,WORDS ( A ,REBEL 

#ahhe 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TAGS 3 PEOPLE ( P>IS1 PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 #a#h? ( M>*1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL1 GREAT FR5* REVOLUTION1 /ATES ( EUROPE1 EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION1 ABOLITION ( ROYALTY1 SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 MIDDLE AGES4 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,SITUATION ,TODAY 

      #a1#g#b#e ,WORDS2 #a1#d#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,BREAKD[N ( ! ,/ATE 

      #a1#g#d ,WORDS2 #a1#c#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,9EVITABILITY ( ,REVOLUTION 

      #a1#h#a#e ,WORDS2 #a1#h#d#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,COM+ ,REVOLUTION 

      #a1#h#f#a ,WORDS2 #a#a1#b#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,POLITICAL ,RI<TS 

      #b1#a#h#f ,WORDS2 #a#b1#d#i#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,TO ! ,Y\NG 

      #h1#c#f#c ,WORDS2 #d#g1#i#d#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,W>6 

      #b1#b#d ,WORDS2 #a#c1#b#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,M9ORITIES 

      #b1#a#c#g ,WORDS2 #a#b1#i#b#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,ORD] 

      #b1#e#e ,WORDS2 #a#c1#b#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,COMMUNE 

      #b1#g#f#i ,WORDS2 #a#f1#d#i#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #aa 3 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 

      #e1#e#g#f ,WORDS2 #c#c1#g#b#g ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,SITUATION ,TODAY 

,PHOTO BY PHILIPPE L]OY]1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT WE >E ADVANC+ RAPIDLY T[>DS REVOLUTION1 T[>DS AN UPHEAVAL ?AT WILL BEG9 9 ONE C\NTRY & SPREAD1 AS 9 #a#h#d#h1 9TO ALL ! NEI<BOR+ L&S1 &1 AS IT ROCKS EXI/+ SOCIETY TO ITS F\NDATIONS1 WILL ALSO REOP5 ! SPR+S ( LIFE4 

,TO CONFIRM \R VIEW1 WE DO NOT EV5 HAVE TO 9VOKE ! TE/IMONY ( A CELEBRAT$ ,G]MAN HI/ORIAN17#a7 OR A WELL-KN[N ,ITALIAN PHILOSOPH]17#b7 BO? ( :OM1 HAV+ DEEPLY /UDI$ ! HI/ORY ( \R TIMES1 HAVE REA*$ ! CONCLUSION ?AT A GREAT REVOLUTION WAS 9EVITABLE T[>DS ! 5D ( ?IS C5TURY4 ,WE NE$ ONLY WAT* ! PANORAMA ?AT HAS UNROLL$ BE=E US OV] ! PA/ TW5TY YE>S2 WE NE$ ONLY OBS]VE :AT GOES ON >\ND US4 

,:5 WE DO SO1 WE P]CEIVE TWO MAJOR FACTS EM]G+ FROM ! MURKY DEP?S ( ! CANVAS3 ! AWAK5+ ( ! PEOPLES1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! MORAL1 9TELLECTUAL & ECONOMIC FAILURE ( ! RUL+ CLASSES2 & ! AGITAT$ YET P[]LESS EF=TS ( PEOPLE ( WEAL? TO H9D] ?AT AWAK5+4 

,YES1 ! AWAK5+ ( ! PEOPLES6 

,9 ! SUFFOCAT+ ATMOSPH]E ( ! FACTORY AS MU* AS 9 ! D>KNESS ( ! COOK%OP KIT*51 UND] ! RO( ( ! GRAN>Y AS MU* AS 9 ! /REAM+ GALL]IES ( ! M9E1 A NEW WORLD IS TAK+ %APE !SE DAYS4 ,AMONG ?OSE %AD[Y MASSES1 :OM ! B\RGEOIS DESPISE AS MU* AS !Y FE> !M1 YET FROM :OSE MID/ HAS ALWAYS /IRR$ ! BREA? ?AT 9SPIR$ ! GREAT RE=M]S1 ! MO/ DIFFICULT PROBLEMS ( SOCIAL ECONOMY & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION >E POS$ ONE AFT] ANO!R1 DISCUSS$1 & GIV5 NEW SOLUTIONS DICTAT$ BY ! S5SE ( JU/ICE4 ,!SE DISCUSSIONS CUT TO ! HE>T ( SOCIETY'S SICKNESS4 ,NEW HOPES >E AWAK5$1 NEW IDEAS EM]GE4 

,OP9IONS M+LE & V>Y TO ! PO9T ( 9F9ITY1 BUT TWO /REAMS ( IDEAS ALREADY S\ND MORE & MORE DI/9CTLY 9 ?IS D9 ( VOICES3 ! ABOLITION ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY & COMMUNISM2 & ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE1 ITS REPLACEM5T BY ! FREE COMMUNE1 & ! 9T]NATIONAL UNION ( WORK+ M54 ,! TWO WAYS CONV]GE 9 A S+LE AIM3 ,EQUALITY4 ,NOT ?AT HYPOCRITICAL =MULA ( EQUALITY1 9SCRIB$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE ON ITS BANN]S & 9 ITS CODES = ! EASI] 5SLAVEM5T ( ! PRODUC]1 BUT TRUE EQUALITY3 L&1 CAPITAL & WORK %>$ BY ALL4 

,IT IS 9 VA9 ?AT ! RUL+ CLASSES SEEK TO /IFLE !SE ASPIRATIONS BY IMPRISON+ M5 & SUPPRESS+ !IR WRIT+S4 ,! NEW IDEAS P5ETRATE PEOPLE'S M9DS1 TAKE POSSESSION ( !IR HE>TS 9 ! SAME WAY AS 9 ! PA/ ! MY? ( ! RI* & FREE L&S ( ! ,EA/ POSSESS$ ! HE>TS ( ! S]FS :5 !Y RU%$ 9TO ! RANKS ( ! CRUSAD]S4 ,! IDEA MAY SLEEP = A :ILE2 IF ITS APPE>ANCE ON ! SURFACE IS PREV5T$1 IT MAY BURR[ B5EA? ! SOIL1 BUT ?AT WILL LEAD ONLY TO ITS RESURG+ /RONG] ?AN EV] BE=E4 ,Y\ HAVE ONLY TO LOOK AT ! PRES5T REAWAK5+ ( SOCIALISM 9 ,FRANCE1 ! SECOND REVIVAL 9 ! %ORT SPACE ( FIFTE5 YE>S4 ,:5 ! WAVE BREAKS IT RISES EV5 HI<] AN 9/ANT AFT]W>DS4 ,& AS SOON AS A FIR/ ATTEMPT IS MADE TO PUT ! NEW IDEAS 9TO PRACTICE1 !Y WILL /& UP BE=E EV]YONE 9 ALL !IR SIMPLICITY1 9 ALL !IR SPL5DOR4 ,LET ONE ATTEMPT BE SUCCESSFUL1 & ! AW>5ESS ( !IR [N /R5G? WILL GIVE ! PEOPLES A H]OIC IMPULSE4 

,?IS MOM5T CANNOT BE LONG DELAY$4 ,EV]Y?+ BR+S US NE> ! PO9T :5 POV]TY ITSELF1 :I* =CES ! UN=TUNATE TO TAKE ?\<T1 REA*ES ! PO9T ( =C$ UNEMPLOYM5T1 :5 ! MAN :O HAS ALREADY />T$ TO ?9K IS TORN FROM ! N>R[ SETT+ ( HIS WORK%OP & ?R[N 9TO ! /REETS1 :]E HE QUICKLY COMES TO KN[ BO? ! VICI\SNESS & ! P[]LESSNESS ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 

,&1 9 ! MEANTIME1 :AT >E !SE RUL+ CLASSES A*IEV+8 

,:ILE NATURAL SCI5CES >E ASSUM+ A VIGOR ?AT REM9DS ONE ( ! LA/ C5TURY :5 ! GREAT ,FR5* REVOLUTION WAS APPROA*+ & :ILE BOLD 9V5TORS OP5 UP NEW HORIZONS EA* DAY TO ! /RUGGLE ( HUMANITY AGA9/ ! HO/ILE =CES ( NATURE1 SOCIAL SCI5CE -- A B\RGEOIS CREATION -- REMA9S SIL5T & IS CONT5T TO WORK OV] ITS \TDAT$ !ORIES4 

,BUT P]HAPS !SE RUL+ CLASSES >E MAK+ PROGRESS 9 PRACTICAL MATT]S8 ,F> FROM IT4 ,!Y REMA9 OB/9ATELY 9T5T ON WAV+ !IR RAGG$ BANN]S1 ON DEF5D+ EGOTI/IC 9DIVIDUALISM1 COMPETITION BETWE5 MAN & MAN & NATION & NATION1 & ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! C5TRALIZ+ ,/ATE4 

,!Y *ANGE FROM PROTECTIONISM TO FREE TRADE1 & FROM FREE TRADE BACK TO PROTECTIONISM2 FROM REACTION TO LIB]ALISM & FROM LIB]ALISM BACK TO REACTION2 FROM A!ISM TO SUP]/ITION & FROM SUP]/ITION BACK TO A!ISM2 ALWAYS FE>FUL1 ALWAYS LOOK+ T[>DS ! PA/1 EV] LESS CAPABLE ( REALIZ+ ANY?+ ?AT LA/S4 ,EV]Y?+ !SE RUL+ CLASSES HAVE A*IEV$ HAS 9 FACT BE5 A CONTRADICTION ( :ATEV] !Y HAVE PROMIS$4 ,!Y PROMIS$ TO GU>ANTEE US FRE$OM TO WORK-& !Y HAVE MADE US SLAVES TO ! FACTORY1 TO ! [N]1 TO ! OV]SE]4 ,!Y TOOK ! RESPONSIBILITY = ORGANIZ+ 9DU/RY1 = GU>ANTEE+ \R WELL BE+1 & !Y HAVE GIV5 US 5DLESS CRISES & RESULTANT POV]TY2 !Y PROMIS$ US $UCATION-& WE >E R$UC$ TO ! IMPOSSIBLE TASK ( TEA*+ \RSELVES2 !Y PROMIS$ US POLITICAL FRE$OM1 & HAVE L$ US ON FROM ONE REACTION TO ! NEXT2 !Y PROMIS$ US PEACE1 & HAVE GIV5 US W>S )\T 5D4 ,!Y HAVE FAIL$ 9 ALL !IR PROMISES4 

,BUT ! PEOPLE >E WE>Y ( IT ALL2 !Y >E BEG9N+ TO ASK EA* O!R :]E !Y HAVE 5D$ UP1 AFT] LETT+ !MSELVES BE GULF$ & GOV]N$ = SO LONG BY ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ANSW] TO ?AT QUE/ION CAN BE SE5 9 ! ECONOMIC SITUATION ?AT N[ AFFLICTS ,EUROPE4 ,! CRISES ?AT HI!RTO W]E PASS+ CALAMITIES HAVE BECOME *RONIC4 ,! CRISIS 9 COTTON1 ! CRISIS 9 ! METAL 9DU/RY1 ! CRISIS 9 WAT*MAK+1 ALL ( !SE CRISES N[ OCCUR SIMULTANE\SLY & TAKE ON P]MAN5CE4 

,AT ! PRES5T MOM5T ONE CAN C\NT SEV]AL MILLIONS ( PEOPLE \T ( WORK 9 ,EUROPE2 T5S ( ?\S&S PR[L FROM T[N TO T[N1 BEGG+ = !IR LIV+ OR RIOT+ & ) ?REATS DEM&+ WORK OR BREAD6 ,AS ! PEASANTS ( #a<g W&]$ BY ?\S&S OV] ! ROADS )\T F9D+ 9 ! RI* SOIL ( !IR C\NTRY1 APPROPRIAT$ BY ! >I/OCRATS1 A PLOT ( L& TO CULTIVATE OR A HOE TO TILL IT1 SO TODAY ! WORK]S WAIT ) IDLE H&S = LACK ( ACCESS TO ! MAT]IALS & ME TOOLS NE$$ = PRODUCTION BECAUSE !Y >E 9 ! H&S ( A FEW IDL]S4 

,GREAT 9DU/RIES >E ALL[$ TO DIE1 GREAT CITIES LIKE ,%EFFIELD >E TURN$ 9TO DES]TS4 ,!RE IS POV]TY 9 ,5GL&1 ABOVE ALL 9 ,5GL&1 = IT IS !RE ?AT ! 0ECONOMI/S0 HAVE MO/ ?OR\<LY APPLI$ !IR PR9CIPLES1 BUT !RE IS POV]TY ALSO 9 ,ALSACE & HUNG] 9 ,SPA9 & ,ITALY4 ,UNEMPLOYM5T EXI/S EV]Y:]E1 & ) UNEMPLOYM5T1 M]E LACK BECOMES REAL POV]TY2 ANEMIC *ILDR5 & WOM5 AG+ FIVE YE>S 9 A S+LE W9T]2 SICKNESS MOV+ ) GREAT SWEEPS ?R\< ! RANKS ( ! WORK]S6 ,?IS IS :AT WE HAVE ATTA9$ UND] ! RULE ( ! CAPITALI/S4 

,& !Y TALK TO US ( OV]-PRODUCTION6 ,OV]-PRODUCTION8 ,:5 ! M9] :O PILES UP M\NTA9S ( COAL HAS NO MONEY TO PAY = A FIRE 9 ! DEP? ( W9T]8 ,:5 ! WEAV] :O PRODUCES MILES ( CLO? CANNOT AF=D %IRTS = HIS RAGG$ *ILDR58 ,:5 ! MASON :O BUILDS A PALACE LIVES 9 A HOVEL1 & ! SEAM/RESS :O CREATES MA/]PIECES = ! FA%IONABLE DRESS %OPS HAS ONLY ONE RAGG$ %AWL TO PROTECT H] 9 ALL WEA!RS8 

,IS ?IS :AT !Y CALL ! ORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RY8 ,ONE MI<T RA!R CALL IT A SECRET ALLIANCE ( ! CAPITALI/S TO TAME ! WORK]S BY HUNG]4 

,WE >E TOLD ?AT CAPITAL1 ?AT PRODUCT ( WORK ( ALL HUMANK9D :I* HAS BE5 ACCUMULAT$ 9 ! H&S ( ! FEW1 IS FLEE+ FROM AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY = LACK ( CONFID5CE4 ,BUT :]E WILL IT F9D ITS P]*1 ONCE IT HAS LEFT ! /RONG-BOXES8 

,9 FACT1 IT HAS MANY ADVANTAGE\S DE/9ATIONS4 ,IT CAN GO TO FURNI% ! H>EMS ( ! ,SULTAN2 IT CAN SUPPLY ! W>S1 SU/A9+ ! ,RUSSIAN AGA9/ ! ,TURK &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,TURK AGA9/ ! ,RUSSIAN4 ,OR1 ALT]NATIVELY1 IT CAN BE US$ TO F\ND A JO9T /OCK COMPANY1 NOT TO PRODUCE ANY?+1 BUT SIMPLY TO LEAD 9 A C\PLE ( YE>S TO A SC&AL\S FAILURE AS SOON AS ! F9ANCIAL BIG%OTS HAVE )DRAWN1 TAK+ MILLIONS ) !M AS ! REW>D = !IR 0IDEA40 ,OR1 AGA91 CAPITAL CAN BE US$ TO CON/RUCT USELESS RAILWAYS1 OV] ! ,GO?>D1 9 ,JAPAN1 ACROSS ! ,SAH>A IF NE$ BE-PROVID$ ?AT ! ,RO?S*ILDS :O UND]WRITE !M1 ! 5G9E]S 9 *>GE & ! CONTRACTORS CAN MAKE A FEW MILLION EA*4 

,BUT ABOVE ALL1 CAPITAL CAN PLUNGE 9TO SPECULATION1 ! GREAT GAME ( ! /OCK EX*ANGE4 ,! CAPITALI/ GAMBLES ON >TIFICIALLY 9DUC$ 9CREASES 9 ! PRICE ( :EAT OR COTTON2 HE GAMBLES ON POLITICS1 ON ! RIS+ PRICES 9DUC$ BY SOME RUMOR ( RE=M OR SOME LEAK$ DIPLOMATIC NOTE2 & V]Y (T5-WE SEE IT EV]Y DAY-! GOV]NM5T (FICIALS !MSELVES DABBLE 9 !SE SPECULATIONS4 

,SPECULATION KILL+ 9DU/RY-?AT IS :AT !Y CALL ! 9TELLIG5T MANAGEM5T ( BUS9ESS6 ,IT IS = ?AT ! CAPITALI/S TELL US ?AT WE %\LD SUPPORT !M6 

,9 BRIEF1 ECONOMIC *AOS IS AT ITS HEI<T4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS *AOS CANNOT LA/ = LONG4 ,! PEOPLE >E TIR$ ( CRISES PROVOK$ BY ! GRE$ ( ! RUL+ CLASSES2 !Y WANT TO LIVE BY WORK+ & NOT TO SUFF] YE>S ( POV]TY1 SEASON$ BY HUMILIAT+ *>ITY1 = ! SAKE ( P]HAPS TWO OR ?REE YE>S ( EXHAU/+ WORK1 SOMETIMES MORE OR LESS ASSUR$1 BUT ALWAYS BADLY REMUN]AT$4 

,! WORK] IS BECOM+ AW>E ( ! 9CAPACITY ( ! GOV]N+ CLASSES2 !IR 9CAPACITY TO UND]/& HIS [N NEW ASPIRATIONS2 !IR 9CAPACITY TO MANAGE 9DU/RY2 !IR 9CAPACITY TO ORGANIZE PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE4 

,! PEOPLE WILL SOON DECL>E ! DEPOSITION ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,!Y WILL TAKE MATT]S 9TO !IR [N H&S AS SOON AS ! PROPITI\S MOM5T (F]S ITSELF4 

,?AT MOM5T CANNOT BE F> (F1 S9CE ! V]Y DIFFICULTIES ?AT >E GNAW+ AWAY AT 9DU/RY WILL PRECIPITATE IT1 & ITS ADV5T WILL BE HA/5$ BY ! BREAKD[N ( ! ,/ATE1 A BREAKD[N ?AT 9 \R DAY HAS 5T]$ ITS F9AL PRECIPITATE PHASE4 

7,S\RCE3 ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ DUR+ ,KROPOTK9'S IMPRISONM5T1 ?IS COLLECTION CONTA9S >TICLES WRITT5 BETWE5 #ahgi & #a#h#h#b4 ,ACTUALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#e47 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,! ,BREAKD[N ( ! ,/ATE 

,PHOTO BY ,KELD ,DAM ,S*MIDT1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,IF ! ECONOMIC SITUATION ( ,EUROPE CAN BE SUMM$ UP 9 !SE WORDS-9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL *AOS & ! FAILURE ( CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION-! SITUATION 9 POLITICS CAN BE DEF9$ AS ! RAPID BREAKD[N ( ! ,/ATE & ITS 5TIRE FAILURE1 :I* WILL TAKE PLACE V]Y SOON4 

,CONSID] ALL ! V>I\S ,/ATES1 FROM ! POLICE AUTOCRACY ( ,RUSSIA TO ! B\RGEOIS OLIG>*Y ( ,SWITZ]L&1 & Y\ WILL NOT F9D A S+LE EXAMPLE TODAY 7) ! POSSIBLE EXCEPTION ( ,SW$5 & ,NORWAY77#c7 ( A ,/ATE ?AT IS NOT SET ON AN ACCEL]AT+ C\RSE T[>DS DIS9TEGRATION & EV5TUALLY1 REVOLUTION4 

,LIKE WORN\T OLD M51 !IR SK9 %RIVEL$ & !IR FEET /UMBL+1 GNAW$ AT BY MORTAL SICKNESSES1 9CAPABLE ( EMB>K+ ON ! TIDE ( NEW IDEAS1 ! ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE SQU&] :AT /R5G? REMA9S TO !M1 & :ILE LIV+ ON CR$IT ( !IR PA/1 !Y M]ELY HA/5 !IR 5DS BY SQUABBL+ LIKE AG$ GOSSIPS4 

,HAV+ REA*$ A HI< PO9T 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ! OLD ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE HAVE N[ 5T]$ 9TO !IR DECL9E2 !Y >E FALL+ 9TO DECREPITUDE4 ,! PEOPLES-& ESPECIALLY ?OSE ( ,LAT9 RACE->E ALREADY LOOK+ =W>D TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ?AT P[] :I* M]ELY H9D]S !IR FREE DEVELOPM5T4 ,!Y DESIRE AUTONOMY = PROV9CES1 = COMMUNES1 = GR\PS ( WORK]S DRAWN TOGE!R1 NO LONG] BY A P[] IMPOS$ ON !M1 BUT BY ! L9KS ( MUTUAL AGREEM5T1 BY FREE CONS5T4 

,?IS IS ! PHASE ( HI/ORY ON :I* WE >E 5T]+1 & NO?+ CAN H9D] ITS REALIZATION4 ,IF ! RUL+ CLASSES C\LD UND]/& ! SITUATION !Y W\LD HA/5 TO PUT !MSELVES 9 ! VAN ( SU* A MOVEM5T & ITS ASPIRATIONS4 ,BUT1 HAV+ GR[N OLD 9 !IR TRADITIONS & HAV+ NO O!R OBJECT ( WOR%IP ?AN !IR MONEY BAGS1 !Y OPPOSE ! NEW CURR5T ( IDEAS ) ALL !IR /R5G?4 ,&1 9EVITABLY1 !Y >E LEAD+ US T[>DS A VIOL5T \TBUR/4 ,! HOPES ( M5 & WOM5 WILL SEE ! LI<T ( DAY-BUT ! DAWN WILL BE ACCOMPANI$ BY ! RUMBL+ ( CANNON & ! RATTLE ( MA*9E-GUN FIRE & IT WILL BE ILLUM9AT$ BY CONFLAGRATIONS4 

,AFT] ! DECL9E ( ! 9/ITUTIONAL LIFE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! NASC5T ,/ATES MADE !IR APPE>ANCE 9 ,EUROPE1 CONSOLIDAT+ !MSELVES & GR[+ BY CONQUE/1 BY 9TRIGUE1 BY ASSASS9ATION1 BUT AS YET !Y 9T]F]$ ONLY 9 A SMALL SPH]E ( HUMAN AFFAIRS4 

,TODAY ! ,/ATE TAKES UPON ITSELF TO M$DLE 9 ALL ! >EAS ( \R LIVES4 ,FROM ! CRADLE TO ! GRAVE1 IT HUGS US 9 ITS >MS4 ,SOMETIMES AS ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 SOMETIMES AS ! PROV9CIAL OR CANTONAL GOV]NM5T1 & SOMETIMES EV5 AS ! COMMUNAL OR MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T1 IT FOLL[S \R EV]Y /EP1 IT APPE>S AT EV]Y TURN+ ( ! ROAD1 IT TAXES1 H>ASSES & RE/RA9S US4 

,IT LEGISLATES ON ALL \R ACTIONS4 ,IT ACCUMULATES M\NTA9S ( LAWS & ORD9ANCES AMONG :I* EV5 ! %REWDE/ ( LAWY]S CAN NO LONG] F9D HIS WAY4 ,EV]Y DAY IT DEVISES NEW COG:EELS TO BE FITT$ 9TO ! WORN\T OLD 5G9E1 & IT 5DS UP HAV+ CREAT$ A MA*9E SO COMPLICAT$1 SO MISBEGOTT5 & SO OB/RUCTIVE ?AT IT REPELS EV5 ?OSE :O ATTEMPT TO KEEP IT GO+4 

,! ,/ATE CREATES AN >MY ( EMPLOYES LIKE LI<T-F+]$ SPID]S1 :O KN[ ! WORLD ONLY ?R\< ! MURKY W9D[S ( !IR (FICES OR ?R\< !IR DOCUM5TS WRITT5 9 ABSURD J>GONS2 IT IS A BLACK B& ) ONLY ONE RELIGION1 ?AT ( MONEY1 ONLY ONE C>E1 ?AT ( ATTA*+ ONESELF TO ANY P>TY1 BLACK1 PURPLE1 OR :ITE1 SO LONG AS IT GU>ANTEES A MAXIMUM ( APPO9TM5TS ) A M9IMUM ( WORK4 

,! RESULTS WE KN[ ONLY TOO WELL4 ,IS !RE A S+LE BRAN* ( ! ,/ATE'S ACTIVITY ?AT DOES NOT >\SE REVOLUTION 9 ?OSE UN=TUNATE 5\< TO HAVE DEAL+S ) IT8 ,IS !RE A S+LE DIRECTION 9 :I* ! ,/ATE1 AFT] C5TURIES ( EXI/5CE & ( PAT*Y R5OVATION1 HAS NOT %[N ITS COMPLETE 9COMPET5CE8 

,! VA/ & EV] GR[+ SUMS ( MONEY :I* ! ,/ATES APPROPRIATE FROM ! PEOPLE >E NEV] SUFFICI5T44 ,! ,/ATE ALWAYS EXI/S AT ! EXP5SE ( FUTURE G5]ATIONS2 IT ACCUMULATES DEBT & EV]Y:]E IT APPROA*ES BANKRUPTCY4 ,! PUBLIC DEBTS ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,/ATES HAVE ALREADY REA*$ ! VA/1 ALMO/ 9CR$IBLE FIGURE ( MORE ?AN FIVE MILLI>DS1 I4E4 FIVE HUNDR$ MILLION FRANCS67#d7 ,IF ALL ! RECEIPTS ( ! V>I\S ,/ATES W]E EMPLOY$ TO ! LA/ P5NY JU/ TO PAY (F !SE DEBTS1 IT C\LD H>DLY BE DONE 9 FIFTE5 YE>S4 ,BUT1 F> FROM DIM9I%+1 ! DEBTS GR[ FROM DAY TO DAY1 = IT IS 9 ! NATURE ( ?+S ?AT ! NE$S ( ,/ATES >E ALWAYS 9 EXCESS ( !IR MEANS4 ,9EVITABLY ! ,/ATE SEEKS TO EXT5D ITS JURISDICTION2 EV]Y P>TY 9 P[] IS OBLIG$ TO CREATE NEW EMPLOYM5T = ITS SUPPORT]S4 ,IT IS AN IRREVOCABLE PROCESS4 

,?US ! DEFICITS & PUBLIC DEBTS CONT9UE & WILL CONT9UE1 ALWAYS GR[+1 EV5 9 TIMES ( PEACE4 ,BUT AS SOON AS A W> BEG9S1 H[EV] SMALL1 ! DEBTS ( ! ,/ATES 9CREASE AT AN AL>M+ RATE4 ,!RE IS NO 5D+2 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO F9D \R WAY \T ( ?IS LABYR9?4 

,! ,/ATES ( ! WORLD >E HEAD+ FULL /EAM = RU9 & BANKRUPTCY2 & ! DAY IS NOT DI/ANT :5 ! PEOPLE1 TIR$ ( PAY+ F\R MILLI>DS ( 9T]E/ EA* YE> TO ! BANK]S1 WILL DECL>E ! FAILURE ( ,/ATE GOV]NM5TS & S5D ! BANK]S TO DIG ! SOIL IF !Y >E HUNGRY4 

,SAY 0,/ATE0 & Y\ SAY 0W>40 ,! ,/ATE /RIVES & MU/ /RIVE TO BE /RONG1 & /RONG] ?AN ITS NEI<BORS2 IF IT IS NOT SO1 IT WILL BECOME A PLAY?+ 9 !IR H&S4 ,( NECESSITY IT SEEKS TO WEAK5 & IMPOV]I% O!R ,/ATES SO ?AT IT CAN IMPOSE ON !M ITS LAWS1 ITS POLICIES1 ITS COMM]CIAL TREATIES1 & GR[ RI* AT !IR EXP5SE4 ,! /RUGGLE = PREPOND]ANCE1 :I* IS ! BASIS ( ECONOMIC B\RGEOIS ORGANIZATION1 IS ALSO ! BASIS ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,?IS IS :Y W> HAS N[ BECOME ! NORMAL CONDITION ( ,EUROPE4 ,PRUSSO-,DANI%1 ,PRUSSO-,AU/RIAN1 ,FRANCO,PRUSSIAN W>S1 W> 9 ! ,EA/1 W> 9 ,AF<ANI/AN FOLL[ EA* O!R )\T A PAUSE4 ,NEW W>S >E 9 PREP>ATION2 ,RUSSIA1 ,PRUSSIA1 ,5GL&1 ,D5M>K1 ALL >E READY TO UNLEA% !IR >MIES4 ,& AT ANY MOM5T !Y WILL BE AT EA* O!R'S ?ROATS4 ,!RE >E 5\< EXCUSES = W>S TO KEEP ! WORLD BUSY = ANO!R ?IRTY YE>S4 

,BUT W> MEANS UNEMPLOYM5T1 ECONOMIC CRISIS1 GR[+ TAXES1 ACCUMULAT+ DEBTS4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT1 W> DEALS A MORTAL BL[ TO ! ,/ATE ITSELF4 ,AFT] EA* W>1 ! PEOPLES REALIZE ?AT ! ,/ATES 9VOLV$ HAVE %[N !IR 9COMPET5CE1 EV5 9 ! TASKS BY :I* !Y JU/IFY !IR EXI/5CE2 !Y >E H>DLY CAPABLE ( ORGANIZ+ ! DEF5SE ( !IR [N T]RITORY1 & EV5 VICTORY ?REAT5S !IR SURVIVAL4 ,ONLY LOOK AT ! F]M5TATION ( IDEAS ?AT EM]G$ FROM ! W> ( #a#h#g#a1 AS MU* 9 ,G]MANY AS 9 ,FRANCE2 ONLY OBS]VE ! DISCONT5T >\S$ 9 ,RUSSIA BY ! W> 9 ! ,F> ,EA/4 

,W>S & >MAM5TS >E ! DEA? ( ! ,/ATE2 !Y ACCEL]ATE ITS MORAL & ECONOMIC FAILURE4 ,JU/ ONE OR TWO GREAT WAFT WILL GIVE ! F9AL BL[ TO !SE DECREPIT MA*9ES4 

,BUT P>ALLEL TO W> \TSIDE IS W> )94 

,ACCEPT$ ORIG9ALLY BY ! PEOPLE AS A MEANS ( DEF5D+ ALL M5 & WOM51 & ABOVE ALL ( PROTECT+ ! WEAK AGA9/ ! /RONG1 ! ,/ATE TODAY HAS BECOME ! =TRESS ( ! RI* AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT$1 ( ! EMPLOY] AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAN4 

,( :AT USE 9 FACT IS ?IS GREAT MA*9E ?AT WE CALL ! ,/ATE8 ,IS IT TO H9D] ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK] BY ! CAPITALI/1 ( ! PEASANT BY ! L&LORD8 ,IS IT TO ASSURE US WORK8 ,TO PROTECT US FROM ! LOAN-%>K8 ,TO GIVE US SU/5ANCE :5 ! WOMAN HAS ONLY WAT] TO PACIFY ! *ILD :O WEEPS AT H] DRI$-\T BREA/8 

,NO1 A ?\S& TIMES NO6 ,! ,/ATE IS !RE TO PROTECT EXPLOITATION1 SPECULATION & PRIVATE PROP]TY2 IT IS ITSELF ! BYPRODUCT ( !-RAP9E ( ! PEOPLE4 ,! PROLET>IAN MU/ RELY ON HIS [N H&S2 HE CAN EXPECT NO?+ ( ! ,/ATE4 ,IT IS NO?+ MORE ?AN AN ORGANIZATION DEVIS$ TO H9D] EMANCIPATION AT ALL CO/S4 

,EV]Y?+ 9 ! ,/ATE IS LOAD$ 9 FAVOR ( ! IDLE PROPRIETOR1 EV]Y?+ AGA9/ ! WORK+ PROLET>IAN3 B\RGEOIS $UCATION1 :I* FROM AN E>LY AGE CORRUPTS ! *ILD BY 9CULCAT+ ANTI-EGALIT>IAN PR9CIPLES2 ! ,*UR* :I* DI/URBS WOM5'S M9DS2 ! LAW :I* H9D]S ! EX*ANGE ( IDEAS ( SOLID>ITY & EQUALITY2 MONEY1 :I* CAN BE US$ :5 NE$$ TO CORRUPT :OEV] SEEKS TO BE AN APO/LE ( ! SOLID>ITY ( ! WORK]S2 PRISON-& GRAPE%OT AS A LA/ RESORT-TO %UT ! M\?S ( ?OSE :O WILL NOT BE CORRUPT$4 ,SU* IS ! ,/ATE4 

,CAN IT LA/8 ,WILL IT LA/8 ,OBVI\SLY NOT4 ,A :OLE CLASS ( HUMANITY1 ! CLASS ?AT PRODUCES EV]Y?+1 CANNOT SU/A9 = EV] AN ORGANIZATION ?AT HAS BE5 CREAT$ SPECIFICALLY 9 OPPOSITION TO ITS 9T]E/S4 ,EV]Y:]E1 UND] ,RUSSIAN BRUTALITY AS MU* AS UND] ! HYPOCRISY ( ! FOLL[]S ( ,GAMBETTAS1 ! DISCONT5T$ PEOPLE >E 9 REVOLT4 ,! HI/ORY ( \R TIMES IS ! HI/ORY ( ! /RUGGLE ( ! PRIVILEG$ RUL]S AGA9/ ! EGALIT>IAN ASPIRATION ( ! PEOPLES4 ,?IS /RUGGLE HAS BECOME ! PR9CIPAL OCCUPATION ( ! RUL+ CLASS2 IT DOM9ATES !IR ACTIONS4 ,TODAY IT IS NEI!R PR9CIPLES NOR CONSID]ATIONS ( ! PUBLIC GOOD ?AT DET]M9E ! APPE>ANCE ( SU*-&-SU* A LAW OR ADM9I/RATIVE DECREE2 IT IS ONLY ! DEM&S ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! PEOPLE = ! PRES]VATION ( PRIVILEGE4 

,?IS /RUGGLE ALONE W\LD BE 5\< TO %AKE ! /RONGE/ ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,BUT :5 IT TAKES PLACE )9 ,/ATES ?AT = HI/ORICAL REASONS >E DECL9+2 :5 !SE ,/ATES >E ROLL+ AT FULL SPE$ T[>DS CATA/ROPHE & >E H>M+ EA* O!R ON ! WAY2 :51 9 ! 5D1 ! ALL-P[]FUL ,/ATE BECOMES REPUGNANT EV5 TO ?OSE IT PROTECTS3 !N ALL !SE CAUSES CAN ONLY UNITE 9 A S+LE EF=T3 & ! \TCOME ( ! /RUGGLE CANNOT REMA9 9 D\BT4 ,! PEOPLE1 :O HAVE ! /R5G?1 WILL PREVAIL OV] !IR OPPRESSORS2 ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,/ATES WILL BECOME NO MORE ?AN A QUE/ION ( TIME1 & ! MO/ PEACEFUL ( PHILOSOPH]S WILL SEE 9 ! DI/ANCE ! DAWN+ LI<T BY :I* ! GREAT REVOLUTION MANIFE/S ITSELF4 

7,S\RCE3 ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ DUR+ ,KROPOTK9'S IMPRISONM5T1 ?IS COLLECTION CONTA9S >TICLES WRITT5 BETWE5 #ahgi & #a#h#h#b4 ,ACTUALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#e47 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,! ,9EVITABILITY ( ,REVOLUTION 

,PHOTO BY ,DUBWISE ,V]SION1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,!RE >E P]IODS 9 HUMAN EXI/5CE :5 ! 9EVITABILITY ( A GREAT UPHEAVAL1 ( A CATACLYSM ?AT %AKES SOCIETY TO ITS V]Y ROOTS1 IMPOSES ITSELF ON EV]Y >EA ( \R RELATION%IPS4 ,AT SU* EPO*S1 ALL M5 ( GOOD WILL BEG9 TO REALIZE ?AT ?+S CANNOT GO ON AS !Y >E2 ?AT WE NE$ ME GREAT EV5TS ?AT R\<LY BREAK ! ?READ ( HI/ORY1 %AKE HUMANITY \T ( ! RUTS 9 :I* IT IS /UCK1 & PROPEL IT T[>DS NEW WAYS1 T[>DS ! UNKN[N1 T[>DS ! SE>* = ! IDEAL4 ,ONE FEELS ! 9EVITABILITY ( A REVOLUTION1 VA/1 IMPLACABLE1 :OSE ROLE WILL BE NOT M]ELY TO OV]?R[ AN ECONOMIC MA*9E BAS$ ON COLD EXPLOITATION1 ON SPECULATION & FRAUD1 NOT M]ELY TO ?R[ D[N ! POLITICAL LADD] ?AT SU/A9S ! RULE ( ! FEW ?R\< CUNN+1 9TRIGUE & LIES1 BUT ALSO TO /IR UP ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL LIFE ( SOCIETY1 %AKE IT \T ( ITS TORPOR1 RE%APE \R MORAL LIFE1 & SET BL[+ 9 ! MID/ ( ! L[ & PALTRY PASSIONS ?AT OCCUPY US N[ ! LIV5+ W9D ( NOBLE PASSIONS1 GREAT IMPULSES & G5]\S D$ICATIONS4 

,9 ?OSE ]AS :5 PRIDEFUL M$IOCRITY /IFLES ALL 9TELLIG5CE ?AT DOES NOT K[T[ TO AU?ORITY1 :5 ! NIGG>DLY MORALITY ( COMPROMISE CREATES ! LAW1 & S]VILITY REIGNS SUPREME2 9 SU* ]AS REVOLUTION BECOMES A NE$4 ,HONE/ M5 ( ALL CLASSES CALL D[N ME TEMPE/1 SO ?AT IT CAN BURN UP ) ITS BREA? ( FLAME ! PE/IL5CE ?AT AFFLICTS US1 BL[ AWAY ! MIASMAS ?AT /IFLE US1 & SWEEP UP 9 ITS FURI\S PROGRESS ALL ?AT DEBRIS ( ! PA/ :I* WEI<S D[N ON US1 /IFLES US1 DEPRIVES US ( AIR & LI<T1 SO ?AT 9 ! 5D IT CAN GIVE US A :OLE NEW ATMOSPH]E' 9/9CT ) LIFE1 ) Y\?1 ) HONE/Y4 ,IT IS NOT M]ELY ! QUE/ION ( BREAD ?AT IS POS$ 9 SU* EPO*S2 IT BECOMES A QUE/ION ( PROGRESS AGA9/ IMMOBILITY1 ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T AGA9/ BRUTALIZATION1 ( LIFE AGA9/ ! FETID /AGNATION ( ! M>%4 

,HI/ORY HAS RETA9$ = US ! MEMORY ( SU* AN EPO*3 ?AT ( ! DECAD5CE ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE2 HUMANITY TODAY IS PASS+ ?R\< ANO!R SU* DECAD5CE4 

,LIKE ! ,ROMANS ( ! DECAD5CE1 WE F9D \RSELVES FAC+ A FUNDAM5TAL TRANS=MATION :I* IS AFFECT+ ! M9DS ( M5 & :I* ONLY WAITS = FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES TO BECOME TRANSPOS$ 9TO ACTUALITY4 ,IF ! REVOLUTION IMPOSES ITSELF 9 ! ECONOMIC DOMA91 IF IT HAS BECOME AN IMP]I\S NECESSITY 9 ! POLITICAL DOMA91 IT ASSUMES EV5 MORE URG5CY 9 ! FIELD ( MORALITY4 

