,WORLD ,REVOLUTION & ,COMMUNI/ ,TACTICS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ANTON ,PANNEKOEK 

,TEXT 3 

,PUBLI%$3 9 ,DE ,NIEUWE ,TIJD 9 #a#i#b1 9 ,KOMMUNISMUS1 ! ,VI5NA-BAS$ ,COM9T]N !ORETICAL ORGAN = ,S\?-,EA/ ,EUROPE2 9 ,PETROGRAD UND] ! TITLE ,DIE ,5TWICKLUNG D] ,WELTREVOLUTION & DIE ,TAKTIK DES ,COMMUNISMUS1 & AS A PAMPHLET 9CLUD+ ! ',AFT]WORD' BY ! ,V]LAG D] ,>BEIT]BU*H&LUNG1 ! PUBLI%+ H\SE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,AU/RIA4 ,?IS TRANSLATION BY ,D4,A4 ,SM>T WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,PANNEKOEK & ,GORT]'S ,M>XISM 7,PLUTO1 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#h74 
,TRANSCRIPTION_/,M>KUP3 ,&Y ,BLUND51 = M>XI/S4ORG #b#c4 
,PRO(READ+_/,RE=MATT+3 ,MICAH ,MU]1 #b#a#i4 
,S\RCE3 ,JOHN ,GRAY'S ,>*IVE4 

,!ORY ITSELF BECOMES A MAT]IAL =CE ONCE IT TAKES A 
HOLD ON ! MASSES4 ,!ORY IS CAPABLE ( TAK+ A HOLD ON ! MASSES444 
ONCE IT BECOMES RADICAL4 ,M>X 

,I 

,! TRANS=MATION ( CAPITALISM 9TO COMMUNISM IS BR\<T AB\T 
BY TWO =CES1 ONE MAT]IAL & ! O!R M5TAL1 ! LATT] HAV+ ITS ORIG9S 
9 ! =M]4 ,! MAT]IAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMY G5]ATES CONSCI\SNESS1 
& ?IS ACTIVATES ! WILL TO REVOLUTION4 ,M>XI/ SCI5CE1 >IS+ AS A 
FUNCTION ( ! G5]AL T5D5CIES ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 =MS FIR/ ! 
!ORY ( ! SOCIALI/ P>TY & SUBSEQU5TLY ?AT ( ! COMMUNI/ P>TY1 & 
IT 5D[S ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ) A PR(\ND & VIGOR\S 9TELLECTUAL 
UNITY4 ,:ILE ?IS !ORY IS GRADUALLY P5ETRAT+ ONE SECTION ( ! 
PROLET>IAT1 ! MASSES' [N EXP]I5CES >E B\ND TO FO/] PRACTICAL 
RECOGNITION ?AT CAPITALISM IS NO LONG] VIABLE TO AN 9CREAS+ EXT5T4 ,WORLD 
W> & RAPID ECONOMIC COLLAPSE N[ MAKE REVOLUTION OBJECTIVELY NECESS>Y BE=E 
! MASSES HAVE GRASP$ COMMUNISM 9TELLECTUALLY3 & ?IS CONTRADICTION IS AT 
! ROOT ( ! CONTRADICTIONS1 HESITATIONS & SETBACKS :I* MAKE ! 
REVOLUTION A LONG & PA9FUL PROCESS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !ORY ITSELF N[ GA9S NEW 
MOM5TUM & RAPIDLY TAKES A HOLD ON ! MASSES2 BUT BO? !SE PROCESSES >E 
9EVITABLY HELD UP BY ! PRACTICAL PROBLEMS :I* HAVE SUDD5LY RIS5 UP SO 
MASSIVELY4 

,AS F> AS ,WE/]N ,EUROPE IS CONC]N$1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION IS 
MA9LY DET]M9$ BY TWO =CES3 ! COLLAPSE ( ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY & ! 
EXAMPLE ( ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA4 ,! REASONS :Y ! PROLET>IAT WAS ABLE TO A*IEVE 
VICTORY SO QUICKLY & ) SU* RELATIVE EASE 9 ,RUSSIA - ! WEAKNESS ( 
! B\RGEOISIE1 ! ALLIANCE ) ! PEASANTRY1 ! FACT ?AT ! REVOLUTION 
TOOK PLACE DUR+ ! W> - NE$ NOT BE ELABORAT$ H]E4 ,! EXAMPLE ( A 
/ATE 9 :I* WORK+ PEOPLE >E ! RUL]S1 :]E !Y HAVE ABOLI%$ 
CAPITALISM & >E 5GAG$ 9 BUILD+ COMMUNISM1 C\LD NOT BUT MAKE A GREAT 
IMPRESSION UPON ! PROLET>IAT ( ! 5TIRE WORLD4 ,( C\RSE1 ?IS EXAMPLE 
W\LD NOT 9 ITSELF HAVE BE5 SUFFICI5T TO SPUR ! WORK]S 9 O!R C\NTRIES 
ON TO PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,! HUMAN M9D IS MO/ /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY ! 
EFFECTS ( ITS [N MAT]IAL 5VIRONM5T2 SO ?AT IF 9DIG5\S CAPITALISM HAD 
RETA9$ ALL ITS OLD /R5G?1 ! NEWS FROM F>-AWAY ,RUSSIA W\LD HAVE MADE 
LITTLE IMPRESSION4 ',FULL ( RESPECTFUL ADMIRATION1 BUT 9 A TIMID1 
PETTY-B\RGEOIS WAY1 )\T ! C\RAGE TO SAVE !MSELVES1 ,RUSSIA & HUMANITY 
AS A :OLE BY TAK+ ACTION' ?IS WAS H[ ! MASSES /RUCK ,RUTG]S.<#a.> UPON HIS RETURN TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE FROM 
,RUSSIA4 ,:5 ! W> CAME TO AN 5D1 EV]YONE H]E HOP$ = A RAPID UPTURN 9 
! ECONOMY1 & A LY+ PRESS DEPICT$ ,RUSSIA AS A PLACE ( *AOS & 
B>B>ISM2 & SO ! MASSES BID$ !IR TIME4 ,BUT S9CE !N1 ! OPPOSITE HAS 
COME AB\T3 *AOS HAS SPREAD 9 ! TRADITIONAL HOME ( CIVILIZATION1 :ILE ! 
NEW ORD] 9 ,RUSSIA IS %[+ 9CREAS+ /R5G?4 ,N[ ! MASSES >E /IRR+ 
H]E AS WELL4 

,ECONOMIC COLLAPSE IS ! MO/ P[]FUL SPUR TO REVOLUTION4 ,G]MANY & 
,AU/RIA >E ALREADY COMPLETELY %ATT]$ & PAUP]IZ$ ECONOMICALLY1 ,ITALY & 
,FRANCE >E 9 9EXORABLE DECL9E4 ,5GL& HAS SUFF]$ SO BADLY ?AT IT IS 
D\BTFUL :E!R ITS GOV]NM5T'S VIGOR\S ATTEMPTS AT RECON/RUCTION CAN 
AV]T COLLAPSE1 & 9 ,AM]ICA ! FIR/ ?REAT5+ SIGNS ( CRISIS >E 
APPE>+4 ,& 9 EA* C\NTRY1 MORE OR LESS 9 ?IS SAME ORD]1 UNRE/ IS 
GR[+ 9 ! MASSES2 !Y >E /RUGGL+ AGA9/ IMPOV]I%M5T 9 GREAT 
/RIKE-MOVEM5TS :I* HIT ! ECONOMY EV5 H>D]2 !SE /RUGGLES >E 
GRADUALLY DEVELOP+ 9TO A CONSCI\S REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE1 &1 )\T BE+ 
COMMUNI/S BY CONVICTION1 ! MASSES >E MORE & MORE FOLL[+ ! PA? :I* 
COMMUNISM %[S !M1 = PRACTICAL NECESSITY IS DRIV+ !M 9 ?AT 
DIRECTION4 

,) ! GR[? ( ?IS NECESSITY & MOOD1 C>RI$ BY !M1 SO TO SPEAK1 ! 
COMMUNI/ VANGU>D HAS BE5 DEVELOP+ 9 !SE C\NTRIES2 ?IS VANGU>D 
RECOGNIZES ! GOALS CLE>LY & REGR\PS ITSELF 9 ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! 
DI/+UI%+ FEATURE ( ?IS DEVELOP+ PROCESS ( REVOLUTION IS A %>P 
SEP>ATION ( COMMUNISM FROM SOCIALISM1 9 BO? IDEOLOGICAL & ORGANIZATIONAL 
T]MS4 ,?IS SEP>ATION IS MO/ M>K$ 9 ! C\NTRIES ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE 
PRECIPITAT$ 9TO ECONOMIC CRISIS BY ! ,TREATY ( ,V]SAILLES1 :]E A 
SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC REGIME WAS NECESS>Y TO SAVE ! B\RGEOIS /ATE4 ,! CRISIS 
IS SO PR(\ND & IRREM$IABLE !RE ?AT ! MASS ( RADICAL SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC 
WORK]S1 ! ,U,S,P1 >E PRESS+ = AFFILIATION TO ,MOSC[1 AL?\< !Y /ILL 
L>GELY HOLD TO ! OLD SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC ME?ODS1 TRADITIONS1 SLOGANS & 
LEAD]S4 ,9 ,ITALY1 ! 5TIRE SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>TY HAS JO9$ ! ,?IRD 
,9T]NATIONAL2 A MILITANT REVOLUTION>Y MOOD AMONG ! MASSES1 :O >E 5GAG$ 
9 CON/ANT SMALL-SCALE W>F>E AGA9/ GOV]NM5T & B\RGEOISIE1 P]MITS US 
TO OV]LOOK ! !ORETICAL MIXTURE ( SOCIALI/1 SYNDICALI/ & COMMUNI/ 
P]SPECTIVES4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 COMMUNI/ GR\PS HAVE ONLY REC5TLY DETA*$ !MSELVES 
FROM ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC P>TY & ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T1 & >E N[ 
MOV+ T[>DS ! =MATION ( A COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,9 ,5GL&1 ! PR(\ND 
EFFECT ( ! W> UPON ! OLD1 FAMILI> CONDITIONS HAS G5]AT$ A COMMUNI/ 
MOVEM5T1 AS YET CONSI/+ ( SEV]AL GR\PS & P>TIES ( DIFF]5T ORIG9S 
& NEW ORGANIZATIONAL =MATIONS4 ,9 ,AM]ICA1 TWO COMMUNI/ P>TIES HAVE 
DETA*$ !MSELVES FROM ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 :ILE ! LATT] HAS ALSO 
ALIGN$ ITSELF ) ,MOSC[4 

