL]S4 ,= IT IS ONLY BY TRANS=M+ \RSELVES 9TO A =CE1 CAPABLE ( IMPOS+ \R WILL1 ?AT WE %ALL SUCCE$ 9 MAK+ \R RI<TS RESPECT$4 

,DO Y\ WANT TO HAVE FRE$OM TO SPEAK & WRITE :ATEV] SEEMS RI<T TO Y\8 ,DO Y\ WANT TO HAVE ! LIB]TY TO MEET & ORGANIZE8 ,IT IS NOT FROM A P>LIAM5T ?AT WE SEEK]S ( FRE$OM %\LD ASK P]MISSION1 NOR MU/ WE BEG A LAW FROM ! ,S5ATE4 ,WE MU/ BECOME AN ORGANIZ$ =CE1 CAPABLE ( %[+ \R TEE? EV]Y TIME ANYONE SETS AB\T RE/RA9+ \R RI<TS ( SPEE* & MEET+2 WE MU/ BE /RONG1 & !N WE MAY BE SURE ?AT NOBODY WILL D>E DISPUTE \R RI<T TO SPEAK1 TO WRITE1 TO PR9T :AT WE WRITE1 & MEET TOGE!R4 ,! DAY WE HAVE BE5 ABLE TO E/ABLI% 5\< AGREEM5T AMONG ! EXPLOIT$ = !M TO COME \T 9 !IR MILLIONS 9 ! /REETS & TAKE UP ! DEF5SE ( \R RI<TS1 NOBODY WILL D>E TO DISPUTE ?OSE RI<TS1 NOR ANY O!RS ?AT WE *OOSE TO DEM&4 ,!N1 & ONLY !N1 %ALL WE HAVE TRULY GA9$ SU* RI<TS1 = :I* WE MI<T PLEAD TO P>LIAM5T = DECADES 9 VA94 ,!N ?OSE RI<TS WILL BE GU>ANTE$ TO US 9 A F> MORE C]TA9 WAY ?AN IF !Y W]E M]ELY WRITT5 D[N ON A BIT ( PAP]4 

,FRE$OMS >E NOT GIV51 !Y >E TAK54 

#a ,EMILE DE ,GIR>D9 7#a#h#f-#a#h#h#a71 AN ACTIVE J\RNALI/ 9 ,P>IS FROM ! #ahdh ,REVOLUTION D[N TO ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC2 HE ALMO/ S+LE-H&$LY 9V5T$ ! *EAP POPUL> PRESS 9 ,FRANCE ) HIS ,LA ,PRESSE1 AS E>LY AS #a#h#c#f2 HE WAS A CLEV] FEUILLETONI/1 & ! ,VIC> ( ,BRAY ( ,FR5* J\RNALISM1 SUPPORT+ ALL ! TIMELY ADV5TUR]S AT ! RI<T TIME4 

7,S\RCE3 ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ DUR+ ,KROPOTK9'S IMPRISONM5T1 ?IS COLLECTION CONTA9S >TICLES WRITT5 BETWE5 #ahgi & #a#h#h#b4 ,ACTUALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#e47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhd 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#c1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #e -- ,ADD$4 

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