,)\T MORAL L9KS1 )\T C]TA9 OBLIGATIONS :I* EA* MEMB] ( SOCIETY DEVELOPS 9 HIS RELATIONS ) O!RS1 NO K9D ( SOCIETY IS POSSIBLE4 ,?US WE 5C\NT] !SE MORAL L9KS1 !SE SOCIABLE CU/OMS1 9 ALL HUMAN GR\PS2 WE SEE !M WELL-DEVELOP$ & RIGOR\SLY PUT 9TO PRACTICE AMONG PRIMITIVE PEOPLES1 :O >E ! LIV+ REMNANTS ( :AT ALL HUMANITY WAS 9 ITS BEG9N+S4 

,BUT ! 9EQUALITY ( =TUNES & CONDITIONS1 ! EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN1 ! DOM9ATION ( ! MASSES BY A FEW1 HAVE UND]M9$ & DE/ROY$ ?R\< ! AGES !SE PRECI\S PRODUCTS ( ! PRI/9E /AGES ( \R SOCIETIES4 ,L>GE 9DU/RY BAS$ ON EXPLOITATION1 COMM]CE BAS$ ON FRAUD1 DOM9ATION BY ?OSE :O CALL !MSELVES 0! ,GOV]NM5T10 CAN NO LONG] TOL]ATE CO-EXI/5CE ) ?OSE PR9CIPLES ( MORALITY1 BAS$ ON ! SOLID>ITY ( ALL1 :I* WE /ILL 5C\NT] AMONG ! TRIBES :O HAVE BE5 DRIV5 BACK TO ! V]GES ( ! POLIC$ WORLD4 ,:AT SOLID>ITY CAN EXI/ BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ & ! WORK] HE EXPLOITS8 ,BETWE5 ! HEAD ( AN >MY & ! SOLDI]8 ,BETWE5 ! GOV]N+ & ! GOV]N$8 

,?US WE SEE ?AT ! PRIMITIVE MORALITY1 BAS$ ON ! ID5TIFICATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ) HIS FELL[S1 IS REPLAC$ BY ! HYPOCRITICAL MORALITY ( V>I\S RELIGIONS1 :I* SE>* ?R\< SOPHI/RY TO GIVE LEGITIMACY TO EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION1 & CONF9E !MSELVES TO CONDEMN+ ONLY ! MO/ BRUTAL MANIFE/ATIONS ( !SE PH5OM5A4 ,!Y RELIEVE ! 9DIVIDUAL ( HIS MORAL OBLIGATIONS T[>DS HIS FELL[S & IMPOSE !M ON HIM ONLY 9 RELATION TO A ,SUPREME ,BE+-AN 9VISIBLE AB/RACTION1 :OSE WRA? Y\ CAN AV]T & :OSE GOOD WILL Y\ CAN PUR*ASE1 PROVID$ Y\ PAY HIS SO-CALL$ S]VITORS WELL4 

,BUT ! MORE & MORE FREQU5T CONTACTS ?AT OCCUR !SE DAYS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS1 GR\PS1 NATIONS & CONT95TS1 IMPOSE NEW MORAL OBLIGATIONS ON HUMANITY4 ,& AS RELIGI\S BELIEFS BEG9 TO VANI%1 WE REALIZE ?AT IF WE WANT TO BE HAPPY WE MU/ ASSUME DUTIES1 NOT T[>DS SOME UNKN[N BE+1 BUT T[>DS ALL ?OSE ) :OM WE 5T] 9TO RELATION%IPS4 ,WE UND]/& MORE & MORE CLE>LY ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL'S WELF>E IS NO LONG] POSSIBLE 9 ISOLATION2 IT CAN ONLY BE S\<T 9 ! WELF>E ( ALL-! HAPP9ESS ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,! NEGATIVE PR9CIPLES ( RELIGI\S MORALITY3 0,?\ %ALT NOT /EAL6 ,?\ %ALT NOT KILL60 >E BE+ REPLAC$ BY ! POSITIVE PR9CIPLES ( A HUMANE MORALITY1 9F9ITELY BROAD] & GR[+ FROM DAY TO DAY4 ,! SANCTIONS ( A DEITY1 :I* ONE C\LD ALWAYS VIOLATE AT ! PRICE ( APPEAS+ HIM LAT] ON ) (F]+S1 >E BE+ REPLAC$ BY A S5TIM5T ( SOLID>ITY ) ONE & ALL :I* TELLS HUMAN BE+S1 0,IF Y\ WANT TO BE HAPPY1 DO TO O!RS AS Y\ W\LD LIKE O!RS TO DO TO Y\40 ,?AT SIMPLE AFFIRMATION1 ?AT SCI5TIFIC 9DUCTION :I* HAS NO?+ TO DO ) RELIGI\S PRESCRIPTIONS1 OP5S 9 AN 9/ANT A :OLE IMM5SE HORIZON ( P]FECTIBILITY1 ( BETT]M5T = ! HUMAN RACE4 

,! NE$ TO RECREATE \R RELATIONS ON ?IS PR9CIPLE1 SO SUBLIME & SO SIMPLE1 BECOMES MORE EVID5T FROM DAY TO DAY4 ,BUT NO?+ CAN OR WILL BE DONE 9 ?AT DIRECTION :ILE EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION1 HYPOCRISY & SOPHI/RY1 REMA9 ! BASES ( \R SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 

,I C\LD BR+ A ?\S& EXAMPLES TO SUPPORT MY >GUM5T1 BUT LET US LIMIT \RSELVES N[ TO A S+LE ONE-! MO/ T]RIBLE ( ALL-?AT ( \R *ILDR54 ,:AT CAN WE DO = !M 9 MOD]N SOCIETY8 

,RESPECT = *ILDHOOD IS ONE ( ! F9E/ QUALITIES ?AT DEVELOP$ 9 HUMANITY AS IT ACCOMPLI%$ ITS PA9FUL M>* FROM ! /ATE ( SAVAG]Y TO ITS PRES5T CONDITION4 ,H[ (T5 HAS ONE NOT SE5 ! MO/ DEPRAV$ ( M5 DIS>M$ BY ! SMILE ( A *ILD8 ,BUT SU* RESPECT IS VANI%+1 & AMONG US TODAY ! *ILD HAS BECOME A MA*9E ( FLE%-&-BLOOD1 IF IT HAS NOT BE5 TURN$ 9TO A PLAY?+ = BE/IAL PASSIONS4 

,WE HAVE BE5 %[N REC5TLY H[ ! B\RGEOISIE MASSACRE \R *ILDR5 BY MAK+ !M WORK LONG H\RS 9 ! FACTORIES47#f7 ,!RE1 !Y >E PHYSICALLY RU9$4 ,BUT ?AT IS NOT EV]Y?+4 ,CORRUPT TO ! CORE AS IT IS1 SOCIETY ALSO KILLS \R *ILDR5 MORALLY4 

,IT R$UCES $UCATION TO A R\T9E APPR5TICE%IP :I* GIVES NO EXPRESSION TO Y\NG & NOBLE PASSIONS & NO RELEASE TO ?AT NE$ = IDEALISM :I* EM]GES AT A C]TA9 AGE 9 MO/ *ILDR51 & SO IT 9SURES ?AT *ILDR5 :O >E NATURALLY SO V>I$ BECOME LESS 9DEP5D5T1 PR\D & POETIC1 ?AT !Y HATE !IR S*OOLS & EI!R TURN 9 ON !MSELVES OR SEEK ELSE:]E AN \TLET = !IR PASSIONS4 ,SOME WILL SE>* 9 NOVELS = ! POETRY ?AT IS LACK+ 9 !IR LIVES2 !Y WILL /UFF !IR M9DS ) ?IS LIT]>Y RUBBI%1 COBBL$ TOGE!R BY & = ! B\RGEOISIE AT A P5NY OR TWO A L9E1 & !Y WILL 5D UP1 LIKE ! Y\NG ,LEMAITRE1 SLA%+ OP5 ! BELLIES & CUTT+ ! ?ROATS ( *ILDR5 9 ! HOPE ( BECOM+ 0CELEBRAT$ MURD]]S40 ,O!RS WILL GIVE !MSELVES UP TO EXECRABLE VISES4 ,ONLY ! M$IOCRITIES1 ?OSE :O HAVE NEI!R PASSION NOR IMPULSE NOR ANY S5SE ( 9DEP5D5CE WILL GET ?R\< IT ALL )\T TR\BLE4 ,?IS M9ORITY WILL PROVIDE SOCIETY ) ITS CONT+5T ( GOOD CITIZ5S ) NIGG>DLY M5TALITIES :O ADMITT$LY DO NOT /EAL H&K]*IEFS 9 ! /REET1 BUT 0HONE/LY0 ROB !IR CU/OM]S2 :O HAVE NO PASSION BUT SECRETLY VISIT ! BRO!L TO GET RID ( ! GRAVY FROM ! /EWPOT1 :O /AGNATE 9 !IR M>%ES & CURSE :OEV] TRI$ TO /IR UP !IR MUCK4 

,?IS IS H[ IT IS = BOYS6 ,AS = ! GIRLS1 ! B\RGEOISIE CORRUPT !M AT AN E>LY AGE4 ,ABSURD *ILDR5'S BOOKS1 DOLLS DONE UP LIKE :ORES1 ! MO!R'S DRESSES & H] EXAMPLE1 ! *ATT] ( ! B\DOIR-NO?+ IS LACK+ TO TURN ! *ILD 9TO A WOMAN :O WILL SELL H]SELF TO ! HI<E/ BIDD]4 ,& ?AT *ILD ALREADY SPREADS ! 9FECTION >\ND H]3 DO NOT WORK+-CLASS *ILDR5 LOOK ) 5VY ON ?IS OV]-DRESS$ GIRL1 ) H] ELEGANT DEMEANOR1 A C\RTESAN AT TWELVE YE>S OLD8 ,BUT IF ! MO!R IS 0VIRTU\S0---9 ! WAY A GOOD MIDDLE-CLASS WOMAN UND]/&S ! T]M-!N ! SITUATION IS EV5 WORSE4 ,IF ! *ILD IS 9TELLIG5T & PASSIONATE1 %E WILL TAKE AT ITS TRUE VALUE ?IS D\BLE MORALITY :I* CONSI/S 9 SAY+3 0,LOVE Y\R NEI<BOR1 BUT PLUND] HIM :5 Y\ CAN6 ,BE VIRTU\S1 BUT ONLY UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T1 ETC40 &1 /IFL+ 9 ?AT ATMOSPH]E ( ,T>TUFFIAN MORALITY1 F9D+ 9 H] LIFE NO?+ ( ! BEAUTIFUL1 SUBLIME1 9SPIR+1 NO?+ ?AT BREA!S ( TRUE PASSION1 %E WILL ?R[ H]SELF HEADFIR/ 9TO ! >MS ( ! FIR/ COM]1 PROVID$ HE CAN SATISFY H] APPETITE = A LIFE ( LUXURY4 

,CONSID] !SE FACTS1 ?9K AB\T !IR CAUSES1 & ADMIT ?AT WE >E RI<T TO DECL>E ?AT A T]RIBLE REVOLUTION IS 9EVITABLE IF WE >E F9ALLY TO CLEANSE \R SOCIETIES D[N TO ! ROOTS1 = AS LONG AS ! CAUSES ( ! GANGR5E FROM :I* !Y SUFF] REMA91 !RE CAN BE NO CURE4 

,AS LONG AS WE HAVE A CA/E ( IDL]S1 SU/A9$ BY \R WORK UND] ! PRES5CE ?AT !Y >E NECESS>Y TO GOV]N US1 !SE V]Y IDL]S WILL REMA9 A PE/IL5TIAL 9FLU5CE ON PUBLIC MORALITY4 ,! BESOTT$ PLAYBOY :O SP5DS HIS LIFE 9 ! PURSUIT ( NEW PLEASURES1 9 :OM ! FEEL+ ( SOLID>ITY = O!R PEOPLE IS DE/ROY$ BY ! V]Y MANN] ( HIS EXI/5CE1 & 9 :OM ! MO/ VILELY EGOTI/ICAL FEEL+S >E N\RI%$ BY ! V]Y MANN] ( HIS LIFE2 SU* A MAN WILL ALWAYS LEAN T[>DS ! GROSSE/ K9D ( S5SUALITY1 & HE WILL DEGRADE EV]Y?+ HE T\*ES4 ,) HIS MONEYBAGS & HIS BRUTAL 9/9CTS1 HE WILL PRO/ITUTE WOM5 & *ILDR51 HE WILL PRO/ITUTE >T1 ! /AGE1 ! PRESS-HE HAS ALREADY DONE SO6 ,HE WILL SELL HIS C\NTRY & ?OSE :O DEF5D IT1 &1 ?\< HE IS TOO C[>DLY TO DO ! DE$ HIMSELF1 HE WILL >RANGE ! SLAU<T] ( ! BE/ PEOPLE ( HIS FA!RL& ON ! DAY HE HAS REASON TO FE> ! LOSS ( HIS WEAL?1 ! SOLE S\RCE ( HIS PLEASURE4 

,ALL ?IS IS 9EVITABLE1 & ! WRIT+S ( ! MORALI/S WILL DO NO?+ TO *ANGE IT4 ,! PLAGUE IS ALREADY ON \R DOOR/EPS2 WE MU/ DE/ROY ITS CAUSES1 & EV5 IF WE HAVE TO PROCE$ BY FIRE & IRON1 WE MU/ NOT HESITATE4 ,IT IS A QUE/ION ( ! SALVATION ( HUMANITY4 

7,S\RCE3 ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ DUR+ ,KROPOTK9'S IMPRISONM5T1 ?IS COLLECTION CONTA9S >TICLES WRITT5 BETWE5 #ahgi & #a#h#h#b4 ,ACTUALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#e47 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,! ,COM+ ,REVOLUTION 

,PHOTO BY ,TIFFANY ,VON ,>NIM1,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,9 ! PREC$+ *APT]S WE CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ,EUROPE IS PROCE$+ D[N A /EEP SLOPE T[>DS A REVOLUTION>Y \TBREAK4 

,9 CONSID]+ ! ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 AS !Y HAVE BE5 ORGANIZ$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 WE F\ND A SITUATION ( IRREM$IABLE DECAY4 ,WE SEE ! COMPLETE ABS5CE ( ANY K9D ( SCI5TIFIC OR HUMANIT>IAN BASIS = PUBLIC ACTIONS1 ! UNREASON+ DISSIPATION ( SOCIAL CAPITAL1 ! ?IR/ = GA9 ?AT L$ M5 TO AN ABSOLUTE CONTEMPT = ALL ! LAWS ( SOCIAL BEHAVIOR1 & 9DU/RIAL W> )\T AN 5D 9 SI<T3 9 ALL1 *AOS4 ,& WE HAIL$ ! APPROA* ( ! DAY ON :I* ! CALL1 0,AN 5D TO ! B\RGEOISIE60 W\LD E*O FROM ALL LIPS ) ! SAME UNANIMITY AS HI!RTO *>ACT]IZ$ ! CALL = AN 5D TO ! DYNA/IES4 

,9 /UDY+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,/ATE1 ITS HI/ORIC ROLE1 & ! DECOMPOSITION ?AT IS ATTACK+ IT TODAY1 WE SAW ?AT ?IS TYPE ( ORGANIZATION HAD ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ITS HI/ORY EV]Y?+ ( :I* IT WAS CAPABLE1 & TODAY IS COLLAPS+ UND] ! WEI<T ( ITS [N PRESUMPTIONS2 ?AT IT MU/ GIVE WAY TO NEW =MS ( ORGANIZATION BAS$ ON NEW PR9CIPLES & MORE 9 L9E ) ! MOD]N T5D5CIES ( HUMANITY4 

,AT ?IS V]Y TIME1 ?OSE :O WAT* ATT5TIVELY ! DEVELOPM5T ( IDEAS 9 ! HE>T ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY >E FULLY AW>E ( ! >DOR ) :I* HUMAN ?9K+ !SE DAYS IS WORK+ T[>DS ! COMPLETE REVISION ( ! ASSUMPTIONS WE HAVE 9H]IT$ FROM PA/ C5TURIES & T[>DS ! ELABORATION ( NEW PHILOSOPHIC & SCI5TIFIC SY/EMS DE/9$ TO PROVIDE ! F\NDATIONS = SOCIETIES 9 ! FUTURE4 ,IT IS NOT M]ELY A MATT] ( ! GLOOMY RE=M]1 WORN\T BY A TASK BEYOND HIS /R5G? & BY A POV]TY HE CAN NO LONG] 5DURE1 :O CONDEMNS ! %AMEFUL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT BE> D[N ON HIM & :O DREAMS ( A BETT] FUTURE4 

,IT IS ALSO A MATT] ( ! S*OL>1 :O MAY HAVE BE5 RAIS$ ) ANTIQUAT$ PREJUDICES1 BUT GRADUALLY F9DS !M BE+ %AK51 & :O GIVES E> TO ! CURR5TS ( IDEAS ?AT >E MOV+ ?R\< ! M9DS ( ! PEOPLE & ONE DAY EM]GES AS !IR SPOKESMAN & PROCLAIMS !M TO ! WORLD4 0,! CRITIC'S PICKAX10 CRY ! DEF5D]S ( ! PA/1 0IS UND]CUTT+ ) GREAT BL[S ! :OLE ( ! H]ITAGE ?AT HAS BE5 TRANSMITT$ TO US AS REVEAL$ TRU?2 PHILOSOPHY1 ! NATURAL SCI5CES1 MORALITY1 HI/ORY1 >T1 NO?+ IS SP>$ 9 ?IS WORK ( DEMOLITION40 ,NO?+ 9DE$ IS SP>$1 D[N TO ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( \R SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS- PROP]TY & P[]-ATTACK$ ) EQUAL /R5G? BY ! SLAVE 9 ! FACTORY & BY ! 9TELLECTUAL WORK]1 BY ! MAN :O HAS AN URG5T 9T]E/ 9 *ANGE AS MU* AS BY ! MAN :O WILL RECOIL ) FRI<T ON ! DAY HE SEES HIS IDEAS TAKE ON FLE%1 %AKE FREE ( ! DU/ ( ! LIBR>IES1 & BECOME MANIFE/ 9 ! TUMULT ( POPUL> REALIZATION4 

,! DECAY & DECOMPOSITION ( ACCEPT$ =MS & ! G5]AL DISCONT5T ) !M2 ! >DU\S ELABORATION ( NEW =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & ! IMPATI5T LONG+ = *ANGE2 ! REJUV5AT+ IMPULSE ( ! CRITIC 9 ! DOMA9 ( ! SCI5CES1 ( PHILOSOPHY1 ( E?ICS1 & ! G5]AL F]M5T ( PUBLIC OP9ION4 ,& ON ! O!R SIDE ! SLUGGI% 9DIFF]5CE OR CRIM9AL RESI/ANCE ( ?OSE :O HOLD ON TO P[] & :O /ILL HAVE ! /R5G?1 & SPORADICALLY ! C\RAGE1 TO OPPOSE !MSELVES TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW IDEAS4 

,SU* WAS ALWAYS ! CONDITION ( SOCIETIES ON ! EVE ( GREAT REVOLUTIONS2 SU* IS ! CONDITION ( SOCIETY AGA9 TODAY4 ,IT IS NOT ! OV]EXCIT$ IMAG9ATION ( A CR[D ( HO!ADS ?AT REVEALS IT1 BUT CALM & SCI5TIFIC OBS]VATION1 TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT EV5 ?OSE :O EXCUSE !IR GUILTY 9DIFF]5CE BY SAY+3 0,/AY CALM6 ,!RE IS NO DANG] YET60 WILL ADMIT ?AT ! SITUATION BECOMES /EADILY MORE 9FLAM$ & ?AT !Y NO LONG] HAVE ANY IDEA :]E WE >E GO+2 HAV+ RELIEV$ !MSELVES BY SU* AN ADMISSION1 !Y RETURN TO !IR ?\<TLESS RUM9ATIONS4 

0,BUT IT HAS BE5 ANN\NC$ SO (T51 ?AT REVOLUTION ( Y\RS10 ! PESSIMI/ SI<S 9 \R E>S3 0,EV5 ,I BELIEV$ 9 IT = A :ILE1 BUT IT HAS NOT HAPP5$40 ,IT WILL BE ALL ! MORE MATURE :5 IT DOES4 0,ON TWO OCCASIONS' ! REVOLUTION WAS ON ! PO9T ( BREAK+ \T1 9 #ag$ & #a#g#g#a10 A HI/ORIAN TELLS US 9 SPEAK+ ( ! #a#h? C5TURY47#g7 7,I HAD ALMO/ WRITT53 9 #ahdh & #a#h#g#a74 ,BUT S9CE IT HAS NOT EV5 YET BROK5 \T1 IT CAN ONLY BE ALL ! MORE P[]FUL & PRODUCTIVE :5 IT HAPP5S AT ! 5D ( ! C5TURY4 

,BUT LET ! ?\<TLESS PEOPLE CONT9UE !IR SLUMB] & ! PESSIMI/S GRUMBLE2 WE HAVE O!R ?+S TO DO4 ,WE MU/ ASK :AT WILL BE ! NATURE ( ?AT REVOLUTION :I* SO MANY PEOPLE EXPECT & = :I* !Y PREP>E1 & :AT %\LD BE \R ATTITUDE 9 ! PRES5CE ( ?AT EV5TUALITY4 

,WE >E NOT MAK+ HI/ORICAL PROPHECIES3 NEI!R ! EMBRYONIC CONDITION ( SOCIOLOGY1 NOR ! PRES5T /ATE ( HI/ORY :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,AUGU/9 ,?I]RY17#h7 0M]ELY /IFLES ! TRU? UND] CONV5TIONAL =MULAS10 GIVE US ! AU?ORITY TO DO SO4 ,LET US !N CONF9E \RSELVES TO POS+ A FEW QUITE SIMPLE QUE/IONS4 

,CAN WE ADMIT1 EV5 = A MOM5T1 ?AT ! IMM5SE 9TELLECTUAL WORK ( REVISION & RE=MATION ?AT GOES ON 9 ALL CLASSES ( SOCIETY1 CAN BE SATISFI$ BY A SIMPLE *ANGE ( GOV]NM5T8 ,CAN WE CLAIM ?AT ! ECONOMIC DISCONT5T :I* GR[S & SPREADS FROM DAY TO DAY WILL NOT BECOME MANIFE/ 9 PUBLIC LIFE AS SOON AS FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES-SU* AS ! DISORGANIZATION ( AU?ORITY-APPE> AS ! RESULTS ( YET UN=ESE5 EV5TS8 

,IS POS+ !SE QUE/IONS A SOLUTION8 ,OBVI\SLY NOT4 

,CAN WE BELIEVE ?AT ! ,IRI% & ,5GLI% F>M WORK]S1 IF !Y SEE ! POSSIBILITY ( SEIZ+ ! L& :I* !Y HAVE COVET$ = SO LONG1 & DRIV+ AWAY ! L&LORDS !Y HATE SO CORDIALLY1 W\LD NOT SEEK TO PR(IT FROM ! FIR/ \TBREAK TO ATTEMPT ! REALIZATION ( !IR HOPES8 

,CAN WE BELIEVE1 IF !RE W]E A NEW #ahdh 9 ,EUROPE1 ?AT ,FRANCE W\LD BE CONT5T M]ELY TO S5D ,GAMBETTA PACK+ SO AS TO REPLACE HIM ) ,M4 ,CLEM5CEAU17#i7 & NOT MAKE AN EF=T TO SEE :AT ,! ,COMMUNE MI<T DO TO AMELIORATE ! LOT ( ! WORK]S8 ,CAN WE IMAG9E ?AT ! ,FR5* PEASANT1 SEE+ ! C5TRAL P[] 9 DISORD]1 W\LD NOT DO HIS BE/ TO LAY H&S ON ! RI* MEAD[S ( ! HOLY SI/]S AS WELL AS ! F]TILE L&S ( ! GREAT M]*ANTS :O-ONCE !Y HAVE E/ABLI%$ !MSELVES >\ND HIM DO NOT CEASE TO 5L>GE !IR PROP]TIES8 ,?AT HE WILL NOT TAKE HIS /& BESIDE ?OSE :O (F] HIM !IR SUPPORT 9 REALIZ+ HIS DREAM ( /EADY & WELL-PAID WORK8 

,& CAN WE BELIEVE ?AT ! ,ITALIAN OR ! ,SPANI% OR ! ,SLAVIC PEASANT WILL NOT DO ! SAME ?+8 

,DO Y\ ?9K ?AT ! M9]S1 WE>Y ( !IR POV]TY1 ( !IR SUFF]+ & ( ! MASSACRES ?AT FIR$AMP EXPLOSIONS WREAK AMONG !M 7ALL ( :I* !Y /ILL 5DURE-?\< MURMUR+-UND] ! WAT*FUL EYES ( ! COMPANY GU>DS7-DO Y\ ?9K ?AT !Y W\LD NOT DO !IR BE/ TO ELIM9ATE ! [N]S ( ! M9ES IF ONE DAY !Y C\LD S5SE ?AT ! DEMORALIZ$ GU>DS HAD BECOME UNWILL+ TO OBEY !IR *IEFS8 

,& CONSID] ! SMALL CRAFTSMAN1 CR\*+ 9 HIS DAMP CAVE ( A WORK%OP1 HIS F+]S FROZ5 & HIS BELLY EMPTY1 /RIV+ FROM DAWN TO DUSK TO E>N 5\< TO PAY ! BAK] & FE$ HIS FIVE LITTLE M\?S1 :O BECOME ALL ! MORE DE> TO HIM AS !Y GR[ PALLID FROM !IR PRIVATIONS4 ,& ?9K ( ?IS O!R MAN1 :O HAS LA9 D[N UND] ! FIR/ >*WAY HE CAME TO1 BECAUSE HE CANNOT PAY HIS TWOP5CE TO SLEEP 9 ! COMMON LODG+ H\SE4 ,DON'T Y\ ?9K !Y W\LD LIKE TO F9D 9 SOME SUMPTU\S PALACE A DRY & W>M CORN] TO %ELT] !IR FAMILIES1 :I* MAY 9DE$ BE MORE WOR?Y ?AN ?OSE ( ! WEAL?Y8 ,DON'T Y\ ?9K !Y MI<T LIKE TO SEE COMMON /ORES /OCK$ ) 5\< BREAD = ALL ?OSE :O HAVE NOT LE>N$ H[ TO LIVE 9 IDL5ESS1 ) 5\< CLO?+ TO FIT ! N>R[ %\LD]S ( ! WORK]S' *ILDR5 AS WELL AS ! S(T BODIES ( WELL-TO-DO BRATS8 ,DO Y\ BELIEVE ?AT ?OSE :O LIVE 9 RAGS >E UNAW>E ?AT !Y C\LD F9D 9 ! %OPS ( ! CITIES MORE ?AN 5\< TO SUPPLY ! ESS5TIAL NE$S ( ALL ! 9HABITANTS1 & ?AT IF ALL ! WORK]S C\LD APPLY !MSELVES TO ! PRODUCTION ( USEFUL OBJECTS1 9/EAD ( WA/+ !IR 5]GY ON PRODUC+ ITEMS ( LUXURY1 !Y W\LD PROVIDE 5\< NECESSITIES = ! :OLE COMMUNITY & = MANY NEI<BOR+ COMMUNITIES8 

,F9ALLY1 MU/ WE NOT ADMIT ?AT SU* ?+S >E BECOM+ EVID5T EV]Y:]E & F9D EXPRESSION ON ALL M5'S LIPS 9 MOM5TS ( CRISIS 7DON'T =GET ! SIEGE ( ,P>IS671 & ?AT ! PEOPLE WILL SEEK TO PUT !M 9TO PRACTICE ON ! DAY !Y FEEL /RONG 5\< TO ACT8 

,! WISDOM ( HUMANITY HAS ALREADY ANSW]$ !SE QUE/IONS1 & H]E IS ITS REPLY4 

,! COM+ REVOLUTION WILL HAVE A UNIV]SALITY DI/+UI%+ IT FROM ITS PR$ECESSORS4 ,IT WILL NO LONG] BE ONE C\NTRY ?AT LAUN*ES ITSELF 9TO ! TURMOIL1 IT ,WILL BE ALL ! C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE4 ,9 ! PA/1 LOCAL REVOLUTIONS MAY HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE1 BUT TODAY1 :5 ONE ?9KS ( ! %AK5 EQUILIBRIUM ( ALL ,EUROPEAN ,/ATES & ! L9KS ( SOLID>ITY ?AT HAVE BE5 E/ABLI%$ ON ! CONT95T1 A LOCAL REVOLUTION CANNOT SUCCE$ ?\< IT MAY SURVIVE OV] A %ORT P]IOD4 ,AS 9 #a#h#d#h1 A DI/URBANCE 9 ONE C\NTRY WILL 9EVITABLY SPREAD TO ! O!RS1 & ! REVOLUTION>Y CONFLAGRATION WILL EMBRACE ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE4 

,BUT IF 9 #ahdh ! REBELLI\S CITIES MI<T /ILL PLACE !IR CONFID5CE 9 *ANGES ( GOV]NM5T OR CON/ITUTIONAL RE=MS1 ?IS IS NO LONG] ! CASE TODAY4 ,! ,P>ISIAN WORK] WILL NOT EXPECT FROM ANY GOV]NM5T- EV5 A GOV]NM5T LIKE ?AT ( ! ,COMMUNE-! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( HIS WI%ES2 HE WILL SET TO WORK HIMSELF1 SAY+ AS HE DOES1 0,!N IT WILL BE DONE = C]TA960 

,! PEOPLE ( ,RUSSIA WILL NOT WAIT = A ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY TO GRANT !M POSSESSION ( ! L& !Y CULTIVATE3 ONCE !Y HAVE ANY HOPE ( SUCCESS !Y WILL TRY TO SEIZE IT = !MSELVES2 !Y >E ALREADY SEEK+ TO DO ?AT1 AS WITNESS ! CONT9U$ PEASANT 9SURRECTIONS4 ,IT IS ! SAME 9 ,ITALY & 9 ,SPA92 & IF ! ,G]MAN WORK] ALL[S HIMSELF TO BE LULL$ = A :ILE BY ?OSE :O W\LD LIKE EV]Y?+ TO BE DONE BY TELEGRAMS FROM ,B]L91 ! EXAMPLE ( HIS NEI<BORS & ! 9CAPABILITY ( HIS LEAD]S WILL SOON TEA* HIM ! TRUE REVOLUTION>Y WAY4 ,?US1 ! DI/9CT *>ACT] ( ! COM+ REVOLUTION WILL CONSI/ 9 9T]NATIONAL ATTEMPTS AT ECONOMIC REVOLUTION1 MADE BY ! PEOPLE )\T WAIT+ = ! REVOLUTION TO FALL LIKE MANNA FROM ! HEAV5S4 

,BUT ALREADY WE SEE ! PESSIMI/1 ) A SLY SMILE ON HIS *OPS COM+ TO US ) 0,A FEW OBJECTIONS1 JU/ A FEW OBJECTIONS60 ,SO BE IT4 ,WE WILL LI/5 TO HIM & GIVE \R ANSW]S4 

7,S\RCE3 ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ DUR+ ,KROPOTK9'S IMPRISONM5T1 ?IS COLLECTION CONTA9S >TICLES WRITT5 BETWE5 #ahgi & #a#h#h#b4 ,ACTUALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#e47 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,POLITICAL ,RI<TS 

,PHOTO BY ,/EVE ,/E>NS1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,EA* DAY1 9 A :OLE RANGE ( TONES1 ! B\RGEOIS PRESS PRAISES ! VALUE & ! IMPORTANCE ( \R POLITICAL LIB]TIES1 ( ! 0POLITICAL RI<TS ( ! CITIZ503 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 FREE ELECTIONS1 FRE$OM ( ! PRESS & ( MEET+1 ETC4 

0,S9CE Y\ HAVE !SE FRE$OMS10 !Y SAY TO US1 0:AT IS ! PO9T ( REBELL+8 ,DON'T ! LIB]TIES Y\ ALREADY POSSESS ASSURE ! POSSIBILITIES ( ALL ! RE=MS ?AT MAY BE NECESS>Y1 )\T Y\R NE$+ TO RESORT TO ! GUN80 ,SO1 LET US ANALYZE1 FROM \R PO9T ( VIEW1 :AT !SE FAM\S 0POLITICAL LIB]TIES0 >E WOR? TO ! CLASS ?AT [NS NO?+1 RULES NOBODY1 & HAS 9 FACT V]Y FEW RI<TS & PL5TY ( DUTIES4 

,WE >E NOT ASS]T+1 AS HAS SOMETIMES BE5 SAID1 ?AT POLITICAL RI<TS HAVE NO VALUE TO US4 ,WE KN[ V]Y WELL ?AT S9CE ! DAYS ( S]FDOM & EV5 S9CE ! LA/ C5TURY1 WE HAVE MADE A C]TA9 AM\NT ( PROGRESS2 ! MAN ( ! PEOPLE IS NO LONG] ! BE+ DEPRIV$ ( ALL RI<TS ?AT HE WAS 9 ! PA/4 ,! ,FR5* PEASANT CAN NO LONG] BE FLOGG$ AT ! ROADSIDE1 AS HE /ILL IS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,9 PUBLIC PLACES1 \TSIDE HIS FACTORY OR WORK%OP1 ! WORK] CONSID]S HIMSELF ! EQUAL ( ANYONE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! GREAT CITIES4 ,! ,FR5* WORK] IS NO LONG] ?AT BE+ LACK+ 9 ALL HUMAN RI<TS :O 9 ! PA/ WAS TREAT$ BY ! >I/OCRACY AS A BEA/ ( BURD54 ,?ANKS TO ! REVOLUTIONS1 ?ANKS TO ! BLOOD :I* ! PEOPLE %$1 HE HAS ACQUIR$ C]TA9 P]SONAL RI<TS :OSE VALUE WE HAVE NO DESIRE TO M9IMIZE4 

,BUT WE KN[ H[ TO DRAW DI/9CTIONS1 & WE ASS]T ?AT !RE >E RI<TS & RI<TS4 ,!RE >E ?OSE ?AT HAVE A REAL VALUE & ?OSE ?AT DO NOT1 & :OEV] TRIES TO CONF\ND !M IS ONLY DECEIV+ ! PEOPLE4 ,C]TA9 RI<TS LIKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! EQUALITY ( ! PEASANT & ! SQUIRE 9 !IR P]SONAL RELATIONS1 OR ! CORPORAL 9VIOLABILITY ( ! P]SON1 HAVE BE5 WON ?R\< GREAT /RUGGLES1 & >E SO DE> TO ! PEOPLE ?AT !Y WILL RISE UP RA!R ?AN ALL[+ !M TO BE VIOLAT$4 ,BUT !RE >E O!RS1 LIKE UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 ETC41 T[>DS :I* ! PEOPLE HAVE ALWAYS REMA9$ LUKEW>M1 BECAUSE ! KN[ P]FECTLY WELL ?AT !SE RI<TS1 :I* HAVE S]V$ SO WELL TO DEF5D ! RUL+ B\RGEOISIE AGA9/ ! 5CROA*M5TS ( ROYAL P[] & ( ! >I/OCRACY1 >E NO MORE ?AN AN 9/RUM5T 9 ! H&S ( ! DOM9ANT CLASSES TO MA9TA9 !IR P[] OV] ! PEOPLE4 ,!SE RI<TS >E NOT EV5 REAL POLITICAL RI<TS1 S9CE !Y PROVIDE NO SAFEGU>D = ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE2 & IF WE /ILL DECORATE !M ) ?AT POMP\S TITLE IT IS BECAUSE \R POLITICAL LANGUAGE IS NO MORE ?AN A J>GON ELABORAT$ BY ! RUL+ CLASSES = !IR [N USE & 9 !IR [N 9T]E/4 

,:AT1 9 FACT1 IS A POLITICAL RI<T IF IT IS NOT AN 9/RUM5T TO SAFEGU>D ! 9DEP5D5CE1 ! DIGNITY & ! FRE$OM ( ?OSE :O DO NOT YET HAVE ! P[] TO IMPOSE ON O!RS A RESPECT = ?AT RI<T8 ,:AT IS ITS USE1 IF IT IS NOT & 9/RUM5T ( LIB]ATION = ?OSE :O NE$ TO BE FRE$8 ,! ,GAMBETAS1 ! ,BISM>CKS1 ! ,GLAD/ONES NE$ NEI!R ! FRE$OM ( ! PRESS NOR ! FRE$OM ( MEET+1 BECAUSE !Y CAN WRITE :AT !Y WANT1 CAN MEET :OMSOEV] !Y WI%1 & PR(ESS :ATEV] IDEAS !Y PLEASE2 !Y >E ALREADY LIB]AT$4 ,!Y >E FREE4 ,IF !RE IS ANY NE$ TOGE!R1 IT IS SURELY TO ?OSE :O >E NOT P[]FUL 5\< TO IMPOSE !IR WILL4 ,SU* 9 FACT IS ! ORIG9 ( ALL POLITICAL RI<TS4 

,BUT1 LOOK$ AT FROM ?IS VIEWPO9T1 HAVE ! POLITICAL RI<TS WE >E TALK+ ( BE5 CREAT$ ) AN EYE TO ?OSE :O ALONE NE$ SAFEGU>DS8 ,OBVI\SLY NOT4 ,UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE CAN SOMETIMES & TO A C]TA9 EXT5T PROTECT1 )\T ! NE$ = A CON/ANT REC\RSE TO =CE 9 SELF-DEF5SE4 ,IT CAN S]VE TO REE/ABLI% ! EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 TWO =CES :I* /RUGGLE = P[]1 )\T ! RIVALS BE+ =CES TO DRAW !IR SWORDS ON EA* O!R AS !Y DID 9 ! PA/4 ,BUT IT CAN BE NO HELP IF IT IS A MATT] ( OV]?R[+ OR EV5 LIMIT+ P[]1 OR ( ABOLI%+ DOM9ATION4 ,S9CE IT IS SU* AN EXCELL5T 9/RUM5T = RESOLV+ 9 A PEACEFUL MANN] ANY QU>RELS AMONG ! RUL]S1 :AT USE CAN IT POSSIBLY BE TO ! RUL$8 

,DOES NOT ! HI/ORY ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE TELL US ?IS8 ,:5EV] ! B\RGEOISIE HAS FE>$ ?AT UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE MI<T BECOME A WEAPON 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE ?AT C\LD BE TURN$ AGA9/ ! PRIVILEG$1 IT HAS F\<T IT /UBBORNLY4 ,BUT ! DAY IT WAS PROV$1 9 #a#h#d#h1 ?AT UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE HELD NO?+ TO FE>1 & ?AT ONE C\LD RULE ! PEOPLE ) AN IRON ROD BY ! USE ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 IT WAS IMM$IATELY ACCEPT$4 ,N[ ! B\RGEOISIE ITSELF HAS BECOME ITS DEF5D]1 BECAUSE IT UND]/&S ?AT H]E IS A WEAPON ADAPT$ TO SU/A9 ITS DOM9ATION1 BUT ABSOLUTELY H>MLESS AS A ?REAT TO ITS PRIVILEGES4 