,SOVIET ,RUSSIA'S UNEXPECT$ RESILI5CE TO ! ONSLAU<TS ( REACTION HAS 
BO? COMPELL$ ! ,5T5TE TO NEGOTIATE & ALSO MADE A NEW & P[]FUL 
IMPRESSION UPON ! LABOR P>TIES ( ! ,WE/4 ,! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL IS 
BREAK+ UP2 A G5]AL MOVEM5T ( ! C5T] GR\PS T[>DS ,MOSC[ HAS SET 9 
UND] ! IMPULSION ( ! GR[+ REVOLUTION>Y MOOD ( ! MASSES4 ,!SE 
GR\PS HAVE ADOPT$ ! NEW NAME ( COMMUNI/S )\T !IR =M] P]SPECTIVES 
HAV+ GREATLY ALT]$1 & !Y >E TRANSF]R+ ! CONCEPTIONS & ME?ODS ( 
! OLD SOCIAL DEMOCRATS 9TO ! NEW 9T]NATIONAL4 ,AS A SIGN ?AT !SE 
C\NTRIES HAVE N[ BECOME MORE RIPE = REVOLUTION1 A PH5OM5ON PRECISELY 
OPPOSITE TO ! ORIG9AL ONE IS N[ APPE>+3 ) !IR 5TRY 9TO ! ,?IRD 
,9T]NATIONAL OR DECL>ATION 9 FAVOR ( ITS PR9CIPLES1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! 
,U,S,P M5TION$ ABOVE1 ! %>P DI/9CTION BETWE5 COMMUNI/S & SOCIAL 
DEMOCRATS IS ONCE AGA9 FAD+4 ,:ATEV] ATTEMPTS >E MADE TO KEEP SU* P>TIES 
=MALLY \TSIDE ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL 9 AN EF=T TO CONS]VE SOME FIRMNESS 
( PR9CIPLE1 !Y NEV]!LESS 9S9UATE !MSELVES 9TO ! LEAD]%IP ( EA* 
C\NTRY'S REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 MA9TA9+ !IR 9FLU5CE OV] ! 
MILITANT MASSES BY PAY+ LIP-S]VICE TO ! NEW SLOGANS4 ,?IS IS H[ EV]Y 
RUL+ /RATUM BEHAVES3 RA!R ?AN ALL[ ITSELF TO BE CUT (F FROM ! MASSES1 
IT BECOMES 'REVOLUTION>Y' ITSELF1 9 ORD] TO DEFLATE ! 
REVOLUTION AS F> AS POSSIBLE BY ITS 9FLU5CE4 ,& MANY COMMUNI/S T5D TO SEE 
ONLY ! 9CREAS$ /R5G? ?US ACCRU+ TO US1 & NOT ALSO ! 9CREASE 9 
VULN]ABILITY4 

,) ! APPE>ANCE ( COMMUNISM & ! ,RUSSIAN EXAMPLE1 ! PROLET>IAN 
REVOLUTION SEEM$ TO HAVE GA9$ A SIMPLE1 /RAI<T=W>D =M4 ,9 REALITY1 
H[EV]1 ! V>I\S DIFFICULTIES N[ BE+ 5C\NT]$ >E REVEAL+ ! =CES 
:I* MAKE IT AN EXTREMELY COMPLEX & >DU\S PROCESS4 

,I,I 

,ISSUES & ! SOLUTIONS TO !M1 PROGRAMS & TACTICS1 DO NOT 
SPR+ FROM AB/RACT PR9CIPLES1 BUT >E ONLY DET]M9$ BY EXP]I5CE1 BY ! 
REAL PRACTICE ( LIFE4 ,! COMMUNI/S' CONCEPTIONS ( !IR GOAL & ( 
H[ IT IS TO BE ATTA9$ MU/ BE ELABORAT$ ON ! BASIS ( PREVI\S 
REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE1 AS !Y ALWAYS HAVE BE54 ,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION & ! 
C\RSE :I* ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION HAS TAK5 UP TO ?IS PO9T REPRES5T ALL ! 
EVID5CE SO F> AVAILABLE TO US AS TO ! MOTIVE =CES1 CONDITIONS & =MS ( 
! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 

,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION BR\<T ! PROLET>IAT POLITICAL CONTROL 9 SO 
A/ONI%+LY RAPID AN UPTURN ?AT IT TOOK ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN OBS]V]S COMPLETELY 
BY SURPRISE AT ! TIME1 & AL?\< ! REASONS = IT >E CLE>LY 
ID5TIFIABLE1 IT HAS COME TO SEEM MORE & MORE A/ONI%+ 9 VIEW ( ! 
DIFFICULTIES ?AT WE >E N[ EXP]I5C+ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,ITS 9ITIAL EFFECT 
WAS 9EVITABLY ?AT 9 ! FIR/ FLU% ( 5?USIASM1 ! DIFFICULTIES FAC+ 
! REVOLUTION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE W]E UND]E/IMAT$4 ,BE=E ! EYES ( ! 
WORLD PROLET>IAT1 ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION UNVEIL$ ! PR9CIPLES ( ! NEW 
ORD] 9 ALL ! RADIANCE & PURITY ( !IR P[] - ! DICTATOR%IP ( 
! PROLET>IAT1 ! SOVIET SY/EM AS A NEW MODE ( DEMOCRACY1 ! 
REORGANIZATION ( 9DU/RY1 AGRICULTURE & $UCATION4 ,9 MANY RESPECTS1 IT GAVE 
A PICTURE ( ! NATURE & CONT5T ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION SO SIMPLE1 
CLE> & COMPREH5SIVE1 SO IDYLLIC ONE MI<T ALMO/ SAY1 ?AT NO?+ C\LD 
SEEM EASI] ?AN TO FOLL[ ?IS EXAMPLE4 ,H[EV]1 ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION HAS 
%[N ?AT ?IS WAS NOT SO SIMPLE1 & ! =CES :I* CAME TO ! =E 9 
,G]MANY >E BY & L>GE AT WORK ?R\<\T ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE4 

,:5 ,G]MAN IMP]IALISM COLLAPS$ 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#h1 ! WORK+ CLASS WAS 
COMPLETELY UNPREP>$ = ! SEIZURE ( P[]4 ,%ATT]$ 9 M9D & SPIRIT BY 
! F\R YE>S ( W> & /ILL CAU<T UP 9 SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS1 IT 
WAS UNABLE TO A*IEVE CLE> RECOGNITION ( ITS TASK )9 ! FIR/ FEW WEEKS1 
:5 GOV]NM5TAL AU?ORITY HAD LAPS$2 ! 9T5SIVE BUT BRIEF P]IOD ( 
COMMUNI/ PROPAG&A C\LD NOT COMP5SATE = ?IS LACK4 ,! ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE 
HAD LE>N$ MORE FROM ! ,RUSSIAN EXAMPLE ?AN ! PROLET>IAT2 DECK+ ITSELF 
\T 9 R$ 9 ORD] TO LULL ! WORK]S' VIGILANCE1 IT IMM$IATELY BEGAN 
TO REBUILD ! ORGANS ( ITS P[]4 ,! WORK]S' C\NCILS VOLUNT>ILY 
SURR5D]$ !IR P[] TO ! LEAD]S ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY & ! 
DEMOCRATIC P>LIAM5T4 ,! WORK]S /ILL BE>+ >MS AS SOLDI]S DIS>M$ NOT 
! B\RGEOISIE1 BUT !MSELVES2 ! MO/ ACTIVE WORK]S' GR\PS W]E 
CRU%$ BY NEWLY =M$ :ITE GU>DS1 & ! B\RGEOISIE WAS =M$ 9TO >M$ 
CIVIL MILITIAS4 ,) ! CONNIVANCE ( ! TRADE-UNION LEAD]%IPS1 ! N[ 
DEF5SELESS WORK]S W]E LITTLE BY LITTLE ROBB$ ( ALL ! IMPROVEM5TS 9 
WORK+ CONDITIONS WON 9 ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! WAY TO COMMUNISM WAS 
?US BLOCK$ ) B>B$-WIRE 5TANGLEM5TS TO SECURE ! SURVIVAL ( 
CAPITALISM1 TO 5ABLE IT TO S9K EV] DEEP] 9TO *AOS1 ?AT IS4 