,IT IS ! SAME ) FRE$OM ( ! PRESS4 ,:AT1 9 ! EYES ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 HAS BE5 ! MO/ CONCLUSIVE >GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( FRE$OM ( ! PRESS8 ,ITS P[]LESSNESS4 ,YES1 ITS P[]LESSNESS4 ,M4 DE ,GIR>D9#a HAS WRITT5 A :OLE BOOK ON ?IS !ME3 ! P[]LESSNESS ( ! PRESS4 0,=M]LY -- HE SAYS -- WE BURN$ WIT*ES BECAUSE PEOPLE HAD ! /UPIDITY TO BELIEVE !Y W]E ALL-P[]FUL2 N[ PEOPLE COMMIT ! SAME /UPIDITY REG>D+ ! PRESS1 BECAUSE !Y BELIEVE ?AT IT ALSO IS ALL-P[]FUL4 ,BUT IT IS NO?+ ( ! K9D2 IT IS AS P[]LESS AS ! WIT*ES ( ! MIDDLE AGES4 ,H5CE1 MORE P]SECUTIONS ( ! PRESS60 ,?IS IS ! CONT5TION ?AT ,M4 DE ,GIR>D9 (F]$ 9 ! PA/4 ,& :5 ! B\RGEOISIE DISCUSS ! FRE$OM ( ! PRESS AMONG !MSELVES1 :AT >GUM5TS TO !Y ADVANCE 9 ITS FAVOR8 

0,LOOK AT ,5GL&1 ,SWITZ]L& & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES10 !Y SAY4 0,9 ALL ( !M ! PRESS IS FREE & YET CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION IS BETT] E/ABLI%$ 9 !M ?AN 9 ANY O!R C\NTRY2 ITS REIGN IS MORE SECURE AMONG !M ?AN ANY:]E ELSE40 ,& !Y ADD1 0,:AT DOES IT MATT] IF DANG]\S DOCTR9ES >E PRODUC$4 ,DON'T WE HAVE ALL ! MEANS ( /IFLIL+ ! VOICES ( ! J\RNALS ?AT PROTECT !M )\T EV5 A REC\RSE TO VIOL5CE8 ,& EV5 IF ONE DAY1 AT A TIME ( AGITATION1 ! REVOLUTION>Y PRESS BECOMES A DANG]\S WEAPON1 SO :AT8 ,ON ?AT DAY IT WILL BE TIME 5\< TO DE/ROY IT ) A S+LE BL[ ON ! MO/ CONV5I5T PRETEXT40 

,AS = ! FRE$OM ( MEET+1 ! SAME K9D ( REASON+ HOLDS4 0,GIVE COMPLETE FRE$OM ( MEET+40 ,SAY ! B\RGEOISIE4 0,IT WILL DO NO H>M TO \R PRIVILEGES4 ,:AT WE HAVE TO FE> >E ! SECRET SOCIETIES1 & PUBLIC MEET+S >E ! BE/ WAY ( P>ALYZ+ !M4 ,BUT IF1 9 A MOM5T ( EXCITEM5T1 PUBLIC MEET+ %\LD GET \T ( H&1 WE W\LD ALWAYS HAVE ! MEANS ( SUPPRESS+ !M1 S9CE WE HOLD ! P[]S ( GOV]NM5T40 

0,! 9VIOLABILITY ( ! DWELL+8 ,( ,C\RSE6 ,WRITE IT 9TO ALL ! CODES6 ,CRY IT FROM RO(TOPS60 SAY ! KN[+ ONES AMONG ! B\RGEOISIE4 0,WE DON'T WANT POLICEM5 COM+ TO SURPRISE US 9 \R LITTLE NE/S40 ,BUT WE WILL 9/ITUTE A SECRET S]VICE TO KEEP AN EYE ON SUSPECTS2 WE WILL PEOPLE ! C\NTRY ) POLICE SPIES1 MAKE LI/S ( DANG]\S PEOPLE1 & WAT* !M CLOSELY4 ,& IF WE SMELL \T ONE DAY ?AT ANY?+ IS AFOOT1 !N WE MU/ SET TO VIGOR\SLY1 MAKE A JE/ ( 9VIOLABILITY1 >RE/ PEOPLE 9 !IR B$S1 SE>* & RANSACK !IR HOMES6 ,BUT ABOVE ALL WE MU/ DO ?IS BOLDLY & IF ANYONE PROTE/S TOO L\DLY1 WE MU/ LOCK !M UP AS WELL1 & SAY TO ! RE/1 ',:AT W\LD Y\ HAVE US DO1 G5TLEM58 ,WE MU/ DEAL FIRMLY ) ! SITUATION6' ,& WE %ALL BE APPLAUD$40 

0,! PRIVACY ( CORRESPOND5CE8 ,SAY IT EV]Y:]E1 WRITE & CRY IT \T1 ?AT CORRESPOND5CE IS 9VIOLABLE4 ,IF ! HEAD ( SOME VILLAGE PO/ (FICE OP5S A LETT] \T ( CURIOSITY1 SACK HIM AT ONCE & PROCLAIM L\DLY ?AT HE IS A MON/R\S CRIM9AL4 ,TAKE GOOD C>E ?AT ! LITTLE SECRETS WE EX*ANGE ) EA* O!R 9 \R LETT]S %ALL NOT BE DIVULG$4 ,BUT IF WE GET W9D ( SOME PLOT BE+ HAT*$ AGA9/ \R PRIVILEGES1 !N LET US NOT /& ON C]EMONY2 LET US OP5 EV]YONE'S LETT]S1 ALLOCATE A ?\S& CL]KS TO ! TASK IF NECESS>Y1 & IF SOMEONE TAKES IT ON HIMSELF TO PROTE/1 LET US SAY FRANKLY1 AS AN ,5GLI% M9I/] DID REC5TLY TO ! APPLAUSE ( P>LIAM5T4 ',YES1 G5TLEM51 IT IS ) A HEAVY HE>T & ! DEEPE/ ( DI/A/E ?AT WE ORD] LETT]S TO BE OP5$1 BUT IT IS 5TIRELY BECAUSE ! C\NTRY 7I4E4 ! >I/OCRACY & ! B\RGEOISIE7 IS 9 DANG]40 

,?IS IS :AT !SE SO-CALL$ LIB]TIES CAN BE R$UC$ TO4 ,FRE$OM ( PRESS & ( MEET+1 9VIOLABILITY ( HOME & ALL ! RE/1 >E ONLY RESPECT$ IF ! PEOPLE DO NOT MAKE USE ( !M AGA9/ ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES4 ,BUT ! DAY ! PEOPLE BEG9 TO TAKE ADVANTAGE ( !M TO UND]M9E ?OSE PRIVILEGES1 ! SO-CALL$ LIB]TIES WILL BE CA/ OV]BO>D4 

,?IS IS QUITE NATURAL4 ,HUMANITY RETA9S ONLY ! RI<TS IT HAS WON BY H>D /RUGGLE & IS READY TO DEF5D AT EV]Y MOM5T1 ) >MS 9 H&4 

,IF M5 & WOM5 >E NOT :IPP$ 9 ! /REETS ( ,P>IS1 AS !Y >E 9 ,ODESSA1 IT IS BECAUSE ON ! DAY A GOV]NM5T D>$ TO ATTEMPT ?IS PEOPLE W\LD TE> ITS AG5TS TO PIECES4 ,IF AN >I/OCRAT CAN NO LONG] MAKE WAY = HIMSELF ?R\< ! /REETS ) ! HELP ( BL[S DELIV]$ RI<T & LEFT BY ! /AVES ( HIS S]VANTS1 IT IS BECAUSE ANY ( ! S]VANTS :O GOT SU* IDEAS 9TO !IR HEADS W\LD IMM$IATELY BE OV]P[]$4 ,IF A DEGREE ( EQUALITY EXI/S BETWE5 ! WORK] & HIS EMPLOY]1 AT LEA/ 9 ! /REETS & 9 PUBLIC E/ABLI%M5TS1 IT IS NOT BECAUSE ! WORK]'S RI<TS >E WRITT5 9TO ! LAW BUT BECAUSE1 ?ANKS TO REVOLUTIONS 9 ! PA/1 HE HAS A FEEL+ ( P]SONAL DIGNITY ?AT WILL NOT LET HIM 5DURE AN (F5SE FROM ANYONE4 

,YET IT IS EVID5T ?AT 9 PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY1 DIVID$ AS IT IS BETWE5 MA/]S & S]FS1 TRUE LIB]TY CANNOT EXI/2 IT WILL NOT EXI/ SO LONG AS !RE >E EXPLOIT]S & SLAVES1 GOV]NM5TS & GOV]N$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT DOES NOT FOLL[ ?AT1 AS WE AWAIT ! DAY :5 ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION WILL SWEEP AWAY ALL SOCIAL DI/9CTIONS1 WE WI% TO SEE ! PRESS MUZZL$1 AS 9 ,G]MANY1 ! RI<T ( MEET+ ANNULL$ AS 9 ,RUSSIA1 OR ! 9VIOLABILITY ( ! P]SON R$UC$ AS IT IS 9 ,TURKEY4 ,SLAVES ( CAPITAL ?AT WE ALL >E1 WE WANT TO BE ABLE TO WRITE & PUBLI% :ATEV] SEEMS RI<T TO US1 WE WANT TO BE ABLE TO MEET & ORGANIZE AS WE PLEASE1 PRECISELY SO ?AT WE CAN %AKE (F ! YOKE ( CAPITAL4 

,BUT IT IS HI< TIME WE UND]/OOD ?AT WE MU/ NOT DEM& !SE RI<TS ?R\< CON/ITUTIONAL LAWS4 ,WE CANNOT GO 9 SE>* ( \R NATURAL RI<TS BY WAY ( A LAW1 A SCRAP ( PAP] ?AT C\LD BE TORN UP AT ! LEA/ :IM ( ! RUL]S4 ,= IT IS ONLY BY TRANS=M+ \RSELVES 9TO A =CE1 CAPABLE ( IMPOS+ \R WILL1 ?AT WE %ALL SUCCE$ 9 MAK+ \R RI<TS RESPECT$4 

,DO Y\ WANT TO HAVE FRE$OM TO SPEAK & WRITE :ATEV] SEEMS RI<T TO Y\8 ,DO Y\ WANT TO HAVE ! LIB]TY TO MEET & ORGANIZE8 ,IT IS NOT FROM A P>LIAM5T ?AT WE SEEK]S ( FRE$OM %\LD ASK P]MISSION1 NOR MU/ WE BEG A LAW FROM ! ,S5ATE4 ,WE MU/ BECOME AN ORGANIZ$ =CE1 CAPABLE ( %[+ \R TEE? EV]Y TIME ANYONE SETS AB\T RE/RA9+ \R RI<TS ( SPEE* & MEET+2 WE MU/ BE /RONG1 & !N WE MAY BE SURE ?AT NOBODY WILL D>E DISPUTE \R RI<T TO SPEAK1 TO WRITE1 TO PR9T :AT WE WRITE1 & MEET TOGE!R4 ,! DAY WE HAVE BE5 ABLE TO E/ABLI% 5\< AGREEM5T AMONG ! EXPLOIT$ = !M TO COME \T 9 !IR MILLIONS 9 ! /REETS & TAKE UP ! DEF5SE ( \R RI<TS1 NOBODY WILL D>E TO DISPUTE ?OSE RI<TS1 NOR ANY O!RS ?AT WE *OOSE TO DEM&4 ,!N1 & ONLY !N1 %ALL WE HAVE TRULY GA9$ SU* RI<TS1 = :I* WE MI<T PLEAD TO P>LIAM5T = DECADES 9 VA94 ,!N ?OSE RI<TS WILL BE GU>ANTE$ TO US 9 A F> MORE C]TA9 WAY ?AN IF !Y W]E M]ELY WRITT5 D[N ON A BIT ( PAP]4 

,FRE$OMS >E NOT GIV51 !Y >E TAK54 

#a ,EMILE DE ,GIR>D9 7#a#h#f-#a#h#h#a71 AN ACTIVE J\RNALI/ 9 ,P>IS FROM ! #ahdh ,REVOLUTION D[N TO ! ,?IRD ,REPUBLIC2 HE ALMO/ S+LE-H&$LY 9V5T$ ! *EAP POPUL> PRESS 9 ,FRANCE ) HIS ,LA ,PRESSE1 AS E>LY AS #a#h#c#f2 HE WAS A CLEV] FEUILLETONI/1 & ! ,VIC> ( ,BRAY ( ,FR5* J\RNALISM1 SUPPORT+ ALL ! TIMELY ADV5TUR]S AT ! RI<T TIME4 

7,S\RCE3 ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ DUR+ ,KROPOTK9'S IMPRISONM5T1 ?IS COLLECTION CONTA9S >TICLES WRITT5 BETWE5 #ahgi & #a#h#h#b4 ,ACTUALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#e47 

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,TO ! ,Y\NG 

,PHOTO BY ,HU< ,D',&RADE1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,IT IS TO ! Y\NG ?AT ,I WI% TO SPEAK N[4 ,LET ! OLD-,I MEAN ( C\RSE ! OLD 9 HE>T & SPIRIT-PUT !SE PAGES ASIDE )\T TIR+ !MSELVES PO9TLESSLY BY READ+ SOME?+ :I* WILL TELL !M NO?+4 

,I ASSUME Y\ >E AB\T EI<TE5 OR TW5TY2 ?AT Y\ >E F9I%+ Y\R APPR5TICE%IP OR Y\R /UDIES2 ?AT Y\ >E AB\T TO 5T] 9TO LIFE4 ,I IMAG9E Y\ HAVE A M9D DETA*$ FROM ! SUP]/ITIONS PEOPLE HAVE TRI$ TO 9CULCATE 9 Y\2 Y\ >E 9 NO FE> ( ! ,DEVIL & Y\ DO NOT LI/5 TO ! RANT+S ( PRIE/S & P>SONS4 ,FUR!RMORE ,I AM SURE Y\ >E NOT ONE ( ?OSE POP9JAYS1 ! SAD PRODUCTS ( A SOCIETY 9 DECL9E1 :O P>ADE 9 ! /REETS ) !IR ,MEXICAN TR\S]S & !IR MONKEY FACES & :O ALREADY1 AT !IR AGE1 >E DOM9AT$ BY ! APPETITE = PLEASURES AT ANY PRICE4 ,I ASSUME1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT Y\R HE>T IS 9 ! RI<T PLACE1 & IT IS BECAUSE ( ?IS ?AT ,I AM SPEAK+ TO Y\4 

,AN URG5T QUE/ION1 ,I KN[1 LIES BE=E Y\4 

,MANY TIMES Y\ HAVE ASK$ Y\RSELF1 0,:AT %ALL ,I BECOME80 ,9 FACT1 :5 Y\ >E Y\NG Y\ UND]/& ?AT1 AFT] HAV+ /UDI$ A TRADE OR A SCI5CE = SEV]AL YE>S-AT ! EXP5SE ( SOCIETY1 LET IT BE NOT$-Y\ HAVE NOT DONE SO 9 ORD] TO MAKE Y\RSELF AN 9/RUM5T ( EXPLOITATION4 ,Y\ W\LD HAVE TO BE V]Y DEPRAV$ & VICI\S NEV] TO HAVE DREAM$ ( ONE DAY APPLY+ Y\R 9TELLIG5CE1 Y\R CAPACITIES & Y\R KN[L$GE TO HELP 9 ! LIB]ATION ( ?OSE :O /ILL SW>M 9 POV]TY & IGNORANCE4 

,Y\ >E ONE ( ?OSE :O DREAM$ 9 ?IS WAY1 >E Y\ NOT8 ,V]Y WELL1 LET US SEE :AT Y\ MI<T DO TO TURN Y\R DREAM 9TO A REALITY4 

,I DO NOT KN[ 9TO :AT CONDITION Y\ W]E BORN4 ,P]HAPS1 FAVOR$ BY =TUNE1 Y\ HAVE MADE SCI5TIFIC /UDIES2 Y\ 9T5D TO BECOME A DOCTOR1 A LAWY]1 A MAN ( LETT]S OR SCI5CE2 A WIDE FIELD ( ACTION OP5S UP BE=E Y\1 & Y\ >E 5T]+ 9TO LIFE ) BROAD KN[L$GE & PROV5 APTITUDES4 ,OR Y\ >E AN HONE/ >TISAN2 Y\R SCI5TIFIC KN[L$GE IS B\ND$ BY ! LITTLE Y\ HAVE LE>N$ AT S*OOL1 BUT Y\ HAVE HAD ! ADVANTAGE ( KN[+ AT FIR/ H& ! LIFE ( H>% LABOR :I* ! WORK] MU/ LEAD 9 \R DAYS4 

,= ! SAKE ( >GUM5T1 ,I AM ASSUM+ ?AT Y\ HAVE RECEIV$ A SCI5TIFIC $UCATION4 ,LET US SUPPOSE Y\ >E AB\T TO BECOME A DOCTOR4 

,TOMORR[1 A MAN 9 A WORK]'S BL\SE WILL CALL Y\ TO VISIT A SICK P]SON4 ,HE WILL LEAD Y\ 9TO ONE ( ?OSE ALLEYS :]E NEI<BORS CAN ALMO/ %AKE H&S OV] ! HEADS ( ! PASS]SBY2 Y\ WILL CLIMB 9 FETID AIR & BY ! %IV]+ LI<T ( A LANT]N UP TWO1 ?REE1 F\R OR FIVE FLI<TS ( /AIRS COV]$ 9 SLIPP]Y FIL?1 & 9 A D>K1 COLD ROOM Y\ WILL F9D ! 9VALID1 ,IY+ ON A /RAW PALLET & COV]$ 9 DIRTY RAGS4 ,PALE1 ANEMIC *ILDR51 %IV]+ UND] !IR TATT]S1 LOOK AT Y\ ?R\< GREAT1 WIDE-OP5 EYES4 ,! HUSB& HAS WORK$ ALL HIS LIFE TWELVE OR ?IRTE5 H\RS A DAY ON ANY JOBS HE C\LD GET2 N[ HE HAS BE5 \T ( WORK = ?REE MON?S4 ,UNEMPLOYM5T IS NOT UNUSUAL 9 HIS TRADE2 EV]Y YE> IT HAPP5S P]IODICALLY2 BUT NORMALLY1 :5 ! MAN WAS IDLE1 ! WOMAN W\LD TAKE CASUAL WORK-WA%+ Y\R %IRTS1 P]HAPS1 & E>N+ A DOLL> OR SO A DAY2 BUT N[ %E HAS BE5 B$RIDD5 = TWO MON?S1 DE/ITUTION RE>S ITS HIDE\S FACE BE=E ! FAMILY4 

,IF Y\ %[ AN HONE/ LOOK & A GOOD HE>T1 & SPEAK FRANKLY1 ! FAMILY WILL TELL Y\ A GOOD MANY ?+S4 ,!Y WILL TELL Y\ ?AT ! WOMAN ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! P>TITION1 ! WOMAN ) ! HE>TBREAK+ C\<1 E>NS H] WRET*$ LIV+ BY IRON+2 ?AT ON ! FLOOR BEL[ ALL ! *ILDR5 HAVE FEV]1 ?AT ! LAUNDRESS ON ! GR\ND FLOOR WILL NOT SEE ! SPR+1 & ?AT 9 ! NEXT DOOR H\SE ?+S >E EV5 WORSE4 

,:AT W\LD Y\ PRESCRIBE = ALL !SE SICKNESSES8 ,GOOD FOOD1 A *ANGE ( AIR1 LESS EXHAU/+ WORK8 ,Y\ W\LD V]Y MU* LIKE TO SAY ?AT1 BUT Y\ D>E NOT1 & Y\ HURRY BROK5-HE>T$LY \T ( ! H\SE ) A CURSE ON Y\R LIPS4  

,NEXT DAY Y\ >E /ILL ?9K+ AB\T ?OSE 9HABITANTS ( ! SLUMS1 :5 Y\R COLLEAGUE TELLS Y\ ?AT A FOOTMAN CAME TO FET* HIM 9 A COA*4 ,IT WAS = ONE ( ! 9HABITANTS ( A RI* MANSION1 A WOMAN1 EXHAU/$ BY SLEEPLESS NI<TS1 :O GIVES ALL H] LIFE TO H] B\DOIR1 TO PAY+ VISITS1 TO BALLS & TO QU>RELS ) H] BOORI% HUSB&4 ,Y\R COLLEAGUE HAS PRESCRIB$ = H] A LESS FRIVOL\S WAY ( LIFE1 A LESS RI* DIET1 WALKS 9 ! OP5 AIR1 CALM ( M9D & SOME EX]CISES AT HOME :I* MI<T P>TLY MAKE UP = ! LACK ( PRODUCTIVE WORK6 ,ONE WOMAN IS DY+ BECAUSE1 ALL H] LIFE1 %E HAS NEV] EAT5 OR RE/$ 5\<2 ! O!R IS WILT+ BECAUSE ALL H] LIFE %E HAS NEV] KN[N :AT WORK IS4 

,IF Y\ HAVE ONE ( ?OSE APA!TIC NATURES ?AT CAN ADAPT ITSELF TO ANY?+ & 9 ! FACE ( ! MO/ REVOLT+ FACTS CAN CONSOLE ITSELF ) A SI< & A GLASS ( BE]1 Y\ WILL H>D5 Y\RSELF TO !SE CONTRA/S1 &1 GIV5 Y\R NATURE1 Y\ WILL HAVE ONLY ONE IDEA1 :I* IS TO MAKE Y\RSELF A NI*E 9 ! RANKS ( ! PLEASURE-SEEK]S SO ?AT Y\ WILL NEV] F9D Y\RSELF A PLACE AMONG ! POOR4 

,BUT IF Y\ >E A REAL MAN1 IF EA* FEEL+ IS TRANSLAT$ )9 Y\ 9TO AN ACT ( WILL1 IF ! BEA/ )9 Y\ HAS NOT KILL$ ! 9TELLIG5T BE+1 ONE DAY Y\ WILL GO BACK TO Y\R H\SE1 SAY+3 0,NO1 IT IS ALL UNJU/6 ,IT CANNOT CONT9UE LIKE ?IS6 ,IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( CUR+ SICKNESSES2 !Y MU/ BE PREV5T$4 ,A LITTLE BIT ( WELL BE+ & 9TELLECTUAL DEVELOPM5T W\LD BE 5\< TO WIPE FROM \R LI/S HALF ! SICK PEOPLE & !IR SICKNESSES4 ,TO HELL ) DRUGS6 ,FRE% AIR1 PROP] FE$+1 LESS BRUTALIZ+ WORK3 ?AT IS :]E WE MU/ />T4 ,)\T !SE ?+S1 ! :OLE OCCUPATION ( A DOCTOR IS NO MORE ?AN A TRICK]Y & A DECEPTION40 

,?AT DAY Y\ WILL BEG9 TO UND]/& :AT SOCIALISM MEANS4 ,Y\ WILL WANT TO KN[ MORE AB\T IT1 & IF ALTRUISM IS MORE TO Y\ ?AN A WORD VOID ( MEAN+1 IF Y\ APPLY TO ! /UDY ( ! SOCIAL QUE/ION ! SEV]E 9DUCTIVE /&>DS ( ! NATURALI/1 Y\ WILL 5D UP 9 \R RANKS1 & LIKE US Y\ WILL WORK = ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,BUT P]HAPS Y\ WILL SAY3 0,TO ! ,DEVIL ) PRACTICE6 ,LET US DEVOTE \RSELVES1 LIKE ! A/RONOM]1 ! PHYSICI/1 & ! *EMI/1 TO PURE SCI5CE6 ,?AT WILL ALWAYS BE> ITS FRUITS1 EV5 IF IT IS ONLY = LAT] G5]ATIONS40 ,BUT BE=E Y\ DO ?AT1 LET US DET]M9E :AT Y\ WILL BE SEEK+ 9 SCI5CE4 ,WILL IT BE SIMPLY ! 5JOYM5T-:I* IS C]TA9LY IMM5SE-?AT Y\ WILL GA9 FROM ! /UDY ( ! MY/]IES ( NATURE & ! EX]CISE ( Y\R 9TELLECTUAL FACULTIES8 ,IF ?AT IS SO1 LET ME ASK Y\ H[ ! S*OL> :O CULTIVATES SCI5CE TO PASS HIS LIFE AGREEABLY DIFF]S FROM ! DRUNK>D :O ALSO SEEKS 9 LIFE NO MORE ?AN IMM$IATE 5JOYM5T & F9DS IT 9 W9E8 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! S*OL> MAKES A BETT] *OICE ( ! S\RCE ( HIS PLEASURES1 S9CE !Y >E MORE 9T5SE & MORE DURABLE1 BUT ?AT IS ALL4 ,BO? ( !M1 ! DRUNK>D & ! S*OL>1 HAVE ! SAME EGOTI/ICAL AIM1 P]SONAL 5JOYM5T 

,BUT ( C\RSE Y\ WILL TELL ME Y\ >E NOT SEEK+ SU* AN EGOTI/ICAL LIFE4 ,9 WORK+ = SCI5CE1 Y\ HAVE EV]Y 9T5T ( WORK+ = HUMANITY1 & ?AT IDEA WILL GUIDE Y\ 9 ! *OICE ( Y\R RESE>*4 

,:AT A BEAUTIFUL ILLUSION6 ,& :O AMONG US1 GIV+ HIMSELF = ! FIR/ TIME TO SCI5CE1 HAS NOT *]I%$ IT = A MOM5T8 

,BUT IF Y\ >E REALLY ?9K+ ( HELP+ HUMANITY1 IF ?AT IS :AT Y\ ASPIRE TO 9 Y\R /UDIES1 Y\ WILL F9D Y\RSELF FAC+ A =MIDABLE OBJECTION1 =1 9 SO F> AS Y\ HAVE ANY S5SE ( JU/ICE1 Y\ WILL IMM$IATELY OBS]VE ?AT 9 PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY1 SCI5CE IS ONLY A K9D ( LUXURY ?AT MAKES LIFE MORE AGREEABLE TO A FEW1 & REMA9S ABSOLUTELY 9ACCESSIBLE TO ALMO/ ! :OLE ( HUMANITY4 

,= EXAMPLE1 IT IS MORE ?AN A C5TURY S9CE SCI5CE E/ABLI%$ /RONG COSMOLOGICAL NOTIONS1 BUT :AT 9CREASE HAS !RE BE5 9 ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE :O HOLD SU* NOTIONS OR :O HAVE ACQUIR$ A SPIRIT ( TRULY SCI5TIFIC CRITICISM8 ,H>DLY A FEW ?\S&S1 LO/ 9 ! MID/ ( HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS /ILL %>+ PREJUDICES & SUP]/ITIONS WOR?Y ( B>B>IANS & DE/9$ 9 CONSEQU5CE TO S]VE = EV] AS ! PLAY?+S ( RELIGI\S IMPO/ORS4 

,OR TAKE A LOOK AT :AT SCI5CE HAS DONE TO ELABORATE ! RATIONAL F\NDATIONS ( PHYSICAL & MORAL HYGI5E4 ,IT TELLS Y\ H[ WE MU/ LIVE TO PRES]VE \R BODILY HEAL?1 H[ WE CAN MA9TA9 9 GOOD CONDITION \R HUMAN COLLECTIVITIES2 IT %[S ! WAY TO 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL HAPP9ESS4 ,BUT DOES NOT ALL ! IMM5SE WORK C>RI$ \T 9 !SE DIRECTIONS REMA9 AS DEAD WORDS 9 \R BOOKS8 ,& :Y IS ?AT8 ,BECAUSE SCI5CE N[ADAYS IS C>RI$ ON = A H&FUL ( PRIVILEG$ PEOPLE1 BECAUSE ! SOCIAL 9EQUALITY ?AT DIVIDES WAGE-E>N]S FROM ! [N]S ( CAPITAL TURNS ALL \R TEA*+S AB\T ! CONDITIONS ( A RATIONAL LIFE 9TO A MOCK]Y = N9E-T5?S ( HUMANITY4 

,I C\LD CITE Y\ MANY MORE EXAMPLES1 BUT ,I WILL BE BRIEF3 JU/ COME \T ( ,FAU/'S /UDY1 :OSE DU/-BLACK5$ W9D[ PANES H>DLY ALL[ ! DAYLI<T TO REA* ! BOOKS1 & LOOK >\ND Y\2 AT EV]Y /EP Y\ Y\RSELF WILL F9D PRO(S TO SUPPORT MY CONT5TION4  

,IT IS NO LONG] A QUE/ION AT ?IS MOM5T ( ACCUMULAT+ SCI5TIFIC TRU?S & DISCOV]IES4 ,IT IS MORE IMPORTANT TO SPREAD ! TRU?S ALREADY GA9$ BY SCI5CE1 TO MAKE !M 5T] 9TO HUMAN LIFE1 TO TURN !M 9TO A COMMON DOMA94 ,?IS MU/ BE DONE 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ! :OLE ( HUMANITY MAY BECOME CAPABLE ( ASSIMILAT+ & APPLY+ !M1 SO ?AT SCI5CE WILL CEASE TO BE A LUXURY & WILL BECOME ! F\NDATION = ! LIFE ( ALL4 ,JU/ICE DEM&S ?AT IT HAPP5 9 ?IS WAY4 

,I W\LD ADD ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( SCI5CE ITSELF ALSO IMPOSE ?IS SOLUTION4 ,SCI5CE MAKES REAL PROGRESS ONLY :5 A NEW TRU? 5T]S A SITUATION ?AT IS READY TO ACCEPT IT4 ,! !ORY ( ! ME*ANICAL ORIG9 ( HEAT1 /AT$ 9 ! LA/ C5TURY 9 ALMO/ ! SAME T]MS AS ,HIRN & ,CLAUSIUS7#a#a7 5UNCIATE IT TODAY1 REMA9$ = EI<TY YE>S BURI$ 9 ACADEMIC MEMOIRS UNTIL \R KN[L$GE ( PHYSICS WAS SUFFICI5TLY EXP&$ TO CREATE A MILIEU CAPABLE ( ACCEPT+ IT4 ,?REE G5]ATIONS HAD TO PASS BY UNTIL ! IDEAS ( ,]ASMUS ,D>W9 ON ! V>IATION ( SPECIES W]E WELCOM$ FROM ! M\? ( HIS GR&SON & ACCEPT$1 NOT )\T PRESSURE FROM PUBLIC OP9ION1 BY ! S*OL>LY ACADEMICIANS4 ,= ! S*OL>1 LIKE ! POET OR ! >TI/1 IS ALWAYS ! PRODUCT ( ! SOCIETY 9 :I* HE LIVES & TEA*ES4 

,! MORE DEEPLY Y\ LOOK 9TO !SE IDEAS1 ! MORE Y\ WILL REALIZE ?AT BE=E ANY?+ ELSE IS DONE WE MU/ MODIFY ! /ATE ( AFFAIRS :I* TODAY CONDEMNS ! S*OL> TO OV]FL[ ) SCI5TIFIC TRU?S :ILE ALMO/ ! :OLE ( HUMANITY REMA9S :AT IT WAS FIVE OR T5 C5TURIES AGO1 9 ! CONDITION ( VIRTUAL SLAVES1 M]E MA*9ES 9CAPABLE ( ADAPT+ !MSELVES TO E/ABLI%$ TRU?S4 ,& ! DAY Y\ ACCEPT ?AT IDEA1 :I* IS AT ONCE BROADLY HUMANIT>IAN & PR(\NDLY SCI5TIFIC1 Y\ WILL LOSE ALL Y\R TA/E = PURE SCI5CE4 

,Y\ WILL DEVOTE Y\RSELF TO SEEK+ WAYS TO BR+ AB\T ?AT TRANS=MATION1 & IF Y\ DO NOT AB&ON ! IMP>TIALITY ?AT HAS GUID$ Y\ 9 Y\R SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATIONS1 Y\ WILL 9EVITABLY ADOPT ! CAUSE ( SOCIALISM2 Y\ WILL PUT AN 5D TO SOPHI/RY & F9D Y\R PLACE AMONG US2 TIR$ ( WORK+ TO CREATE 5JOYM5T = ?AT SMALL GR\P :I* ALREADY HAS SO MU* ( IT1 Y\ WILL APPLY Y\R KN[L$GE & DEVOTION TO ! IMM$IATE S]VICE ( ! OPPRESS$4 

,& Y\ CAN BE SURE ?AT !N1 :5 Y\ HAVE FULFILL$ Y\R S5SE ( DUTY & FEEL A TRUE H>MONY BETWE5 Y\R S5TIM5TS & Y\R ACTS1 Y\ WILL DISCOV] )9 Y\RSELF =CES :OSE EXI/5CE Y\ HAD NEV] EV5 SUSPECT$4 ,& ONE DAY-:I* ) ALL DUE RESPECT TO Y\R PR(ESSORS WILL NOT BE LONG 9 COM+-:5 ! MODIFICATIONS Y\ HAVE WORK$ = BECOME EVID5T1 !N1 DRAW+ NEW /R5G?S FROM COLLECTIVE RESE>* & FROM ! P[]FUL COOP]ATION ( ! MASSES ( WORK]S :O WILL PUT !MSELVES AT ITS S]VICE1 SCI5CE WILL TAKE ON AN IMPETUS 9 COMP>ISON ) :I* ! SL[ PROGRESS ( TODAY WILL SEEM LIKE ! SIMPLE EXP]IM5TS ( S*OOLBOYS4 

,!N Y\ WILL BE ABLE TO TAKE JOY 9 SCI5CE1 S9CE ?AT JOY WILL BE AVAILABLE TO ALL HUMANITY4 

#b4 

,IF Y\ HAVE F9I%$ Y\R /UDIES 9 LAW & >E PREP>+ Y\RSELF = ! B>1 IT IS LIKELY ?AT Y\ TOO HAVE ILLUSIONS AB\T Y\R FUTURE ACTIVITY-GRANT$ ?AT Y\ >E ONE ( ?OSE :O KN[ ! MEAN+ ( ALTRUISM4 ,P]HAPS Y\ ?9K LIKE ?IS3 0,TO CONSECRATE ONE'S LIFE )\T TRUCE OR SURR5D] TO BR++ AB\T ! TRIUMPH ( A LAW ?AT IS ! EXPRESSION ( SUPREME JU/ICE2 :AT VOCATION C\LD BE F9]80 ,& Y\ 5T] LIFE FULL ( CONFID5CE 9 Y\RSELF & 9 ! VOCATION Y\ HAVE *OS54 

,V]Y WELL1 LET US OP5 AT A V5TURE ! *RONICLES ( ! JUDICI>Y1 & SEE :AT LIFE HAS TO TELL Y\4 

,H]E IS A RI* L&[N]2 HE IS ASK+ = ! EXPULSION ( A T5ANT F>M] :O IS NOT PAY+ ! R5T AGRE$ ON4 ,FROM ! LEGAL VIEWPO9T1 !RE IS NO QUE/ION2 IF ! F>M] DOES NOT PAY1 HE MU/ GO4 ,BUT :5 WE ANALYZE ! FACTS1 ?IS IS :AT WE LE>N4 ,! L&LORD HAS ALWAYS DISSIPAT$ HIS R5TS ON HI< LIV+1 ! F>M] HAS ALWAYS WORK$ H>D4 ,! L&[N] HAS DONE NO?+ TO IMPROVE HIS PROP]TY1 YET ITS VALUE HAS TRIPL$ 9 FIFTE5 YE>S1 ?ANKS TO ! SURPLUS VALUE GIV5 ! SOIL BY LAY+ D[N A RAILWAY1 MAK+ NEW LOCAL ROADS1 DRA9+ M>%ES1 CLE>+ BU%L&2 :ILE ! F>M]1 :O HAS L>GELY CONTRIBUT$ TO RAIS+ ! VALUE ( ! L&-IS RU9$2 HAV+ FALL5 9TO ! H&S ( SPECULATORS & BURD5$ HIMSELF ) DEBT1 HE CAN NO LONG] PAY HIS R5T4 ,! LAW1 ALWAYS ON ! SIDE ( PROP]TY1 MAKES A TE*NICAL DECISION 9 FAVOR ( ! L&LORD4 ,BUT :AT W\LD Y\ DO1 IF LEGAL FICTIONS HAVE NOT YET KILL$ 9 Y\ ! S5SE ( JU/ICE8 ,W\LD Y\ DEM& ?AT ! F>M] BE ?R[N \T ON ! ROAD-:I* IS :AT ! LAW SAYS-OR W\LD Y\ DEM& ?AT ! L&LORD RETURN TO ! F>M] ALL ! %>E ( SURPLUS VALUE ?AT IS DUE TO HIS LABOR1 :I* IS :AT EQUITY W\LD DICTATE8 ,ON :AT SIDE W\LD Y\ /&8 ,= ! LAW1 BUT AGA9/ JU/ICE8 ,OR = JU/ICE1 :I* W\LD MAKE Y\ AGA9/ ! LAW8 

,& :5 WORK]S GO ON /RIKE AGA9/ !IR EMPLOY]S )\T GIV+ ! REQUIR$ =TNI<T'S NOTICE1 ON :AT SIDE W\LD Y\ BE F\ND8 ,ON ! SIDE ( ! LAW1 :I* MEANS ON ! SIDE ( ! EMPLOY] :O1 PR(IT+ FROM A TIME ( CRISIS1 MADE SC&AL\S PR(ITS 7AS Y\ WILL SEE FROM READ+ AB\T REC5T TRIALS71 OR ON ! SIDE ( ! WORK]S :O AT ! SAME TIME W]E GETT+ A WAGE ( TWO & A HALF FRANCS & WAT*+ !IR WIVES & *ILDR5 WA/+ AWAY8 ,W\LD Y\ DEF5D ! FICTION :I* AFFIRMS ! 0FRE$OM ( AGREEM5T08 ,OR W\LD Y\ UPHOLD EQUITY1 ACCORD+ TO :I* A CONTRACT CONCLUD$ BETWE5 A MAN :O HAS D9$ WELL & ONE :O SELLS HIS WORK 9 ORD] TO EAT1 BETWE5 ! /RONG & ! WEAK1 IS NOT A CONTRACT AT ALL8 

,H]E IS ANO!R CASE4 ,ONE DAY 9 ,P>IS1 A MAN IS PR[L+ >\ND4 ,SUDD5LY HE SEIZES A /EAK & RUNS4 ,HE IS CAU<T & QUE/ION$1 & IT TURNS \T ?AT HE IS AN UNEMPLOY$ WORK] & ?AT HE & HIS FAMILY HAVE HAD NO?+ TO EAT = F\R DAYS4 ,PEOPLE BEG ! BUT*] TO LET HIM GO1 BUT ! BUT*] WANTS TO TA/E ! TRIUMPH ( 0JU/ICE10 HE PROSECUTES1 & ! MAN IS CONDEMN$ TO SIX MON?S 9 PRISON4 ,SU* IS ! WILL ( ! BL9D GODDESS ,!MIS4#a#b ,DOESN'T Y\R CONSCI5CE REBEL AGA9/ ! LAW & AGA9/ SOCIETY :5 IT SEES SU* V]DICTS GIV5 FROM DAY TO DAY8 

,OR1 TO GIVE ANO!R EXAMPLE1 W\LD Y\ DEM& ! APPLICATION ( ! LAW AGA9/ ?AT MAN1 ILL-TREAT$ & SC(F$ FROM *ILDHOOD1 GR[+ UP )\T HE>+ A WORD ( SYMPA?Y1 :O 9 ! 5D KILLS HIS NEI<BOR TO TAKE FIVE FRANCS FROM HIM8 ,W\LD Y\ DEM& ?AT HE BE GUILLOT9$ OR-WORSE1 ?AT HE BE %UT UP = TW5TY YE>S 9 A PRISON :5 Y\ KN[ ?AT HE IS SICK RA!R ?AN CRIM9AL1 & ?AT 9 ANY CASE SOCIETY AS A :OLE MU/ BE> ! RESPONSIBILITY = HIS CRIME8 