,!SE EXP]I5CES GA9$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION CANNOT1 ( 
C\RSE1 BE AUTOMATICALLY APPLI$ TO ! O!R C\NTRIES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE2 ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION WILL FOLL[ /ILL O!R C\RSES !RE4 ,P[] WILL 
NOT SUDD5LY FALL 9TO ! H&S ( ! UNPREP>$ MASSES AS A RESULT ( 
POLITICO-MILIT>Y COLLAPSE2 ! PROLET>IAT WILL HAVE TO FI<T H>D = IT1 & 
WILL ?US HAVE ATTA9$ A HI<] DEGREE ( MATURITY :5 IT IS WON4 ,:AT 
HAPP5$ AT FEV]-PACE 9 ,G]MANY AFT] ! ,NOVEMB] REVOLUTION IS ALREADY 
TAK+ PLACE MORE QUIETLY 9 O!R C\NTRIES3 ! B\RGEOISIE IS DRAW+ ! 
CONSEQU5CES ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 MAK+ MILIT>Y PREP>ATIONS = CIVIL 
W> & AT ! SAME TIME ORGANIZ+ ! POLITICAL DECEPTION ( ! PROLET>IAT 
BY MEANS ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,BUT 9 SPITE ( !SE DIFF]5CES1 ! ,G]MAN 
REVOLUTION %[S C]TA9 G5]AL *>ACT]I/ICS & (F]S C]TA9 LESSONS ( 
G5]AL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,IT HAS MADE IT APP>5T ?AT ! REVOLUTION 9 ,WE/]N 
,EUROPE WILL BE A SL[1 >DU\S PROCESS & REVEAL$ :AT =CES >E 
RESPONSIBLE = ?IS4 ,! SL[ TEMPO ( REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T 9 
,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 AL?\< ONLY RELATIVE1 HAS GIV5 RISE TO A CLA% ( CONFLICT+ 
TACTICAL CURR5TS4 ,9 TIMES ( RAPID REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T1 TACTICAL 
DIFF]5CES >E QUICKLY OV]COME 9 ACTION1 OR ELSE DO NOT BECOME CONSCI\S2 
9T5SIVE PR9CIPL$ AGITATION CL>IFIES PEOPLE'S M9DS1 & AT ! SAME 
TIME ! MASSES FLOOD 9 & POLITICAL ACTION OV]TURNS OLD CONCEPTIONS4 ,:5 A 
P]IOD ( EXT]NAL /AGNATION SETS 91 H[EV]2 :5 ! MASSES LET ANY?+ 
PASS )\T PROTE/ & REVOLUTION>Y SLOGANS NO LONG] SEEM ABLE TO CAT* ! 
IMAG9ATION2 :5 DIFFICULTIES M\NT UP & ! ADV]S>Y SEEMS TO RISE UP MORE 
COLOSSAL ) EA* 5GAGEM5T2 :5 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY REMA9S WEAK & 
EXP]I5CES ONLY DEFEATS - !N P]SPECTIVES DIV]GE1 NEW C\RSES ( 
ACTION & NEW TACTICAL ME?ODS >E S\<T4 ,!RE !N EM]GE TWO MA9 
T5D5CIES1 :I* CAN BE RECOGNIZ$ 9 EV]Y C\NTRY1 = ALL ! LOCAL 
V>IATIONS4 ,! ONE CURR5T SEEKS TO REVOLUTIONIZE & CL>IFY PEOPLE'S 
M9DS BY WORD & DE$1 & TO ?IS 5D TRIES TO POSE ! NEW PR9CIPLES 9 ! 
%>PE/ POSSIBLE CONTRA/ TO ! OLD1 RECEIV$ CONCEPTIONS4 ,! O!R CURR5T 
ATTEMPTS TO DRAW ! MASSES /ILL ON ! SIDEL9ES 9TO PRACTICAL ACTIVITY1 & 
!RE=E EMPHASIZES PO9TS ( AGREEM5T RA!R ?AN PO9TS ( DIFF]5CE 9 AN 
ATTEMPT TO AVOID AS F> AS IS POSSIBLE ANY?+ ?AT MI<T DET] !M4 ,! FIR/ 
/RIVES = A CLE>1 %>P SEP>ATION AMONG ! MASSES1 ! SECOND = UNITY2 
! FIR/ CURR5T MAY BE T]M$ ! RADICAL T5D5CY1 ! SECOND ! OPPORTUNI/ 
ONE4 ,GIV5 ! CURR5T SITUATION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ) ! REVOLUTION 
5C\NT]+ P[]FUL OB/ACLES ON ! ONE H& & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION'S 
/AUN* RESI/ANCE TO ! ,5T5TE GOV]NM5TS' EF=TS TO OV]?R[ IT 
MAK+ A P[]FUL IMPRESSION UPON ! MASSES ON ! O!R1 WE CAN EXPECT A 
GREAT] 9FLUX 9TO ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL ( WORK]S' GR\PS UNTIL N[ 
UNDECID$2 & AS A RESULT1 OPPORTUNISM WILL D\BTLESS BECOME A P[]FUL =CE 
9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,OPPORTUNISM DOES NOT NECESS>ILY MEAN A PLIANT1 CONCILIATORY ATTITUDE & 
VOCABUL>Y1 NOR RADICALISM A MORE AC]BIC MANN]2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 LACK ( 
CLE>1 PR9CIPL$ TACTICS IS ALL TOO (T5 CONCEAL$ 9 RABIDLY /RID5T 
LANGUAGE2 & 9DE$1 9 REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS1 IT IS *>ACT]I/IC ( 
OPPORTUNISM TO SUDD5LY SET ALL ITS HOPES ON ! GREAT REVOLUTION>Y DE$4 ,ITS 
ESS5CE LIES 9 ALWAYS CONSID]+ ! IMM$IATE QUE/IONS1 NOT :AT LIES 9 ! 
FUTURE1 & TO FIX ON ! SUP]FICIAL ASPECTS ( PH5OM5A RA!R ?AN SEE+ 
! DET]M9ANT DEEP] BASES4 ,:5 ! =CES >E NOT IMM$IATELY ADEQUATE = 
! ATTA9M5T ( A C]TA9 GOAL1 IT T5DS TO MAKE = ?AT GOAL BY ANO!R WAY1 
BY R\NDAB\T MEANS1 RA!R ?AN /R5G!N ?OSE =CES4 ,= ITS GOAL IS 
IMM$IATE SUCCESS1 & TO ?AT IT SACRIFICES ! CONDITIONS = LA/+ SUCCESS 
9 ! FUTURE4 ,IT SEEKS JU/IFICATION 9 ! FACT ?AT BY =M+ ALLIANCES ) 
O!R 'PROGRESSIVE' GR\PS & BY MAK+ CONCESSIONS TO \TDAT$ 
CONCEPTIONS1 IT IS (T5 POSSIBLE TO GA9 P[] OR AT LEA/ SPLIT ! 5EMY1 ! 
COALITION ( CAPITALI/ CLASSES1 & ?US BR+ AB\T CONDITIONS MORE FAVORABLE 
= ! /RUGGLE4 ,BUT P[] 9 SU* CASES ALWAYS TURNS \T TO BE AN ILLUSION1 
P]SONAL P[] EX]CIS$ BY 9DIVIDUAL LEAD]S & NOT ! P[] ( ! 
PROLET>IAN CLASS2 ?IS CONTRADICTION BR+S NO?+ BUT CONFUSION1 CORRUPTION 
& CONFLICT 9 ITS WAKE4 ,CONQUE/ ( GOV]NM5TAL P[] NOT BAS$ UPON A 
WORK+ CLASS FULLY PREP>$ TO EX]CISE ITS HEGEMONY W\LD BE LO/ AGA91 OR 
ELSE HAVE TO MAKE SO MANY CONCESSIONS TO REACTION>Y =CES ?AT IT W\LD BE 
9W>DLY SP5T4 ,A SPLIT 9 ! RANKS ( ! CLASS HO/ILE TO US - ! MU* 
VAUNT$ SLOGAN ( RE=MISM - W\LD NOT AFFECT ! UNITY ( ! 9W>DLY 
UNIT$ B\RGEOISIE1 BUT W\LD DECEIVE1 CONFUSE & WEAK5 ! PROLET>IAT4 ,( 
C\RSE IT CAN HAPP5 ?AT ! COMMUNI/ VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT IS OBLIG$ 
TO TAKE OV] POLITICAL P[] BE=E ! NORMAL CONDITIONS >E MET2 BUT ONLY :AT 
! MASSES !REBY GA9 9 T]MS ( CL>ITY1 9SI<T1 SOLID>ITY & AUTONOMY 
HAS LA/+ VALUE AS ! F\NDATION ( FUR!R DEVELOPM5T T[>DS 
COMMUNISM4 

,! HI/ORY ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL IS FULL ( EXAMPLES ( ?IS POLICY ( 
OPPORTUNISM1 & !Y >E BEG9N+ TO APPE> 9 ! ,?IRD4 ,IT US$ TO CONSI/ 
9 SEEK+ ! ASSI/ANCE ( NON-SOCIALI/ WORK]S' GR\PS OR O!R 
CLASSES TO ATTA9 ! GOAL ( SOCIALISM4 ,?IS L$ TO TACTICS BECOM+ CORRUPT$1 
& F9ALLY TO COLLAPSE4 ,! SITUATION ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL IS N[ 
FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T2 = ?AT P]IOD ( QUIET CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T IS OV] 
:5 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ! BE/ S5SE ( ! WORD C\LD DO NO?+ MORE ?AN 
PREP>E = A FUTURE REVOLUTION>Y EPO* BY FI<T+ CONFUSION ) PR9CIPL$ 
POLICIES4 ,CAPITALISM IS N[ COLLAPS+2 ! WORLD CANNOT WAIT UNTIL \R 
PROPAG&A HAS WON A MAJORITY TO LUCID COMMUNI/ 9SI<T2 ! MASSES MU/ 
9T]V5E1 & AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE1 IF !Y !MSELVES & ! WORLD >E TO 
BE SAV$ FROM CATA/ROPHE4 ,:AT CAN A SMALL P>TY1 H[EV] PR9CIPL$1 DO :5 
:AT IS NE$$ >E ! MASSES8 ,IS NOT OPPORTUNISM1 ) ITS EF=TS TO GA!R 
! BROADE/ MASSES QUICKLY1 DICTAT$ BY NECESSITY8 

,A REVOLUTION CAN NO MORE BE MADE BY A BIG MASS P>TY OR COALITION ( 
DIFF]5T P>TIES ?AN BY A SMALL RADICAL P>TY4 ,IT BREAKS \T SPONTANE\SLY 
AMONG ! MASSES2 ACTION 9/IGAT$ BY A P>TY CAN SOMETIMES TRIGG] IT (F 7A 
R>E OCCURR5CE71 BUT ! DET]M9+ =CES LIE ELSE:]E1 9 ! PSY*OLOGICAL 
FACTORS DEEP 9 ! UNCONSCI\S ( ! MASSES & 9 ! GREAT EV5TS ( WORLD 
POLITICS4 ,! FUNCTION ( A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY LIES 9 PROPAGAT+ CLE> 
UND]/&+ 9 ADVANCE1 SO ?AT ?R\<\T ! MASSES !RE WILL BE ELEM5TS 
:O KN[ :AT MU/ BE DONE & :O >E CAPABLE ( JUDG+ ! SITUATION = 
!MSELVES4 ,& 9 ! C\RSE ( REVOLUTION ! P>TY HAS TO RAISE ! 
PROGRAM1 SLOGANS & DIRECTIVES :I* ! SPONTANE\SLY ACT+ MASSES 
RECOGNIZE AS CORRECT BECAUSE !Y F9D ?AT !Y EXPRESS !IR [N AIMS 9 !IR 
MO/ ADEQUATE =M & H5CE A*IEVE GREAT] CL>ITY ( PURPOSE2 IT IS ?US ?AT 
! P>TY COMES TO LEAD ! /RUGGLE4 ,SO LONG AS ! MASSES REMA9 9ACTIVE1 
?IS MAY APPE> TO BE AN UNREW>D+ TACTIC2 BUT CL>ITY ( PR9CIPLE HAS AN 
IMPLICIT EFFECT ON MANY :O AT FIR/ HOLD BACK1 & REVOLUTION REVEALS ITS 
ACTIVE P[] ( GIV+ A DEF9ITE DIRECTION TO ! /RUGGLE4 ,IF1 ON ! O!R 
H&1 IT HAS BE5 ATTEMPT$ TO ASSEMBLE A L>GE P>TY BY WAT]+ D[N 
PR9CIPLES1 =M+ ALLIANCES & MAK+ CONCESSIONS1 !N ?IS 5ABLES CONFUS$ 
ELEM5TS TO GA9 9FLU5CE 9 TIMES ( REVOLUTION )\T ! MASSES BE+ ABLE 
TO SEE ?R\< !IR 9ADEQUACY4 ,CON=MITY TO TRADITIONAL P]SPECTIVES IS AN 
ATTEMPT TO GA9 P[] )\T ! REVOLUTION 9 IDEAS ?AT IS ! PRECONDITION 
( DO+ SO2 ITS EFFECT IS !RE=E TO HOLD BACK ! C\RSE ( REVOLUTION4 ,IT 
IS ALSO DOOM$ TO FAILURE1 = ONLY ! MO/ RADICAL ?9K+ CAN TAKE A HOLD ON 
! MASSES ONCE !Y 5GAGE 9 REVOLUTION1 :ILE MOD]ATION ONLY SATISFIES !M 
SO LONG AS ! REVOLUTION HAS YET TO BE MADE4 ,A REVOLUTION SIMULTANE\SLY 
9VOLVES A PR(\ND UPHEAVAL 9 ! MASSES' ?9K+2 IT CREATES ! 
CONDITIONS = ?IS1 & IS ITSELF CONDITION$ BY IT2 LEAD]%IP 9 ! 
REVOLUTION ?US FALLS TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY BY VIRTUE ( ! WORLD-TRANS=M+ 
P[] ( ITS UNAMBIGU\S PR9CIPLES4 