,W\LD Y\ DEM& ?AT ! WEAV]S :O 9 A MOM5T ( EXASP]ATION SET FIRE TO !IR FACTORY BE S5T TO PRISON8 ,?AT ! MAN :O HAS %OT AT A CR[N$ TYRANT BE S5T TO PRISON8 ,?AT ! MILIT>Y %\LD FIRE ON ! 9SURG5T POPULACE :5 IT PLANTS ! FLAG ( ! FUTURE ON ! B>RICADES8 ,NO1 A ?\S& TIMES NO6 

,IF Y\ APPLY Y\R REASON 9/EAD ( REPEAT+ :AT Y\ HAVE BE5 TAU<T1 IF Y\ ANALYZE & REMOVE ! LAW FROM ?AT FOG ( FICTIONS 9 :I* IT HAS BE5 VEIL$ TO CONCEAL ITS ORIG9S1 :I* LIE 9 ! WILL ( ! /RONG1 & ALSO TO MASK ITS SUB/ANCE1 :I* HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! CONSECRATION ( ALL ! OPRESSIONS BEQUEA!D TO HUMANITY BY ITS BLOODY HI/ORY-Y\ WILL ACQUIRE A SUPREME CONTEMPT = ?AT LAW4 ,Y\ WILL UND]/& ?AT TO REMA9 ! S]VANT ( ! WRITT5 LAW IS TO F9D Y\RSELF EA* DAY 9 OPPOSITION TO ! LAW ( CONSCI5CE1 ) :I* Y\ WILL F9D Y\RSELF TRY+ TO ACCOMMODATE2 & AS ! /RUGGLE CANNOT CONT9UE1 EI!R Y\ WILL /IFLE Y\R CONSCI5CE & BECOME A M]E RASCAL1 OR Y\ WILL BREAK ) TRADITION & COME TO WORK AMONG US = ! ABOLITION ( ALL 9JU/ICES1 ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL4 ,BUT ?AT WILL MEAN ?AT Y\ >E A SOCIALI/1 ?AT Y\ HAVE BECOME A REVOLUTION>Y4 

,& :AT AB\T Y\1 MY Y\NG 5G9E]1 :O HAVE DREAM$ ( BETT]+ ! LOT ( ! WORK]S ?R\< APPLY+ SCI5CE TO 9DU/RY8 ,:AT SAD DISILLUSION & VEXATION AWAITS Y\6 ,Y\ GIVE ! Y\?FUL 5]GY ( Y\R 9TELLIG5CE TO ELABORAT+ A RAILWAY PROJECT :I*1 BY CLAMB]+ ALONG ! $GES ( PRECIPICES & P5ETRAT+ ! HE>TS ( GRANITE M\NTA9 GIANTS1 WILL BR+ TOGE!R TWO L&S DIVID$ BY NATURE4 ,BUT ONCE Y\ HAVE REA*$ ! SITE ( ?IS WORK1 Y\ WILL SEE :OLE BATTALIONS ( WORK]S DECIMAT$ BY EXHAU/ION & SICKNESS 9 ! BUILD+ ( A S+LE TUNNEL1 Y\ WILL SEE ?\S&S ( O!RS GO+ HOME ) A FEW DOLL>S & ! UNMI/AKABLE SIGNS ( CONSUMPTION1 Y\ WILL SEE HUMAN CORPSES -! VICTIMS ( A VICI\S AV>ICE-M>K+ (F EV]Y MET] Y\ HAVE PU%$ Y\ L9E =W>D1 & ONCE ! RAILWAY IS COMPLET$ Y\ WILL SEE IT BECOM+ A HI<WAY = ! CANNON ( 9VAD]S4 

,P]HAPS Y\ HAVE DEVOT$ Y\R Y\? TO A DISCOV]Y ?AT WILL SIMPLIFY PRODUCTION &1 AFT] MANY EF=TS & MANY SLEEPLESS NI<TS1 Y\ HAVE F9ALLY COMPLET$ & CONFIRM$ ?IS PRECI\S DISCOV]Y4 ,Y\ SET \T APPLY+ IT1 & ! RESULT EXCE$S ALL Y\R HOPES4 ,T5 ?\S&1 TW5TY ?\S& WORK]S >E ?R[N \T ON ! /REETS4 ,?OSE :O REMA91 MO/LY *ILDR51 >E R$UC$ TO ! CONDITION ( MA*9ES4 ,?REE1 F\R1 P]HAPS T5 EMPLOY]S WILL MAKE =TUNES & CELEBRATE ) BRIMM+ GLASSES ( *AMPAGNE6 ,IS ?IS :AT Y\ HAVE DREAM$ AB\T8 

,F9ALLY Y\ MAKE A /UDY ( REC5T 9DU/RIAL ADVANCES & Y\ F9D ?AT ! DRESSMAK] HAS GA9$ NO?+1 ABSOLUTELY NO?+1 ?R\< ! DISCOV]Y ( ! SEW+ MA*9E2 ?AT ! WORK] ON ! ,GO?>D DIES ( ANKOLY/OSIS 9 SPITE ( DIAMOND DRILLS2#a#c ?AT ! MASON & ! LABOR] >E UNEMPLOY$ AS BE=E DESPITE ! 9TRODUCTION ( ,GIFF>D LIFTS4 ,IF Y\ DISCUSS SOCIAL PROBLEMS ) ! 9DEP5D5CE ( M9D :I* HAS GUID$ Y\ 9 Y\R TE*NICAL PROBLEMS1 Y\ WILL >RIVE 9EVITABLY AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT1 UND] ! REGIME ( PRIVATE PROP]TY & ! WAGES SY/EM1 EA* NEW DISCOV]Y1 EV5 :5 IT AUGM5TS SLI<TLY ! WORK]'S WELL BE+1 ALSO MAKES HIS S]VITUDE ALL ! HEAVI]1 HIS WORK ALL ! MORE BRUTALIZ+1 UNEMPLOYM5T MORE FREQU5T & CRISES %>P]1 & ?AT HE :O ALREADY POSSESSES ALL ! LUXURIES IS ! ONLY ONE :O WILL S]I\SLY B5EFIT4 

,:AT WILL Y\ DO !N1 ONCE Y\ HAVE REA*$ ?AT CONCLUSION8 ,P]HAPS Y\ WILL BEG9 TO SIL5CE Y\R CONSCI5CE ) SOPHI/RIES2 !N1 ONE F9E DAY1 Y\ WILL SAY GOODBYE TO Y\R HONE/ DREAMS ( Y\? & SET \T TO GA9 = Y\RSELF ! RI<T TO LUXURIES1 & !N Y\ WILL F9D Y\R WAY 9TO ! CAMP ( ! EXPLOIT]S4 ,OR P]HAPS1 IF Y\ HAVE A GOOD HE>T1 Y\ WILL SAY TO Y\RSELF3 0,NO1 ?IS IS NOT ! TIME TO MAKE DISCOV]IES6 ,LET US WORK FIR/ TO TRANS=M ! MODE ( PRODUCTION2 :5 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY IS ABOLI%$ !N EA* NEW 9DU/RIAL PROGRESS WILL BE MADE = ! B5EFIT ( ALL HUMANITY2 & ! MASS ( WORK]S1 :O TODAY >E M]E MA*9ES1 WILL BECOME LIV+ BE+S & WILL APPLY TO 9DU/RY & 9TUITION SU/A9$ BY /UDY & 9=M$ BY MANUAL SKILL4 ,TE*NICAL PROGRESS WILL TAKE ON 9 ! NEXT FIFTY YE>S AN IMPETUS WE D>E NOT DREAM ( TODAY40 

,& :AT CAN ONE SAY TO ! S*OOLTEA*]-NOT TO ! ONE :O SEES HIS PR(ESSION AS A T$I\S TRADE-BUT TO ! O!R :O1 SURR\ND$ BY A HAPPY B& ( KIDS1 FEELS AT EASE AMONG !IR ANIMAT$ LOOKS1 !IR HAPPY SMILES1 & SEEKS TO AWAK5 9 !IR LITTLE HEADS ! HUMANIT>IAN IDEA HE *]I%$ :5 HE WAS Y\NG8 

,(T51 ,I SEE ?AT Y\ >E SAD & KNIT Y\R BR[S4 ,TODAY1 Y\R FAVORITE /UD5T1 :O 9DE$ IS NOT SO GOOD 9 ,LAT9 BUT IS GOOD-NATUR$ NONE!LESS1 TOLD ) 5?USIASM ! TALE ( ,WILLIAM ,TELL4 ,HIS EYES %9+1 HE SEEM$ TO WI% TO KILL EV]Y TYRANT ON ! SPOT1 AS HE RECIT$ ) FIRE 9 HIS VOICE !SE PASSIONATE L9ES ( ,S*ILL]3 

,BE=E ! SLAVE AS HE BREAKS HIS *A9S1  

BE=E ! FREE MAN1 DO NOT TREMBLE6 

,BUT :5 HE W5T HOME1 HIS MO!R1 HIS FA!R & HIS UNCLE REPRIM&$ HIM SEV]ELY = HIS LACK ( RESPECT = ! P>SON & ! POLICEMAN4 ,!Y LECTUR$ HIM BY ! H\R ON 0PRUD5CE1 RESPECT = AU?ORITY1 SUBMISSION10 & SO HE PUT ASIDE HIS ,S*ILL] TO READ 0,! ,>T ( ,MAK+ ,Y\R ,WAY 9 ! ,WORLD40 

,& YE/]DAY Y\ LE>N$ H[ BADLY SOME ( Y\R BE/ /UD5TS HAD TURN$ \T3 ONE DOES NO?+ BUT DREAM ( MILIT>Y GLORY1 & ANO!R COLLABORATES ) HIS EMPLOY] 9 EMBEZZL+ ! WRET*$ PAY ( ! WORK]S4 ,& Y\1 HAV+ PUT SO MU* HOPE 9 !SE Y\NG PEOPLE1 N[ REFLECT ON ! SAD CONTRADICTION ?AT EXI/S BETWE5 REAL LIFE & ! IDEA4 

,Y\ >E /ILL REFLECT+ ON IT1 BUT ,I =ESEE ?AT 9 TWO YE>S1 HAV+ EXP]I5C$ DISILLUSION AFT] DISILLUSION1 Y\ WILL AB&ON Y\R FAVORITE AU?ORS1 & Y\ WILL 5D UP SAY+ ?AT ,TELL MAY HAVE BE5 AN IMPECCABLE FA!R1 BUT HE WAS ALSO A BIT ( A FOOL2 ?AT POETRY IS AN EXCELL5T ?+ = READ+ BY ! FIRESIDE1 P>TICUL>LY :5 ONE HAS SP5T A :OLE DAY TEA*+ ! RULES ( COMP\ND 9T]E/1 BUT ?AT-AFT] ALL-POETS ALWAYS SO> 9 ! CL\DS & !IR V]SES HAVE NO?+ TO DO EI!R ) LIFE OR ) ! NEXT VISIT ( ! S*OOL 9SPECTOR4 

,ALT]NATIVELY1 Y\R Y\?FUL DREAMS DEVELOP 9TO ! FIRM CONVICTIONS ( Y\R MATURE YE>S4 ,Y\ W\LD LIKE TO SEE A BROAD HUMANIT>IAN $UCATION = ALL1 9 ! S*OOL & \TSIDE IT1 & SEE+ ?AT ?IS IS IMPOSSIBLE 9 PRES5T CONDITIONS1 Y\ SET AB\T ATTACK+ ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,!N1 SUSP5D$ BY ! M9I/]1 Y\ WILL QUIT S*OOL+ & JO9 US 9 %[+ ADULTS :O >E LESS $UCAT$ ?AN Y\1 :AT IS IMPORTANT 9 KN[L$GE1 :AT HUMANITY %\LD BE1 :AT IT C\LD BE4 ,Y\ WILL COME TO WORK ) ! SOCIALI/S 9 ! COMPLETE TRANS=MATION ( PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY & ITS R$IRECTION T[>DS EQUALITY1 SOLID>ITY & FRE$OM4 

,& N[ = Y\1 Y\NG >TI/1 :E!R Y\ >E A SCULPTOR1 A PA9T]1 A POET OR A MUSICIAN6 ,>E Y\ NOT AW>E ?AT ! SACR$ FIRE :I* 9SPIR$ SO MANY ( Y\R PR$ECESSORS IS LACK+ TODAY AMONG Y\ & Y\R K9D8 ,?AT >T IS BANAL8 ,?AT M$IOCRITY REIGNS8 

,& C\LD IT BE ANY DIFF]5T8 ,! JOY ( HAV+ R$ISCOV]$ ! ANTIQUE WORLD1 ( HAV+ TURN$ BACK TO ! =CES ( NATURE1 ?AT 9SPIR$ ! MA/]PIECES ( ! ,R5AISSANCE1 NO LONG] EXI/S 9 CONTEMPOR>Y >T3 ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEA HAS NOT YET 9SPIR$ IT1 & 9 ITS ABS5CE >TI/S TODAY ?9K !Y HAVE F\ND SOME?+ AS GOOD 9 REALISM' :I* /RIVES TO REPRES5T A DROP ( DEW ON A LEAF LIKE A PHOTOGRAPH BUT 9 COLOR1 TO IMITATE ! MUSCLES ( A C['S RUMP1 OR TO REPRES5T METICUL\SLY1 9 PROSE OR V]SE1 ! SUFFOCAT+ MUD ( A SEW] OR ! B\DOIR ( A LADY ( LOVE4 

0,BUT IF ?IS IS REALLY ! SITUATION10 Y\ ASK1 0:AT CAN BE DONE80 

,IF ! SACR$ FIRE Y\ CLAIM TO POSSESS IS NO MORE ?AN A SNUFF$ & SMOK+ C&LE1 !N Y\ WILL CONT9UE TO DO AS Y\ HAVE DONE1 & Y\R >T WILL SOON DEG5]ATE 9TO A CRAFT TO DECORATE ! P>LORS ( %OPKEEP]S1 9TO ! SCRIBBL+ ( LIBRETTI = OP]ETTAS & ( J\RNALI/IC FRIVOLITIES LIKE ?OSE ( ,EMILE DE ,GIR>D92 MO/ ( Y\ 9 FACT >E ALREADY MAK+ Y\R WAY FA/ D[N ! FATAL SLOPE4 

,BUT IF Y\R HE>T TRULY BEATS 9 UNISON ) ?AT ( HUMANITY1 IF1 AS A TRUE POET1 Y\ HAVE ! E> TO LI/5 TO LIFE1 !N1 CONFRONT+ ! SEA ( SUFF]+ :OSE TIDE RISES >\ND Y\1 ! PEOPLES DY+ ( HUNG]1 ! CORPSES PIL$ 9 ! M9ES & ,IY+ MUTILAT$ 9 HEAPS AT ! FEET ( ! B>RICADES1 ! CONVOYS ( EXILES :O WILL BE BURI$ 9 ! SN[S ( ,SIB]IA & ON ! BEA*ES ( TROPICAL ISL&S2 CONFRONT+ ?AT SUPREME /RUGGLE :I* IS N[ GO+ ON1 E*O+ ) ! SORR[FUL CRIES ( ! DEFEAT$ & ! ORGIES ( ! VICTORS1 ) H]OISM AT GRIPS ) C[>DICE1 5?USIASM FI<T+ AGA9/ BAS5ESS-Y\ CAN NO LONG] /AY NEUTRAL6 ,Y\ WILL COME TO /& BESIDE ! OPPRESS$1 BECAUSE Y\ KN[ ?AT ! BEAUTIFUL1 ! SUBLIME & LIFE ITSELF >E ON ! SIDE ( ?OSE :O FI<T = LI<T1 = HUMANITY1 = JU/ICE6 

,BUT N[ Y\ 9T]RUPT ME4 0,IF ! AB/RACT SCI5CE IS A LUXURY10 Y\ ASK1 0& ! PRACTICE ( M$IC9E A %AM1 IF LAW IS 9JU/ICE & TE*NICAL ADVANCES >E 9/RUM5TS ( EXPLOITATION2 IF $UCATION IS DEFEAT$ BY ! SELF-9T]E/ ( ! $UCATORS & IF >T1 LACK+ A REVOLUTION>Y IDEAL1 CAN ONLY DEG5]ATE1 :AT IS !RE LEFT = ME TO DO80 

,& MY ANSW] IS ?IS4 0,AN IMM5SE TASK AWAITS :I* CAN ONLY ATTRACT Y\1 A TASK 9 :I* ACTION WILL ACCORD COMPLETELY ) CONSCI5CE1 A TASK ?AT CAN W9 OV] ! MO/ NOBLE NATURES & ! MO/ VIGOR\S *>ACT]S40 

0,:AT IS ?IS TASK10 Y\ ASK4 ,I PROPOSE TO TELL Y\4 

#c4 

,EI!R Y\ COMPROMISE CON/ANTLY ) Y\R CONSCI5CE & 5D UP ONE F9E DAY SAY+3 0,TO ,HELL ) HUMANITY1 SO LONG AS ,I CAN GA9 & PR(IT FROM ALL ! ADVANTAGES1 & ! PEOPLE >E /UPID 5\< TO LET ME DO SO60 ,OR Y\ TAKE Y\R PLACE ON ! SIDE ( ! SOCIALI/S & WORK ) !M = ! COMPLETE TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY4 ,SU* IS ! 9EVITABLE CONCLUSION ( ! ANALYSIS WE HAVE MADE2 & SU* WILL BE ! LOGICAL DECISION :I* ALL 9TELLIG5T PEOPLE WILL 9EVITABLY REA* IF ONLY !Y REASON WISELY & RESI/ ! SOPHISMS :ISP]$ 9 !IR E>S BY !IR B\RGEOIS $UCATION & ! SELF-9T]E/$ VIEWS ( ?OSE >\ND !M4 ,& ONCE ?AT CONCLUSION HAS BE5 REA*$1 ! QUE/ION1 0,:AT TO DO80 NATURALLY (F]S ITSELF4 

,! ANSW] IS EASY4 

,M]ELY %AKE Y\RSELF FREE ( Y\R WORLD 9 :I* IT IS CU/OM>Y TO SAY ?AT ! PEOPLE >E NO MORE ?AN A HEAP ( BRUTES1 GO \T TO MEET ?OSE V]Y PEOPLE1 & ! ANSW] WILL EM]GE ( ITS [N ACCORD4 

,Y\ WILL SEE ?AT EV]Y:]E1 9 ,FRANCE AS 9 ,G]MANY1 9 ,ITALY AS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & 9 ALL PLACES :]E !RE >E PRIVILEG$ & OPPRESS$1 A GIGANTIC DEVELOPM5T IS TAK+ PLACE 9 ! HE>T ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 :OSE AIM IS TO BREAK = EV] ! S]VITUDES IMPOS$ BY CAPITALI/ FEUDALISM & LAY ! F\NDATIONS ( A SOCIETY BAS$ ON JU/ICE & EQUALITY4 ,IT IS NO LONG] 5\< TODAY = ! PEOPLE TO EXPRESS !IR WOES 9 ?OSE LAM5TS SUNG BY ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY S]FS & /ILL BY ,RUSSIAN PEASANTS1 :OSE MELODY BREAKS ONE'S HE>T4 ,!Y WORK N[1 ) FULL CONSCI\SNESS ( :AT !Y >E DO+1 & FI<T AGA9/ ALL OB/ACLES TO !IR LIB]ATION4 

,!IR ?\<T IS CON/ANTLY 5GAG$ 9 DIV9+ :AT NE$S TO BE DONE SO ?AT LIFE1 9/EAD ( BE+ A CURSE = ?REE QU>T]S ( HUMANITY1 %ALL BE A JOY = ALL4 ,!Y APPROA* ! MO/ *ALL5G+ PROBLEMS ( SOCIOLOGY1 & SEEK TO RESOLVE !M ) !IR [N GOOD S5SE1 !IR P[]S ( OBS]VATION1 !IR H>D EXP]I5CE4 ,TO MAKE COMMON CAUSE ) O!R UN=TUNATE PEOPLE1 !Y GR\P TOGE!R & ORGANIZE4 ,!Y =M SOCIETIES SU/A9$ ) DIFFICULTY BY T9Y CONTRIBUTIONS2 !Y SEEK TO MAKE CONTACT OV] ! FRONTI]S &1 MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AN ! PHILAN?ROPICAL RHETORICIANS1 !Y PREP>E = ! DAY :5 W>S BETWE5 PEOPLES WILL BECOME IMPOSSIBLE4 ,TO KN[ :AT !IR BRO!RS >E DO+1 & TO BECOME BETT] ACQUA9T$ ) !M1 AS WELL AS TO ELABORATE & PROPAGATE IDEAS1 !Y MA9TA9 AT GREAT CO/ 9 SACRIFICE & EF=T !IR WORK+ CLASS PRESS4 ,F9ALLY1 :5 ! TIME COMES1 !Y RISE UP &1 /A9+ ! PAV+ /ONES ( ! B>RICADES ) !IR BLOOD1 !Y LEAP =W>D TO ! CONQUE/ ( ?OSE LIB]TIES :I* LAT] ON ! RI* & ! P[]FUL WILL CORRUPT 9TO PRIVILEGES & TURN AGA9/ ! WORK]S :O WON !M4 

,:AT CONT9UAL EF=TS >E DEM&$1 :AT UNCEAS+ /RUGGLES6 ,:AT TASKS BEGUN AGA9 & AGA91 SOMETIMES TO FILL ! GAPS CREAT$ BY WE>9ESS1 BY CORRUPTION1 BY P]SECUTION2 SOMETIMES TO RESUME ! /UDIES ?AT W]E RUDELY 9T]RUPT$ BY MASS EXT]M9ATIONS6 

,!IR J\RNALS >E CREAT$ BY M5 :O HAVE BE5 =C$ TO /EAL !IR SCRAPS ( $UCATION BY DEPRIV+ !MSELVES ( SLEEP & FOOD2 ! AGITATION IS SU/A9$ BY P5NIES WRUNG \T ( SCANTY NECESSITIES1 SOMETIMES \T ( DRY BREAD2 & ALL ?AT GOES ON 9 ! CONT9UAL FE> ( SEE+ ONE'S FAMILY R$UC$ TO ! />KE/ POV]TY AS SOON AS ! EMPLOY] REALIZES ?AT 0HIS WORK]1 HIS SLAVE1 IS PLAY+ ) SOCIALISM60 

,?IS IS :AT Y\ WILL SEE1 IF Y\ GO AMONG ! PEOPLE4 

,& 9 ?AT 5DLESS /RUGGLE1 H[ (T5 ! WORK]1 AS HE S9KS UND] ! WEI<T ( OB/ACLES1 HAS SAID TO HIMSELF 9 VA93 0,:]E >E !SE Y\NG PEOPLE :O HAVE BE5 $UCAT$ AT \R EXP5SE1 :OM WE HAVE F$ & CLO!D :ILE !Y /UDI$1 & = :OM1 \R BACKS B5T UND] BURD5S & \R BELLIES EMPTY1 WE HAVE BUILT !SE MANSIONS1 !SE COLLEGES & MUSEUMS1 & = :OM1 ) \R WAN FACES1 WE HAVE PR9T$ !IR F9E BOOKS :I* WE CANNOT EV5 READ8 ,:]E >E !Y1 !SE PR(ESSORS :O CLAIM TO POSSESS HUMANIT>IAN KN[L$GE & = :OM HUMANITY IS NOT WOR? AS MU* AS A R>E SPECIES ( CAT]PILL>8 ,!SE M5 :O TALK ( FRE$OM & NEV] DEF5D \RS :I* DAY BY DAY IS TRAMPL$ UND] FOOT8 ,!SE WRIT]S1 !SE POETS1 !SE PA9T]S1 ?IS :OLE GANG ( HYPOCRITES1 :O SPEAK ( ! PEOPLE ) TE>S 9 !IR EYES YET >E NEV] TO BE F\ND AMONG US1 HELP+ 9 \R 5DEAVORS60 

,OCCASIONALLY A Y\NG MAN DOES TURN UP :O HAS BE5 DREAM+ ( DRUMS & B>RICADES & :O IS ON ! LOOK\T = S5SATIONAL SC5ES2 HE WILL DES]T ! CAUSE ( ! PEOPLE AS SOON AS HE SEES ?AT ! WAY ( ! B>RICADES IS LONG1 ?AT ! WORK TO BE DONE ON ! WAY IS ON]\S1 & ?AT ! LAUREL CR[NS HE MAY W9 >E M+L$ ) ?ORNS4 ,MORE (T5 !Y >E 9DIVIDUALS ( UNFULFILL$ AMBITION :O1 HAV+ FAIL$ 9 !IR FIR/ V5TURES1 ATTEMPT TO CAPTURE ! VOICE ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT LAT] WILL BE ! FIR/ TO ?UND] AGA9/ !M AS SOON AS ! PEOPLE WI% TO APPLY ! PR9CIPLES !Y !MSELVES HAVE PR(ESS$2 IT MAY BE !Y :O WILL HAVE ! CANNON AIM$ AT ! 0VILE MULTITUDE10 %\LD IT D>E TO /EP BEYOND ! PO9T :I* !Y1 ! LEAD]S1 HAVE 9DICAT$4 

,ADD ! /UPID 9SULTS1 ! HAU<TY CONTEMPT1 ! C[>DLY CALUMNIES EXPRESS$ BY ! GREAT] NUMB]1 & Y\ WILL SEE :AT ! PEOPLE CAN EXPECT FROM B\RGEOIS Y\? TO HELP !M 9 !IR SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,LOV] ( PURE SCI5CE1 IF Y\ HAVE OP5$ Y\R M9DS TO ! PR9CIPLES ( SOCIALISM & UND]/& ! FULL SIGNIFICANCE ( ! APPROA*+ REVOLUTION1 DO Y\ NOT RECOGNIZE ?AT ! :OLE ( SCI5CE MU/ BE REORGANIZ$ TO SUIT ! NEW PR9CIPLES2 ?AT WE WILL HAVE TO C>RY \T 9 ?IS DOMA9 A REVOLUTION :OSE IMPORTANCE WILL VA/LY SURPASS ?AT ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ! SCI5CES DUR+ ! EI<TE5? C5TURY8 ,DO Y\ NOT UND]/& ?AT HI/ORY1 TODAY A CONV5I5T MY?OLOGY REG>D+ ! GREATNESS ( K+S1 ( NOTABLE P]SONALITIES1 ( P>LIAM5TS-MU/ BE 5TIRELY RECA/ FROM ! POPUL> PO9T ( VIEW1 FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! WORK ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! MASSES 9 ! PHASES ( HUMAN REVOLUTION8 ,?AT SOCIAL ECONOMICS-HI!RTO CONC5TRAT$ ON CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION-MU/ BE 5TIRELY RE-ELABORAT$1 BO? 9 ITS FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES & 9 ITS 9NUM]ABLE APPLICATIONS8 ,?AT AN?ROPOLOGY1 SOCIOLOGY & E?ICS MU/ BE COMPLETELY REVIS$ & ?AT ! NATURAL SCI5CES !MSELVES1 SE5 FROM A NEW PO9T ( VIEW1 MU/ UND]GO A PR(\ND MODIFICATION BO? 9 !IR CONCEPTS ( NATURAL PH5OM5A & 9 !IR ME?ODS ( EXPOSITION8 ,IF Y\ DO UND]/& !SE ?+S1 :Y DON'T Y\ />T MAK+ !SE *ANGES & DEVOTE Y\R 9SI<TS TO A GOOD CAUSE8 ,BUT ABOVE ALL COME TO \R AID ) Y\R RIGOR\S LOGIC 9 COMBAT+ SECUL> PREJUDICES & ELABORAT+ ?R\< SYN!SIS ! F\NDATIONS ( A BETT] ORGANIZATION2 ABOVE ALL1 TEA* US TO APPLY TO \R REASON+ ! BOLDNESS ( TRUE SCI5TIFIC 9VE/IGATION1 &1 TEA*+ BY EXAMPLE1 %[ US H[ ONE MU/ SACRIFICE ONE'S LIFE = ! TRIUMPH ( TRU?6 

,& Y\1 PHYSICIAN1 :OM H>D EXP]I5CE HAS L$ TO UND]/& SOCIALISM1 DO NOT TIRE ( TELL+ US-TODAY1 TOMORR[1 EV]Y DAY 9 EV]Y OCCASION-?AT HUMANITY IS DOOM$ TO DEG5]ATE IF IT REMA9S 9 ! PRES5T CONDITION ( LIV+ & WORK2 ?AT Y\R DRUGS WILL REMA9 P[]LESS AGA9/ SICKNESS :ILE #ii P] C5T ( HUMANITY VEGETATE 9 CONDITIONS ABSOLUTELY OPPOS$ TO ?OSE ?AT SCI5CE TEA*ES2 ?AT IT IS ! CAUSES ( SICKNESS :I* MU/ BE ELIM9AT$-& H[ >E WE TO ELIM9ATE ?OSE CAUSES8 ,COME !N ) Y\R SCALPEL TO DISSECT ) A METICUL\S H& ?IS SOCIETY ON ITS WAY TO COLLAPSE1 TELL US :AT A RATIONAL WAY ( LIFE C\LD & %\LD BE1 &1 AS A TRUE DOCTOR1 REPEAT TO US UNTIR+LY ?AT ONE DOES NOT HESITATE TO AMPUTATE A GANGR5\S LIMB :5 IT MI<T 9FECT ! :OLE BODY4 

,& Y\ :O HAVE WORK$ ON ! APPLICATIONS ( SCI5CE TO 9DU/RY1 TELL US FRANKLY :AT HAS BE5 ! RESULT ( Y\R DISCOV]IES2 REVEAL TO ?OSE :O D>E NOT YET /RIDE BOLDLY 9TO ! FUTURE :AT POSSIBILITIES ( NEW 9V5TIONS >E C>RI$ )9 ! KN[L$GE WE HAVE ALREADY ACQUIR$1 :AT 9DU/RY C\LD BE UND] ! BE/ CONDITIONS1 :AT HUMANITY C\LD PRODUCE IF IT PRODUC$ ALWAYS 9 SU* A WAY AS TO AUGM5T ITS PRODUCTIVITY4 ,(F] ! PEOPLE ! SUPPORT ( Y\R 9TUITIONS1 OR Y\R PRACTICAL SPIRIT1 ( Y\R TAL5TS ( ORGANIZATION1 9/EAD ( PUTT+ !M AT ! S]VICE ( ! EXPLOIT]S4 

,& Y\1 POETS1 PA9T]S1 SCULPTORS1 MUSICIANS1 IF Y\ HAVE UND]/OOD Y\R TRUE MISSIONS & ! 9T]E/S ( Y\R >T AS WELL1 COME & PUT Y\R P51 Y\R BRU%1 Y\R *ISEL AT ! S]VICE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,RETELL1 9 Y\R PROSE RI* ) IMAGES OR ON Y\R GRIPP+ CANVASES1 ! TITANIC /RUGGLES ( ! PEOPLES AGA9/ !IR OPPRESSORS2 9FLAME ! HE>TS ( ! Y\NG ) ! M>VEL\S REVOLUTION>Y BREA? :I* 9SPIR$ \R ANCE/ORS2 TELL ! WOMAN H[ SPL5DID H] HUSB&'S ACTIONS WILL BE IF HE GIVES HIS LIFE TO ! GREAT CAUSE ( SOCIAL EMANCIPATION4 ,%[ ! PEOPLE :AT IS UGLY 9 PRES5T-DAY LIFE1 & PUT Y\R F+] ON ! CAUSES ( ?AT UGL9ESS2 TELL US :AT A RATIONAL LIFE MI<T BE IF IT DID NOT HAVE TO /UMBLE AT EV]Y PACE BECAUSE ( ! 9EPTITUDE & ! IGNOM9IES ( ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD]4 

,ALL ( Y\ :O POSSESS KN[L$GE & TAL5TS & GOOD HE>T AS WELL1 COME ) Y\R COMPANIONS TO PUT !M AT ! S]VICE ( ?OSE :O HAVE ! GREATE/ NE$ ( !M4 ,& BE CONFID5T ?AT IF Y\ COME1 NOT AS MA/]S1 BUT AS COMRADES 9 ! /RUGGLE2 NOT TO GOV]N BUT TO SEEK Y\R 9SPIRATION 9 A NEW SETT+2 LESS TO TEA* ?AN TO UND]/& & =MULATE ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! MASSES & !N WORK UNSLACK5+LY & ) ALL ! 5]GY ( Y\? TO 9TRODUCE !M 9TO DAILY LIFE3 BE CONFID5T ?AT !N1 BUT !N ONLY1 Y\ Y\RSELVES WILL BE LIV+ COMPLETE & RATIONAL LIVES4 ,Y\ WILL SEE ?AT EV]Y ONE ( Y\R EF=TS MADE 9 ?IS DIRECTION WILL BE> FRUIT AMPLY2 & ?IS FEEL+ ( ACCORD E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 Y\R ACTS & ! COMM&S ( Y\R CONSCI5CE WILL GIVE Y\ 5]GIES :I* Y\ W\LD NOT SUSPECT EXI/$ IF Y\ W]E WORK+ = Y\RSELF ALONE4 

,TO /RUGGLE 9 ! MID/ ( ! PEOPLE = TRU?1 JU/ICE1 EQUALITY- :AT C\LD Y\ F9D MORE SPL5DID 9 ! :OLE ( LIFE8 

#d4 

,I HAVE TAK5 UP ?REE LONG *APT]S DEMON/RAT+ TO WELL-TO-DO Y\NG PEOPLE ?AT :5 !Y FACE ! DILEMMA ?AT LIFE (F]S !M1 !Y WILL BE =C$1 IF !Y >E BRAVE & HONE/1 TO TAKE !IR PLACES 9 ! RANKS ( ! SOCIALI/S & EMBRACE ) !M ! CAUSE ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,?IS MI<T APPE> TO BE A SIMPLE TRU?4 ,YET 9 SPEAK+ TO ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 SUBJECT$ TO ! 9FLU5CE ( !IR MIDDLE CLASS 5VIRONM5T1 :AT SOPHI/RIES ONE HAS TO C\NT]ACT1 :AT PREJUDICES ONE MU/ TRY TO OV]COME1 :AT M]C5>Y MOTIVES ONE MU/ SEEK TO PU% ASIDE6 

,BUT ,I CAN BE MORE DIRECT 9 SPEAK+ TO Y\1 ! Y\NG PEOPLE :O Y\RSELVES COME \T ( ! POPULACE4 ,! V]Y =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES MAKES Y\ WILL+ TO BECOME SOCIALI/S1 SO LONG AS Y\ HAVE ! C\RAGE TO REASON & TO ACT ACCORD+ TO Y\R CONCLUSIONS4 ,9 FACT1 MOD]N SOCIALISM HAS EM]G$ \T ( ! DEP?S ( ! PEOPLE'S CONSCI\SNESS4 ,IF A FEW ?9K]S EM]G+ FROM ! B\RGEOISIE HAVE GIV5 IT ! APPROVAL ( SCI5CE & ! SUPPORT ( PHILOSOPHY1 ! BASIS ( ! IDEA :I* !Y HAVE GIV5 !IR [N EXPRESSION HAS NONE!LESS BE5 ! PRODUCT ( ! COLLECTIVE SPIRIT ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,! RATIONAL SOCIALISM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL IS /ILL TODAY \R GREATE/ /R5G?1 & IT WAS ELABORAT$ 9 WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATION1 UND] ! FIR/ 9FLU5CE ( ! MASSES4 ,! FEW WRIT]S :O (F]$ !IR HELP 9 ! WORK ( ELABORAT+ SOCIALI/ IDEAS HAVE M]ELY BE5 GIV+ =M TO ! ASPIRATIONS ?AT SAW !IR FIR/ LI<T AMONG ! WORK]S4 

,TO HAVE EM]G$ FROM ! RANKS ( ! WORK+ PEOPLE & NOT TO D$ICATE ONESELF TO ! TRIUMPH ( SOCIALISM1 IS TO MISUND]/& Y\R [N TRUE 9T]E/S1 TO D5Y Y\R [N CAUSE & Y\R HI/ORIC MISSION AT ! SAME TIME4 

,HAVE Y\ =GOTT5 ! TIMES :5 Y\ W]E /ILL A *ILD & W\LD GO ON A W9T]'S DAY TO PLAY 9 Y\R D>K ALLEY8 ,! COLD BIT 9TO Y\R %\LD]S ?R\< Y\R ?9 CLO!S & ! MUD FILL$ Y\R BROK5 D[N %OES4 ,SOMETIMES Y\ W\LD SEE PASS+ BY AT A DI/ANCE PLUMP & RI*LY CLO!D *ILDR5 :O LOOK$ HAU<TILY D[N ON Y\1 BUT Y\ KNEW P]FECTLY WELL ?AT !SE SPOIL$ BRATS1 SO SPICK & SPAN1 W]E NOT WOR? AS MU* AS Y\ & Y\R COMRADES1 EI!R 9 9TELLIG5CE1 OR GOOD S5SE1 OR 5]GY4 ,BUT LAT]1 :5 Y\ LET Y\RSELF BE %UT UP 9 A DIRTY WORK%OP FROM FIVE TO SIX 9 ! MORN+1 & = TWELVE H\RS HAD TO /& BESIDE A NOISY MA*9E1 & BECAME A MA*9E Y\RSELF 9 FOLL[+ DAY BY DAY & YE>S ON 5D ! PITILESS CAD5CE ( ITS MOVEM5TS1 DUR+ ALL ?IS TIME !Y-! O!RS-W]E GO+ HAPPILY TO !IR LESSONS 9 COLLEGES1 9 F9E S*OOLS1 9 UNIV]SITIES ,& N[ !SE SAME *ILDR51 LESS 9TELLIG5T BUT MORE $UCAT$ ?AN Y\1 HAVE BECOME Y\R BOSSES1 & 5JOY ALL ! PLEASURES ( LIFE1 ALL ! B5EFITS ( CIVILIZATION4 ,& Y\-:AT EXPECTATIONS DO Y\ HAVE8 

,Y\ GO HOME TO A T9Y AP>TM5T1 D>K & DAMP1 :]E FIVE OR SIX HUMAN BE+S SW>M 9 A FEW SQU>E MET]S1 :]E Y\R MO!R1 EXHAU/$ BY LIFE & GR[N OLD FROM C>ES RA!R ?AN FROM AGE1 (F]S Y\ AS Y\R MEAL SOME BREAD1 POTATOES & A BLACKI% LIQUID :I* IRONICALLY PASSES AS C(FEE2 = Y\R ONLY DI/RACTION Y\ HAVE ALWAYS ! SAME QUE/ION ON ! ORD] ( ! DAY1 ?AT ( KN[+ H[ Y\ WILL PAY ! BAK] & ! L&LORD TOMORR[6 