,9 CONTRA/ ) ! /RONG1 %>P EMPHASIS ON ! NEW PR9CIPLES - 
SOVIET SY/EM & DICTATOR%IP - :I* DI/+UI% COMMUNISM FROM SOCIAL 
DEMOCRACY1 OPPORTUNISM 9 ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL RELIES AS F> AS POSSIBLE UPON 
! =MS ( /RUGGLE TAK5 OV] FROM ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,AFT] ! 
,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION HAD REPLAC$ P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY ) ! SOVIET SY/EM 
& BUILT UP ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T ON ! BASIS ( ! FACTORY1 ! FIR/ 
IMPULSE 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE WAS TO FOLL[ ?IS EXAMPLE4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( 
,G]MANY BOYCOTT$ ! ELECTIONS = ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY & CAMPAIGN$ = 
IMM$IATE OR GRADUAL ORGANIZATIONAL SEP>ATION FROM ! TRADE UNIONS4 ,:5 ! 
REVOLUTION SLACK5$ & /AGNAT$ 9 #a#i#a#i1 H[EV]1 ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( 
! ,K,P,D 9TRODUC$ A DIFF]5T TACTIC :I* AM\NT$ TO OPT+ = 
P>LIAM5T>IANISM & SUPPORT+ ! OLD TRADE-UNION CONF$]ATIONS AGA9/ ! 
9DU/RIAL UNIONS4 ,! MA9 >GUM5T BEH9D ?IS IS ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 
MU/ NOT LOSE ! LEAD]%IP ( ! MASSES1 :O /ILL ?9K 5TIRELY 9 
P>LIAM5T>Y T]MS1 :O >E BE/ REA*$ ?R\< ELECTORAL CAMPAIGNS & 
P>LIAM5T>Y SPEE*ES1 & :O1 BY 5T]+ ! TRADE UNIONS 5 MASSE1 HAVE 
9CREAS$ !IR MEMB]%IP TO SEV5 MILLION4 ,! SAME ?9K+ IS TO BE SE5 9 
,5GL& 9 ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,B,S,P3 !Y DO NOT WANT TO BREAK ) ! ,LABOR 
,P>TY1 AL?\< IT BELONGS TO ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL1 = FE> ( LOS+ 
CONTACT ) ! MASS ( TRADE-UNIONI/S4 ,!SE >GUM5TS >E MO/ %>PLY 
=MULAT$ & M>%AL$ BY \R FRI5D ,K>L ,RADEK1 :OSE ,DEVELOPM5T ( 
! ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION & ! ,TASKS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 WRITT5 9 
PRISON 9 ,B]L91 MAY BE REG>D$ AS ! PROGRAMMATIC /ATEM5T ( COMMUNI/ 
OPPORTUNISM4.<#b.> ,H]E IT IS >GU$ ?AT ! 
PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE WILL BE A LONG DRAWN-\T PROCESS1 9 
:I* COMMUNISM %\LD USE EV]Y MEANS ( PROPAG&A1 9 :I* P>LIAM5T>Y 
ACTIVITY & ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T WILL REMA9 ! PR9CIPAL WEAPONS ( ! 
PROLET>IAT1 ) ! GRADUAL 9TRODUCTION ( WORK]S' CONTROL AS A NEW 
OBJECTIVE4 

,AN EXAM9ATION ( ! F\NDATIONS1 CONDITIONS & DIFFICULTIES ( ! 
PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE WILL %[ H[ F> ?IS IS CORRECT4 

,I,I,I 

,IT HAS REPEAT$LY BE5 EMPHASIZ$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION WILL TAKE A 
LONG TIME 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE BECAUSE ! B\RGEOISIE IS SO MU* MORE P[]FUL 
H]E ?AN 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,LET US ANALYZE ! BASIS ( ?IS P[]4 ,DOES IT LIE 9 
!IR NUMB]S8 ,! PROLET>IAN MASSES >E MU* MORE NUM]\S4 ,DOES IT LIE 9 ! 
B\RGEOISIE'S MA/]Y OV] ! :OLE ( ECONOMIC LIFE8 ,?IS C]TA9LY US$ 
TO BE AN IMPORTANT P[]-FACTOR2 BUT !IR HEGEMONY IS FAD+1 & 9 ,C5TRAL 
,EUROPE ! ECONOMY IS COMPLETELY BANKRUPT4 ,DOES IT LIE 9 !IR CONTROL ( ! 
/ATE1 ) ALL ITS MEANS ( CO]CION8 ,C]TA9LY1 IT HAS ALWAYS US$ ! LATT] 
TO HOLD ! PROLET>IAT D[N1 :I* IS :Y ! CONQUE/ ( /ATE P[] WAS ! 
PROLET>IAT'S FIR/ OBJECTIVE4 ,BUT 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#h1 /ATE P[] SLIPP$ 
FROM ! N]VELESS GRASP ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ,G]MANY & ,AU/RIA1 ! CO]CIVE 
APP>ATUS ( ! /ATE WAS COMPLETELY P>ALYZ$1 ! MASSES W]E 9 CONTROL2 & 
! B\RGEOISIE WAS NEV]!LESS ABLE TO BUILD ?IS /ATE P[] UP AGA9 & 
ONCE MORE SUBJUGATE ! WORK]S4 ,?IS PROVES ?AT ! B\RGEOISIE POSSESS$ 
ANO!R HIDD5 S\RCE ( P[] :I* HAD REMA9$ 9TACT & :I* P]MITT$ IT 
TO REE/ABLI% ITS HEGEMONY :5 EV]Y?+ SEEM$ %ATT]$4 ,?IS HIDD5 P[] 
IS ! B\RGEOISIE'S IDEOLOGICAL HOLD OV] ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BECAUSE ! 
PROLET>IAN MASSES W]E /ILL COMPLETELY GOV]N$ BY A B\RGEOIS M5TALITY1 !Y 
RE/OR$ ! HEGEMONY ( ! B\RGEOISIE ) !IR [N H&S AFT] IT HAD 
COLLAPS$4.<#c.> 

,! ,G]MAN EXP]I5CE BR+S US FACE TO FACE ) ! MAJOR PROBLEM ( ! 
REVOLUTION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,9 !SE C\NTRIES1 ! OLD B\RGEOIS MODE ( 
PRODUCTION & ! C5TURIES-OLD CIVILIZATION :I* HAS DEVELOP$ ) IT HAVE 
COMPLETELY IMPRESS$ !MSELVES UPON ! ?\<TS & FEEL+S ( ! POPUL> 
MASSES4 ,H5CE1 ! M5TALITY & 9N] *>ACT] ( ! MASSES H]E IS QUITE 
DIFF]5T FROM ?AT 9 ! C\NTRIES ( ! ,EA/1 :O HAVE NOT EXP]I5C$ ! 
RULE ( B\RGEOIS CULTURE2 & ?IS IS :AT DI/+UI%ES ! DIFF]5T C\RSES 
?AT ! REVOLUTION HAS TAK5 9 ! ,EA/ & ! ,WE/4 ,9 ,5GL&1 ,FRANCE1 
,HOLL&1 ,ITALY1 ,G]MANY & ,SC&9AVIA1 !RE HAS BE5 A P[]FUL BUR<] CLASS 
BAS$ ON PETTY-B\RGEOIS & PRIMITIVE CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION S9CE ! ,MIDDLE 
,AGES2 AS FEUDALISM DECL9$1 !RE ALSO GREW UP 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE AN EQUALLY 
P[]FUL 9DEP5D5T PEASANT CLASS1 9 :I* ! 9DIVIDUAL WAS ALSO MA/] 9 
HIS [N SMALL BUS9ESS4 ,B\RGEOIS S5SIBILITIES DEVELOP$ 9TO A SOLID NATIONAL 
CULTURE ON ?IS F\NDATION1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! M>ITIME C\NTRIES ( ,5GL& 
& ,FRANCE1 :I* TOOK ! LEAD 9 CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,9 ! N9ETE5? 
C5TURY1 ! SUBJECTION ( ! :OLE ECONOMY TO CAPITAL & ! 9CLUSION ( ! 
MO/ \TLY+ F>MS 9TO ! CAPITALI/ WORLD-TRADE SY/EM 5HANC$ & REF9$ 
?IS NATIONAL CULTURE1 & ! PSY*OLOGICAL PROPAG&A ( PRESS1 S*OOL & 
*UR* DRUMM$ IT FIRMLY 9TO ! HEADS ( ! MASSES1 BO? ?OSE :OM CAPITAL 
PROLET>IANIZ$ & ATTRACT$ 9TO ! CITIES & ?OSE IT LEFT ON ! L&4 
,?IS IS TRUE NOT ONLY ( ! HOMEL&S ( CAPITALISM1 BUT ALSO1 ALBEIT 9 
DIFF]5T =MS1 ( ,AM]ICA & ,AU/RALIA1 :]E ,EUROPEANS F\ND$ NEW /ATES1 
& ( ! C\NTRIES ( ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 ,G]MANY1 ,AU/RIA1 ,ITALY1 :I* HAD UNTIL 
!N /AGNAT$1 BUT :]E ! NEW SURGE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T WAS ABLE TO 
CONNECT ) AN OLD1 BACKW>D1 SMALL-PEASANT ECONOMY & A PETTY-B\RGEOIS 
CULTURE4 ,BUT :5 CAPITALISM PRESS$ 9TO ! C\NTRIES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 IT 
5C\NT]$ V]Y DIFF]5T MAT]IAL CONDITIONS & TRADITIONS4 ,H]E1 9 ,RUSSIA1 
,POL&1 ,HUNG>Y1 EV5 9 ,G]MANY EA/ ( ! ,ELBE1 !RE WAS NO /RONG B\RGEOIS 
CLASS :I* HAD LONG DOM9AT$ ! LIFE ( ! SPIRIT2 ! LATT] WAS DET]M9$ 
BY PRIMITIVE AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS1 ) L>GE-SCALE L&$ PROP]TY1 
PATRI>*AL FEUDALISM & VILLAGE COMMUNISM4 ,H]E1 !RE=E1 ! MASSES RELAT$ 
TO COMMUNISM 9 A MORE PRIMITIVE1 SIMPLE1 OP5 WAY1 AS RECEPTIVE AS BLANK PAP]4 
,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS (T5 EXPRESS$ D]ISIVE A/ONI%M5T ?AT ! 
'IGNORANT' ,RUSSIANS C\LD CLAIM TO BE ! VANGU>D ( ! NEW WORLD 
( LABOR4 ,REF]R+ TO !SE SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 AN ,5GLI% DELEGATE AT ! 
COMMUNI/ CONF]5CE 9 ,AM/]DAM.<#d.> 
PO9T$ UP ! DIFF]5CE QUITE CORRECTLY3 ! ,RUSSIANS MAY BE MORE IGNORANT1 
BUT ! ,5GLI% WORK]S >E /UFF$ SO FULL ( PREJUDICES ?AT IT IS H>D] TO 
PROPAGATE COMMUNISM AMONG !M4 ,!SE 'PREJUDICES' >E ONLY ! 
SUP]FICIAL1 EXT]NAL ASPECT ( ! B\RGEOIS M5TALITY :I* SATURATES ! 
MAJORITY ( ! PROLET>IAT ( ,5GL&1 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA4 