,BUT MU/ Y\ REALLY FOLL[ ! SAME WRET*$ WAY ( LIFE ?AT Y\R FA!R & Y\R MO!R HAVE 5DUR$ = ! PA/ ?IRTY OR =TY YE>S8 ,MU/ Y\ WORK ALL Y\R LIFE TO OBTA9 = A FEW ! PLEASURES ( WELLBE+1 ( KN[L$GE & ( >T1 & KEEP = Y\RSELF ! CONT9UAL ANXIETY OV] ?AT SCRAP ( BREAD8 ,MU/ Y\ R5\NCE = EV] EV]Y?+ ?AT MAKES LIFE GOOD SO ?AT Y\ CAN DEVOTE Y\RSELF TO PROVID+ ALL ! ADVANTAGES ?AT >E 5JOY$ BY A H&FUL ( IDL]S8 ,MU/ Y\ WE> Y\RSELF \T1 & KN[ ONLY POV]TY & />VATION :5 UNEMPLOYM5T COMES CLOSE8 ,IS ?AT :AT Y\ EXPECT FROM LIFE8 

,MAYBE Y\ WILL RESIGN Y\RSELF4 ,SEE+ NO WAY \T ( ! SITUATION1 P]HAPS Y\ WILL SAY TO Y\RSELF3 0,:OLE G5]ATIONS HAVE SUFF]$ ! SAME FATE1 & S9CE NO?+ CAN BE *ANG$1 ,I MU/ 5DURE IT TOO6 ,SO LET US WORK & TRY TO LIVE AS BE/ WE CAN40 

,SO BE IT6 ,BUT IF Y\ DO ?IS1 LIFE ITSELF WILL TAKE ON ! TASK ( 5LI<T5+ Y\4 

,ONE DAY ! CRA% WILL COME1 A CRISIS ?AT IS NO LONG] TEMPOR>Y LIKE ?OSE 9 ! PA/1 BUT ONE ?AT WILL KILL (F :OLE 9DU/RIES1 ?AT WILL R$UCE TO POV]TY ?\S&S ( WORK]S & DECIMATE !IR FAMILIES4 ,Y\ WILL /RUGGLE1 LIKE ! RE/1 AGA9/ ?AT CALAMITY4 ,BUT Y\ WILL SOON SEE = Y\RSELF H[ Y\R WIFE1 Y\R *ILD1 Y\R FRI5D1 >E SUCCUMB+ GRADUALLY TO !IR PRIVATIONS1 WEAK5+ BE=E Y\R EYES1 &1 = WANT ( FOOD & C>E1 DY+ ON SOME WRET*$ PALLET1 :ILE LIFE1 C>ELESS ( ?OSE :O P]I%1 ROLLS ON 9 ITS JOY\S MULTITUDES D[N ! /REETS ( ! GREAT CITY1 BRILLIANT ) SUN%9E4 ,!N Y\ WILL UND]/& H[ REPULSIVE ?IS SOCIETY IS1 Y\ WILL ?9K AB\T ! CAUSES ( ! CRISIS1 & Y\ WILL PLUMB ME DEP?S ( ?AT 9EQUITY :I* EXPOSES ?\S&S ( M5 TO A H&FUL ( IDL]S2 Y\ WILL REALIZE ?AT ! SOCIALI/S >E RI<T :5 !Y SAY ?AT SOCIETY C\LD & %\LD BE TRANS=M$ FROM TOP TO BOTTOM4 

,ANO!R DAY1 :5 Y\R EMPLOY] MAKES YET ANO!R R$UCTION 9 WAGES1 TO ROB Y\ ( A FEW P5CE TO AUGM5T HIS =TUNE EV5 F>!R1 Y\ WILL PROTE/1 BUT HE WILL ANSW] >ROGANTLY3 0,GO & EAT GRASS IF Y\ DO NOT WANT TO WORK = ?AT RATE40 ,Y\ WILL !N UND]/& ?AT Y\R EMPLOY] IS NOT ONLY SEEK+ TO %E> Y\ LIKE A %EEP1 BUT ?AT HE ALSO ?9KS ( Y\ AS BELONG+ TO AN 9F]IOR RACE2 NOT CONT5T ) HOLD+ Y\ 9 HIS CLAWS ?R\< ! WAGES SY/EM1 HE SEEKS TO MAKE Y\ A SLAVE 9 EV]Y O!R RESPECT4 ,!N Y\ WILL EI!R B5D Y\R BACK1 R5\NC+ ANY FEEL+ ( HUMAN DIGNITY & 5D UP SUFF]+ ALL K9DS ( HUMILIATION2 OR ! BLOOD WILL RISE TO Y\R HEAD1 Y\ WILL SEE ) HORROR ! SLOPE D[N :I* Y\ >E SLID+1 Y\ WILL RESI/ &1 ?R[N \T ON ! /REET1 Y\ WILL UND]/& :5 ! SOCIALI/S SAY3 0,REVOLT6 ,REVOLT AGA9/ ECONOMIC SLAV]Y1 = ?AT IS ! CAUSE ( ALL SLAV]IES60 ,!N Y\ WILL COME TO TAKE Y\R PLACE 9 ! RANKS ( ! SOCIALI/S1 & WILL WORK ) !M = ! ABOLITION ( ALL SLAV]IES3 ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL4 

,ONE DAY Y\ MAY HE> ! /ORY ( ! Y\NG GIRL :OM Y\ ONCE LIK$ SO MU* = H] OP5 GAZE1 H] SL5D] FIGURE & H] ANIMAT$ CONV]SATION4 ,HAV+ /RUGGL$ YE> AFT] YE> AGA9/ POV]TY1 %E LEFT H] VILLAGE = ! CITY4 ,%E KNEW LIFE !RE W\LD BE H>D1 BUT AT LEA/ %E HOP$ TO E>N H] BREAD HONE/LY4 ,BUT BY N[ Y\ CAN GUESS ! FATE ?AT OV]TOOK H]4 ,C\RT$ BY A Y\NG B\RGEOIS1 %E LET H]SELF BE TRAPP$ BY HIS F9E WORDS1 & GAVE H]SELF TO HIM ) ! PASSION ( Y\?1 TO F9D H]SELF AB&ON$ AT ! 5D ( A YE>1 ) A BABY 9 H] >MS4 ,EV] BRAVE1 %E DID NOT CEASE /RUGGLE1 BUT %E SUCCUMB$ 9 ! UNEQUAL FI<T AGA9/ HUNG] & COLD & 5D$ UP DY+ 9 SOME HOSPITAL OR O!R4 ,:AT CAN Y\ DO AB\T IT8 ,P]HAPS Y\ WILL PU% ASIDE Y\R PA9FUL MEMORIES ) A FEW /UPID WORDS3 0,%E ISN'T ! FIR/ OR ! LA/60 Y\ WILL SAY1 & ONE EV5+ WE WILL HE> Y\ 9 SOME CAFE1 SEAT$ AMONG O!R BRUTES ( Y\R K9D1 SOIL+ ! Y\NG WOMAN'S NAME ) FIL?Y SL&]S4 ,OR P]HAPS Y\R MEMORIES WILL MOVE Y\R HE>T2 Y\ WILL SEEK \T ! CONTEMPTIBLE S$UC] TO ?R[ HIS CRIME 9 HIS FACE4 ,Y\ WILL ?9K AB\T ! CAUSES ( !SE 9CID5TS ( :I* Y\ HE> EV]Y DAY1 & Y\ WILL UND]/& ?AT !Y CANNOT CEASE :ILE MANK9D IS DIVID$ 9TO TWO CAMPS2 ! POOR ON ONE SIDE & ON ! O!R ! IDL]S & ! PLAYBOYS ) !IR F9E WORDS & BRUTAL APPETITES4 ,Y\ WILL UND]/& ?AT IT IS TIME TO LEVEL \T ?IS GULF ( SEP>ATION1 & Y\ WILL HA/5 TO RANGE Y\RSELF AMONG ! SOCIALI/S4 

,& Y\1 WOM5 ( ! PEOPLE1 HAS ?IS /ORY LEFT Y\R COLD8 ,AS Y\ C>ESS ! BLOND HEAD ( ?AT *ILD :I* CR\*ES BESIDE Y\1 DO Y\ NEV] ?9K ( ! FATE ?AT AWAITS IT IF ! PRES5T SOCIAL ORD] DOES NOT *ANGE8 ,DO Y\ NEV] GIVE A ?\<T TO ! FUTURE ?AT IS 9 /ORE = Y\R Y\NG SI/]1 = Y\R *ILDR58 ,DO Y\ WANT Y\R SON TO VEGETATE AS Y\R FA!R VEGETAT$1 ) NO C>E BUT ! NE$ = BREAD1 NO PLEASURES BUT ?OSE ( ! TAV]N8 ,DO Y\ WANT Y\R HUSB& & Y\R BOY TO BE = EV] AT ! M]CY ( ! FIR/ COM] :O MAY *ANCE TO HAVE 9H]IT$ FROM HIS FA!R AN 9T]E/ TO EXPLOIT8 ,W\LD Y\ LIKE TO SEE !M ALWAYS REMA9+ ! SLAVES ( ! EMPLOY]1 ! CANNON FODD] ( ! P[]FUL1 ! DUNG ?AT S]VES TO FATT5 ! FIELDS ( ! RI*8 

,NO1 A ?\S& TIMES NO6 ,I KN[ V]Y WELL ?AT Y\R BLOOD BOIL$ :5 Y\ HE>D ?AT Y\R HUSB&1 AFT] L\DLY PROCLAIM+ A /RIKE1 5D$ UP ACCEPT+---CAP 9 H&-! CONDITIONS CONTEMPTU\SLY DICTAT$ 9 A HAU<TY TONE BY ! BIG BUS9ESS M56 ,I KN[ ?AT Y\ ADMIR$ ?OSE ,SPANI% WOM5 :O W5T 9TO ! FIR/ RANKS TO PRES5T !IR BREA/S TO ! SOLDI]S' BAYONETS DUR+ A POPUL> UPRIS+6 

,I KN[ ?AT Y\ REPEAT ) RESPECT ! NAME ( ! WOMAN :O LODG$ A BULLET 9 A SATRAP'S BREA/ :5 HE *OSE ONE DAY TO \TRAGE A SOCIALI/ HELD 9 PRISON4 ,& ,I KN[ ALSO ?AT Y\R HE>TS BEAT :5 Y\ READ H[ ! WOM5 AMONG ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS GA!R$ TOGE!R UND] A RA9 ( %ELLS TO 5C\RAGE 0!IR M50 9 H]OISM4 

,I KN[ ALL ?IS1 & ?AT IS :Y ,I DO NOT D\BT ?AT Y\ ALSO WILL 5D BY COM+ TO JO9 ?OSE :O WORK = ! CONQUE/ ( ! FUTURE4 

,ALL ( Y\1 S9C]E Y\NG PEOPLE1 M5 & WOM51 PEASANTS1 WORK]S1 CL]KS & SOLDI]S1 WILL UND]/& Y\R RI<TS & COME TO US2 Y\ WILL COME TO WORK ) Y\R BRO!RS 9 PREP>+ ! REVOLUTION :I*1 ABOLI%+ EV]Y K9D ( SLAV]Y1 %ATT]+ ALL *A9S1 BREAK+ ) ! OLD TRADITIONS & OP5+ NEW HORIZONS TO ALL HUMANITY1 WILL F9ALLY SUCCE$ 9 E/ABLI%+ 9 HUMAN SOCIETIES ! TRUE ,EQUALITY1 ! TRUE ,LIB]TY1 WORK = ALL1 & = ALL ! FULL 5JOYM5T ( ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR1 ! FULL 5JOYM5T ( ALL !IR FACULTIES2 A LIFE ?AT IS RATIONAL1 HUMANE & HAPPY6 

,DO NOT LET ANYONE TELL Y\ ?AT WE >E ONLY A T9Y H&FUL1 TOO WEAK EV] TO ATTA9 ! GR& OBJECTIVE AT :I* WE AIM4 ,LET US C\NT \RSELVES & SEE H[ MANY ( US !RE >E :O SUFF] FROM 9JU/ICE4 ,WE PEASANTS :O WORK = ANO!R & EAT OATS TO LEAVE ! :EAT = ! MA/]-WE >E MILLIONS ( M52 WE >E SO NUM]\S ?AT WE ALONE =M ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,WE WORK]S :O WE> RAGS & WEAVE SILKS & VEL\RS1 WE TOO >E MULTITUDES1 & :5 ! FACTORY :I/LES ALL[ US \R BRIEF P]IOD ( RE/ WE FLOOD ! /REETS & SQU>ES LIKE A RO>+ SEA4 ,WE SOLDI]S :O FOLL[ ! BEAT ( ! DRUM & RECEIVE BULLETS SO ?AT \R ( (FIC]S CAN W9 M$ALS & RANKS1 WE POOR FOOLS :O UP TO N[ HAVE KN[N NO?+ BETT] ?AN TO %OOT \R BRO!RS1 IT W\LD BE 5\< = US TO TURN \R RIFLES = ! FACES ( ?OSE DECORAT$ P]SONAGES :O COMM& US TO TURN PALE4 ,ALL WE :O SUFF] & :O >E \TRAG$1 WE >E AN IMM5SE CR[D2 WE >E AN OCEAN 9 :I* ALL C\LD BE SUBM]G$4 ,AS SOON AS WE HAVE ! WILL1 A MOM5T W\LD BE 5\< = JU/ICE TO BE DONE4 

7,S\RCE3 ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ DUR+ ,KROPOTK9'S IMPRISONM5T1 ?IS COLLECTION CONTA9S >TICLES WRITT5 BETWE5 #ahgi & #a#h#h#b4 ,ACTUALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#e47 

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,W>6 

,PHOTO BY ,DAVIE ,DUNN1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,! SPECTACLE (F]$ BY ,EUROPE AT ! PRES5T MOM5T IS V]Y SAD TO SEE1 BUT IT IS ALSO V]Y $IFY+4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE1 !RE IS A COM+ & GO+ ( DIPLOMATS & /ATESM5 :I* 9CREASES VISIBLY :5EV] ! AIR ( ! OLD CONT95T BEG9S TO SMELL ( GUNP[D]4 ,ALLIANCES >E MADE & DISMANTL$2 HUMAN BE+S >E TRAD$ & SOLD LIKE CATTLE TO MAKE SURE ( ALLIANCES4 0,SO MANY MILLIONS ( HEADS GU>ANTE$ BY \R H\SE TO Y\RS2 SO MANY ACRES TO FE$ !M1 SO MANY PORTS TO EXPORT !IR WOOL10 & HE :O CAN BE/ DUPE ! O!RS 9 SU* TRAFFICK+ COMES \T ! W9N]4 ,?IS IS :AT 9 POLITICAL J>GON IS CALL$ DIPLOMACY4 

,ON ! O!R SIDE !RE IS NO 5D+ ! FL[ ( >MAM5TS4 ,EV]Y DAY BR+S US NEW 9V5TIONS = ! BETT] EXT]M9ATION ( \R FELL[S1 NEW EXP5DITURES1 NEW BORR[+S1 NEW TAXES4 ,CRY+ UP PATRIOTISM1 PROMOT+ *AUV9ISM1 FANN+ ! HATR$S BETWE5 NATIONS1 BECOME ! MO/ LUCRATIVE L9ES 9 POLITICS & J\RNALISM ALIKE4 ,*ILDHOOD HAS NOT BE5 SP>$2 *ILDR5 >E 5ROLL$ 9 BATTALIONS1 & TAU<T TO HATE ! ,PRUSSIANS1 ! ,5GLI%1 ! ,ITALIANS2 !Y >E TRA9$ 9 BL9D OB$I5CE TO ! GOV]NM5TS ( ! MOM5T1 :E!R !Y BE BLUE1 :ITE OR BLACK4 ,& :5 ! AGE ( TW5TY-ONE HAD S\ND$ = !M1 !Y WILL BE LOAD$ D[N LIKE MULES ) AMMUNITION1 RATIONS & TOOLS1 GUNS WILL BE ?RU/ 9TO !IR H&S1 & !Y WILL BE TOLD TO M>* TO ! S\ND ( ! TRUMPET1 & TO FI<T LIKE SAVAGE BEA/S )\T EV] ASK+ :Y OR = :AT PURPOSE4 ,:E!R !Y FACE ,G]MANS OR ,ITALIANS :O >E />V+ TO DEA?-OR !IR [N BRO!RS :O HAVE REBELL$ AGA9/ NE$-! TRUMPET S\NDS1 & M5 MU/ BE KILL$6 

,?IS IS ! CONCLUSION ( ALL ! WISDOM ( \R GOV]NM5TS & \R TEA*]S6 ,?IS IS ALL !Y HAVE BE5 ABLE TO (F] US AS AN IDEAL1 9 AN AGE :5 ! POOR ( ALL C\NTRIES /RET* \T !IR H&S TO EA* O!R ACROSS ! FRONTI]S6 

0,AH6 Y\ DID NOT WANT SOCIALISM8 ,V]Y WELL1 Y\ %ALL HAVE W>1 W> = ?IRTY YE>S1 W> = FIFTY YE>S60 SAID ,ALEX&] ,H]Z57L#d7 AFT] #a#h#d#h4 ,& Y\ HAVE IT6 ,IF ! CANNON CEASES TO ?UND] = A :ILE 9 ! WORLD1 IT IS JU/ TO TAKE BREA?1 TO />T AGA9 SOME:]E ELSE ) R5EW$ VIGOR1 :ILE ! ,EUROPEAN W>-! GR& T\RNAM5T ( ! PEOPLES -HAS BE5 A ?REAT = ! PA/ T5 YE>S1 )\T ANYONE KN[+ :Y WE %ALL BE FI<T+1 OR BESIDE :OM1 OR AGA9/ :OM1 OR 9 ! NAME ( :AT PR9CIPLES1 OR TO SAFEGU>D :AT 9T]E/S6 

,9 ! OLD DAYS1 IF !RE WAS A W>1 AT LEA/ ONE KNEW :Y PEOPLE W]E KILL+ EA* O!R4 0,ANO!R K+ HAS 9SULT$ \RS2 LET US OV]:ELM HIS SUBJECTS40 0,SOME EMP]OR WANTS TO TAKE AWAY ONE ( \R PROV9CES6 ,LET US DIE TO KEEP IT = ,HIS ,MO/ ,*RI/IAN ,MAJE/Y60 ,PEOPLE F\<T TO SU/A9 ! RIVALRIES ( K+S4 ,IT WAS /UPID1 BUT AT LEA/ 9 SU* CASES ! K+S C\LD 5ROLL ONLY A FEW ?\S& M54 ,BUT !SE DAYS :OLE PEOPLES ?R[ !MSELVES UPON EA* O!R1 & :Y ! ,DEVIL DO !Y DO IT8 

,K+S NO LONG] C\NT 9 MATT]S ( W>4 ,VICTORIA DOES NOT TAKE (F5SE AT ! 9SULTS ?AT >E %[]$ ON H] 9 ,FRANCE2 ! ,5GLI% W\LD NOT /IR TO AV5GE H]4 ,BUT CAN Y\ GU>ANTEE ?AT )9 TWO YE>S ,FR5* & ,5GLI% SOLDI]S WILL NOT BE AT EA* O!R'S ?ROATS OV] SUPREMACY 9 ,EGYPT87#a#e7 ,IT IS ! SAME 9 ! ,EA/4 ,H[EV] AUTOCRATIC & ILL-NATUR$ A MON>* HE MAY BE1 ,ALEX&]-(-ALL-! ,RUSSIAS WILL SWALL[ ALL ! 9SOL5CES ( ,&RASSY & ,SALISBURY )\T BUDG+ FROM HIS D5 9 ,GAT*9A17L#f7 SO LONG AS ! BANK]S ( ,PET]SBURG & ! 9DU/RIALI/S ( ,MOSC[-:O !SE DAYS CALL !MSELVES 0PATRIOTS0-HAVE NOT GIV5 HIM ! ORD] TO SET HIS >MIES 9 MOTION4 

,9 ,RUSSIA1 AS 9 ,5GL&1 9 ,G]MANY AS 9 ,FRANCE1 M5 NO LONG] FI<T = ! GOOD PLEASURE ( K+S2 !Y FI<T = ! 9TEGRITY ( REV5UE,S & = ! GR[+ WEAL? ( ! ,?REE ,P[]FUL ,ONES1 ,RO?S*ILD1 ,S*NEID]1 ,ANZ927#a#g7 = ! B5EFIT ( ! B>ONS ( HI< F9ANCE & 9DU/RY4 ,! RIVALRIES BETWE5 K+S HAVE BE5 SUP]S$$ BY ! RIVALRIES BETWE5 B\RGEOIS SOCIETIES4 

,9DE$1 PEOPLE DO /ILL SPEAK ( 0POLITICAL PREPOND]ANCE10 BUT TRY TO TRANSLATE ?AT METAPHYSICAL 5TITY 9TO MAT]IAL FACTS2 EXAM9E H[ ! POLITICAL PREPOND]ANCE ( ,G]MANY1 = EXAMPLE1 MAKES ITSELF MANIFE/ AT ?IS MOM5T1 & Y\ WILL SEE ?AT IT IS QUITE SIMPLY A MATT] ( ECONOMIC PREPOND]ANCE 9 9T]NATIONAL M>KETS4 ,:AT ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE1 ,RUSSIA1 ,5GL&1 & ,AU/RIA >E ALL TRY+ TO W9 AT ?IS MOM5T IS NOT MILIT>Y PREPOND]ANCE2 IT IS ECONOMIC DOM9ATION4 ,IT IS ! RI<T TO IMPOSE !IR GOODS & !IR CU/OMS T>IFFS ON !IR NEI<BORS2 ! RI<T TO EXPLOIT 9DU/RIALLY BACKW>D PEOPLES2 ! PRIVILEGE ( BUILD+ RAILWAYS 9 C\NTRIES ?AT DO NOT HAVE !M & 9 ?IS WAY BECOM+ MA/]S ( ! FRONTI]S2 ! RI<T1 9 ! LA/ RESORT1 TO APPROPRIATE FROM A NEI<BOR EI!R A PORT ?AT WILL ACTIVATE COMM]CE1 OR A PROV9CE :]E SURPLUS M]*&ISE CAN BE UNLOAD$4 

,:5 WE FI<T TODAY1 IT IS TO GU>ANTEE \R GREAT 9DU/RIALI/S A PR(IT ( #c.01 TO ASSURE ! F9ANCIAL B>ONS !IR DOM9ATION AT ! ,B\RSE1 & TO PROVIDE ! %>EHOLD]S ( M9ES & RAILWAYS ) !IR 9COMES ( T5S ( MILLIONS ( DOLL>S4 ,?IS IS SO EVID5T ?AT IF WE W]E JU/ A LITTLE MORE CONSI/5T1 WE W\LD REPLACE ! BIRDS ( PREY ON \R FLAGS BY GOLD5 CALVES & O!R ANCI5T EMBLEMS BY BAGS ( GOLD1 & *ANGE ! NAMES ( \R REGIM5TS1 HI!RTO BORR[$ FROM ! PR9CES ( ! BLOOD1 TO ?OSE ( ! PR9CES ( 9DU/RY & F9ANCE2 A ,?IRD ,S*NEID] REGIM5T1 A ,T5? ,ANZ91 A ,TW5TIE? ,RO?S*ILD4 ,WE W\LD KN[ AT LEA/ = :OM WE W]E DO+ ! SLAU<T]+4 

,OP5+ NEW M>KETS1 IMPOS+ ONE'S [N M]*&ISE1 :E!R GOOD OR BAD1 IS ! BASIS ( ALL PRES5T-DAY POLITICS-,EUROPEAN & CONT95TAL-& ! TRUE CAUSE ( N9ETE5? C5TURY W>S4 

,9 ! LA/ C5TURY ,5GL& WAS ! FIR/ TO 9AUGURATE ! SY/EM ( L>GE 9DU/RY = EXPORT4 ,IT PIL$ ITS WORK]S 9TO ! CITIES1 YOK$ !M TO RATIONALIZ$ WORK PATT]NS1 MULTIPLI$ PRODUCTION & BEGAN TO ACCUMULATE M\NTA9S ( PRODUCTS 9 ITS W>EH\SES4 ,BUT !SE GOODS W]E NOT 9T5D$ = ! RAGG$ FOLK :O MADE ! COTTON & WOOL5 FABRICS & W]E PAID JU/ 5\< TO SURVIVE & MULTIPLY4 ,! %IPS ( ,5GL& PL[$ !IR WAY ?R\< ! OCEANS1 SEEK+ BUY]S ON ! ,EUROPEAN CONT95T1 9 ,ASIA1 9 ,OCEANIA1 9 ,AM]ICA1 C]TA9 ( NOT F9D+ COMPETITORS4 ,A BLACK POV]TY REIGN$ 9 ! T[NS1 BUT ! MANUFACTUR] & ! M]*ANT GREW VISIBLY RI*2 ! WEAL? DRAWN FROM ABROAD ACCUMULAT$ 9 ! H&S ( A FEW1 & ! ECONOMI/S APPLAUD$ & URG$ !IR COMPATRIOTS TO FOLL[ SUIT4 

,ALREADY1 AT ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 ,FRANCE WAS BEG9N+ ON ! SAME EVOLUTION4 ,BY TRANSF]R+ P[]1 BY ATTRACT+ ! B>E-FOOT$ PEASANTS TO ! T[NS & BY 5RI*+ ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! REVOLUTION GAVE A NEW IMPULSE TO ECONOMIC EVOLUTION4 ,AT ?IS PO9T ! ,5GLI% B\RGEOISIE BECAME AL>M$1 EV5 MORE ?AN !Y HAD BE5 BY ! REPUBLICAN DECL>ATIONS & ! BLOOD SPILL$ 9 ,P>IS2 SUPPORT$ BY ! >I/OCRACY1 !Y DECL>$ A W> TO ! DEA? ON ! ,FR5* B\RGEOISIE :O ?REAT5$ TO CLOSE ! ,EUROPEAN M>KETS TO ,5GLI% PRODUCTS4 

,WE KN[ ! \TCOME ( ?AT W>4 ,FRANCE WAS DEFEAT$1 BUT IT HAD WON ITS PLACE 9 ! M>KETS4 ,! TWO B\RGEOISIES-,5GLI% & ,FR5* -EV5 AT ONE TIME MADE A T\*+ ALLIANCE2 !Y RECOGNIZ$ EA* O!R AS BRO!RS4 

,BUT ,FRANCE1 ON H] SIDE1 SOON W5T BEYOND ! LIMIT4 ,?R\< PRODUCTION = EXPORT1 %E TRI$ TO MONOPOLIZE ! M>KETS1 )\T TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! 9DU/RIAL PROGRESS ?AT WAS MOV+ SL[LY FROM ! ,WE/ 9TO ! ,EA/ & DOM9AT+ NEW C\NTRIES4 ,! ,FR5*4B\RGEOISIE S\<T TO BROAD5 ! CIRCLE ( ITS PR(ITS4 ,= EI<TE5 YE>S IT PLAC$ ITSELF UND] ! HEEL ( ! ,?IRD ,NAPOLEON1 ALWAYS HOP+ ?AT ! USURP] W\LD IMPOSE ECONOMIC RULE OV] ! :OLE ( ,EUROPE2 IT ONLY AB&ON$ HIM :5 HE %[$ HIMSELF 9CAPABLE ( ?IS4 

,N[ IT WAS A NEW NATION1 ,G]MANY1 ?AT 9TRODUC$ 9TO ITS T]RITORY ! SAME ECONOMIC REGIME4 ,%E ALSO DEPOPULAT$ H] FIELDS & PIL$ ! HUNGRY PEOPLE 9TO ! T[NS1 :I* D\BL$ !IR POPULATION 9 A FEW YE>S4 ,%E ALSO BEGAN MASS PRODUCTION4 ,A =MIDABLE 9DU/RY1 >M$ ) ! LATE/ EQUIPM5T1 SUPPORT$ BY TE*NICAL & SCI5TIFIC $UCATION LAVI%LY PROVID$1 9 ITS TURN PIL$ UP PRODUCTS DE/9$ NOT = ?OSE :O MADE !M1 BUT = EXPORT & ! 5RI*M5T ( ! MA/]S4 ,CAPITAL ACCUMULATES & SEEKS ADVANTAGE\S PLACES ( 9VE/M5T 9 ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA1 ,TURKEY1 ,RUSSIA2 ! /OCK EX*ANGE 9 ,B]L9 RIVALS ?AT 9 ,P>IS & SEEKS TO DOM9ATE IT4 

,AT ?IS PO9T A COMMON CRY BUR/ \T FROM ! HE>T ( ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE LET US UNIFY UND] NO MATT] :AT FLAG1 EV5 ?AT ( ,PRUSSIA1 & PR(IT FROM ?AT P[] TO IMPOSE \R PRODUCTS & \R T>IFFS ON \R NEI<BORS1 5D LAY HOLD ( A GOOD PORT ON ! ,BALTIC & ON ! ,ADRIATIC AS ,SOON AS POSSIBLE6 ,!Y WI%$ TO BREAK ! MILIT>Y P[] ( ,FRANCE :I* HAD BE5 ?REAT5+ = TW5TY YE>S TO LAY D[N ! ECONOMIC LAW ( ,EUROPE & TO DICTATE ITS COMM]CIAL TREATIES4 

,! W> ( #ahg WAS ! CONSEQU5CE ( !SE DEVELOPM5TS4 ,FRANCE NO LONG] DOM9ATES ! M>KETS2 IT IS ,G]MANY ?AT SEEKS TO DOM9ATE !M1 & %E ALSO1 ?R\< ! ?IR/ = GA91 SEEKS ALWAYS TO EXT5D H] EXPLOITATION1 )\T REG>D = ! CRISES & CRA%ES1 ! 9SECURITY & POV]TY ?AT EAT AWAY AT H] ECONOMIC /RUCTURE4 ,! COA/S ( ,AFRICA1 ! PADDIES ( ,KOREA1 ! PLA9S ( ,POL&1 ! /EPPES ( ,RUSSIA1 ! PUSZTAS ( ,HUNG>Y1 ! ,BULG>IAN VALLEYS FILL$ ) ROSES-ALL EXCITE ! GRE$ ( ,G]MAN SPECULATORS4 ,& EV]Y TIME SU* A SPECULATOR TRAVELS OV] !SE SP>SELY CULTIVAT$ PLA9S1 & ?R\< !IR T[NS :I* HAVE SO LITTLE 9DU/RY1 & BESIDE !IR QUIET RIV]S1 HIS HE>T BLE$S AT ! SPECTACLE4 ,HIS IMAG9ATION TELLS HIM H[ HE MI<T EXTRACT :OLE SACKS ( GOLD FROM !SE UNT\*$ RI*ES1 H[ HE W\LD B5D !SE UNCULTIVAT$ PEOPLE UND] ! YOKE ( HIS CAPITAL4 ,HE SWE>S ?AT ONE DAY HE WILL C>RY 0CIVILIZATION10 :I* IS :AT HE CALLS EXPLOITATION1 9TO ! ,EA/4 ,:ILE HE WAITS = ?IS1 HE WILL TRY TO IMPOSE HIS M]*&ISE & HIS RAILWAYS ON ,ITALY1 ON ,AU/RIA & ON ,RUSSIA4 

- ,BUT !SE C\NTRIES 9 !IR TURN >E FREE+ !MSELVES FROM ! ECONOMIC TUTELAGE ( !IR NEI<BORS4 ,!Y ALSO >E SL[LY 5T]+ ! ORBIT ( ! 09DU/RIAL0 C\NTRIES1 & !IR NEWLY BORN B\RGEOISIES ASK NO?+ BETT] ?AN TO 5RI* !MSELVES ?R\< EXPORT4 ,9 ONLY A FEW YE>S ,RUSSIA & ,ITALY HAVE MADE A PRODIGI\S LEAP =W>D 9 ! EXT5SION ( !IR 9DU/RIES1 & S9CE ! PEASANTS1 R$UC$ TO ! BLACKE/ ( POV]TY1 CAN BUY NO?+1 IT IS = EXPORT ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN1 ,ITALIAN & ,AU/RIAN 9DU/RIALI/S >E /RIV+4 ,!Y NE$ M>KETS N[1 & AS ?OSE ( ,EUROPE >E ALREADY TAK5 UP1 IT IS ON ,ASIA & ,AFRICA ?AT !Y >E =C$ TO CONC5TRATE !IR EF=TS1 CONDEMN$ 9EVITABLY TO COME TO BL[S BECAUSE !Y HAVE FAIL$ TO AGREE ON %>+ \T ! SPOIL4 

,:AT ALLIANCES C\LD /& FIRM 9 SU* A SITUATION1 CREAT$ BY ! V]Y *>ACT] GIV5 TO 9DU/RY BY ?OSE :O DIRECT IT8 ,! ALLIANCE ( ,G]MANY & ,RUSSIA IS A MATT] ( PURE =MALITY2 ,ALEX&] & ,WILLIAM MAY EMBRACE AS MU* AS !Y *OOSE1 BUT ! B\RGEOISIE EM]G+ 9 ,RUSSIA CORDIALLY DETE/S ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE1 :I* REPAYS IT 9 ! SAME CO94 ,WE REMEMB] ! G5]AL \TCRY RAIS$ 9 ! ,G]MAN PRESS :5 ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T AUGM5T$ ! T>IFFS BY A ?IRD4 0,A W> AGA9/ ,RUSSIA-SAY ! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE & ! WORK]S :O FOLL[ !M-W\LD BE EV5 MORE POPUL> ?AN ! W> ( #a#h#g40 

,SO :AT8 ,IS NOT ! FAM\S ALLIANCE BETWE5 ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA ALSO WRITT5 9 S&1 & >E !SE TWO P[]S-:I* MEANS !IR RESPECTIVE B\RGEOISIES-V]Y F> (F A S]I\S DISPUTE OV] T>IFFS8 ,& ?OSE TW9 SIBL+S1 ,AU/RIA & ,HUNG>Y1 >E !Y NOT ALSO ON ! PO9T ( DECL>+ A T>IFF W>-!IR 9T]E/S BE+ DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ ON ! MATT] ( EXPLOIT+ ! S\!RN ,SLAVS8 ,& EV5 ,FRANCE1 IS IT NOT ITSELF DIVID$ ON MATT]S ( T>IFFS8 

,9DE$1 Y\ DID NOT WANT SOCIALISM1 & Y\ %ALL HAVE W>6 ,Y\ >E 9 = ?IRTY YE>S ( W>1 IF ! REVOLUTION DOES NOT PUT AN 5D TO ?IS SITUATION :I* IS AS ABSURD AS IT IS IGNOBLE4 ,BUT ?IS Y\ MU/ ALSO KN[4 ,>BITRATION1 EQUILIBRIUM1 ! SUPPRESSION ( P]MAN5T >MIES1 DIS>MAM5T1 ALL >E BEAUTIFUL DREAMS ) NO PRACTICAL MEAN+4 ,ONLY ! REVOLUTION1 HAV+ PUT 9/RUM5TS & MA*9ES1 RAW MAT]IALS & ! :OLE WEAL? ( SOCIETY 9 ! H&S ( ! WORK] & REORGANIZ$ ! :OLE ( PRODUCTION SO AS TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( ?OSE :O PRODUCE EV]Y?+1 CAN PUT AN 5D TO W>S OV] M>KETS4 

,EA* WORK+ = ALL1 & ALL = EA*-?AT IS ! ONLY CONDITION :I* CAN LEAD TO PEACE AMONG NATIONS1 :O DEM& IT L\DLY BUT >E FRU/RAT$ BY ?OSE :O HOLD ! MONOPOLY ( SOCIAL WEAL?4 

7,S\RCE3 ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ DUR+ ,KROPOTK9'S IMPRISONM5T1 ?IS COLLECTION CONTA9S >TICLES WRITT5 BETWE5 #ahgi & #a#h#h#b4 ,ACTUALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#e47 

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,M9ORITIES 

,PHOTO BY ,*RIS ,BECKETT1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE 0,ALL ?AT Y\ SAY IS V]Y TRUE10 \R CRITICS (T5 SAY TO US4 0,Y\R IDEAL ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM IS EXCELL5T1 & ITS REALIZATION W\LD 9 FACT LEAD TO WELL-BE+ & PEACE ON E>?2 BUT SO FEW WANT IT1 & SO FEW UND]/& IT1 & SO FEW HAVE ! DEVOTION ?AT IS NE$$ TO WORK = ITS A*IEVEM5T6 ,Y\ >E ONLY A T9Y M9ORITY1 Y\R FEEBLE GR\PS SCATT]$ H]E & !RE1 LO/ 9 ! MIDDLE ( AN 9DIFF]5T MASS1 & Y\ FACE A T]RIBLE 5EMY1 WELL-ORGANIZ$ & 9 CONTROL ( >MIES1 ( CAPITAL1 ( $UCATION4 ,! /RUGGLE Y\ HAVE UND]TAK5 IS BEYOND Y\R P[]S40 ,?IS IS ! OBJECTION WE HE> CON/ANTLY FROM MANY ( \R CRITICS & (T5 EV5 FROM \R FRI5DS4 ,LET US SEE :AT TRU? !RE IS 9 IT4 

,?AT \R AN>*I/ GR\PS >E ONLY A SMALL M9ORITY 9 COMP>ISON ) ! T5S ( MILLIONS :O POPULATE ,FRANCE1 ,SPA91 ,ITALY & ,G]MANY -NO?+ C\LD BE MORE TRUE4 ,GR\PS :O REPRES5T A NEW IDEA HAVE ALWAYS BEGUN BY BE+ NO MORE ?AN A M9ORITY4 ,BUT IS ?AT REALLY AGA9/ US8 ,JU/ N[1 IT IS ! OPPORTUNI/S :O >E ! MAJORITY3 MU/ WE !N1 BY *ANCE1 BECOME OPPORTUNI/S8 ,UP TO #agi IT WAS ! ROYALI/S1 ! CON/ITUTIONALI/S1 :O =M$ ! MAJORITY 9 ,FRANCE2 %\LD ! REPUBLICANS1 !N1 HAVE R5\NC$ !IR REPUBLICAN IDEAS & JO9$ ! ROYALI/S1 :5 ,FRANCE WAS MAK+ GREAT /RIDES T[>DS ! ABOLITION ( ROYALTY8 

,IT IS NOT IMPORTANT ?AT NUM]ICALLY WE >E A M9ORITY2 ?AT IS NOT ! REAL QUE/ION4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT IS TO KN[ :E!R ! IDEAS ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM >E 9 H>MONY ) ! EVOLUTION :I* IS TAK+ PLACE 9 HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS1 ESPECIALLY AMONG PEOPLES ( ! ,LAT9 RACE4 ,BUT ON ?IS SUBJECT IT IS CLE> ?AT REVOLUTION IS NOT TAK+ ! DIRECTION ( AU?ORIT>IANISM2 IT IS TAK+ ! DIRECTION ( ! MO/ COMPLETE FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ( ! PRODUC+ & CONSUM+ GR\P1 ( ! COMMUNE1 ( ! COLLECTIVE1 ( FREE F$]ATION4 ,EVOLUTION IS BE+ PRODUC$1 NOT 9 ! DIRECTION ( PROPRIET>Y 9DIVIDUALISM1 BUT 9 ! DIRECTION ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION >RANG$ 9 COMMON4 ,9 ! L>GE CITIES COMMUNISM SC>ES NO ONE1 ( C\RSE1 SO LONG AS IT IS A QUE/ION ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4 ,9 ! VILLAGES ! SAME 9CL9ATION PREVAILS1 & AP>T FROM A FEW >EAS ( ,FRANCE :]E SPECIAL CIRCUM/ANCES EXI/1 ! PEASANT IS N[ PROGRESS+ 9 MANY WAYS T[>DS ! COMMON USE ( ! IMPLEM5TS ( WORK4 ,?AT IS :Y1 EA* TIME WE EXPOSE \R IDEAS TO ! GREAT MASSES1 EA* TIME WE SPEAK TO !M ( ! REVOLUTION AS WE UND]/& IT 9 SIMPLE & COMPREH5SIBLE T]MS1 GIV+ PRACTICAL EXAMPLES1 WE >E ALWAYS GREET$ BY !IR APPLAUSE1 9 ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S AS WELL AS 9 ! VILLAGES4 

,& C\LD IT BE O!RWISE8 ,IF AN>*Y & COMMUNISM HAD BE5 ! PRODUCT ( PHILOSOPHIC SPECULATIONS1 CREAT$ BY SAVANTS 9 ! DIM LI<TS ( !IR /UDIES1 !SE TWO PR9CIPLES W\LD HAVE F\ND NO E*O4 ,!Y >E ! /ATEM5TS ( ?OSE :O UND]/& :AT ! WORK]S & PEASANTS >E SAY+ :5 !Y >E RELEAS$ = A DAY OR SO FROM ! DAILY R\T9E & SET !MSELVES ?9K+ AB\T A BETT] FUTURE4 ,!Y >E /ATEM5TS ( ! SL[ EVOLUTION ?AT HAS OCCURR$ 9 PEOPLE'S M9DS DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ?IS C5TURY4 ,!Y PROJECT ! POPUL> CONCEPTION ( ! TRANS=MATION ?AT MU/ SOON BEG9 TO C>RY JU/ICE1 SOLID>ITY & BRO!RHOOD 9TO \R T[NS & \R C\NTRYSIDE4 ,BORN ( ! PEOPLE1 !SE IDEAS >E ACCLAIM$ BY ! PEOPLE EV]Y TIME !Y >E EXPOS$ TO !M 9 A COMPREH5SIBLE MANN]4 

,!RE 9 FACT LIES ! TRUE P[] ( ! IDEAS ( AN>*ISM & COMMUNISM1 & NOT 9 ! NUMB] ( ACTIVE ADH]5TS1 ORGANIZ$ 9 GR\PS1 :O >E C\RAGE\S 5\< TO 9CUR ! DANG] ( ! /RUGGLE1 ! CONSEQU5CES TO :I* ONE EXPOSES ONESELF 9 FI<T+ = ! POPUL> REVOLUTION4 ,!IR NUMB] GR[S FROM DAY TO DAY & IT CONT9UES TO GR[1 BUT IT WILL ONLY BE ON ! V]Y EVE ( ! UPRIS+ ?AT IT WILL BECOME A MAJORITY 9 PLACE ( ! M9ORITY IT N[ IS4 

,HI/ORY IS !RE TO TELL US ?AT ?OSE :O HAVE BE5 A M9ORITY ON ! EVE ( ! REVOLUTION1 BECOME ! PR$OM9ANT =CE ON ! DAY ( ! REVOLUTION1 IF !Y TRULY EXPRESS POPUL> ASPIRATIONS & IF-! O!R ESS5TIAL CONDITION-! REVOLUTION LA/S LONG 5\< TO ALL[ ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEA TO SPREAD1 TO G]M9ATE & TO BE> ITS FRUIT4 ,= WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT IT IS NOT BY A REVOLUTION LA/+ A C\PLE ( DAYS ?AT WE %ALL COME TO TRANS=M SOCIETY 9 ! DIRECTION POS$ BY AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4 ,AN UPRIS+ ( %ORT DURATION CAN OV]?R[ A GOV]NM5T TO PUT ANO!R 9 ITS PLACE2 IT CAN REPLACE A ,NAPOLEON BY A ,JULES ,FAVRE7#a#h7 BUT IT *ANGES NO?+ 9 ! BASIC 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY4 

,IT IS A :OLE 9SURRECTION>Y P]IOD ( ?REE1 F\R1 P]HAPS FIVE YE>S ?AT WE MU/ TRAV]SE TO ACCOMPLI% \R REVOLUTION 9 ! PROP]TY SY/EM & 9 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,IT TOOK FIVE YE>S ( CONT9UAL 9SURRECTION1 FROM #a<h TO #a#g#i#c1 TO BATT] D[N ! FEUDAL L&HOLD+ SY/EM & ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! CR[N 9 ,FRANCE2 IT W\LD TAKE ?REE OR F\R TO BATT] D[N B\RGEOIS FEUDALISM & ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ME PLUTOCRACY4 

,IT IS ABOVE ALL 9 ?AT P]IOD ( EXCITEM5T1 :5 PEOPLE'S M9DS WORK ) ACCEL]AT$ VITALITY1 :5 EV]YONE1 9 ! SUMPTU\S CITY HOME AS 9 ! D>KE/ CAB91 TAKES AN 9T]E/ 9 COMMUNAL ?+S1 DISCUSSES1 TALKS & SEEKS TO CONV]T O!RS1 ?AT ! AN>*I/ IDEA1 N[ BE+ SPREAD SL[LY BY ! EXI/+ GR\PS1 WILL G]M9ATE1 BE> ITS FRUIT & PLANT ITSELF 9 ! BROAD MASS ( HUMAN M9DS4 ,IT IS !N ?AT ! 9DIFF]5T ONES ( TODAY WILL BECOME P>TISANS ( ! NEW IDEA4 ,SU* HAS ALWAYS BE5 ! PROGRESS ( IDEAS1 & ! GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION CAN S]VE AS AN EXAMPLE4 

,( C\RSE1 ?AT REVOLUTION NEV] W5T SO DEEPLY AS ! ONE ( :I* WE DREAM4 ,IT DID NO MORE ?AN OV]?R[ ! >I/OCRACY1 TO REPLACE IT BY ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT DID NOT T\* ! SY/EM ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT /R5G!N$ IT BY 9TRODUC+ B\RGEOIS EXPLOITATION4 ,BUT IT A*IEV$ AN IMM5SE RESULT ( ITS [N ?R\< ! F9AL ABOLITION ( S]FDOM1 & IT ABOLI%$ ?AT S]FDOM BY =CE1 :I* IS F> MORE EFFECTIVE ?AN ! ABOLITION ( ANY?+ BY MEANS ( LAWS4 ,IT OP5$ ! ]A ( REVOLUTIONS1 :I* S9CE !N HAVE FOLL[$ AT %ORT 9T]VALS1 DRAW+ NE>] & NE>] TO ! TRUE SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,IT GAVE ! ,FR5* ! REVOLUTION>Y IMPULSE )\T :I* PEOPLES CAN /AGNATE = C5TURIES UND] ! MO/ ABJECT OPPRESSION4 ,IT BEQUEA!D TO ! WORLD A /REAM ( F]TILE IDEAS = ! FUTURE2 IT AWAK5$ ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT2 & IT GAVE A REVOLUTION>Y $UCATION TO ! ,FR5* PEOPLE4 ,IF 9 #ahga ,FRANCE CREAT$ ! ,COMMUNE1 IF TODAY IT WILL+LY ACCEPTS ! IDEA ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM :ILE O!R NATIONS >E /ILL 9 ! AU?ORIT>IAN OR CN/ITUTIONALI/ PHASE 7:I* ,FRANCE TRAV]S$ BE=E #a#h#d#h1 OR EV5 BE=E #a#g#h#i71 IT IS BECAUSE1 AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 %E PASS$ ?R\< F\R YE>S ( GREAT REVOLUTION4 

,YET REMEMB] :AT A SAD PICTURE ,FRANCE (F]$ ONLY A FEW YE>S BE=E ?AT REVOLUTION1 & :AT A FEEBLE M9ORITY W]E ?OSE :O DREAM$ ( ! ABOLITION ( ROYALTY & FEUDALISM6 

,! PEASANTS W]E PLUNG$ 9 A POV]TY & AN IGNORANCE ( :I* TODAY IT IS H>D EV5 TO =M AN IDEA4 ,LO/ 9 !IR VILLAGES1 )\T REGUL> COMMUNICATIONS1 NOT KN[+ :AT WAS HAPP5+ FIFTY MILES AWAY1 !SE BE+S YOK$ TO ! PL[ & LIV+ 9 PE/-RIDD5 HOVELS SEEM$ DOOM$ TO ET]NAL S]VITUDE4 ,ANY COMMON ACTION WAS IMPOSSIBLE1 & AT ! LEA/ SIGN ( 9SURRECTION ! SOLDI]S W]E !RE TO CUT D[N ! 9SURG5TS & HANG ! LEAD]S ABOVE ! VILLAGE F\NTA9 ON A GIBBET EI<TE5 FEET HI<4 ,AT MO/ A FEW 9SPIR$ PROPAG&I/S W&]$ ?R\< ! VILLAGES1 FANN+ ! HATR$ AGA9/ ! OPPRESSORS & REAWAK5+ HOPE AMONG A FEW 9DIVIDUALS :O D>$ TO LI/54 ,AT MO/ A PEASANT RISK$ HIMSELF TO ASK = BREAD OR A LITTLE R$UCTION 9 TAXES4 ,WE ONLY HAVE TO READ ?R\< ! VILLAGE RECORDS TO BECOME AW>E ( ?IS4 

,AS = ! B\RGEOISIE1 ITS LEAD+ *>ACT]I/IC WAS C[>DICE4 ,A FEW ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS OCCASIONALLY TOOK ! RISK ( ATTACK+ ! GOV]NM5T & REAWAK5+ ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT BY SOME AUDACI\S ACT4 ,BUT ! GREAT MASS ( ! B\RGEOISIE B[$ D[N %AMEFULLY BE=E ! K+ & HIS C\RT1 BE=E ! NOBLEM5 & EV5 BE=E ! NOBLEMAN'S LACKEY4 ,ONLY READ ! MUNICIPAL RECORDS ( ! P]IOD1 & Y\ WILL BE AW>E ( ! VILE S]VILITY ?AT IMPREGNAT$ ! WORDS ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ! YE>S BE=E #a#g#h#i4 ,!IR WORDS OOZE ) ! MO/ IGNOBLE S]VITUDE1 ) ALL DUE DEF]5CE TO ,M4 ,L\IS ,BLANC7#a#i7 & O!R ADULATORS ( ?AT PR]EVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE4 ,A DEEP DESPAIR 9SPIR$ ! FEW REAL REVOLUTION>IES ( ! P]IOD :5 !Y CA/ AN EYE >\ND !M1 & ,CAMILLE ,DESM\L9S WAS JU/IFI$ 9 MAK+ HIS FAM\S REM>K3 0,WE REPUBLICANS W]E H>DLY A DOZ5 9 NUMB] BE=E #a#g#h#i407#b7 

,BUT :AT A TRANS=MATION ?REE OR F\R YE>S LAT]6 ,AS SOON AS ! P[] ( ROYALTY WAS EV5 SLI<TLY ]OD$ BY ! CURR5T ( EV5TS1 ! PEOPLE BEGAN TO REBEL4 ,DUR+ ! :OLE YE> ( #a<h !RE W]E ONLY HALF-HE>T$ RIOTS AMONG ! PEASANTRY4 ,LIKE ! SMALL & HESITANT /RIKES TODAY1 !Y BROKE \T H]E & !RE ACROSS ,FRANCE1 BUT GRADUALLY !Y SPREAD1 BECAME MORE BROAD & BITT]1 MORE DIFFICULT TO SUPPRESS4 

,A YE> E>LI] PEOPLE H>DLY D>$ TO DEM& A R$UCTION ( TAXES 7AS N[ADAYS ONE H>DLY D>ES DEM& AN 9CREASE 9 WAGES74 ,A YE> LAT]1 9 #a#g#h#i1 ! PEASANTS W]E ALREADY GO+ F> AHEAD4 ,A GREAT IDEA ROSE TO ! SURFACE3 ?AT ( %AK+ (F COMPLETELY ! YOKE ( ! NOBLEMAN1 ( ! PRIE/1 ( ! L&[N+ B\RGEOIS4 ,AS SOON AS ! PEASANT SAW ?AT ! GOV]NM5T NO LONG] HAD ! /R5G? TO RESI/ A REBELLION1 HE ROSE L UP AGA9/ HIS 5EMIES4 ,A FEW BRAVE M5 SET FIRE TO ! FIR/ *ATEAUX1 :ILE ! MASS ( PEOPLE1 /ILL FULL ( FE>1 WAIT$ UNTIL ! FLAMES FROM ! CONFLAGRATION ( ! GREAT H\SES ROSE OV] ! HILLS T[>DS ! CL\DS TO ILLUM9ATE ! FATE ( ?OSE TAX F>M]S :O HAD PLACIDLY WITNESS$ ! TORTUR+ ( ! PRECURSORS ( ! PEASANT REVOLT4 ,?IS TIME ! SOLDI]S DID NOT COME TO SUPPRESS ! 9SURRECTIONS1 = !Y W]E O!RWISE OCCUPI$1 & ! REVOLT SPREAD FROM VILLAGE TO VILLAGE1 & OV]NI<T HALF ( ,FRANCE WAS ON FIRE4 

,:ILE ! FUTURE REVOLUTION>IES ( ! MIDDLE CLASS W]E /ILL FALL+ OV] !MSELVES BE=E ! K+1 :ILE ! GREAT P]SONAGES ( ! COM+ REVOLUTION S\<T TO TAKE CONTROL ( ! UPRIS+ ?R\< BRIBES & CONCESSIONS1 VILLAGES & T[NS REBELL$1 LONG BE=E ! GA!R+ ( ! ,/ATES ,G5]AL & ! SPEE*ES ( ,MIRABEAU4 ,HUNDR$S ( RIOTS 7,TA9E KNEW ( AT LEA/ ?REE HUNDR$7 BROKE \T 9 ! VILLAGES1 BE=E ! ,P>ISIANS1 >M$ ) !IR PIKES & A FEW UNRELIABLE CANNON1 /ORM$ ! ,BA/ILLE4 

,FROM ?IS PO9T1 IT BECAME IMPOSSIBLE TO CONTROL ! REVOLUTION4 ,IF IT HAD BROK5 \T ONLY 9 ,P>IS1 IF IT HAD BE5 JU/ A P>LIAM5T>Y REVOLUTION1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 DR[N$ 9 BLOOD1 & ! HORDES ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION W\LD HAVE C>RI$ ! :ITE FLAG FROM VILLAGE TO VILLAGE1 FROM T[N TO T[N1 MASSACR+ ! PEASANTS & ! POOR4 ,BUT =TUNATELY FROM ! BEG9N+ ! REVOLUTION HAD TAK5 ON ANO!R %APE4 ,IT HAD BROK5 \T ALMO/ SIMULTANE\SLY 9 A ?\S& PLACES2 9 EA* VILLAGE1 9 EA* T[N1 9 EA* CITY ( ! 9SURG5T PROV9CES1 ! REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITIES1 /RONG 9 !IR AUDACITY & 9 ! UNSPOK5 SUPPORT !Y RECOGNIZ$ 9 ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! PEOPLE1 M>*$ TO ! CONQUE/ ( ! CA/LES1 ( ! T[N HALLS & F9ALLY ( ! ,BA/ILLE1 T]RORIZ+ ! >I/OCRACY & ! UPP] MIDDLE CLASS1 ABOLI%+ PRIVILEGES4 ,! M9ORITY />T$ ! REVOLUTION & C>RI$ ! PEOPLE ) IT4 

,IT WILL BE JU/ ! SAME ) ! REVOLUTION :OSE APPROA* WE =ESEE4 ,! IDEA ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1 TODAY REPRES5T$ BY FEEBLE M9ORITIES' BUT 9CREAS+LY F9D+ POPUL> EXPRESSION1 WILL MAKE ITS WAY AMONG ! MASS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,SPREAD+ EV]Y:]E1 ! AN>*I/ GR\PS 1 H[EV] SLI<T !Y MAY BE1 WILL TAKE /R5G? FROM ! SUPPORT !Y F9D AMONG ! PEOPLE1 & WILL RAISE ! R$ FLAG ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,& ?IS K9D ( REVOLUTION1 BREAK+ \T SIMULTANE\SLY 9 A ?\S& PLACES1 WILL PREV5T ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ANY GOV]NM5T ?AT MI<T H9D] ! UNFOLD+ ( EV5TS1 & ! REVOLUTION WILL BURN ON UNTIL IT HAS ACCOMPLI%$ ITS MISSION3 ! ABOLITION ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY[N+ & ( ! ,/ATE4 

,ON ?AT DAY1 :AT IS N[ ! M9ORITY WILL BECOME ! ,PEOPLE1 ! GREAT MASS1 & ?AT MASS RIS+ UP AGA9/ PROP]TY & ! ,/ATE1 WILL M>* =W>D T[>DS AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4 

7,S\RCE3 ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ DUR+ ,KROPOTK9'S IMPRISONM5T1 ?IS COLLECTION CONTA9S >TICLES WRITT5 BETWE5 #ahgi & #a#h#h#b4 ,ACTUALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#e47 

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,ORD] 

,PHOTO BY ,LAURA '1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE ,WE >E (T5 REPROA*$ ) HAV+ TAK5 AS \R SLOGAN WORD AN>*Y :I* /IRS UP FE> 9 SO MANY M9DS4 @&_?#a#d#g2,Y\R IDEAS >E EXCELL5T @&_?#a#e2 WE >E TOLD @&_?#a#e2 BUT Y\ MU/ ADMIT ?AT Y\ HAVE MADE AN UN=TUNATE *OICE 9 NAM+ Y\R P>TY4 ,AN>*Y1 9 CURR5T SPEE*1 IS ! SYNONYM = DISORD]1 = *AOS2 ?AT WORD AWAK5S 9 ! M9D ! IDEA ( COLLID+ 9T]E/S1 ( 9DIVIDUALS AT W> ) EA* O!R1 :O CANNOT SUCCE$ 9 E/ABLI%+ H>MONY4@&_?#a#d#h2 

,LET US BEG9 BY OBS]V+ ?AT AN ACTIVI/ P>TY1 A P>TY :I* REPRES5TS A NEW T5D5CY1 R>ELY HAS ! *ANCE ( ITSELF *OOS+ ITS NAME4 ,IT WAS NOT ! ,BEGG>S ( ,BRABANT#a :O 9V5T$ ?AT NAME :I* LAT] BECAME SO POPUL>4 ,BUT1 FROM BE+ A NICKNAME @&_?#a#e2 & AN ALMO/ 9SPIR$ ONE @&_?#a#e2 IT WAS TAK5 UP BY ! MOVEM5T1 G5]ALLY ACCEPT$1 & SOON BECAME ITS GLORI\S TITLE4 ,9 ! 5D ! WORD SEEM$ TO CONTA9 A :OLE IDEA4 

,& ! SANS-CULOTTES ( #agicb ,IT WAS ! 5EMIES ( ! POPUL> REVOLUTION :O 9V5T$ ?AT NAME2 BUT DID IT NOT COND5SE A :OLE IDEA1 ?AT ( ! REVOLT ( ! PEOPLE1 RAGG$ & TIR$ ( POV]TY1 AGA9/ ALL !SE ROYALI/S1 SELF-/YL$ PATRIOTS & ,JACOB9S1 WELL-DRESS$ & SPICK-&-SPAN1 :O 9 SPITE ( !IR POMP\S SPEE*ES & ! 9C5SE BURNT BE=E !M BY MIDDLE-CLASS HI/ORIANS1 W]E ! TRUE 5EMIES ( ! PEOPLE1 BECAUSE !Y DESPIS$ ! POPULACE DEEPLY = ITS POV]TY1 = ITS LIB]T>IAN & EGALIT>IAN SPIRIT1 = ITS REVOLUTION>Y >DOR8 

,IT WAS ! SAME ) ! WORD NIHILI/S1#c :I* HAS SO 9TRIGU$ ! J\RNALI/S1 & :I* L$ TO SU* GAMES ) WORDS1 9 BO? ! GOOD & ! BAD S5SE1 UNTIL IT WAS F9ALLY UND]/OOD ?AT H]E WAS NOT A QUE/ION ( A B>OQUE & ALMO/ RELIGI\S SECT BUT ( A TRUE REVOLUTION>Y =CE4 ,LAUN*$ BY ,TURG5EV 9 HIS NOVEL1 ,FA!RS & ,SONS1 IT WAS TAK5 UP BY ! @&_?#a#d#g2FA!RS@&_?#a#d#h2 :O US$ ! NICKNAME TO TAKE REV5GE = ! DISOB$I5CE ( ! @&_?#a#d#g2SONS@&_?#a#d#h24 ,! SONS ACCEPT$ IT1 & :5 LAT] !Y F\ND ?AT IT L$ TO MISUND]/&+S & TRI$ TO %$ IT1 IT HAD BECOME IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! PRESS & ! PEOPLE 9 ,RUSSIA DID NOT WANT TO DESCRIBE ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES BY ANY O!R NAME4 ,BESIDES1 ! NAME WAS NOT 5TIRELY 9APPROPRIATE1 S9CE IT EMBRAC$ AN IDEA3 IT EXPRESS$ A NEGATION ( ALL ! FEATURES ( PRES5T-DAY CIVILIZATION ?AT >E BAS$ ON ! OPPRESSION ( ONE CLASS BY ANO!R2 ! NEGATION ( ! EXI/+ ECONOMIC SY/EM1 ! NEGATION ( GOV]NM5TALISM & P[]1 ( B\RGEOIS POLITICS1 ( R\T9E SCI5CE1 ( B\RGEOIS MORALITY1 OR >T PUT AT ! S]VICE ( EXPLOIT]S1 ( CU/OMS & HABITS MADE GROTESQUE & DETE/ABLE BY HYPOCRISY :I* PA/ C5TURIES HAVE BEQUEA!D TO PRES5T DAY SOCIETY @&_?#a#e2 9 BRIEF1 ! NEGATION ( ALL ?AT B\RGEOIS SOCIETY N[ LOADS ) V5]ATION4 

,IT WAS ! SAME ) ! AN>*I/S4 ,:5 9 ! HE>T ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL !RE ROSE UP A P>TY ?AT F\<T AGA9/ AU?ORITY 9 ALL ITS =MS1 ?AT P>TY FIR/ TOOK ON ! NAME ( ! F$]ALI/ P>TY1 !N CALL$ ITSELF ANTI-/ATI/ OR ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN4 ,AT ?AT EPO* IT EV5 AVOID$ ASSUM+ ! NAME ( AN>*I/4 ,! WORD AN->*Y 7AS IT WAS WRITT5 !N7 MI<T HAVE ATTA*$ ! P>TY TOO CLOSELY TO ! ,PR\DHONIANS1#d :OSE IDEAS ( ECONOMIC RE=M ! ,9T]NATIONAL !N COMBAT$4 ,BUT IT WAS PRECISELY TO CREATE CONFUSION ?AT ! ADV]S>IES ( ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS TOOK PLEASURE 9 US+ ! NAME2 BESIDES1 IT 5ABL$ !M TO SAY ?AT ! V]Y NAME ( ! AN>*I/S PROV$ ?AT !IR SOLE AMBITION WAS TO CREATE DISORD] & *AOS1 )\T ?9K+ ( ! RESULT4 

,! AN>*I/ P>TY HA/5$ TO ACCEPT ! NAME ?AT WAS GIV5 TO IT4 ,IT 9SI/$ FIR/ ( ALL ON ! HYPH5 UNIT+ AN & >*Y1 EXPLA9+ ?AT UND] ?AT =M1 ! WORD AN->*Y1 ( ,GREEK ORIG91 SIGNIFI$ NO P[]1 & NOT @&_?#a#d#g2DISORD]@&_?#a#d#h22 BUT SOON IT ACCEPT$ ! WORD AS IT WAS1 )\T GIV+ A USELESS TASK TO PRO(-READ]S OR A LESSON 9 ,GREEK TO ITS READ]S4 

,! WORD WAS ?US RETURN$ TO ITS PRIMITIVE1 ORD9>Y & COMMON MEAN+1 EXPRESS$ 9 #ahaf 9 !SE WORDS BY ! ,5GLI% PHILOSOPH] ,J]EMY ,B5?AM4#e @&_?#a#d#g2,! PHILOSOPH] :O WANTS TO RE=M A BAD LAW DOES NOT PREA* 9SURRECTION AGA9/ IT@&_?#a#c#c24 ,! *>ACT] ( ! AN>*I/ IS QUITE DIFF]5T4 ,HE D5IES ! EXI/5CE ( ! LAW1 HE REJECTS ITS VALIDITY1 HE 9CITES M5 TO IGNORE IT AS A LAW & TO RISE UP AGA9/ ITS IMPLEM5TATION4@&_?#a#d#h2 ,! MEAN+ ( ! WORD HAS BECOME EV5 BROAD] TODAY3 ! AN>*I/ D5IES NOT ONLY EXI/+ LAWS1 BUT ALL E/ABLI%$ P[]1 ALL AU?ORITY2 YET ! ESS5CE REMA9S ! SAME2 ! AN>*I/ REBELS @&_?#a#e2 & ?IS IS :]E HE BEG9S @&_?#a#e2 AGA9/ P[]1 AU?ORITY1 UND] :ATEV] =M IT MAY APPE>4 

,BUT ?IS WORD1 WE >E TOLD1 AWAK5S 9 ! M9D ! NEGATION ( ORD]1 & H5CE ! IDEA ( DISORD]1 ( *AOS6 

,LET US TRY TO UND]/& EA* O!R4 ,:AT K9D ( ORD] >E Y\ TALK+ AB\T8 ,IS IT ! H>MONY ( :I* WE DREAM1 WE AN>*I/S8 ,! H>MONY ?AT WILL E/ABLI% ITSELF FREELY 9 HUMAN RELATIONS ONCE HUMANITY CEASES TO BE DIVID$ 9TO TWO CLASSES1 ON SACRIFIC$ TO ! O!R8 ,! H>MONY ?AT WILL >ISE SPONTANE\SLY FROM ! SOLID>ITY ( 9T]E/S1 :5 ALL M5 WILL =M ! SAME S+LE FAMILY1 :5 EA* WILL WORK = ! WELL-BE+ ( ALL & ALL = ! WELL-BE+ ( EA*8 ,EVID5TLY NOT6 ,?OSE :O REPROA* AN>*ISM = BE+ ! NEGATION ( ORD] >E NOT SPEAK+ ( ?AT FUTURE H>MONY2 !Y SPEAK ( ORD] AS IT IS CONCEIV$ 9 \R PRES5T SOCIETY4 ,SO LET US TAKE A LOOK AT ?IS ORD] :I* AN>*Y WI%ES TO DE/ROY4 

,ORD]1 AS IT IS UND]/OOD TODAY1 MEANS N9E-T5?S ( HUMANITY WORK+ TO PROCURE LUXURY1 PLEASURE & ! SATISFACTION ( ! MO/ EXECRABLE ( PASSIONS = A H&FUL ( IDL]S4 

,ORD] IS ! DEPRIVATION = ?IS N9E-T5?S ( HUMANITY ( ALL ?AT IS NECESS>Y = A HEAL?Y LIFE & = ! REASONABLE DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9TELLECTUAL QUALITIES4 ,R$UC+ N9E-T5?S ( HUMANITY TO ! CONDITION ( BEA/S ( BURD5 LIV+ FROM DAY TO DAY1 )\T EV] D>+ TO ?9K ( ! PLEASURES MAN CAN GA9 FROM ! /UDY ( SCI5CE1 FROM >TI/IC CREATION @&_?#a#e2 ?AT IS ORD]6 

,ORD] IS POV]TY2 IT IS FAM9E BECOME ! NORMAL ORD] ( SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ! ,IRI% PEASANT DY+ ( HUNG]2 IT IS ! PEASANT ( A ?IRD ( ,RUSSIA DY+ ( DIPH!RIA1 ( TYPHUS1 ( HUNG] AS A RESULT ( NE$ 9 ! MID/ ( PILES ( :EAT DE/9$ = EXPORT4 ,IT IS ! PEOPLE ( ,ITALY R$UC$ TO AB&ON+ !IR LUXURIANT C\NTRYSIDE TO W&] OV] ,EUROPE SEEK+ SOME TUNNEL OR O!R TO EXCAVATE1 :]E !Y WILL RISK BE+ CRU%$ TO DEA? AFT] HAV+ SURVIV$ A FEW MON?S LONG]4 ,IT IS L& TAK5 FROM ! PEASANT = RAIS+ ANIMALS TO FE$ ! RI*2 IT IS L& LEFT FALL[ RA!R ?AN BE+ GIV5 BACK TO ?OSE :O ASK NO?+ BETT] ?AN TO CULTIVATE IT4 

,ORD] IS ! WOMAN SELL+ H]SELF TO FE$ H] *ILDR52 IT IS ! *ILD R$UC$ TO WORK+ 9 A FACTORY OR DY+ ( />VATION2 IT IS ! WORK] R$UC$ TO ! /ATE ( A MA*9E4 ,IT IS ! PHANTOM ( ! WORK] RIS+ UP AT ! DOORS ( ! RI*4 ,IT IS ! PHANTOM ( ! PEOPLE RIS+ UP AT ! GATES ( ! GOV]NM5T4 

,ORD] IS A T9Y M9ORITY1 ELEVAT$ 9TO ! SEATS ( GOV]NM5T1 :I* IMPOSES ITSELF 9 ?AT WAY ON ! MAJORITY & PREP>ES ITS *ILDR5 TO CONT9UE ! SAME FUNCTIONS 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ! SAME PRIVILEGES BY FRAUD1 CORRUPTION1 =CE & MASSACRE4 

,ORD] IS ! CONT9UAL W> ( MAN AGA9/ MAN1 ( TRADE AGA9/ TRADE1 ( CLASS AGA9/ CLASS1 ( NATION AGA9/ NATION4 ,IT IS ! CANNON ?AT NEV] CEASES TO RO> OV] ,EUROPE2 IT IS ! DEVA/ATION ( C\NTRYSIDE1 ! SACRIFICE ( :OLE G5]ATIONS ON ! BATTLEFIELD1 ! DE/RUCTION 9 A S+LE YE> ( WEAL? ACCUMULAT$ BY C5TURIES ( H>D TOIL4 

,ORD] IS S]VITUDE1 IT IS ! %ACKL+ ( ?\<T1 ! BRUTALIZ+ ( ! HUMAN RACE1 MA9TA9$ BY ! SWORD & ! :IP4 ,IT IS ! SUDD5 DEA? BY FIRE-DAMP1 OR ! SL[ DEA? BY SUFFOCATION1 ( HUNDR$S ( M9]S BL[N UP OR BURI$ EA* YE> BY ! GRE$ ( ! EMPLOY]S1 & %OT D[N & BAYONET$ AS SOON AS !Y D>E COMPLA94 

,ORD]1 F9ALLY1 IS ! DR[N+ 9 BLOOD ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 ,IT IS ! DEA? ( ?IRTY ?\S& M51 WOM5 & *ILDR51 TORN AP>T BY %ELLS1 %OT D[N1 & BURI$ ALIVE1 UND] ! /REETS ( ,P>IS4 ,IT IS ! DE/9Y ( ,RUSSIAN Y\?1 IMMUR$ 9 PRISONS1 ISOLAT$ 9 ! SN[S ( ,SIB]IA1 ! BE/ & PURE/ ( !M DY+ BY ! HANGMAN@&_?#a#d#f2S ROPE4 

,?AT IS ORD]4 

,& DISORD]8 ,:AT IS ?IS Y\ CALL DISORD]8 

,IT IS ! UPRIS+ ( ! PEOPLE AGA9/ ?IS IGNOBLE ORD]1 BREAK+ ITS FETT]S1 DE/ROY+ ! B>RI]S1 & M>*+ T[>DS A BETT] FUTURE4 ,IT IS HUMANITY AT ! MO/ GLORI\S PO9T 9 HI/ORY4 ,IT IS ! REVOLT ( ?\<T ON ! EVE ( ! REVOLUTION2 IT IS ! OV]?R[+ ( HYPO!SES SANCTION$ BY ! IMMOBILITY ( PREC$+ C5TURIES2 IT IS ! OP5+ \T ( A :OLE FLOOD ( NEW IDEAS1 AUDACI\S 9V5TIONS1 IT IS ! SOLUTION ( ! PROBLEMS ( SCI5CE4 

,DISORD] IS ! ABOLITION ( ANCI5T SLAV]IES1 IT IS ! UPRIS+ ( ! COMMUNES2 IT IS ! DE/RUCTION ( FEUDAL S]FDOM1 ! EF=T TO MAKE AN 5D TO ECONOMIC S]VITUDE4 

,DISORD] IS ! 9SURRECTION ( PEASANTS RIS+ UP AGA9/ PRIE/S & LORDS1 BURN+ CA/LES TO GIVE PLACE TO F>M/EADS1 EM]G+ FROM !IR HOVELS TO TAKE !IR PLACE 9 ! SUN4 ,IT IS ,FRANCE ABOLI%+ ROYALTY1 & DELIV]+ A MORTAL BL[ TO S]FDOM 9 ALL ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 

,DISORD] IS #a#h#d#h1 MAK+ ! K+S TREMBLE & PROCLAIM+ ! RI<T TO WORK4 ,IT IS ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS :O FI<T = A NEW IDEA & :O1 :ILE SUCCUMB+ TO MASSACRE1 BEQUEA? TO HUMANITY ! IDEA ( ! FREE COMMUNE1 & OP5 = IT ! WAY T[>DS ?AT REVOLUTION :OSE APPROA* WE =ESEE & :OSE NAME WILL BE @&_?#a#d#g2! SOCIAL REVOLUTION4@&_?#a#d#h2 

,DISORD] @&_?#a#e2 :AT !Y CALL DISORD] @&_?#a#e2 IS ALL ! AGES DUR+ :I* :OLE G5]ATIONS SU/A9$ AN 9CESSANT /RUGGLE & SACRIFIC$ !MSELVES TO PREP>E A BETT] EXI/5CE = HUMANITY BY FREE+ IT FROM ! S]VITUDE ( ! PA/4 ,IT IS ! AGES DUR+ :I* ! POPUL> G5IUS TOOK ITS FREE WAY & 9 A FEW YE>S MADE GIGANTIC /EPS =W>D1 )\T :I* M5 W\LD HAVE REMA9$ 9 ! CONDITION ( ! SLAVE ( ANTIQUITY1 CR++ & DEBAS$ BY MIS]Y4 

,DISORD] IS ! BLOSSOM+ ( ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL PASSIONS & ! GREATE/ ( DEVOTIONS1 IT IS ! EPIC ( SUPREME HUMAN LOVE4 

,! WORD AN>*Y1 IMPLY+ ! NEGATION ( ORD]1 & 9VOK+ ! MEMORY ( ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL MOM5TS 9 ! LIFE ( ! PEOPLES @&_?#a#e2 IS IT NOT WELL *OS5 = A P>TY ?AT M>*ES T[>DS ! CONQUE/ ( A BETT] FUTURE8 

#a  ,! TRUE BEG9N+S ( ! RESI/ANCE TO ,AU/RIAN RULE 9 ,BELGIUM1 :I* 5D$ 9 ITS 9DEP5D5CE 9 #a#h#c1 WAS ! REBELLION ( #a<i TO #a#g#i1 9SPIR$ BY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 :I* WAS DEFEAT$ AT ! TIME BUT LEFT A LA/+ H]ITAGE ( RESI/ANCE TO ,HAPSBURG RULE4 

#b  ,! WORD @&_?#a#d#g2SANS-CULOTTE@&_?#a#d#h2 WAS ACTUALLY FIR/ US$ 9 #a#g#h#i4 ,IT DID NOT MEAN B>E-BOTTOM$1 BUT REF]R$ TO ?OSE MORE RADICAL @&_?#a#e2 & USUALLY L[] MIDDLE CLASS @&_?#a#e2 REVOLUTION>IES :O *OSE TO WE> PANTALOONS 7TR\S]S7 9 PREF]5CE TO ! CULOTTES 7KNEW BREE*ES7 FAVOR$ BY ! >I/OCRATS4 

#c  ,! WORD @&_?#a#d#g2NIHILI/S@&_?#a#d#h2 WAS C]TA9LY NOT @&_?#a#d#g2LAUN*$@&_?#a#d#h2 BY ,TURG5EV1 ?\< HE POPUL>IZ$ IT 9 ,FA!RS & ,SONS4 7#a#h#f#a74 ,! ,OX=D ,5GLI% ,DICTION>Y CITES A USE 9 #ahag BY AN ,AM]ICAN !OLOGIAN1 & ! CONCEPT ( NIHILISM CROPP$ UP 9 ! RELIGI\S WORD BATTLES ( ! ,RE=MATION P]IOD4 

#d  ,! WORD AN>*I/ WAS FIR/ US$ 9 A POSITIVE WAY BY ,PR\DHON HIMSELF1 9 ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY8 7#a#h#d71 BUT IT HAD ALREADY BE5 US$ 9 A D]OGATORY WAY AGA9/ ! ,LEVEL]S DUR+ ! ,5GLI% ,CIVIL ,W> ( ! #a#g? C5TURY 7!Y W]E CALL$ @&_?#a#d#g2,SWITZ]IS+ AN>*I/S@&_?#a#d#h27 & BY ! ,GIROND9S AGA9/ ! 5RAGES DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 

#e  ,J]EMY ,B5?AM 7#a#g#d#h-#a#h#c#b7 WAS ! F\ND] ( ,UTILIT>IANISM & FAM\S = HIS DECL>ATION ?AT ! ONLY TRUE CRIT]ION ( POLITICAL ACTION WAS ?AT IT %\LD PROMOTE ! GREATE/ HAPP9ESS = ! GREATE/ NUMB]4 ,HE WAS AN 9FLU5TIAL P5AL & LEGISLATIVE RE=M]4 

7,S\RCE3 ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ DUR+ ,KROPOTK9'S IMPRISONM5T1 ?IS COLLECTION CONTA9S >TICLES WRITT5 BETWE5 #ahgi & #a#h#h#b4 ,ACTUALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#e47 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,! ,COMMUNE 

,PHOTO BY _?TOM _?MALAVODA1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,N,D ,LIC5SE #a4 

,:5 WE SAY ?AT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION MU/ BE A*IEV$ BY ! LIB]ATION ( ! ,COMMUNES1 & ?AT IT IS ! ,COMMUNES1 ABSOLUTELY 9DEP5D5T1 LIB]AT$ FROM ! TUTELAGE ( ! ,/ATE1 ?AT ALONE CAN GIVE US ! NECESS>Y SETT+ = A REVOLUTION & ! MEANS ( ACCOMPLI%+ IT1 WE >E REPROA*$ ) WANT+ TO RECALL TO LIFE A =M ( SOCIETY ?AT HAS ALREADY \TLIV$ ITS TIME4 0,BUT ! ,COMMUNE10 !Y SAY1 0BELONGS TO ANO!R AGE6 ,9 SETT+ \T TO DE/ROY ! ,/ATE & PUT FREE COMMUNES 9 ITS PLACE1 Y\ >E LOOK+ TO ! PA/2 Y\ WANT TO LEAD US BACK 9TO ! HE>T ( ! MIDDLE AGES1 TO REIGNITE ! OLD COMMUNAL W>S1 & DE/ROY ! NATIONAL UNITIES ?AT HAVE BE5 SO PA9FULLY A*IEV$ 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 