,! 5TIRE CONT5T ( ?IS M5TALITY IS SO MANY-SID$ & COMPLEX 9 ITS 
OPPOSITION TO ! PROLET>IAN1 COMMUNI/ WORLDVIEW ?AT IT CAN SC>CELY BE 
SUMM>IZ$ 9 A FEW S5T5CES4 ,ITS PRIM>Y *>ACT]I/IC IS 9DIVIDUALISM1 
:I* HAS ITS ORIG9S 9 E>LI] PETTY-B\RGEOIS & PEASANT =MS ( LABOR & 
ONLY GRADUALLY GIVES WAY TO ! NEW PROLET>IAN S5SE ( COMMUNITY & ( ! 
NECESSITY ( ACCEPT+ DISCIPL9E - ?IS *>ACT]I/IC IS PROBABLY MO/ 
PRON\NC$ 9 ! B\RGEOISIE & PROLET>IAT ( ! ,ANGLO-,SAXON C\NTRIES4 ,! 
9DIVIDUAL'S P]SPECTIVE IS LIMIT$ TO HIS WORK-PLACE1 9/EAD ( 
EMBRAC+ SOCIETY AS A :OLE2 SO ABSOLUTE DOES ! PR9CIPLE ( ! DIVISION ( 
LABOR SEEM1 ?AT POLITICS ITSELF1 ! GOV]NM5T ( ! :OLE ( SOCIETY1 IS 
SE5 NOT AS EV]YBODY'S BUS9ESS1 BUT AS ! MONOPOLY ( A RUL+ /RATUM1 
! SPECIALIZ$ PROV9CE ( P>TICUL> EXP]TS1 ! POLITICIANS4 ,) ITS 
C5TURIES ( MAT]IAL & 9TELLECTUAL COMM]CE1 ITS LIT]ATURE & >T1 
B\RGEOIS CULTURE HAS EMB$D$ ITSELF 9 ! PROLET>IAN MASSES1 & G5]ATES A 
FEEL+ ( NATIONAL SOLID>ITY1 AN*OR$ DEEP] 9 ! UNCONSCI\S ?AN EXT]NAL 
9DIFF]5CE OR SUP]FICIAL 9T]NATIONALISM SUGGE/2 ?IS CAN POT5TIALLY 
EXPRESS ITSELF 9 NATIONAL CLASS SOLID>ITY1 & GREATLY H9D]S 9T]NATIONAL 
ACTION4 

,B\RGEOIS CULTURE EXI/S 9 ! PROLET>IAT PRIM>ILY AS A TRADITIONAL CA/ 
( ?\<T4 ,! MASSES CAU<T UP 9 IT ?9K 9 IDEOLOGICAL 9/EAD ( REAL 
T]MS3 B\RGEOIS ?\<T HAS ALWAYS BE5 IDEOLOGICAL4 ,BUT ?IS IDEOLOGY & 
TRADITION >E NOT 9TEGRAT$2 ! M5TAL REFLEXES LEFT OV] FROM ! 9NUM]ABLE 
CLASS /RUGGLES ( =M] C5TURIES HAVE SURVIV$ AS POLITICAL & RELIGI\S 
SY/EMS ( ?\<T :I* SEP>ATE ! OLD B\RGEOIS WORLD1 & H5CE ! 
PROLET>IANS BORN ( IT1 9TO GR\PS1 *UR*ES1 SECTS1 P>TIES1 DIVID$ 
ACCORD+ TO !IR IDEOLOGICAL P]SPECTIVES4 ,! B\RGEOIS PA/ ?US ALSO 
SURVIVES 9 ! PROLET>IAT AS AN ORGANIZATIONAL TRADITION ?AT /&S 9 ! 
WAY ( ! CLASS UNITY NECESS>Y = ! CREATION ( ! NEW WORLD2 9 !SE 
>*AIC ORGANIZATIONS ! WORK]S MAKE UP ! FOLL[]S & ADH]5TS ( A 
B\RGEOIS VANGU>D4 ,IT IS ! 9TELLIG5TSIA :I* SUPPLIES ! LEAD]S 9 !SE 
IDEOLOGICAL /RUGGLES4 ,! 9TELLIG5TSIA - PRIE/S1 TEA*]S1 LIT]ATI1 
J\RNALI/S1 >TI/S1 POLITICIANS - =M A NUM]\S CLASS1 ! FUNCTION ( 
:I* IS TO FO/]1 DEVELOP & PROPAGATE B\RGEOIS CULTURE2 IT PASSES ?IS ON 
TO ! MASSES1 & ACTS AS M$IATOR BETWE5 ! HEGEMONY ( CAPITAL & ! 
9T]E/S ( ! MASSES4 ,! HEGEMONY ( CAPITAL IS ROOT$ 9 ?IS GR\P'S 
9TELLECTUAL LEAD]%IP ( ! MASSES4 ,= EV5 ?\< ! OPPRESS$ MASSES HAVE 
(T5 REBELL$ AGA9/ CAPITAL & ITS AG5CIES1 !Y HAVE ONLY DONE SO UND] 
! LEAD]%IP ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA2 & ! FIRM SOLID>ITY & DISCIPL9E WON 
9 ?IS COMMON /RUGGLE SUBSEQU5TLY PROVES TO BE ! /RONGE/ SUPPORT ( ! 
SY/EM ONCE !SE LEAD]S OP5LY GO OV] TO ! SIDE ( CAPITALISM4 ,?US1 ! 
,*RI/IAN IDEOLOGY ( ! DECL9+ PETTY B\RGEOIS /RATA1 :I* HAD BECOME A 
LIV+ =CE AS AN EXPRESSION ( !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ 
/ATE1 (T5 PROV$ ITS WOR? SUBSEQU5TLY AS A REACTION>Y SY/EM ?AT 
BOL/]$ UP ! /ATE1 AS ) ,CA?OLICISM 9 ,G]MANY AFT] ! ,KULTURKAMPF4.<#e.> ,DESPITE ! VALUE ( ITS !ORETICAL 
CONTRIBUTION1 MU* ! SAME IS TRUE ( ! ROLE PLAY$ BY SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 
DE/ROY+ & EXT+UI%+ OLD IDEOLOGIES 9 ! RIS+ WORK-=CE1 AS HI/ORY 
DEM&$ IT %\LD DO3 IT MADE ! PROLET>IAN MASSES M5TALLY DEP5D5T UPON 
POLITICAL & O!R LEAD]S1 :O1 AS SPECIALI/S1 ! MASSES LEFT TO MANAGE ALL 
! IMPORTANT MATT]S ( A G5]AL NATURE AFFECT+ ! CLASS1 9/EAD ( 
!MSELVES TAK+ !M 9 H&4 ,! FIRM SOLID>ITY & DISCIPL9E :I* 
DEVELOP$ 9 ! (T5 ACUTE CLASS /RUGGLES ( HALF A C5TURY DID NOT BURY 
CAPITALISM1 = IT REPRES5T$ ! P[] ( LEAD]%IP & ORGANIZATION OV] ! 
MASSES2 & 9 ,AUGU/ #aiad & ,NOVEMB] #aiah !SE MADE ! MASSES HELPLESS 
TOOLS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 ( IMP]IALISM & ( REACTION4 ,! IDEOLOGICAL P[] 
( ! B\RGEOIS PA/ OV] ! PROLET>IAT MEANS ?AT 9 MANY ( ! C\NTRIES 
( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 9 ,G]MANY & ,HOLL&1 = EXAMPLE1 IT IS DIVID$ 9TO 
IDEOLOGICALLY OPPOS$ GR\PS :I* /& 9 ! WAY ( CLASS UNITY4 ,SOCIAL 
DEMOCRACY ORIG9ALLY S\<T TO REALIZE ?IS CLASS UNITY1 BUT P>TLY DUE TO ITS 
OPPORTUNI/ TACTICS1 :I* SUB/ITUT$ PURELY POLITICAL POLICIES = CLASS 
POLITICS1 IT WAS UNSUCCESSFUL 9 ?IS3 IT M]ELY 9CREAS$ ! NUMB] ( GR\PS 
BY ONE4 

,9 TIMES ( CRISIS :5 ! MASSES >E DRIV5 TO DESP]ATION & TO ACTION1 
! HEGEMONY ( B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY OV] ! MASSES CANNOT PREV5T ! P[] ( 
?IS TRADITION TEMPOR>ILY FLAGG+1 AS 9 ,G]MANY 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#h4 ,BUT !N 
! IDEOLOGY COMES TO ! =E AGA91 & TURNS TEMPOR>Y VICTORY 9TO DEFEAT4 
,! CONCRETE =CES :I* 9 \R VIEW MAKE UP ! HEGEMONY ( B\RGEOIS 
CONCEPTIONS CAN BE SE5 AT WORK 9 ! CASE ( ,G]MANY3 9 REV]5CE = 
AB/RACT SLOGANS LIKE 'DEMOCRACY'2 9 ! P[] ( OLD HABITS ( ?\<T 
& PROGRAM-PO9TS1 SU* AS ! REALIZATION ( SOCIALISM ?R\< P>LIAM5T>Y 
LEAD]S & A SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T2 9 ! LACK ( PROLET>IAN SELF-CONFID5CE 
EVID5C$ BY ! EFFECT UPON ! MASSES ( ! B>RAGE ( FIL?Y LIES PUBLI%$ 
AB\T ,RUSSIA2 9 ! MASSES' LACK ( FAI? 9 !IR [N P[]2 BUT ABOVE 
ALL1 9 !IR TRU/ 9 ! P>TY1 9 ! ORGANIZATION & 9 ! LEAD]S :O = 
DECADES HAD 9C>NAT$ !IR /RUGGLE1 !IR REVOLUTION>Y GOALS1 !IR 
IDEALISM4 ,! TREM5D\S M5TAL1 MORAL & MAT]IAL P[] ( ! ORGANIZATIONS1 
!SE 5ORM\S MA*9ES PA9/AK+LY CREAT$ BY ! MASSES !MSELVES ) 
YE>S ( EF=T1 :I* 9C>NAT$ ! TRADITION ( ! =MS ( /RUGGLE 
BELONG+ TO A P]IOD 9 :I* ! LABOR MOVEM5T WAS A LIMB ( ASC5DANT 
CAPITAL1 N[ CRU%$ ALL ! REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES ONCE MORE FL>+ UP 9 
! MASSES4 