,V]Y WELL1 LET US CONSID] ?IS CRITICISM4 

,FIR/1 WE MU/ UND]/& ?AT COMP>ISONS ) ! PA/ HAVE ONLY A RELATIVE VALUE4 ,IF1 9 FACT1 ! ,COMMUNE AS WE 5VISAGE IT W]E REALLY A M]E RETURN T[>DS ! ,COMMUNE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 MU/ WE NOT RECOGNIZE ?AT ! ,COMMUNE TODAY CANNOT POSSIBLY CLO! ITSELF AGA9 9 ! =MS IT ASSUM$ SEV5 C5TURIES AGO8 ,& IS IT NOT EVID5T ?AT IF IT W]E E/ABLI%$ 9 \R DAYS1 9 \R C5TURY ( RAILWAYS & TELEGRAPHS1 ( COSMOPOLITAN SCI5CE & RESE>* 9TO PURE TRU?1 ! ,COMMUNE W\LD HAVE AN ORGANIZATION SO DIFF]5T FROM ?AT :I* IT HAD 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY ?AT WE W\LD BE 9 ! PRES5CE ( AN ABSOLUTELY NEW FACT1 EM]G+ 9 NEW CONDITIONS & LEAD+ 9EVITABLY TO ABSOLUTELY DIFF]5T CONSEQU5CES4 

,BESIDES1 \R ADV]S>IES1 ! DEF5D]S ( ! ,/ATE1 UND] ITS V>I\S =MS1 %\LD REMEMB] ?AT WE CAN RAISE AGA9/ !M1 OBJECTIONS AS GOOD AS !IRS4 ,WE 9 \R TURN CAN SAY TO !M & ) MU* MORE REASON1 ?AT IT IS !Y :O HAVE !IR EYES TURN$ T[>DS ! PA/1 S9CE ! ,/ATE IS A =M JU/ AS OLD AS ! ,COMMUNE4 ,ONLY !RE IS ?IS DIFF]5CE2 :ILE ! ,/ATE 9 HI/ORY REPRES5TS ! NEGATION ( ALL FRE$OM1 ! TRIUMPH ( ! ABSOLUTE & ! >BITR>Y1 ! RU9 ( ITS SUBJECTS1 TORTURE & ! SCAFFOLD1 IT IS PRECISELY 9 ! LIB]TIES ( ! ,COMMUNE & 9 ! UPRIS+S ( PEOPLES & ,COMMUNES AGA9/ ! ,/ATE ?AT WE R$ISCOV] ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL PAGES ( HI/ORY4 ,C]TA9LY1 9 TRANSPORT+ \RSELVES 9TO ! PA/1 IT IS NOT T[>DS ,L\IS ,XL1 A ,L\IS ,X,V1 A ,CA!R9E #aa ?AT WE TURN \R ATT5TION2 IT IS RA!R T[>DS ! COMMUNES OR REPUBLICS ( ,AMALFI & ,FLOR5CE1 ?OSE ( ,T\L\SE & ,LAON1 ( ,LIEGE & ,C\RTRAY1 ( ,AUGSBURG & ,NUREMB]G1 ( ,PSKOV & ,NOVGOROD4 

,IT IS NOT A MATT] ON :I* WE %\LD BE SATISFI$ ) M]E WORDS & SOPHI/RIES2 IT IS IMPORTANT TO /UDY & ANALYZE CLOSELY1 & NOT TO IMITATE ,M4 DE ,LAVELEYE#b#i & HIS ZEAL\S /UD5TS :O CONF9E !MSELVES TO TELL+ US1 0,BUT ! ,COMMUNE BELONGS TO ! MIDDLE AGES6 ,9 CONSEQU5CE IT MU/ BE CONDEMN$60 0,! ,/ATE IS A :OLE PA/ ( CRIME10 WE ANSW]1 0& !RE=E IT IS CONDEMN$ ) MU* MORE JU/IFICATION40 

,BETWE5 ! ,COMMUNE ( ! MIDDLE AGES & ?AT :I* MI<T BE E/ABLI%$ TODAY1 & PROBABLY WILL BE E/ABLI%$ SOON1 !RE WILL BE PL5TY ( ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CES3 A V]ITABLE ABYSS OP5$ UP BY ! SIX OR SEV5 C5TURIES ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T & H>% EXP]I5CE4 ,LET US EXAM9E ! PR9CIPAL DIFF]5CES4 

,:AT WAS ! PURPOSE ( ?AT 0CONJURATION0 OR 0COMMUNION0 MADE BY ! BURGESSES 9 SU* & SU* A CITY8 ,IT WAS A V]Y MODE/ ONE3 TO LIB]ATE !MSELVES FROM ! LORDS4 ,! 9HABITANTS1 M]*ANTS & >TISANS1 CAME TOGE!R & SWORE NOT TO ALL[ 0ANYONE :ATEV] TO DO H>M TO ONE AMONG !M OR TO TREAT HIM FROM ?IS TIME ONW>D AS A S]F02 IT WAS AGA9/ ! LONG-E/ABLI%$ MA/]S ?AT ! ,COMMUNE ROSE 9 >MS4 0,COMMUNE10 SAID AN AU?OR ( ! #a#b? C5TURY1 QUOT$ BY ,AUGU/9 ,?I]RY1#c 0IS A NEW & DETE/ABLE WORD1 & ?IS IS H[ IT MU/ BE UND]/OOD3 TAXABLE PEOPLE %ALL PAY ONCE ONLY A YE> ! R5T !Y [E !IR LORDS4 ,IF !Y COMMIT AN (F5SE1 IT %ALL BE DIS*>G$ BY A LEGALLY FIX$ P5ALTY2 & ! PEASANTS %ALL BE 5TIRELY EXEMPT FROM ! LEVIES ( MONEY IT HAS BE5 CU/OM>Y TO IMPOSE ON !M40 

,?US IT WAS ACTUALLY AGA9/ ! LORDS ?AT ! ,COMMUNE ROSE UP 9 ! MIDDLE AGES4 ,IT IS FROM ! ,/ATE ?AT ! ,COMMUNE ( TODAY IS SEEK+ TO LIB]ATE ITSELF,G,B,P ,?IS IS AN ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE1 = WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT IT WAS ACTUALLY ! ,/ATE1 REPRES5T$ BY ! K+ :O1 LAT] ON1 REALIZ+ ?AT ! ,COMMUNES WI%$ TO MAKE !MSELVES 9DEP5D5T ( ! LORDS1 S5T ITS >MIES 0TO PUNI%10 AS ! ,*RONICLE SAYS1 0! PRESUMPTION ( !SE NE']-DO-WELLS1 :O1 9 ! NAME ( ! ,COMMUNE1 MAKE A %[ ( REBELL+ AGA9/ ! CR[N40 

,! ,COMMUNE ( TOMORR[ WILL KN[ ?AT IT CANNOT ADMIT ANY HI<] AU?ORITY2 ABOVE IT !RE CAN ONLY BE ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,F$]ATION1 FREELY ACCEPT$ BY ITSELF AS WELL AS ! O!R COMMUNES4 ,IT WILL KN[ ?AT !RE CAN BE NO MIDDLE WAY3 EI!R ! ,COMMUNE WILL BE ABSOLUTELY FREE TO ADOPT ALL ! 9/ITUTIONS IT WI%ES & TO MAKE ALL ! RE=MS & REVOLUTIONS IT F9DS NECESS>Y1 OR IT WILL REMA9 :AT IT HAS BE5 UP TO TODAY1 A M]E BRAN* ( ! ,/ATE1 RE/RICT$ 9 ALL ITS MOVEM5TS1 ALWAYS ON ! PO9T ( 5T]+ 9TO CONFLICT ) ! ,/ATE & SURE ( SUCCUMB+ 9 ! /RUGGLE ?AT WILL FOLL[4 ,! ,COMMUNE WILL KN[ ?AT IT MU/ BREAK ! ,/ATE & REPLACE IT BY ! ,F$]ATION1 & IT WILL ACT 9 ?AT WAY4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT1 IT WILL HAVE ! MEANS TO DO SO4 ,TODAY IT IS NOT ONLY SMALL T[NS ?AT RAISE ! BANN] ( COMMUNAL 9SURRECTION1 IT IS ,P>IS1 ,LYON1 ,M>SEILLE1 ,C>TAG5A1#c#a & SOON ALL ! GREAT CITIES WILL UNFURL ! SAME FLAG4 ,?IS WILL MEAN AN ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE FROM ! ,COMMUNE ( ! PA/4 

,9 FREE+ ITSELF FROM ! LORDS1 DID ! ,COMMUNE ( ! MIDDLE AGES FREE ITSELF ALSO FROM ?OSE RI* M]*ANTS :O1 BY ! SALE ( M]*&ISE & CAPITAL GOODS1 HAD GA9$ PRIVATE WEAL? 9 ! HE>T ( ! CITY8 ,NOT AT ALL6 ,HAV+ DEMOLI%$ ! T[]S ( ! OV]LORD1 ! 9HABITANT ( ! T[N V]Y SOON SAW )9 ! ,COMMUNE ITSELF ! CITADELS ( ! RI* M]*ANTS :O S\<T TO SUBDUE HIM BE+ BUILT1 & ! 9T]NAL HI/ORY ( ! ,COMMUNES 9 ! MIDDLE AGES WAS ?AT ( BITT] /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! RI* & ! POOR1 A /RUGGLE ?AT 5D$ 9EVITABLY ) ! K+'S 9T]V5TION4 ,AS A NEW >I/OCRACY TOOK %APE 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ! ,COMMUNE' ! PEOPLE1 HAV+ FALL5 9TO ! SAME K9D ( S]VITUDE TO ! LORD )9 ! CITY AS IT HAD HI!RTO SUFF]$ TO ! LORD \TSIDE1 UND]/OOD ?AT IT HAD NO?+ TO DEF5D 9 ! ,COMMUNE2 ITS MEMB]S DES]T$ ! WALLS !Y HAD BUILT TO GA9 !IR LIB]TY & :I* ! REGIME ( 9DIVIDUALISM HAD TURN$ 9TO ! RAMP>TS ( A NEW S]VITUDE4 ,HAV+ NO?+ TO LOSE1 ! PEOPLE LET ! RI* M]*ANTS DEF5D !MSELVES1 & !SE RELATIONS W]E USUALLY LIMIT$ TO A TREATY = ! DEF5SE ( URBAN RI<TS AGA9/ ! LORDS1 OR P]HAPS A PACT ( SOLID>ITY = ! MUTUAL PROTECTION ( ! CITIZ5S ( ! COMMUNES ON !IR DI/ANT J\RNEYS4 ,& :5 REAL LEAGUES W]E =M$ AMONG ! T[NS1 AS 9 ,LOMB>DY1 ,SPA9 & ,BELGIUM1 !SE LEAGUES W]E TOO LACK+ 9 HOMOG5EITY & TOO FRAGILE BECAUSE ( ! DIV]SITY ( PRIVILEGES1 & SOON BROKE UP 9TO ISOLAT$ GR\PS OR SUCCUMB$ UND] ! ATTACKS ( ! NEI<BOR+ /ATES4 

,H[ DIFF]5T FROM ! GR\PS ?AT MI<T COME 9TO EXI/5CE TODAY6 ,A SMALL COMMUNE C\LD NOT SURVIVE A WEEK )\T BE+ =C$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES TO E/ABLI% /ABLE RELATIONS ) 9DU/RIAL1 COMM]CIAL &>TI/IC C5T]S1 & !SE C5T]S1 9 !IR TURN1 W\LD FEEL ! NE$ TO OP5 !IR DOORS WIDE TO ! 9HABITANTS ( NE>BY VILLAGES1 ( ! SURR\ND+ COMMUNES1 & ( ! MORE DI/ANT CITIES4 

,IF ONE ( !SE CITIES W]E TO PROCLAIM ! ,COMMUNE TOMORR[1 W]ETO ABOLI% )9 ITSELF ALL 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY1 W]E TO 9TRODUCE COMPLETE COMMUNISM1 I4E4 ! COLLECTIVE 5JOYM5T ( SOCIAL CAPITAL1 ( !TOOLS ( WORK & ! PRODUCTS ( ?AT WORK1 9 A M]E FEW DAYS- PROVID$ IT W]E NOT SURR\ND$ BY HO/ILE >MIES-! CONVOYS ( C>TS W\LD >RIVE AT ! M>KETS4 ,! TRAD]S W\LD S5D TO ! CITY FROM DI/ANT PORTS !IR C>GOES ( RAW MAT]IALS4 ,! PRODUCTS ( ! CITY'S 9DU/RIES1 HAV+ SATISFI$ ! NE$S ( ! POPULATION1 W\LD GO TO SEEK BUY]S 9 ! F\R CORN]S ( ! E>?4 ,VISITORS W\LD >RIVE 9 CR[DS1 PEASANTS1 CITIZ5S ( NE>BY T[NS1 & =EIGN]S1 & !Y W\LD DEP>T TO TELL 9 !IR [N HOMES ( ! M>VEL\S LIFE ( ! FREE CITY :]E EV]YONE WORK$1 :]E NOBODY WAS ANY LONG] POOR OR OPPRESS$1 :]E ALL 5JOY$ ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR1 )\T ANYONE SEIZ+ A LION'S %>E4 ,!RE W\LD BE NO FE> ( ISOLATION2 IF ! COMMUNI/S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAD REASON TO COMPLA9 9 !IR COMMUNAL COLONIES1 IT WAS NOT BECAUSE ( ISOLATION1 BUT RA!R BECAUSE ( ! 9TRUSION ( ! SURR\ND+ B\RGEOIS WORLD 9 !IR COMMUNAL AFFAIRS4 

,! FACT IS ?AT TODAY COMM]CE & EX*ANGE1 :ILE OV]FL[+ ! B\NDS ( NATIONAL FRONTI]S1 HAVE ALSO DE/ROY$ ! WALLS ( ! ANCI5T CITIES4 ,!Y HAVE E/ABLI%$ A COHESION ?AT DID NOT EXI/ 9 ! MIDDLE AGES4 ,ALL ! 9HABIT$ PLACES ( WE/]N ,EUROPE >E SO 9TIMATELY L9K$ ) EA* O!R ?AT ISOLATION HAS BECOME IMPOSSIBLE = ANY ( !M2 !RE IS NOT A VILLAGE1 H[EV] HI<LY P]*$ IT MAY BE ON ITS M\NTA9 RIDGE1 ?AT HAS NOT AN 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL C5T] T[>DS :I* IT GRAVITATES1 & ) :I* IT CANNOT BREAK ITS L9KS4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! GREAT 9DU/RIAL C5T]S HAS DONE EV5 MORE4 ,EV5 TODAY1 ( C\RSE1 P>O*IALISM CAN CREATE MANY JEAL\SIES BETWE5 NEI<BOR+ COMMUNES1 DELAY+ !IR ALLIANCE & EV5 9FLAM+ FRATRICIDAL /RUGGLES4 ,BUT EV5 IF SU* JEAL\SIES MAY AT FIR/ H9D] ! DIRECT F$]ATION ( TWO COMMUNES1 !IR F$]ATION CAN 9 FACT BE E/ABLI%$ BY ! M$IATION ( ! GREAT C5T]S4 ,TODAY1 TWO SMALL NEI<BOR+ MUNICIPALITIES MAY HAVE NO?+ ?AT REALLY L9KS !M DIRECTLY2 ! SCANT9ESS ( ! RELATIONS !Y MA9TA9 S]VES RA!R TO CREATE CONFLICTS ?AN TO L9K !M 9 ! BONDS ( SOLID>ITY4 ,BUT ! TWO ( !M HAVE ALREADY A COMMON C5T] ) :I* !Y >E 9 CON/ANT COMMUNICATION & )\T :I* !Y C\LD NOT SURVIVE2 & :ATEV] MAY BE !IR LOCAL JEAL\SIES !Y WILL SEE !MSELVES OBLIG$ TO COME TOGE!R ?R\< ! M$IATION ( ! L>GE T[N :]E !Y GET !IR PROVISIONS & TO :I* !Y TAKE !IR PRODUCTS2 EA* ( !M WILL HAVE TO BECOME P>T ( ! SAME F$]ATION SO AS TO MA9TA9 !IR RELATIONS ) ! URBAN FOCUS & GR\P !MSELVES >\ND IT4 

,YET ?IS C5T] WILL NOT BE ABLE TO E/ABLI% AN 9TRUSIVE PREPOND]ANCE ( ITS [N OV] ! COMMUNES 9 ITS 5VIRONM5T4 ,?ANKS TO ! 9F9ITE V>IETY ( ! NE$S ( 9DU/RY & COMM]CE1 ALL 9HABIT$ PLACES HAVE ALREADY SEV]AL C5T]S :I* !Y >E ATTA*$1 & AS !IR NE$S DEVELOP1 !Y WILL 5T] 9TO RELATIONS ) FUR!R PLACES ?AT CAN SATISFY NEW NE$S4 ,\R NE$S >E 9 FACT SO V>I\S1 & !Y EM]GE ) SU* RAPIDITY1 ?AT SOON A S+LE F$]ATION WILL NOT BE SUFFICI5T TO SATISFY !M ALL4 ,! ,COMMUNE WILL !N FEEL ! NE$ TO CONTRACT O!R ALLIANCES1 TO 5T] 9TO O!R F$]ATIONS4 ,BELONG+ TO ONE GR\P = ! ACQUISITION ( FOOD SUPPLIES1 IT WILL HAVE TO JO9 A SECOND GR\P TO OBTA9 O!R GOODS1 SU* AS METALS1 & !N A ?IRD & A F\R? GR\P = TEXTILES & WORKS ( >T4 ,TAKE UP AN ECONOMIC ATLAS ( ANY C\NTRY1 & Y\ WILL SEE ?AT ECONOMIC FRONTI]S DO NOT EXI/3 ! ZONES ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE ( V>I\S PRODUCTS 9T]P5ETRATE EA* O!R1 TANGLE ) EA* O!R1 IMPOSE !MSELVES ON EA* O!R4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ! F$]ATIONS ( ,COMMUNES1 IF !Y W]E TO FOLL[ !IR FREE DEVELOPM5T1 W\LD V]Y SOON />T TO M+LE & 9T]SECT1 & 9 ?IS WAY =M A NETWORK ?AT W\LD BE COMPACT1 0ONE & 9DIVISIBLE1'' 9 QUITE A DIFF]5T WAY FROM !SE /ATI/ GR\P+S :OSE P>TS >E NO MORE ?AN JUXTAPOS$1 LIKE ! RODS BUNDL$ >\ND ! LICTOR'S AX4 

,?US1 LET US REPEAT1 ?OSE :O COME & SAY TO US ?AT ! ,COMMUNES1 ONCE !Y >E FRE$ ( ! TUTELAGE ( ! ,/ATE1 WILL CLA% TOGE!R & DE/ROY EA* O!R 9 9T]NEC9E W>S1 =GET ONE ?+3 ! 9TIMATE PATT]N ( L9K+ ?AT EXI/S ALREADY BETWE5 V>I\S LOCALITIES1 ?ANKS TO ! C5T]S ( 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL GRAVITATION1 ?ANKS TO ! MULTITUDE ( !SE C5T]S1 ?ANKS TO !IR 9CESSANT 9T]C\RSE4 ,!Y DO NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT :AT ! MIDDLE AGES ACTUALLY W]E1 ) !IR CLOS$ CITIES & !IR C>AVANS TRAIL+ SL[LY OV] DIFFICULT ROADS UND] ! EYES ( ! ROBB] B>ONS2 !Y =GET ?OSE CURR5TS ( M51 ( M]*&ISE1 ( TELEGRAMS1 ( IDEAS & FEEL+S1 ?AT N[ CIRCULATE AMONG \R CITIES LIKE ! WAT]S ( RIV]S ?AT NEV] DRY UP2 !Y HAVE NO REAL IDEA ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! TWO EPO*S !Y SEEK TO COMP>E4 

,BESIDES1 IS NOT HI/ORY !RE TO PROVE TO US ?AT ! 9/9CT = F$]ATION HAS ALREADY BECOME ONE ( ! MO/ PRESS+ NE$S ( HUMANITY8 ,IT WILL BE 5\< ONE DAY IF ! ,/ATE BECOMES DISORGANIZ$ = ONE REASON OR ANO!R1 IF ! MA*9E ( OPPRESSION FAILS 9 ITS OP]ATIONS1 = ! FREE ALLIANCES TO APPE> ( !IR [N ACCORD4 ,LET US REMEMB] ! SPONTANE\S F$]ATIONS ( ! >M$ B\RGEOISIE DUR+ ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION4 ,LET US REMEMB] ! F$]ATIONS ?AT SURG$ UP SPONTANE\SLY 9 ,SPA9 & SAV$ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! C\NTRY :5 ! ,/ATE WAS %AK5 TO ITS F\NDATIONS BY ! CONQU]+ >MIES ( ,NAPOLEON4 ,AS SOON AS ! ,/ATE IS NO LONG] 9 A POSITION TO IMPOSE A =C$ UNION1 UNION RISES UP ( ITS [N ACCORD1 ACCORD+ TO NATURAL NE$S4 ,OV]?R[ ! ,/ATE1 & ! F$]AL SOCIETY WILL SURGE \T ( ITS RU9S1 TRULY ONE1 TRULY 9DIVISIBLE1 BUT FREE & GR[+ 9 SOLID>ITY BECAUSE ( ITS FRE$OM4 

,BUT !RE IS ANO!R ?+ TO BE CONSID]$4 ,= ! BURGESSES ( ! MIDDLE AGES ! ,COMMUNE WAS AN ISOLAT$ ,/ATE1 CLE>LY SEP>AT$ FROM O!RS BY ITS FRONTI]S4 ,= US1 0,COMMUNE0 NO LONG] MEANS A T]RITORIAL AGGLOM]ATION2 IT IS RA!R A G5]IC NAME1 A SYNONYM = ! GR\P+ ( EQUALS :I* KN[S NEI!R FRONTI]S NOR WALLS4 ,! SOCIAL ,COMMUNE WILL SOON CEASE TO BE A CLE>LY DEF9$ 5TITY4 ,EA* GR\P 9 ! ,COMMUNE WILL NECESS>ILY BE DRAWN T[>DS SIMIL> GR\PS 9 O!R COMMUNES2 !Y WILL COME TOGE!R & ! L9KS ?AT F$]ATE !M WILL BE AS SOLID AS ?OSE ?AT ATTA* !M TO !IR FELL[ CITIZ5S1 & 9 ?IS WAY !RE WILL EM]GE A ,COMMUNE ( 9T]E/S :OSE MEMB]S >E SCATT]$ 9 A ?\S& T[NS & VILLAGES4 ,EA* 9DIVIDUAL WILL F9D ! FULL SATISFACTION ( HIS NE$S ONLY BY GR\P+ ) O!R 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE ! SAME TA/ES BUT 9HABIT A HUNDR$ O!R COMMUNES4 

,TODAY ALREADY FREE SOCIETIES >E BEG9N+ TO OP5 UP AN IMM5SE FIELD ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,IT IS NO LONG] M]ELY TO SATISFY SCI5TIFIC1 LIT]>Y OR >TI/IC 9T]E/S ?AT HUMANITY CON/ITUTES ITS SOCIETIES4 ,IT IS NO LONG] M]ELY TO PURSUE ! CLASS /RUGGLE ?AT M5 5T] 9TO LEAGUES4 

,ONE W\LD HAVE DIFFICULTY N[ADAYS F9D+ ONE ( ! MULTIPLE & V>I$ MANIFE/ATIONS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY ?AT IS NOT ALREADY REPRES5T$ BY FREELY CON/ITUT$ SOCIETIES1 & !IR NUMB] KEEPS ON GR[+ UNCEAS+LY1 EA* DAY 9VAD+ NEW FIELDS ( ACTION1 EV5 AMONG ?OSE ?AT W]E ONCE CONSID]$ ! PRES]VE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,LIT]ATURE1 >TS1 SCI5CES1 $UCATION1 COMM]CE1 9DU/RIES1 TRANSPORT1 AMUSEM5TS1 PUBLIC HEAL?1 MUSEUMS1 F> (F 5T]PRISES1 POL> EXP$ITIONS1 EV5 T]RITORIAL DEF5SE AGA9/ AGGRESSORS1 C>E = ! W\ND$1 & ! V]Y C\RTS ( LAW3 EV]Y:]E WE SEE P]SONAL 9ITIATIVE EM]G+ & ASSUM+ ! =M ( FREE SOCIETIES4 ,?IS IS ! T5D5CY1 ! DI/9CTIVE TRAIT ( ! SECOND HALF ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 

,TAK+ FREE FLI<T1 & F9D+ AN IMM5SE NEW FIELD ( APPLICATION1 ?AT T5D5CY WILL S]VE AS ! BASIS = ! SOCIETY ( ! FUTURE4 ,IT IS BY FREE GR\P+S ?AT ! SOCIAL ,COMMUNE WILL BE ORGANIZ$1 & !SE GR\P+S WILL OV]?R[ WALLS & FRONTI]S4 ,!RE WILL BE MILLIONS ( COMMUNES1 NO LONG] T]RITORIAL1 BUT EXT5D+ !IR H&S ACROSS RIV]S1 M\NTA9 *A9S & OCEANS1 UNIT+ 9DIVIDUALS & PEOPLES 9 ! F\R CORN]S ( ! E>? 9TO ! SAME S+LE FAMILY ( EQUALS4 

7,S\RCE3 ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ DUR+ ,KROPOTK9'S IMPRISONM5T1 ?IS COLLECTION CONTA9S >TICLES WRITT5 BETWE5 #ahgi & #a#h#h#b4 ,ACTUALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#e47 

O ,*APT] #aa 3 ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 

,PHOTO BY ,FRANS ,V&EWALLE1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,I4 

,ON ! #a#h? ( ,M>*1 #a#h#g#a1 ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS ROSE AGA9/ A RULE ?AT WAS G5]ALLY DETE/$ & DESPIS$1 & PROCLAIM$ ! CITY ( ,P>IS 9DEP5D5T1 FREE1 & BELONG+ ONLY TO ITSELF4 

,?IS OV]?R[ ( C5TRAL P[] WAS MADE )\T ! USUAL SC5ES ( A REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+3 ON ?AT DAY !RE W]E NEI!R VOLLEYS ( %OT NOR FLOODS ( BLOOD %$ BEH9D ! B>RICADES4 ,! RUL]S W]E ECLIPS$ BY AN >M$ PEOPLE GO+ \T 9TO ! /REETS2 ! SOLDI]S EVACUAT$ ! CITY1 ! BUREAUCRATS HA/5$ T[>DS ,V]SAILLES1 TAK+ ) !M EV]Y?+ !Y C\LD C>RY4 ,! GOV]NM5T EVAPORAT$ LIKE A PUDDLE ( /9K+ WAT] UND] ! BREA? ( A SPR+ W9D1 & BY ! #a#i?1 HAV+ %$ H>DLY A DROP ( ITS *ILDR5'S BLOOD1 ,P>IS F\ND ITSELF FREE ( ! PA/ ?AT HAD CONTAM9AT$ ! GREAT CITY4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! REVOLUTION ?AT HAD BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ?IS WAY OP5$ UP A NEW ]A 9 ! S]IES ( REVOLUTIONS1 BY :I* ! PEOPLE M>* =W>D FROM SLAV]Y TO FRE$OM4 ,UND] ! NAME ( ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE A NEW IDEA WAS BORN1 DE/9$ TO BECOME ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = FUTURE REVOLUTIONS4 

,AS IS ALWAYS ! CASE ) GREAT IDEAS1 IT WAS NOT A PRODUCT ( ! CONCEPTIONS ( AN 9DIVIDUAL PHILOSOPH]4 ,IT WAS BORN ( ! COLLECTIVE 9TELLIG5CE2 IT SPRANG FROM ! HE>T ( AN 5TIRE PEOPLE4 ,BUT IT WAS VAGUE 9 ! BEG9N+1 & MANY AMONG ?OSE :O HELP$ TO REALIZE IT & :O EV5 GAVE !IR LIVES = IT1 DID NOT IMAG9E ! EV5T AS WE CONCEIVE IT TODAY2 !Y DID POT FULLY UND]/& ! REVOLUTION !Y W]E 9AUGURAT+@& NOR ! FECUNDITY ( ! NEW PR9CIPLE :I* !Y W]E SEEK+ TO PUT 9TO EXECUTION4 ,IT WAS ONLY ) PRACTICAL APPLICATION ?AT ONE BEGAN TO P]CEIVE ITS FUTURE IMPORTANCE2 IT WAS ONLY 9 ! WORK+ \T ( ! ?\<T FROM ?IS TIME ONW>DS ?AT ! NEW PR9CIPLE BECAME MORE & MORE SPECIFIC & CLE>1 & APPE>$ 9 ALL ITS LUCIDITY1 ALL ITS BEAUTY1 ITS JU/ICE & ! IMPORTANCE ( ITS RESULTS4 

,AS SOON AS SOCIALISM HAD TAK5 A NEW IMPETUS 9 ! FIVE OR SIX YE>S PREC$+ ! ,COMMUNE17#c#c7 ONE QUE/ION ABOVE ALL PREOCCUPI$ ! ELABORATORS ( ! COM+ SOCIAL REVOLUTION3 ! QUE/ION ( KN[+ :AT =M ( POLITICAL GR\P+ AMONG SOCIETIES W\LD BE ! MO/ PROPITI\S = ?AT GREAT ECONOMIC REVOLUTION :I* CURR5T 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T IMPOSES ON \R G5]ATIONS1 & :I* MU/ LEAD TO ! ABOLITION ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY & ! COMMUNALIZ+ ( ALL ! CAPITAL ACCUMULAT$ BY PREC$+ G5]ATIONS4 

,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION GAVE ?AT RESPONSE4 ,ASSOCIATION1 IT SAID1 %\LD NOT BE RE/RICT$ TO ONE NATION2 IT %\LD EXT5D BEYOND ALL ! >TIFICIAL FRONTI]S4 ,& SOON ?AT GREAT IDEA W\LD P5ETRATE ! HE>TS ( ! PEOPLE & CAPTURE !IR M9DS4 ,H\ND$ S9CE !N BY AN ALLIANCE ( ALL ! REACTION>IES1 IT HAS NONE!LESS SURVIV$1 & AS SOON AS ! OB/ACLES RAIS$ TO ITS DEVELOPM5T >E DE/ROY$ TO ! *E]S ( ! 9SURG5T PEOPLE1 IT WILL BE REBORN /RONG] ?AN EV]4 

,BUT IT REMA9$ TO BE SE5 :AT W\LD BE ! 9TEGRAL P>TS ( ?AT VA/ ,ASSOCIATION4 ,AT ?AT TIME TWO GREAT CURR5TS ( IDEAS CONFRONT$ EA* O!R ) !IR SOLUTIONS TO ?AT GREAT QUE/ION3 ! ,POPUL> ,/ATE ON ! ONE H&1 & ,AN>*Y ON ! O!R4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! ,G]MAN SOCIALI/S1 ! ,/ATE %\LD TAKE POSSESSION ( ALL ACCUMULAT$ WEAL? & GIVE IT TO WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS2 IT %\LD ORGANIZE PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE1 & KEEP WAT* OV] PUBLIC LIFE1 OV] ! FUNCTION+ ( SOCIETY4 

,TO ?IS ! MAJORITY ( SOCIALI/S ( ,LAT9 RACE1 REPLI$ ?AT SU* A ,/ATE -EV5 ADMITT+ ?AT BY SOME IMPOSSIBLE *ANCE IT C\LD EXI/-W\LD BE ! WOR/ ( TYRANNIES1 & !Y OPPOS$ ?IS IDEAL ) A NEW IDEAL COPI$ FROM ! PA/2 AN->*Y1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 ! COMPLETE ABOLITION ( ,/ATES1 & REORGANIZATION FROM ! SIMPLE TO ! COMPLEX ?R\< ! FREE F$]ATION ( ! POPUL> =CES ( PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S4 

,IT WAS SOON ADMITT$1 EV5 BY 0,/ATI/S0 LESS IMBU$ ) GOV]NM5T PREJUDICES1 ?AT ,AN>*Y 9DE$ REPRES5T$ A GREATLY SUP]IOR =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AN ?AT 5VISAG$ 9 ! POPUL> ,/ATE2 BUT1 !Y DECL>$1 ! AN>*I/ IDEAL IS SO F> BEYOND US ?AT WE CANNOT CONC]N \RSELVES ) IT AT ! PRES5T TIME4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 AN>*I/ !ORY LACK$ A CONCRETE & SIMPLE =MULA ) :I* TO DEF9E ITS PO9T ( DEP>TURE1 TO GIVE BODY TO ITS AIMS1 & TO %[ ?AT !Y W]E BAS$ ON A CONCEPTION ?AT HAD A REAL EXI/5CE AMONG ! PEOPLE4 ,! F$]ATION ( WORK]S' CORPORATIONS & GR\PS ( CONSUM]S ACROSS ! FRONTI]S & AP>T FROM ! EXI/+ ,/ATES1 /ILL SEEM$ TOO VAGUE A CONCEPT2 & AT ! SAME TIME1 IT WAS EASY TO P]CEIVE ?AT !Y C\LD NOT COMPREH5D ! :OLE DIV]SITY ( HUMAN MANIFE/ATIONS4 ,A CLE>] =MULA1 ONE ?AT WAS EASI] TO COMPREH5D1 & :I* HAD ITS BASIC ELEM5TS 9 ! REALITY ( ?+S1 WAS NE$$4 

,IF IT HAD BE5 M]ELY A MATT] ( ELABORAT+ A !ORY1 WE MI<T WELL ASK H[ IMPORTANT !ORIES >E4 ,BUT UNTIL A NEW IDEA HAS F\ND A =M ( EXPRESSION ?AT IS CLE>1 PRECISE & D]IV$ FROM ACTUAL EXI/5CE1 IT WILL NOT SEIZE ON PEOPLE'S M9DS OR 9SPIRE !M TO ! PO9T ( EMB>K+ ON A DECISIVE /RUGGLE4 ,! PEOPLE DO NOT PLUNGE 9TO ! UNKN[N )\T GA9+ ! SUPPORT ( A RELIABLE & CLE>LY =MULAT$ IDEA :I* S]VES1 SO TO SPEAK1 AS A SPR+BO>D FROM :I* TO TAKE (F4 ,& ?IS TAKE(F PO9T1 LIFE ITSELF WILL 9DICATE4 

,= FIVE MON?S :ILE IT WAS ISOLAT$ BY ! SIEGE1 ,P>IS HAD LIV$ ITS [N LIFE & IT HAD COME TO UND]/& ! VA/ ECONOMIC1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL P[]S AT ITS DISPOSAL2 IT HAD GLIMPS$ & UND]/OOD ! /R5G? ( ITS 9ITIATIVES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 IT HAD SE5 ?AT ! B& ( L BRIG&S :O HAD SEIZ$ P[] DID NOT KN[ H[ TO ORGANIZE ANY?+ -EI!R ! DEF5SE ( ,FRANCE OR ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 9T]IOR4 ,IT HAD SE5 H[ ?IS C5TRAL GOV]NM5T HAD SET ITSELF AGA9/ ALL ?AT ! 9TELLIG5CE ( A GREAT CITY MI<T BR+ TO FRUITION4 ,IT HAD SE5 MORE ?AN ?AT3 ! P[]LESSNESS ( ANY GOV]NM5T TO W>D (F GREAT DISA/]S OR TO ASSI/ POSITIVE EVOLUTION :5 IT IS RIPE = FULFILLM5T44 ,DUR+ ! SIEGE IT HAD SUFF]$ FRI<TFUL POV]TY1 ! POV]TY ( ! WORK]S & DEF5D]S ( ! T[N1 BESIDE ! 9DOL5T LUXURY ( ! IDL]S4 ,& IT HAD SE5 ! FAILURE1 ?ANKS TO ! C5TRAL P[]1 ( ALL ITS ATTEMPTS TO PUT AN 5D TO ?IS SC&AL\S REGIME4 ,EA* TIME ! PEOPLE WI%$ TO TAKE A FREE 9ITIATIVE1 ! GOV]NM5T D\BL$ ITS FETT]S1 & ! IDEA WAS BORN QUITE NATURALLY ?AT ,P>IS %\LD TURN ITSELF 9TO AN 9DEP5D5T ,COMMUNE1 ABLE TO REALIZE )9 ITS WAILS ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 

,SUDD5LY1 ! WORD ,COMMUNE1 BEGAN TO EM]GE FROM EV]Y M\?4 

,! ,COMMUNE ( #ahga C\LD NOT BE ANY MORE ?AN A FIR/ SKET*4 ,BORN AT ! 5D ( A W>1 SURR\ND$ BY TWO >MIES READY TO GIVE A H& 9 CRU%+ ! PEOPLE1 IT D>$ NOT DECL>E ITSELF OP5LY SOCIALI/1 & PROCE$$ NEI!R TO ! EXPROPRIATION ( CAPITAL NOR TO ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK1 NOR EV5 TO A G5]AL 9V5TORY ( ! CITY'S RES\RCES4 ,NOR DID IT BREAK ) ! TRADITION ( ! ,/ATE1 ( REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T1 & IT DID NOT ATTEMPT TO A*IEVE )9 ! ,COMMUNE ?AT ORGANIZATION FROM ! SIMPLE TO ! COMPLEX IT ADUMBRAT$ BY PROCLAIM+ ! 9DEP5D5CE & FREE F$]ATION ( ,COMMUNES4 ,BUT IT IS C]TA9 ?AT IF ! ,COMMUNE ( ,P>IS HAD LIV$ A FEW MON?S LONG]1 ! /R5G? ( EV5TS W\LD HAVE =C$ IT T[>DS !SE TWO REVOLUTIONS4 ,WE %\LD NOT =GET ?AT .<9 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION.> ! B\RGEOISIE DEVOT$ F\R YE>S ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD TO PROCE$ FROM A MOD]ATE MON>*Y TO A B\RGEOIS REPUBLIC2 IT %\LD NOT SURPRISE US ?AT ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS C\LD NOT OV]LEAP 9 A S+LE DAY ! GULF ?AT SEP>AT$ ! AN>*I/ ,COMMUNE FROM ! RULE ( B&ITS4 ,BUT WE MU/ ALSO REALIZE ?AT ! REVOLUTION1 :I* 9 ,FRANCE & C]TA9LY ALSO 9 ,SPA91 WILL BE COMMUNALI/4 ,IT WILL TAKE UP ! WORK ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE :]E IT WAS HALT$ BY ! ASSASS9ATIONS P]PETRAT$ BY ! M5 ( ,V]SAILLES4 

,! ,COMMUNE SUCCUMB$1 & ! B\RGEOISIE TOOK ITS REV5GE 9 ! WAY WE KN[1 BECAUSE ( ! FE> ! PEOPLE HAD CREAT$ AMONG !IR RUL]S BY %AK+ (F ! YOKE ( GOV]NM5T4 ,EV5TS PROV$ ?AT !RE W]E 9DE$ TWO CLASSES 9 MOD]N SOCIETY3 ON ! ONE H&1 ! MAN :O WORKS1 :O GIVES TO ! [N] MORE ?AN HALF ( :AT HE PRODUCES1 & :O 9 ! MEANTIME ACCEPTS TOO EASILY ! CRIMES ( HIS MA/]S2 ON ! O!R H& ! IDL]1 ! GLUTTON1 ANIMAT$ BY ! 9/9CTS ( ! WILD BEA/1 HAT+ HIS SLAVES & READY TO MASSACRE !M LIKE WILD BEA/S4 