,?IS EXAMPLE WILL NOT REMA9 UNIQUE4 ,! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! RAPID 
ECONOMIC COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM & ! IMMATURITY ( SPIRIT REPRES5T$ BY ! 
P[] ( B\RGEOIS TRADITION OV] ! PROLET>IAT - A CONTRADICTION :I* 
HAS NOT COME AB\T BY ACCID5T1 9 ?AT ! PROLET>IAT CANNOT A*IEVE ! 
MATURITY ( SPIRIT REQUIR$ = HEGEMONY & FRE$OM )9 A FL\RI%+ 
CAPITALISM - CAN ONLY BE RESOLV$ BY ! PROCESS ( REVOLUTION>Y 
DEVELOPM5T1 9 :I* SPONTANE\S UPRIS+S & SEIZURES ( P[] ALT]NATE ) 
SETBACKS4 ,IT MAKES IT V]Y IMPROBABLE ?AT ! REVOLUTION WILL TAKE A C\RSE 9 
:I* ! PROLET>IAT = A LONG TIME /ORMS ! =TRESS ( CAPITAL 9 VA91 
US+ BO? ! OLD & NEW MEANS ( /RUGGLE1 UNTIL IT EV5TUALLY CONQU]S IT 
ONCE & = ALL2 & ! TACTICS ( A LONG DRAWN-\T & C>EFULLY 5G9E]$ 
SIEGE POS$ 9 ,RADEK'S S*EMA ?US FALL ?R\<4 ,! TACTICAL PROBLEM IS 
NOT H[ TO W9 P[] AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE IF SU* P[] WILL BE M]ELY 
ILLUSORY - ?IS IS ONLY TOO EASY AN OPTION = ! COMMUNI/S - BUT 
H[ ! BASIS ( LA/+ CLASS P[] IS TO BE DEVELOP$ 9 ! PROLET>IAT4 ,NO 
'RESOLUTE M9ORITY' CAN RESOLVE ! PROBLEMS :I* CAN ONLY BE 
RESOLV$ BY ! ACTION ( ! CLASS AS A :OLE2 & IF ! POPULACE ALL[S SU* 
A SEIZURE ( P[] TO TAKE PLACE OV] ITS HEAD ) APP>5T 9DIFF]5CE1 IT IS 
NOT1 = ALL ?AT1 A G5U9ELY PASSIVE MASS1 BUT IS CAPABLE1 9 SO F> AS IT HAS 
NOT BE5 WON OV] TO COMMUNISM1 ( R\ND+ UPON ! REVOLUTION AT ANY MOM5T AS 
! ACTIVE FOLL[] ( REACTION4 ,& A 'COALITION ) ! GALL[S ON 
H&' W\LD DO NO MORE ?AN DISGUISE AN UNT5ABLE P>TY DICTATOR%IP ( 
?IS K9D4.<#f.> ,:5 A TREM5D\S UPRIS+ 
( ! PROLET>IAT DE/ROYS ! BANKRUPT RULE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 & ! 
,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ! CLE>E/ VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT1 TAKES OV] POLITICAL 
CONTROL1 IT HAS ONLY ONE TASK - TO ]ADICATE ! S\RCES ( WEAKNESS 9 
! PROLET>IAT BY ALL POSSIBLE MEANS & TO /R5G!N IT SO ?AT IT WILL BE 
FULLY EQUAL TO ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLES ?AT ! FUTURE HOLDS 9 /ORE4 ,?IS 
MEANS RAIS+ ! MASSES !MSELVES TO ! HI<E/ PIT* ( ACTIVITY1 :IPP+ 
UP !IR 9ITIATIVE1 9CREAS+ !IR SELF-CONFID5CE1 SO ?AT !Y !MSELVES 
WILL BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE ! TASKS ?RU/ UPON !M1 = IT IS ONLY ?US ?AT 
! LATT] CAN BE SUCCESSFULLY C>RI$ \T4 ,?IS MAKES IT NECESS>Y TO BREAK ! 
DOM9ATION ( TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL =MS & ( ! OLD LEAD]S1 & 9 NO 
CIRCUM/ANCES TO JO9 !M 9 A COALITION GOV]NM5T2 TO DEVELOP ! NEW =MS1 
TO CONSOLIDATE ! MAT]IAL P[] ( ! MASSES2 ONLY 9 ?IS WAY WILL IT BE 
POSSIBLE TO REORGANIZE BO? PRODUCTION & DEF5SE AGA9/ ! EXT]NAL ASSAULTS 
( CAPITALISM1 & ?IS IS ! PRECONDITION ( PREV5T+ 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION4 

,SU* P[] AS ! B\RGEOISIE /ILL POSSESSES 9 ?IS P]IOD RESIDES 9 ! 
PROLET>IAT'S LACK ( AUTONOMY & 9DEP5D5CE ( SPIRIT4 ,! PROCESS ( 
REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T CONSI/S 9 ! PROLET>IAT EMANCIPAT+ ITSELF FROM 
?IS DEP5D5CE1 FROM ! TRADITIONS ( ! PA/ - & ?IS IS ONLY 
POSSIBLE ?R\< ITS [N EXP]I5CE ( /RUGGLE4 ,:]E CAPITALISM IS ALREADY AN 
9/ITUTION ( LONG /&+ & ! WORK]S HAVE ?US ALREADY BE5 /RUGGL+ 
AGA9/ IT = SEV]AL G5]ATIONS1 ! PROLET>IAT HAS 9 EV]Y P]IOD HAD TO 
BUILD UP ME?ODS1 =MS & AIDS TO /RUGGLE CORRESPOND+ TO ! CONTEMPOR>Y 
/AGE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T1 & !SE HAVE SOON CEAS$ TO BE SE5 AS ! 
TEMPOR>Y EXP$I5TS ?AT !Y >E1 & 9/EAD IDOLIZ$ AS LA/+1 ABSOLUTE1 
P]FECT =MS2 !Y HAVE ?US SUBSEQU5TLY BECOME FETT]S UPON DEVELOPM5T :I* 
HAD TO BE BROK54 ,:]EAS ! CLASS IS CAU<T UP 9 CON/ANT UPHEAVAL & RAPID 
DEVELOPM5T1 ! LEAD]S REMA9 AT A P>TICUL> /AGE1 AS ! SPOKESM5 ( A 
P>TICUL> PHASE1 & !IR TREM5D\S 9FLU5CE CAN HOLD BACK ! MOVEM5T2 
=MS ( ACTION BECOME DOGMAS1 & ORGANIZATIONS >E RAIS$ TO ! /ATUS ( 
5DS 9 !MSELVES1 MAK+ IT ALL ! MORE DIFFICULT TO REORI5TATE & READAPT 
TO ! *ANG$ CONDITIONS ( /RUGGLE4 ,?IS /ILL APPLIES2 EV]Y /AGE ( ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE MU/ OV]COME ! TRADITIONS ( PREVI\S 
/AGES IF IT IS TO BE CAPABLE ( RECOGNIZ+ ITS [N TASKS CLE>LY & C>RY+ 
!M \T EFFECTIVELY - EXCEPT ?AT DEVELOPM5T IS N[ PROCE$+ AT A F> 
FA/] PACE4 ,! REVOLUTION ?US DEVELOPS ?R\< ! PROCESS ( 9T]NAL 
/RUGGLE4 ,IT IS )9 ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF ?AT ! RESI/ANCES DEVELOP :I* 
IT MU/ OV]COME2 & 9 OV]COM+ !M1 ! PROLET>IAT OV]COMES ITS [N 
LIMITATIONS & MATURES T[>DS COMMUNISM4 

,I,V 

,P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY & ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T W]E ! TWO 
PR9CIPAL =MS ( /RUGGLE 9 ! TIME ( ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! CONGRESSES ( ! FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+-,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 
LAID ! BASIS ( ?IS TACTIC BY TAK+ ISSUE ) PRIMITIVE CONCEPTIONS 
BELONG+ TO ! PRE-CAPITALI/1 PETTY-B\RGEOIS P]IOD &1 9 ACCORDANCE ) 
,M>X'S SOCIAL !ORY1 DEF9+ ! *>ACT] ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS 
/RUGGLE AS A CONT9U\S /RUGGLE BY ! PROLET>IAT AGA9/ CAPITALISM = ! 
MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE1 A /RUGGLE :I* W\LD LEAD TO ! CONQUE/ ( POLITICAL 
P[]4 ,:5 ! P]IOD ( B\RGEOIS REVOLUTIONS & >M$ UPRIS+S HAD COME TO 
A CLOSE1 ?IS POLITICAL /RUGGLE C\LD ONLY BE C>RI$ ON )9 ! FRAMEWORK 
( ! OLD OR NEWLY CREAT$ NATIONAL /ATES1 & TRADE-UNION /RUGGLE WAS (T5 
SUBJECT TO EV5 TI<T] RE/RICTIONS4 ,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL WAS !RE=E 
B\ND TO BREAK UP2 & ! /RUGGLE = ! NEW TACTICS1 :I* IT WAS ITSELF 
UNABLE TO PRACTICE1 BUR/ IT AP>T2 MEAN:ILE1 ! TRADITION ( ! OLD 
CONCEPTIONS & ME?ODS ( /RUGGLE REMA9$ ALIVE AMONG ! AN>*I/S4 ,! 
NEW TACTICS W]E BEQUEA!D BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO ?OSE :O W\LD HAVE TO PUT 
!M 9TO PRACTICE1 ! TRADE UNIONS & ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TIES :I* W]E 
SPR++ UP ON EV]Y H&4 ,:5 ! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL >OSE AS A LOOSE 
F$]ATION ( ! LATT]1 IT DID 9 FACT /ILL HAVE TO COMBAT TRADITION 9 ! 
=M ( AN>*ISM2 BUT ! LEGACY ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL ALREADY =M$ ITS 
UNDISPUT$ TACTICAL BASE4 ,TODAY1 EV]Y COMMUNI/ KN[S :Y !SE ME?ODS ( 
/RUGGLE W]E NECESS>Y & PRODUCTIVE AT ?AT TIME3 :5 ! WORK+ CLASS IS 
DEVELOP+ )9 ASC5DANT CAPITALISM1 IT IS NOT YET CAPABLE ( CREAT+ ORGANS 
:I* W\LD 5ABLE IT TO CONTROL & ORD] SOCIETY1 NOR CAN IT EV5 CONCEIVE ! 
NECESSITY ( DO+ SO4 ,IT MU/ FIR/ ORI5TATE ITSELF M5TALLY & LE>N TO 
UND]/& CAPITALISM & ITS CLASS RULE4 ,! VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! 
,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 MU/ REVEAL ! NATURE ( ! SY/EM ?R\< ITS 
PROPAG&A & %[ ! MASSES !IR GOALS BY RAIS+ CLASS DEM&S4 ,IT WAS 
!RE=E NECESS>Y = ITS SPOKESM5 TO 5T] ! P>LIAM5TS1 ! C5T]S ( 
B\RGEOIS RULE1 9 ORD] TO RAISE !IR VOICES ON ! TRIBUNES & TAKE P>T 9 
CONFLICTS BETWE5 ! POLITICAL P>TIES4 

,MATT]S *ANGE :5 ! /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT 5T]S A REVOLUTION>Y 
PHASE4 ,WE >E NOT H]E CONC]N$ ) ! QUE/ION ( :Y ! P>LIAM5T>Y 
SY/EM IS 9ADEQUATE AS A SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T = ! MASSES & :Y IT MU/ 
GIVE WAY TO ! SOVIET SY/EM1 BUT ) ! UTILIZATION ( P>LIAM5T AS A MEANS 
( /RUGGLE BY ! PROLET>IAT4.<#g.> ,AS 
SU*1 P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY IS ! P>ADIGM ( /RUGGLES 9 :I* ONLY ! 
LEAD]S >E ACTIVELY 9VOLV$ & 9 :I* ! MASSES !MSELVES PLAY A 
SUBORD9ATE ROLE4 ,IT CONSI/S 9 9DIVIDUAL DEPUTIES C>RY+ ON ! MA9 
BATTLE2 ?IS IS B\ND TO >\SE ! ILLUSION AMONG ! MASSES ?AT O!RS CAN DO 
!IR FI<T+ = !M4 ,PEOPLE US$ TO BELIEVE ?AT LEAD]S C\LD OBTA9 
IMPORTANT RE=MS = ! WORK]S 9 P>LIAM5T2 & ! ILLUSION EV5 >OSE 
?AT P>LIAM5T>IANS C\LD C>RY \T ! TRANS=MATION TO SOCIALISM BY ACTS ( 
P>LIAM5T4 ,N[ ?AT P>LIAM5T>IANISM HAS GR[N MORE MODE/ 9 ITS CLAIMS1 ONE 
HE>S ! >GUM5T ?AT DEPUTIES 9 P>LIAM5T C\LD MAKE AN IMPORTANT 
CONTRIBUTION TO COMMUNI/ PROPAG&A4.<#h.> ,BUT ?IS ALWAYS MEANS ?AT ! MA9 EMPHASIS FALLS ON ! 
LEAD]S1 & IT IS TAK5 = GRANT$ ?AT SPECIALI/S WILL DET]M9E POLICY 
- EV5 IF ?IS IS DONE UND] ! DEMOCRATIC VEIL ( DEBATES & 
RESOLUTIONS BY CONGRESSES2 ! HI/ORY ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS A S]IES ( 
UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS TO 9DUCE ! MEMB]S !MSELVES TO DET]M9E POLICY4 ,?IS 
IS ALL 9EVITABLE :ILE ! PROLET>IAT IS C>RY+ ON A P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE1 
:ILE ! MASSES HAVE YET TO CREATE ORGANS ( SELF-ACTION1 :ILE ! REVOLUTION 
HAS /ILL TO BE MADE1 ?AT IS2 & AS SOON AS ! MASSES />T TO 9T]V5E1 ACT 
& TAKE DECISIONS ON !IR [N BEHALF1 ! DISADVANTAGES ( P>LIAM5T>Y 
/RUGGLE BECOME OV]:ELM+4 

,AS WE >GU$ ABOVE1 ! TACTICAL PROBLEM IS H[ WE >E TO ]ADICATE ! 
TRADITIONAL B\RGEOIS M5TALITY :I* P>ALYZES ! /R5G? ( ! PROLET>IAN 
MASSES2 EV]Y?+ :I* L5DS NEW P[] TO ! RECEIV$ CONCEPTIONS IS H>MFUL4 
,! MO/ T5ACI\S & 9TRACTABLE ELEM5T 9 ?IS M5TALITY IS DEP5D5CE UPON 
LEAD]S1 :OM ! MASSES LEAVE TO DET]M9E G5]AL QUE/IONS & TO MANAGE 
!IR CLASS AFFAIRS4 ,P>LIAM5T>IANISM 9EVITABLY T5DS TO 9HIBIT ! 
AUTONOM\S ACTIVITY BY ! MASSES ?AT IS NECESS>Y = REVOLUTION4 ,F9E 
SPEE*ES MAY BE MADE 9 P>LIAM5T EXHORT+ ! PROLET>IAT TO REVOLUTION>Y 
ACTION2 IT IS NOT 9 SU* WORDS ?AT ! LATT] HAS ITS ORIG9S1 H[EV]1 BUT 9 
! H>D NECESSITY ( !RE BE+ NO O!R ALT]NATIVE4 

,REVOLUTION ALSO DEM&S SOME?+ MORE ?AN ! MASSIVE ASSAULT ?AT TOPPLES 
A GOV]NM5T & :I*1 AS WE KN[1 CANNOT BE SUMMON$ UP BY LEAD]S1 BUT CAN 
ONLY SPR+ FROM ! PR(\ND IMPULSE ( ! MASSES4 ,REVOLUTION REQUIRES SOCIAL 
RECON/RUCTION TO BE UND]TAK51 DIFFICULT DECISIONS MADE1 ! :OLE PROLET>IAT 
9VOLV$ 9 CREATIVE ACTION - & ?IS IS ONLY POSSIBLE IF FIR/ ! 
VANGU>D1 !N A GREAT] & GREAT] NUMB] TAKE MATT]S 9 H& !MSELVES1 
KN[ !IR [N RESPONSIBILITIES1 9VE/IGATE1 AGITATE1 WRE/LE1 /RIVE1 REFLECT1 
ASSESS1 SEIZE *ANCES & ACT UPON !M4 ,BUT ALL ?IS IS DIFFICULT & 
LABORI\S2 ?US1 SO LONG AS ! WORK+ CLASS ?9KS IT SEES AN EASI] WAY \T 
?R\< O!RS ACT+ ON ITS BEHALF LEAD+ AGITATION FROM A HI< PLAT=M1 
TAK+ DECISIONS1 GIV+ SIGNALS = ACTION1 MAK+ LAWS - ! OLD HABITS 
( ?\<T & ! OLD WEAKNESSES WILL MAKE IT HESITATE & REMA9 PASSIVE4 

,:ILE ON ! ONE H& P>LIAM5T>IANISM HAS ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y EFFECT 
( /R5G!N+ ! LEAD]S' DOM9ANCE OV] ! MASSES1 ON ! O!R IT 
HAS A T5D5CY TO CORRUPT !SE LEAD]S !MSELVES4 ,:5 P]SONAL /ATESMAN%IP 
HAS TO COMP5SATE = :AT IS LACK+ 9 ! ACTIVE P[] ( ! MASSES1 PETTY 
DIPLOMACY DEVELOPS2 :ATEV] 9T5TIONS ! P>TY MAY HAVE />T$ \T )1 IT 
HAS TO TRY & GA9 A LEGAL BASE1 A POSITION ( P>LIAM5T>Y P[]2 & SO 
F9ALLY ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 MEANS & 5DS IS REV]S$1 & IT IS NO LONG] 
P>LIAM5T ?AT S]VES AS A MEANS T[>DS COMMUNISM1 BUT COMMUNISM ?AT /&S 
AS AN ADV]TIS+ SLOGAN = P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS4 ,9 ! PROCESS1 H[EV]1 
! COMMUNI/ P>TY ITSELF TAKES ON A DIFF]5T *>ACT]4 ,9/EAD ( A VANGU>D 
GR\P+ ! 5TIRE CLASS BEH9D IT = ! PURPOSE ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTION1 IT 
BECOMES A P>LIAM5T>Y P>TY ) ! SAME LEGAL /ATUS AS ! O!RS1 JO9+ 
9 !IR QU>RELS1 A NEW $ITION ( ! OLD SOCIAL DEMOCRACY UND] NEW RADICAL 
SLOGANS4 ,:]EAS !RE CAN BE NO ESS5TIAL ANTAGONISM1 NO 9T]NAL CONFLICT 
BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS & ! COMMUNI/ P>TY1 S9CE ! P>TY 
9C>NATES A =M ( SYN!SIS BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT'S MO/ LUCID 
CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS & ITS GR[+ UNITY1 P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY %ATT]S ?IS 
UNITY & CREATES ! POSSIBILITY ( SU* A CONFLICT3 9/EAD ( UNIFY+ ! 
CLASS1 COMMUNISM BECOMES A NEW P>TY ) ITS [N P>TY *IEFS1 A P>TY :I* 
FALLS 9 ) ! O!RS & ?US P]PETUATES ! POLITICAL DIVISION ( ! 
CLASS4 ,ALL !SE T5D5CIES WILL D\BTLESS BE CUT %ORT ONCE AGA9 BY ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( ! ECONOMY 9 A REVOLUTION>Y S5SE2 BUT EV5 ! FIR/ 
BEG9N+S ( ?IS PROCESS CAN ONLY H>M ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T BY 
9HIBIT+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( LUCID CLASS-CONSCI\SNESS2 & :5 ! ECONOMIC 
SITUATION TEMPOR>ILY FAVORS C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 ?IS POLICY WILL PAVE ! WAY 
= A DIV]SION ( ! REVOLUTION ON TO ! T]RA9 ( REACTION4 

,:AT IS GREAT & TRULY COMMUNI/ AB\T ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION IS ABOVE ALL 
! FACT ?AT IT HAS AWOK5 ! MASSES' [N ACTIVITY & IGNIT$ ! 
SPIRITUAL & PHYSICAL 5]GY 9 !M TO BUILD & SU/A9 A NEW SOCIETY4 
,R\S+ ! MASSES TO ?IS CONSCI\SNESS ( !IR [N P[] IS SOME?+ :I* 
CANNOT BE A*IEV$ ALL AT ONCE1 BUT ONLY 9 /AGES2 ONE /AGE ON ?IS WAY TO 
9DEP5D5CE IS ! REJECTION ( P>LIAM5T>IANISM4 ,:51 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#a#h1 ! 
NEWLY =M$ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY RESOLV$ TO BOYCOTT ! ,NATIONAL 
,ASSEMBLY1 ?IS DECISION DID NOT PROCE$ FROM ANY IMMATURE ILLUSION ( QUICK1 
EASY VICTORY1 BUT FROM ! PROLET>IAT'S NE$ TO EMANCIPATE ITSELF FROM 
ITS PSY*OLOGICAL DEP5D5CE UPON P>LIAM5T>Y REPRES5TATIVES - A 
NECESS>Y REACTION AGA9/ ! TRADITION ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY - BECAUSE ! 
WAY TO SELF-ACTIVITY C\LD N[ BE SE5 TO LIE 9 BUILD+ UP ! C\NCIL SY/EM4 
,H[EV]1 ONE HALF ( ?OSE UNIT$ AT ?AT TIME1 ?OSE :O HAVE /AY$ 9 ! 
,K,P,D1 READOPT$ P>LIAM5T>IANISM ) ! EBB ( ! REVOLUTION3 ) :AT 
CONSEQU5CES IT REMA9S TO BE SE51 BUT :I* HAVE 9 P>T BE5 DEMON/RAT$ 
ALREADY4 ,9 O!R C\NTRIES TOO1 OP9ION IS DIVID$ AMONG ! COMMUNI/S1 & 
MANY GR\PS WANT TO REFRA9 FROM P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY EV5 BE=E ! \TBREAK 
( REVOLUTION4 ,! 9T]NATIONAL DISPUTE OV] ! USE ( P>LIAM5T AS A ME?OD 
( /RUGGLE WILL ?US CLE>LY BE ONE ( ! MA9 TACTICAL ISSUES )9 ! 
,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL OV] ! NEXT FEW YE>S4 

,AT ANY RATE1 EV]YONE IS AGRE$ ?AT P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY ONLY =MS A 
SUBSIDI>Y FEATURE ( \R TACTICS4 ,! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL WAS ABLE TO DEVELOP 
UP TO ! PO9T :]E IT HAD BR\<T \T & LAID B>E ! ESS5CE ( ! NEW 
TACTICS3 ?AT ! PROLET>IAT CAN ONLY CONQU] IMP]IALISM ) ! WEAPONS ( 
MASS ACTION4 ,! ,SECOND ,9T]NATIONAL ITSELF WAS NO LONG] ABLE TO EMPLOY !SE2 
IT WAS B\ND TO COLLAPSE :5 ! WORLD W> PUT ! REVOLUTION>Y CLASS /RUGGLE 
ON TO AN 9T]NATIONAL PLANE4 ,! LEGACY ( ! E>LI] 9T]NATIONALS WAS ! 
NATURAL F\NDATION ( ! NEW 9T]NATIONAL3 MASS ACTION BY ! PROLET>IAT TO 
! PO9T ( G5]AL /RIKE & CIVIL W> =MS ! COMMON TACTICAL PLAT=M ( 
! COMMUNI/S4 ,9 P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY ! PROLET>IAT IS DIVID$ 9TO 
NATIONS1 & A G5U9ELY 9T]NATIONAL 9T]V5TION IS NOT POSSIBLE2 9 MASS 
ACTION AGA9/ 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL NATIONAL DIVISIONS FALL AWAY1 & EV]Y 
MOVEM5T1 TO :ATEV] C\NTRIES IT EXT5DS OR IS LIMIT$1 IS P>T ( A S+LE 
WORLD /RUGGLE4 