,AFT] HAV+ SURR\ND$ ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS & CUT (F ALL !IR EXITS1 ! RUL]S RELEAS$ ON !M SOLDI]S BRUTALIZ$ BY B>RACK LIFE & W9E1 & SAID TO !M OP5LY 9 ! ,ASSEMBLY3 0,KILL ! WOLVES1 ! %E-WOLVES1 & ! CUBS60 ,& TO ! PEOPLE !Y SAID3 

,:ATEV] Y\ DO1 Y\ WILL P]I%6 ,IF Y\ >E TAK5 ) >MS 9 Y\R H&S-DEA?6 ,IF Y\ BEG = M]CY-DEA?6 ,TO :ATEV] SIDE Y\ TURN Y\R EYES1 LEFT1 RI<T1 BE=E1 BEH9D1 ABOVE1 BEL[-DEA?6 ,Y\ >E NOT ONLY \TSIDE ! LAW2 Y\ >E \TSIDE HUMANITY4 ,NEI!R AGE NOR SEX WILL BE ABLE TO SAVE Y\1 EI!R Y\ OR Y\RS4 ,Y\ WILL DIE1 BUT BE=E ?AT Y\ WILL SAVOR ! AGONY ( Y\R WIFE1 ( Y\R SI/]1 ( Y\R MO!R1 ( Y\R DAU<T]1 ( Y\R SON1 EV5 D[N TO ! CRADLE6 ,BE=E Y\R EYES !Y WILL DRAG ! W\ND$ FROM ! AMBULANCES TO SLA% !M ) SWORD BAYONETS & BLUDGEON !M ) RIFLE BUTTS4 ,!Y WILL DRAG !M1 /ILL ALIVE1 BY !IR BROK5 LEGS OR BLE$+ >MS1 & ?R[ !M 9TO ! RIV] LIKE BAGS ( ORDURE ?AT SCREAM & SUFF]4 

,DEA?6 ,DEA?6 ,DEA?6 

,& AFT] ?IS FRANTIC ORGY UPON A PILE ( CORPSES1 AFT] ! MASS EXT]M9ATIONS1 A V5GEANCE BO? MEAN & ATROCI\S WAS TO CONT9UE-FLOGG+S1 ?UMBSCREWS1 UN5DURABLE FETT]S1 BL[S ( PRISON GU>DS1 9SULTS1 HUNG]1 ALL ! REF9EM5TS ( CRUELTY4 

,>E ! PEOPLE LIKELY TO =GET !SE GREAT DE$S8 

0,D[N1 BUT NOT \T10 ! ,COMMUNE IS BE+ REBORN TODAY4 ,?IS IS NOT M]ELY A DREAM ( ! CONQU]$ C>ESS+ 9 !IR IMAG9ATION A BEAUTIFUL MIRAGE ( HOPE4 ,NO6 ,! ,COMMUNE TODAY BECOMES ! PRECISE & VISIBLE AIM ( ! REVOLUTION ?AT ALREADY RUMBLES NE> US4 ,! IDEA P5ETRATES ! MASSES1 GIVES !M A FLAG TO M>* BEH9D1 & WE FIRMLY C\NT ON ! PRES5T G5]ATION TO ACCOMPLI% ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( ! ,COMMUNE1 & 9 ?IS WAY PUT AN 5D TO ! IGNOBLE EXPLOITATION BY ! B\RGEOISIE1 RID ! PEOPLE ( ! TUTELAGE ( ! NEW ,/ATE1 & 9AUGURATE 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! HUMAN SPECIES A NEW ]A ( LIB]TY1 EQUALITY & SOLID>ITY4 

#b4 

,T5 YE>S SEP>ATE US ALREADY FROM ! DAY ON :I* ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS1 OV]?R[+ ! GOV]NM5T ( TRAITORS :I* HAD SEIZ$ P[] ON ! FALL ( ! ,EMPIRE1 CON/ITUT$ ITSELF A ,COMMUNE & PROCLAIM$ ITS ABSOLUTE 9DEP5D5CE4 ,YET IT IS /ILL T[>DS ?AT DATE ( ! #a#h? ( ,M>*1 #ahga ?AT WE TURN \R GLANCE1 & FROM :I* WE RETA9 \R BE/ MEMORIES2 IT IS ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ?AT MEMORABLE DAY :I* ! PROLET>IAT ( ! TWO WORLDS PROPOS$ TO CELEBRATE SOLEMNLY1 & TOMORR[ EV5+1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S' HE>TS WILL BEAT 9 UNISON' FRAT]NIZ+ ACROSS FRONTI]S & OCEANS1 9 ,EUROPE1 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 9 MEMORY ( ! REVOLT ( ! ,P>IS PROLET>IAT4 

,?IS IS BECAUSE ! IDEA = :I* ! ,FR5* PROLET>IAT %$ ITS BLOOD 9 ,P>IS1 & = :I* IT SUFF]$ ON ! BEA*ES ( ,NEW ,CAL$ONIA1 IS ONE ( ?OSE IDEAS :I* EMBRACES )9 ITSELF A :OLE REVOLUTION1 A BROAD IDEA :I* CAN GA!R UND] ! FOLDS ( ITS BANN] ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES ( ! PEOPLE M>*+ T[>DS !IR LIB]ATION4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT IF WE LIMIT \RSELVES M]ELY TO OBS]V+ ! ACTUAL & PALPABLE DE$S ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 WE HAVE TO ADMIT ?AT ?IS IDEA WAS NOT VA/ 5\<1 ?AT IT EMBRAC$ ONLY A M9UTE P>T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM4 ,BUT IF1 ON ! O!R H&1 WE OBS]VE ! SPIRIT ?AT 9SPIR$ ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE AFT] ! ACTION ( ! #a#h? ( ,M>*1 ! T5D5CIES ?AT TRI$ TO EM]GE & DID NOT HAVE ! TIME TO REA* ! DOMA9 ( REALITY BECAUSE1 BE=E FL[]+1 !Y W]E ALREADY /IFL$ UND] ! M\NDS ( CORPSES1 WE WILL !N UND]/& ! SCOPE ( ! MOVEM5T & ! SYMPA?IES ?AT IT 9SPIR$ 9 ! HE>TS ( ! WORK+ MASSES ( ! TWO WORLDS4 ,! ,COMMUNE GLADD5S \R HE>TS1 NOT = :AT IT A*IEV$1 BUT = :AT IT HAS PROMIS$ ONE DAY TO A*IEVE4 

,:5CE COMES ?IS IRRESI/IBLE FASC9ATION :I* DRAWS T[>DS ! MOVEM5T ( #ahga ! SYMPA?IES ( ALL ! OPPRESS$ MASSES8 ,:AT IDEA DOES ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE REPRES5T8 ,& :Y IS ?AT IDEA SO ATTRACTIVE TO ! PROLET>IANS ( ALL C\NTRIES1 ( ALL NATIONALITIES8 

,! ANSW] IS AN EASY ONE4 ,! REVOLUTION ( #ahga WAS A /RIK+LY POPUL> MOVEM5T4 ,MADE BY ! PEOPLE ITSELF1 BORN SPONTANE\SLY 9 ! HE>T ( ! MASSES1 IT IS )9 ! GREAT MASS ( ! PEOPLE ?AT IT F\ND ITS DEF5D]S1 ITS H]OES1 ITS M>TYRS1 & IT WAS ABOVE ALL BECAUSE ( ?IS 0RABBLE0 *>ACT] ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE NEV] =GAVE IT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! BASIC IDEA ( ?AT REVOLUTION1 C]TA9LY VAGUE1 P]HAPS EV5 UNCONSCI\S1 BUT NONE!LESS V]Y PRON\NC$ & P5ETRAT+ ALL ITS ACTIONS1 IS ! IDEA ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 SEEK+ TO E/ABLI% AT LA/1 AFT] SO MANY C5TURIES ( /RUGGLE1 TRUE LIB]TY & TRUE EQUALITY = ALL4 

,IT WAS ! REVOLUTION ( ! 0RABBLE0 M>*+ TO CONQU] ITS RI<TS4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT PEOPLE HAVE S\<T & /ILL SEEK TO DI/ORT ! TRUE MEAN+ ( ?AT REVOLUTION1 & TO REPRES5T IT AS A SIMPLE ATTEMPT TO CONQU] 9DEP5D5CE = ,P>IS & TURN IT 9TO A PETTY ,/ATE )9 ,FRANCE4 ,YET NO?+ IS LESS TRUE4 ,P>IS DID NOT SEEK TO ISOLATE ITSELF FROM ,FRANCE1 JU/ AS IT DID NOT SEEK TO CONQU] IT BY >MS2 IT MADE NO ATTEMPT TO 5CLOSE ITSELF )9 ITS WALLS LIKE A ,B5$ICT9E )9 HIS CLOI/]2 IT WAS NOT 9SPIR$ BY A N>R[ P>O*IAL \TLOOK4 ,IF IT DEM&$ ITS 9DEP5D5CE1 & S\<T TO PREV5T ! 9TRUSION 9TO ITS AFFAIRS ( ANY K9D ( C5TRAL P[]1 IT WAS BECAUSE IT SAW 9 ?AT 9DEP5D5CE A MEANS ( QUIETLY ELABORAT+ ! BASES ( FUTURE ORGANIZATION & ( DEVELOP+ )9 ITSELF A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AT W\LD COMPLETELY TRANS=M ! SY/EM ( PRODUCTION & EX*ANGE BY BAS+ IT ON JU/ICE2 W\LD COMPLETELY MODIFY HUMAN RELATIONS BY E/ABLI%+ !M ON A F\NDATION ( EQUALITY2 & RE=M \R SOCIAL MORALITY BY GIV+ IT AS A BASIS1 ! PR9CIPLES ( EQUITY & SOLID>ITY4 

,?US1 COMMUNAL 9DEP5D5CE WAS ONLY A MEANS = ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS1 & ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS ITS 5D4 

,?IS 5D W\LD C]TA9LY HAVE BE5 ACCOMPLI%$ IF ! REVOLUTION ON ! #a#h? ( ,M>* HAD BE5 ABLE TO FOLL[ ITS FREE C\RSE1 & IF ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS HAD NOT BE5 M[$ D[N1 SAB]$1 %OT & DISEMB[EL$ BY ! ASSASS9S ( ,V]SAILLES4 ,TO F9D A SIMPLE IDEA COMPREH5SIBLE TO EV]YONE & EXPRESS+ 9 A FEW WORDS :AT MU/ BE DONE TO ACCOMPLI% ! REVOLUTION WAS1 9 FACT1 ! PREOCCUPATION ( ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS FROM ! FIR/ DAYS ( !IR 9DEP5D5CE4 ,BUT A GREAT IDEA IS NOT DEVELOP$ 9 A DAY1 NO MATT] H[ RAPID MAY BE ! ELABORATION & PROPAGATION ( IDEAS DUR+ A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,IT ALWAYS TAKES A C]TA9 TIME TO DEVELOP1 TO P]MEATE ! MASSES & TO BE TRANSLAT$ 9TO ACTION1 & ?IS TIME WAS LACK+ = ME ,P>IS ,COMMUNE4 

,IT WAS LACK+ ALL ! MORE BECAUSE1 = ! LA/ T5 YE>S1 ! IDEA ( MOD]N SOCIALISM HAS BE5 GO+ ?R\< A TRANSITION P]IOD4 ,! ,COMMUNE WAS BORN1 9DE$1 BETWE5 TWO EPO*S 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N SOCIALISM4 ,9 #ahga ! AU?ORIT>IAN1 GOV]NM5TAL1 & MORE OR LESS RELIGI\S SOCIALISM ( #ahdh NO LONG] RETA9$ ITS 9FLU5CE OV] ! MORE PRACTICAL & LIB]T>IAN M9DS ( \R [N EPO*4 ,:]E WILL Y\ F9D TODAY A ,P>ISIAN :O W\LD AGREE TO %UT HIMSELF UP 9 A PHALAN/]IAN B>RACKS8 ,ON ! O!R H&1 COLLECTIVISM1 :I* WANT$ TO H>NESS TO ! SAME *>IOT BO? ! WAGE SY/EM & COLLECTIVE PROP]TY1 REMA9$ 9COMPREH5SIBLE1 UNATTRACTIVE & BESET ) PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES ( APPLICATION4 ,& FREE COMMUNISM1 AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1 HAD B>ELY SE5 ! LI<T ( DAY & H>DLY D>$ CONFRONT ! ATTACKS ( ! WOR%IP]S ( GOV]NM5T4 

,9DECISION REIGN$ 9 PEOPLE'S M9DS1 & ! SOCIALI/S !MSELVES DID NOT FEEL AUDACI\S 5\< TO HA/5 TO ! DE/RUCTION ( 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY1 S9CE !Y DID NOT HAVE A WELL DEF9$ OBJECTIVE 9 VIEW4 ,SO EV]YONE LET !MSELVES BE LULL$ BY ! REASON+ ?AT ! SOMNOL5T HAVE BE5 REPEAT+ = C5TURIES3 0,LET US MAKE SURE ( VICTORY FIR/6 ,!N WE WILL SEE :AT CAN BE DONE40 

,MAKE SURE ( VICTORY FIR/6 ,AS IF !RE WAS ANY WAY ( TRANS=M+ SOCIETY 9TO A FREE COMMUNE )\T LAY+ A H& ON PROP]TY6 ,AS IF !RE C\LD BE ANY REAL WAY ( DEFEAT+ ! 5EMY SO LONG AS ! GREAT MASS ( ! PEOPLE WAS NOT DIRECTLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! TRIUMPH ( ! REVOLUTION1 9 WITNESS+ ! >RIVAL ( MAT]IAL1 MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL WELL-BE+ = ALL6 ,!Y S\<T TO CONSOLIDATE ! ,COMMUNE FIR/ ( ALL :ILE PO/PON+ ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION = LAT] ON1 :ILE ! ONLY EFFECTIVE WAY ( PROCE$+ WAS TO CONSOLIDATE ! ,COMMUNE BY ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION6 

,IT WAS ! SAME ) ! GOV]NM5TAL PR9CIPLE4 ,9 PROCLAIM+ ! FREE ,COMMUNE1 ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS PROCLAIM$ AN ESS5TIAL AN>*I/ PR9CIPLE2 BUT AS ?IS PR9CIPLE HAD ONLY FEEBLY P5ETRAT$ PEOPLE'S M9DS AT ?IS TIME1 !Y /OPP$ 9 MID-C\RSE1 & 9 ! HE>T ( ! ,COMMUNE ! PEOPLE CONT9U$ TO DECL>E !MSELVES 9 FAVOR ( ! OLD GOV]NM5TAL PR9CIPLE BY GIV+ !MSELVES A ,COMMUNAL ,C\NCIL COPI$ FROM ! OLD MUNICIPAL C\NCILS4 

,IF WE ADMIT1 9 FACT1 ?AT A C5TRAL GOV]NM5T IS ABSOLUTELY USELESS TO REGULATE ! RELATIONS ( ,COMMUNES BETWE5 EA* O!R1 :Y DO WE GRANT ! NECESSITY TO REGULATE ! MUTUAL RELATIONS ( ! GR\PS ?AT CON/ITUTE ! ,COMMUNE8 ,& IF WE CONC$E TO ! FREE 9ITIATIVE ( ! COMMUNES ! TASK ( COM+ TO AN UND]/&+ BETWE5 !MSELVES ON 5T]PRISES ?AT CONC]N SEV]AL CITIES AT ONCE1 H[ CAN WE REFUSE ?IS SAME 9ITIATIVE TO ! GR\PS ( :I* A ,COMMUNE IS COMPOS$8 ,A GOV]NM5T )9 ! ,COMMUNE HAS NO MORE RI<T TO EXI/ ?AN A GOV]NM5T OV] ! ,COMMUNE4 

,BUT 9 #ahga ! PEOPLE ( ,P>IS1 :I* HAD OV]?R[N SO MANY GOV]NM5TS1 WAS ONLY 9VOLV$ 9 ITS FIR/ ATTEMPT AT REVOLT AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5TAL SY/EM ITSELF3 IT SUBMITT$ TO GOV]NM5TAL FETI*ISM & GAVE ITSELF A GOV]NM5T4 ,WE KN[ ! CONSEQU5CE4 ,IT S5T ITS DEVOT$ SONS TO ! ,HOTEL-DE-,VILLE4 ,9DE$1 IMMOBILIZ$ !RE BY FETT]S ( R$ TAPE1 =C$ TO DISCUSS :5 ACTION WAS NE$$1 & LOS+ ! S5SITIVITY ?AT COMES FROM CONT9U$ CONTACT ) ! MASSES1 !Y SAW !MSELVES R$UC$ TO IMPOT5CE4 ,P>ALYZ$ BY !IR DI/ANC+ FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y C5T]-! PEOPLE-!Y !MSELVES P>ALYZ$ ! POPUL> 9ITIATIVE4 

,BR\<T 9TO BE+ DUR+ A TRANSITORY P]IOD :5 ! IDEAS ( SOCIALISM & AU?ORITY W]E SUFF]+ A PR(\ND MODIFICATION22 BORN AT ! 5D ( A W>1 9 AN ISOLAT$ SITUATION & UND] ! ?REAT ( ,PRUSSIAN CANNON1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE WAS DOOM$ TO SUCCUMB4 

,BUT1 ?ANKS TO ITS EM95TLY POPUL> *>ACT]1 IT />T$ (F A NEW ]A 9 ! S]IES ( REVOLUTIONS1 & ?R\< ITS IDEAS WAS ! PRECURSOR ( ! GREAT SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! UNPREC$5T$ MASSACRES1 C[>DLY & F]OCI\S AT ! SAME TIME1 BY :I* ! B\RGEOISIE CELEBRAT$ ITS FALL1 ! IGNOBLE V5GEANCE :I* ! EXECUTION]S HAVE EX]CIS$ = ! PA/ N9E YE>S ON !IR PRISON]S1 !SE CANNIBALI/IC ORGIES HAVE DRIV5 AN ABYSS BETWE5 ! B\RGEOISIE & ! PROLET>IAT ?AT CAN NEV] BE CLOS$4 ,:5 ! NEXT REVOLUTION COMES1 ! PEOPLE WILL KN[ :AT !Y HAVE TO DO2 !Y WILL KN[ :AT AWAITS !M IF !Y DO NOT C>RY (F A DECISIVE VICTORY1 & !Y WILL ACT ACCORD+LY4 

,9 FACT1 WE KN[ N[ ?AT ! DAY :5 ,FRANCE BRI/LES ) 9SURG5T ,COMMUNES ! PEOPLE WILL NO LONG] FEEL ! NE$ TO GIVE !MSELVES A GOV]NM5T & EXPECT REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVES FROM ?AT GOV]NM5T4 ,AFT] HAV+ SWEPT \T ! P>ASITES ?AT FE$ UPON !M1 !Y WILL SEIZE HOLD ( ALL SOCIAL WEAL? TO [N IT TOGE!R ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM4 ,& :5 !Y HAVE COMPLETELY ABOLI%$ PROP]TY1 ! GOV]NM5T & ! ,/ATE1 !Y WILL FREELY CON/ITUTE !MSELVES ACCORD+ TO ! NECESSITIES DICTAT$ BY LIFE ITSELF4 ,BREAK+ ITS *A9S1 & OV]?R[+ ITS IDOLS1 HUMANITY WILL !N M>* T[>DS A BETT] FUTURE1 NO LONG] RECOGNIZ+ EI!R MA/]S OR SLAVES1 & HOLD+ 9 V5]ATION ONLY ! NOBLE M>TYRS :O PAID ) !IR BLOOD & SUFF]+S = ?OSE FIR/ ATTEMPTS AT EMANCIPATION ?AT HAVE LI<T5$ US ON \R PA? T[>DS ! CONQUE/ ( LIB]TY4 

#c4 

,! FETES & PUBLIC MEET+S ORGANIZ$ ON ! #a#h? ( ,M>* 9 ALL ! T[NS :]E !RE >E ORGANIZ$ SOCIALI/ GR\PS1 DES]VE \R ATT5TION1 NOT M]ELY AS A DEMON/RATION BY ! >MY ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 BUT EV5 MORE AS AN EXPRESSION ( ! FEEL+S ?AT ANIMATE ! SOCIALI/S ( ! TWO WORLDS4 ,\R NUMB]S CAN BETT] BE C\NT$ 9 ?IS WAY ?AN BY ANY K9D ( BULLET91 = !Y %[ ASPIRATIONS ?AT HAVE DEVELOP$ 9 FULL FRE$OM )\T ! 9FLU5CE ( ELECTORAL TACTICS4 

,9 FACT1 ! WORK]S1 :5 !Y GA!R ON ?IS DAY1 DO NOT LIMIT !MSELVES 9 !IR MEET+S TO PRAIS+ ! H]OISM ( ! ,P>ISIAN PROLET>IAT OR TO DEM&+ V5GEANCE = ! ,MAY MASSACRES4 ,:ILE !Y RE9VIGORATE !MSELVES BY MEMORIES ( ! H]OIC /RUGGLE 9 ,P>IS1 !Y >E ALREADY =G+ AN ALLIANCE ?AT EXT5DS 9TO ! FUTURE4 ,!Y DISCUSS ! LESSONS ?AT MU/ BE DRAWN = ! =?COM+ REVOLUTION FROM ! ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a2 !Y ASK EA* O!R :AT W]E ! MI/AKES ( ! ,COMMUNE1 NOT TO CRITICIZE 9DIVIDUAL M51 BUT TO EMPHASIZE H[ ! PRESUMPTIONS AB\T PROP]TY & AU?ORITY AMONG ! WORK+CLASS ORGANIZATIONS ( ! TIME H9D]$ ! REVOLUTION>Y IDEA FROM OP5+ \T1 DEVELOP+1 & ILLUM9AT+ ! :OLE WORLD ) ITS VIVIFY+ LI<T4 

,! LESSONS ( #ahga HAVE PR(IT$ ! WORK]S ( ! :OLE WORLD SO ?AT1 BREAK+ ) OLD PREJUDICES1 !Y HAVE BE5 ABLE TO /ATE CLE>LY & SIMPLY H[ !Y UND]/& !IR REVOLUTION4 ,FROM N[ ONW>DS IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ! NEXT UPRIS+ ( ! ,COMMUNES WILL NOT BE A SIMPLE COMMUNALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,?OSE :O /ILL ?9K ?AT AN 9DEP5D5T ,COMMUNE MU/ BE ELECT$ TO TRY \T ECONOMIC RE=MS >E LAGG+ BEH9D ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! POPUL> M9D4 ,IT IS BY REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ ACTIONS1 BY ABOLI%+ 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY1 ?AT ! ,COMMUNES ( ! NEXT REVOLUTION WILL AFFIRM & CON/ITUTE !IR 9DEP5D5CE4 

,! DAY ON :I*1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION1 ! GOV]NM5TS >E SWEPT \T BY ! PEOPLE & DISORGANIZATION IS CREAT$ 9 ! RANKS ( ! B\RGEOISIE :O CAN ONLY SURVIVE ?R\< ! PROTECTION ( ! ,/ATE1 ! 9SURG5T PEOPLE WILL NOT WAIT = ANY OLD GOV]NM5T 9 ITS M>VEL\S WISDOM TO DECREE ECONOMIC RE=MS4 ,!Y WILL ABOLI% 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY BY !MSELVES TAK+ POSSESSION1 9 ! NAME ( ! :OLE PEOPLE & BY VIOL5T EXPROPRIATION ( ! :OLE ( SOCIAL WEAL? :I* HAD BE5 ACCUMULAT$ BY ! WORK ( PA/ G5]ATIONS4 ,!Y WILL NOT /OP %ORT AT EXPROPRIAT+ ! [N]S ( SOCIAL CAPITAL BY A DECREE ?AT WILL REMA9 A DEAD LETT]2 !Y WILL TAKE POSSESSION & E/ABLI% !IR RI<TS ( USUFRUCT IMM$IATELY4 ,!Y WILL ORGANIZE ! WORK%OPS SO ?AT !Y CONT9UE PRODUCTION4 ,!Y WILL EX*ANGE !IR HOVELS = HEAL?Y HABITATIONS 9 ! H\SES ( ! WELL-TODO2 !Y WILL IMM$IATELY F9D WAYS ( UTILIZ+ ! RI*ES ACCUMULAT$ 9 ! CITIES2 !Y WILL TAKE POSSESSION ( IT AS IF ALL ?IS WEAL? HAD NEV] BE5 /OL5 FROM !M BY ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,ONCE ! 9DU/RIAL B>ON :O SEIZ$ HIS BOOTY FROM ! WORK] HAS BE5 EVICT$1 PRODUCTION WILL CONT9UE1 %AK+ (F ! FETT]S ?AT H9D] IT1 ABOLI%+ ! SPECULATIONS ?AT KILL IT1 GETT+ RID ( ! MUCK ?AT H9D]S ITS DEVELOPM5T1 & *ANG+ IT ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ( ! MOM5T UND] ! IMPETUS PROVID$ BY FRE$OM ( WORK4 0,NEV] DID PEOPLE WORK 9 ,FRANCE AS 9 #a#g#i#c1 AFT] ! L& WAS TORN \T ( ! H&S ( ! LORDS10 SAID ,MI*ELET47#c#f7 ,NEV] HAVE PEOPLE WORK$ AS !Y WILL WORK ON ! DAY WORK BECOMES FREE1 ! DAY ON :I* EV]Y K9D ( PROGRESS A*IEV$ BY ! WORK] WILL CONTRIBUTE TO ! WELL-BE+ ( ! :OLE ,COMMUNE4 

,ON ! SUBJECT ( SOCIAL WEAL? A DI/9CTION HAS BE5 MADE ?AT HAS DIVID$ ! SOCIALI/ P>TY4 ,! S*OOL ?AT N[ADAYS CALLS ITSELF COLLECTIVI/1 SUB/ITUT+ A K9D ( DOCTR9AIRE COLLECTIVISM = ! COLLECTIVISM ( ! =M] ,9T]NATIONAL 7:I* WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN ANTIAU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM71 TRI$ TO E/ABLI% A DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! CAPITAL US$ 9 PRODUCTION & ! WEAL? ?AT SU/A9$ ! NECESSITIES ( LIV+4 ,MA*9ES1 FACTORIES1 MEANS ( TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATION1 & ! L& ITSELF1 W]E DI/+UI%$ AS ONE TYPE1 :ILE H\S+1 MANUFACTUR$ PRODUCTS1 CLO?+1 PROVISIONS W]E DI/+UI%$ AS ANO!R4 ,ONE CLASS %\LD BECOME COLLECTIVE PROP]TY2 ! O!R WAS DE/9$1 ACCORD+ TO ! LE>N$ REPRES5TATIVES ( ?AT S*OOL1 TO REMA9 PRIVATE PROP]TY4 

,!Y HAVE TRI$ TO E/ABLI% ?AT DI/9CTION4 ,BUT ! GOOD S5SE ( ! PEOPLE HAS QUICKLY SE5 ?R\< IT ALL1 UND]/&+ ?AT ! DI/9CTION IS ILLUSORY & IMPOSSIBLE TO E/ABLI%4 ,DEFECTIVE !ORETICALLY1 IT FALLS D[N BE=E ! PRACTICE ( LIFE4 ,! WORK]S HAVE REALIZ$ ?AT ! H\SES !Y 9HABIT1 ! COAL & GAS !Y BURN1 ! FOOD :I* ! HUMAN BODY BURNS TO SU/A9 ITS LIFE1 ! CLO!S ) :I* PEOPLE COV] !MSELVES TO SU/A9 !IR EXI/5CE1 ! BOOKS !Y READ TO 9/RUCT !MSELVES1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! PLEASURE !Y GA9 FROM LIV+1 >E ALL ( !M 9TEGRAL P>TS ( LIFE1 AS NECESS>Y = ! SUCCESS ( PRODUCTION & ! PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( HUMANITY1 AS ! MA*9ES1 MANUFACTUR]S1 RAW MAT]IALS & O!R FACTORS 9 PRODUCTION4 ,!Y HAVE UND]/OOD ?AT TO SU/A9 PROP]TY = ! SAKE ( ITS RI*ES W\LD BE TO MA9TA9 9EQUALITY1 OPPRESSION1 EXPLOITATION1 & TO P>ALYZE 9 ADVANCE ! RESULTS ( P>TIAL EXPROPRIATION4 ,CLAMB]+ OV] ! OB/ACLES PUT 9 !IR WAY BY ! COLLECTIVISM ( ! !ORETICIANS1 !Y PROCE$ DIRECTLY T[>DS ! MORE SIMPLE & MORE PRACTICAL PATT]N ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM4 

,9 FACT1 9 !IR GA!R+S1 ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK]S HAVE CLE>LY AFFIRM$ !IR RI<T TO ! :OLE ( SOCIAL WEAL? & ! NE$ TO ABOLI% 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY1 AS MU* TO DEF5D ! VALUES ( CONSUMPTION AS ?OSE ( PRODUCTION4 0,ON ! DAY ( ! REVOLUTION1 LET US SEIZE HOLD ( ALL WEAL?1 ( ALL ! RES\RCES ACCUMULAT$ 9 ! T[NS & CITIES1 & WE WILL HOLD !M 9 COMMON0-SO SAY ! SPOKESM5 ( ! WORK+ MASS1 & ! HE>]S CONFIRM IT BY !IR UNANIM\S ASS5T4 

0,LET EV]YONE TAKE FROM ! HEAP :AT HE NE$S1 & BE SURE ?AT 9 ! /OREH\SES ( \R CITIES !RE WILL BE 5\< PROVISIONS TO FE$ EV]YONE UNTIL FREE PRODUCTION GETS 9TO ITS /RIDE4 ,9 ! %OPS ( \R CITIES !RE >E 5\< G>M5TS TO CLO! EV]YBODY1 ,IY+ !RE UNSOLD 9 ! MID/ ( G5]AL POV]TY4 ,!RE >E EV5 5\< OBJECTS ( LUXURY = EV]YONE TO PICK & *OOSE ACCORD+ TO HIS TA/E40 

,?AT IS H[ ! WORK+ MASS 5VISAGES ! REVOLUTION3 ,! IMM$IATE 9TRODUCTION ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM & ! FREE ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,!SE >E TWO E/ABLI%$ PO9TS1 & 9 ?IS RESPECT ! ,COMMUNES ( ! REVOLUTION ?AT GR[LS AT \R DOORS WILL NOT REPEAT ! ]RORS ( !IR PR$ECESSORS :O1 BY %$D+ !IR BLOOD SO G5]\SLY1 HAVE CLE>$ ! PA? TO ! FUTURE4 

,! SAME K9D ( AGREEM5T HAS NOT YET BE5 E/ABLI%$-?\< ?AT AGREEM5T IS NOT F> (F-ON ANO!R1 NO LESS IMPORTANT PO9T3 ! QUE/ION ( GOV]NM5T4 

,WE KN[ ?AT ! TWO S*OOLS >E FAC+ EA* O!R1 COMPLETELY DIVID$ ON ?IS QUE/ION4 0,ON ! V]Y DAY ( ! REVOLUTION10 SAYS ONE GR\P1 0WE MU/ CON/ITUTE A GOV]NM5T TO ASSUME P[]4 ,/RONG & RESOLUTE1 ?IS GOV]NM5T WILL MAKE ! REVOLUTION BY DECREE+ ?IS & ?AT & CO]C+ PEOPLE TO OBEY ITS DECREES40 

0,:AT A SAD ILLUSION60 SAY ! O!RS4 0,ANY C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 SETT+ \T TO RULE A NATION1 WILL 9EVITABLY BE =M$ ( DISP>ATE ELEM5TS1 CONS]VATIVE 9 ITS ESS5CE1 & NO?+ MORE ?AN A H9DRANCE TO ! REVOLUTION4 ,IT WILL M]ELY HOBBLE ! ,COMMUNES :I* >E READY TO M>* =W>D1 )\T BE+ ABLE TO 9SPIRE ! BACKW>D ,COMMUNES ) A REVOLUTION>Y URGE4 ,! SAME WILL HAPP5 9 ! HE>T ( AN 9SURG5T ,COMMUNE4 ,EI!R ! COMMUNAL GOV]NM5T WILL DO NO MORE ?AN SANCTION :AT HAS ALREADY BE5 DONE1 & IT WILL !N BE A USELESS & POT5TIALLY DANG]\S ME*ANISM2 OR IT WILL ATTEMPT TO ACT ) PRUD5CE & REGULATE :AT %\LD BE ELABORAT$ FREELY BY ! PEOPLE !MSELVES IF IT IS TO BE VIABLE2 IT WILL APPLY !ORIES :]E SOCIETY %\LD BE ELABORAT+ NEW =MS ( COMMUNAL LIFE ) ! CREATIVE =CE ?AT RISES UP 9 ! SOCIAL ORGANISM :5 IT BREAKS ITS *A9S & SEES NEW & BROAD HORIZONS OP5+ \T BE=E IT4 ,M5 :O HOLD P[] WILL H9D] ?AT IMPULSE1 )\T PRODUC+ ANY?+ ON !IR [N ( :I* !Y MI<T BE CAPABLE IF !Y REMA9$ 9 ! HE>T ( ! PEOPLE1 WORK+ BESIDE !M 9 ELABORAT+ A NEW ORGANIZATION 9/EAD ( CLOS+ !MSELVES UP 9 (FICES & EXHAU/+ !IR 5]GIES 9 IDLE DEBATE4 ,?AT WILL BE A H9DRANCE & A P]IL2 P[]LESS TO DO GOOD BUT =MIDABLE 9 ITS POSSIBILITIES ( EVIL2 ?US1 IT HAS NO REASON TO EXI/40 

,NO MATT] H[ JU/ & NATURAL ?IS REASON+ MAY BE1 IT /ILL CLA%ES ) SECUL> PREJUDICES1 ACCUMULAT$ & APPROV$ BY ?OSE :O HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 MA9TA9+ ! RELIGION ( GOV]NM5T ALONGSIDE ! RELIGION ( PROP]TY & GODLY RELIGION4 

,?IS PREJUDICE1 ! LA/ ( ! S]IES3 ,GOD1 ,PROP]TY1 ,GOV]NM5T1 /ILL EXI/S & IT IS A DANG] TO ! =?COM+ REVOLUTION4 ,BUT ONE CAN ALREADY SEE IT CRUMBL+ AWAY4 0,WE WILL SEE TO \R [N AFFAIRS10 ! WORK]S >E SAY+1 0)\T AWAIT+ ! ORD]S ( A GOV]NM5T1 & WE WILL GO OV] ! HEADS ( ?OSE :O SEEK TO IMPOSE !MSELVES 9 ! GUISE ( PRIE/1 PROPRIETOR OR RUL]4 ,& = ?IS REASON WE MU/ HOPE ?AT ! AN>*I/ P>TY WILL CONT9UE TO FI<T VIGOR\SLY AGA9/ ! RELIGION ( GOV]NM5TALISM1 & ?AT IT WILL NOT BE DIV]T$ FROM ITS [N PA? BY LETT+ ITSELF BE DRAGG$ 9TO P[] /RUGGLES2 9 \R VIEW1 WE CAN ALL HOPE ?AT 9 ! FEW YE>S LEFT BE=E ! REVOLUTION1 ! PREJUDICE 9 FAVOR ( GOV]NM5T WILL BE AUFFICI5TLY BROK5 D[N & WILL NO LONG] HAVE ! P[] ( LEAD+ ! WORK+ MASSES 9 ! WRONG DIRECTION4 

,AT ! SAME TIME !RE HAS BE5 ONE REGRETTABLE DEFICI5CY 9 ! REC5T POPUL> GA!R+S4 ,NO?+1 OR ALMO/ NO?+1 HAS BE5 DONE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,ACTIVITY HAS BE5 RE/RICT$ TO ! T[NS4 ,! C\NTRY DOES NOT SEEM TO EXI/ = ! URBAN WORK]S4 ,EV5 ! ORATORS :O SPEAK ( ! *>ACT] ( ! COM+ REVOLUTION AVOID M5TION+ ! RURAL >EAS & ! L&4 ,!Y >E FAMILI> NEI!R ) ! PEASANT NOR ) HIS DESIRES1 & SO !Y TAKE NO *ANCES ( SPEAK+ 9 HIS NAME4 ,NE$ ONE DWELL AT L5G? ON ! P]ILS ?AT RESULT FROM ?IS8 ,! EMANCIPATION ( ! PROLET>IAT WILL NOT EV5 BE POSSIBLE :ILE ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T FAILS TO EMBRACE ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! 9SURG5T COMMUNES WILL BE UNABLE TO MA9TA9 !MSELVES = A S+LE DAY1 IF ! 9SURRECTION DOES NOT SPREAD AT ! SAME TIME AMONG ! VILLAGES4 ,:5 TAXES1 MORTGAGES & R5TS >E ABOLI%$1 :5 ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT PROTECT !M >E SCATT]$ TO ! F\R W9DS1 IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ! VILLAGES WILL UND]/& ! ADVANTAGES ( ?AT REVOLUTION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT W\LD BE IMPRUD5T TO C\NT ON ! DIFFUSION ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS 9 ! VILLAGES )\T ADVANCE PREP>ATION4 ,WE MU/ FIR/ F9D \T :AT ! PEASANT NE$S1 H[ ! REVOLUTION IS UND]/OOD 9 ! VILLAGES1 & H[ !Y ?9K ( RESOLV+ ! ?ORNY QUE/ION ( L&$ PROP]TY4 ,WE MU/ LET ! PEASANT KN[ 9 ADVANCE :AT ! WORK]S ( ! T[NS-!IR NATURAL ALLIES- >E ?9K+1 & WE MU/ ASSURE !M ?AT !RE IS NO?+ TO FE> 9 ! WAY ( MEASURES ?AT MAY BE H>MFUL TO AGRICULTURE4 ,AS = ! WORK]S 9 ! CITIES1 !Y MU/ ACCU/OM !MSELVES TO RESPECT+ ! PEASANT & M>*+ 9 A COMMON ACCORD ) HIM4 

,BUT = ?AT TO HAPP5 ! WORK] MU/ ACCEPT ! OBLIGATION TO HELP ! PROPAG&A 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,9 EA* T[N !RE MU/ APPE> A SMALL BUT SPECIAL ORGANIZATION1 A BRAN* ( ! ,AGR>IAN ,LEAGUE1 TO C>RY ON PROPAG&A AMONG ! PEASANTS4 ,?IS K9D ( PROPAG&A MU/ BE CONSID]$ A DUTY1 9 ! SAME WAY AS PROPAG&A 9 ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S4 

,! BEG9N+S WILL BE H>D1 BUT !RE9 LIES ! SUCCESS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,IT WILL BE VICTORI\S ONLY ON ! DAY :5 ! WORK]S 9 ! FACTORIES & ! CULTIVATORS 9 ! FIELDS M>* H& 9 H& TO ! CONQUE/ ( EQUALITY = ALL1 C>RY+ HAPP9ESS 9TO ! COTTAGE AS WELL AS 9TO ! BUILD+S ( ! GREAT 9DU/RIAL AGGLOM]ATIONS4 

7,S\RCE3 ,FIR/ PUBLI%$ DUR+ ,KROPOTK9'S IMPRISONM5T1 ?IS COLLECTION CONTA9S >TICLES WRITT5 BETWE5 #ahgi & #a#h#h#b4 ,ACTUALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#h#e47 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahhd 3 ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#b1 #bag 3 ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL -- ,ADD$4 
,M>* #b#h1 #bai 3 ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/