,V 

,JU/ AS P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY 9C>NATES ! LEAD]S' 
PSY*OLOGICAL HOLD OV] ! WORK+ MASSES1 SO ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T 
9C>NATES !IR MAT]IAL AU?ORITY4 ,UND] CAPITALISM1 ! TRADE UNIONS =M ! 
NATURAL ORGANIZATIONS = ! REGR\PM5T ( ! PROLET>IAT2 & ,M>X 
EMPHASIZ$ !IR SIGNIFICANCE AS SU* FROM ! FIR/4 ,9 DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM1 
& EV5 MORE 9 ! EPO* ( IMP]IALISM1 ! TRADE UNIONS HAVE BECOME 5ORM\S 
CONF$]ATIONS :I* MANIFE/ ! SAME DEVELOPM5TAL T5D5CIES AS ! B\RGEOIS 
/ATE 9 AN E>LI] P]IOD4 ,!RE HAS GR[N UP )9 !M A CLASS ( (FICIALS1 
A BUREAUCRACY1 :I* CONTROLS ALL ! ORGANIZATION'S RES\RCES - 
FUNDS1 PRESS1 ! APPO9TM5T ( (FICIALS2 (T5 !Y HAVE EV5 MORE 
F>-REA*+ P[]S1 SO ?AT !Y HAVE *ANG$ FROM BE+ ! S]VANTS ( ! 
COLLECTIVITY TO BECOME ITS MA/]S1 & HAVE ID5TIFI$ !MSELVES ) ! 
ORGANIZATION4 ,& ! TRADE UNIONS ALSO RESEMBLE ! /ATE & ITS BUREAUCRACY 
9 ?AT1 DEMOCRATIC =MS NOT)/&+1 ! WILL ( ! MEMB]S IS UNABLE TO 
PREVAIL AGA9/ ! BUREAUCRACY2 EV]Y REVOLT BREAKS ON ! C>EFULLY 
CON/RUCT$ APP>ATUS ( ORD]S ( BUS9ESS & /ATUTES BE=E IT CAN %AKE ! 
HI]>*Y4 ,IT IS ONLY AFT] YE>S ( /UBBORN P]SI/5CE ?AT AN OPPOSITION CAN 
SOMETIMES REGI/] A LIMIT$ SUCCESS1 & USUALLY ?IS ONLY AM\NTS TO A *ANGE 
9 P]SONNEL4 ,9 ! LA/ FEW YE>S1 BE=E & S9CE ! W>1 ?IS SITUATION 
HAS !RE=E (T5 GIV5 RISE TO REBELLIONS BY ! MEMB]%IP 9 ,5GL&1 
,G]MANY & ,AM]ICA2 !Y HAVE /RUCK ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE1 AGA9/ ! WILL 
( ! LEAD]%IP OR ! DECISIONS ( ! UNION ITSELF4 ,?AT ?IS %\LD SEEM 
NATURAL & BE TAK5 AS SU* IS AN EXPRESSION ( ! FACT ?AT ! ORGANIZATION 
IS NOT SIMPLY A COLLECTIVE ORGAN ( ! MEMB]S1 BUT AS IT W]E SOME?+ ALI5 
TO !M2 ?AT ! WORK]S DO NOT CONTROL !IR UNION1 BUT ?AT IT /&S OV] 
!M AS AN EXT]NAL =CE AGA9/ :I* !Y CAN REBEL1 AL?\< !Y !MSELVES 
>E ! S\RCE ( ITS /R5G? - ONCE AGA9 LIKE ! /ATE ITSELF4 ,IF ! 
REVOLT DIES D[N1 ! OLD ORD] IS E/ABLI%$ ONCE AGA92 IT KN[S H[ TO 
ASS]T ITSELF 9 SPITE ( ! HATR$ & IMPOT5T BITT]NESS ( ! MASSES1 = 
IT RELIES UPON !SE MASSES' 9DIFF]5CE & !IR LACK ( CLE> 9SI<T 
& UNIT$1 P]SI/5T PURPOSE1 & IS SU/A9$ BY ! 9N] NECESSITY ( 
TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATION AS ! ONLY MEANS ( F9D+ /R5G? 9 NUMB]S 
AGA9/ CAPITAL4 

,IT WAS BY COMBAT+ CAPITAL1 COMBAT+ ITS T5D5CIES TO ABSOLUTE 
IMPOV]ISATION1 SETT+ LIMITS TO ! LATT] & ?US MAK+ ! EXI/5CE ( 
! WORK+ CLASS POSSIBLE1 ?AT ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T FULFILL$ ITS ROLE 9 
CAPITALISM1 & ?IS MADE IT A LIMB ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ITSELF4 ,BUT ONCE ! 
PROLET>IAT CEASES TO BE A MEMB] ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY &1 ) ! ADV5T ( 
REVOLUTION1 BECOMES ITS DE/ROY]1 ! TRADE UNION 5T]S 9TO CONFLICT ) ! 
PROLET>IAT4 

,IT BECOMES LEGAL1 AN OP5 SUPPORT] ( ! /ATE & RECOGNIZ$ BY ! 
LATT]1 IT MAKES 'EXPANSION ( ! ECONOMY BE=E ! REVOLUTION' 
ITS SLOGAN1 9 O!R WORDS1 ! MA9T5ANCE ( CAPITALISM4 ,9 ,G]MANY TODAY 
MILLIONS ( PROLET>IANS1 UNTIL N[ 9TIMIDAT$ BY ! T]RORISM ( ! RUL+ 
CLASS1 >E /REAM+ 9TO ! UNIONS \T ( A MIXTURE ( TIMIDITY & 9CIPI5T 
MILITANCY4 ,! RESEMBLANCE ( ! TRADE-UNION CONF$]ATIONS1 :I* N[ EMBRACE 
ALMO/ ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS1 TO ! /ATE /RUCTURE IS BECOM+ EV5 CLOS]4 
,! TRADE-UNION (FICIALS COLLABORATE ) ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY NOT ONLY 9 
US+ !IR P[] TO HOLD D[N ! WORK+ CLASS ON BEHALF ( CAPITAL1 BUT ALSO 
9 ! FACT ?AT !IR 'POLICY' 9CREAS+LY AM\NTS TO DECEIV+ 
! MASSES BY DEMAGOGIC MEANS & SECUR+ !IR CONS5T TO ! B>GA9S ?AT 
! UNIONS HAVE MADE ) ! CAPITALI/S4 ,& EV5 ! ME?ODS EMPLOY$ V>Y 
ACCORD+ TO ! CONDITIONS3 R\< & BRUTAL 9 ,G]MANY1 :]E ! TRADE-UNION 
LEAD]S HAVE L&$ ! WORK]S ) PIECE-WORK & LONG] WORK+ H\RS BY 
MEANS ( CO]CION & CUNN+ DECEPTION1 SUBTLE & REF9$ 9 ,5GL&1 :]E 
! TRADE-UNION M&>9S1 LIKE ! GOV]NM5T1 GIVE ! APPE>ANCE ( ALL[+ 
!MSELVES TO BE RELUCTANTLY PU%$ ON BY ! WORK]S1 :ILE 9 REALITY !Y >E 
SABOTAG+ ! LATT]'S DEM&S4 

,M>X' & ,L59'S 9SI/5CE ?AT ! WAY 9 :I* ! /ATE IS 
ORGANIZ$ PRECLUDES ITS USE AS AN 9/RUM5T ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 
NOT)/&+ ITS DEMOCRATIC =MS1 MU/ !RE=E ALSO APPLY TO ! 
TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!IR C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL CANNOT BE 
DE/ROY$ OR DIM9I%$ BY A *ANGE ( P]SONNEL1 BY ! SUB/ITUTION ( RADICAL 
OR 'REVOLUTION>Y' LEAD]S = REACTION>Y ONES4 ,IT IS ! =M ( 
! ORGANIZATION ?AT R5D]S ! MASSES ALL BUT IMPOT5T & PREV5TS !M 
MAK+ ! TRADE UNION AN ORGAN ( !IR WILL4 ,! REVOLUTION CAN ONLY BE 
SUCCESSFUL BY DE/ROY+ ?IS ORGANIZATION1 ?AT IS TO SAY SO COMPLETELY 
REVOLUTIONIZ+ ITS ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE ?AT IT BECOMES SOME?+ 
COMPLETELY DIFF]5T4 ,! SOVIET SY/EM1 CON/RUCT$ FROM )91 IS NOT ONLY 
CAPABLE ( UPROOT+ & ABOLI%+ ! /ATE BUREAUCRACY1 BUT ! TRADE-UNION 
BUREAUCRACY AS WELL2 IT WILL =M NOT ONLY ! NEW POLITICAL ORGANS TO REPLACE 
P>LIAM5T1 BUT ALSO ! BASIS ( ! NEW TRADE UNIONS4 ,! IDEA ?AT A 
P>TICUL> ORGANIZATIONAL =M IS REVOLUTION>Y HAS BE5 HELD UP TO SCORN 9 ! 
P>TY DISPUTES 9 ,G]MANY ON ! GR\NDS ?AT :AT C\NTS IS ! REVOLUTION>Y 
M5TALITY ( ! MEMB]S4 ,BUT IF ! MO/ IMPORTANT ELEM5T ( ! REVOLUTION 
CONSI/S 9 ! MASSES TAK+ !IR [N AFFAIRS - ! MANAGEM5T ( 
SOCIETY & PRODUCTION - 9 H& !MSELVES1 !N ANY =M ( ORGANIZATION 
:I* DOES NOT P]MIT CONTROL & DIRECTION BY ! MASSES !MSELVES IS 
C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y & H>MFUL2 & IT %\LD !RE=E BE REPLAC$ BY ANO!R 
=M ?AT IS REVOLUTION>Y 9 ?AT IT 5ABLES ! WORK]S !MSELVES TO 
DET]M9E EV]Y?+ ACTIVELY4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT ?IS =M IS TO BE SET UP 
)9 A /ILL PASSIVE WORK-=CE 9 READ9ESS = ! REVOLUTION>Y FEEL+ ( 
! WORK]S TO FUNCTION )9 IT 9 TIME TO COME3 ?IS NEW =M ( ORGANIZATION 
CAN ITSELF ONLY BE SET UP 9 ! PROCESS ( REVOLUTION1 BY WORK]S MAK+ A 
REVOLUTION>Y 9T]V5TION4 ,BUT RECOGNITION ( ! ROLE PLAY$ BY ! CURR5T 
=M ( ORGANIZATION DET]M9ES ! ATTITUDE :I* ! COMMUNI/S HAVE TO TAKE 
) REG>D TO ! ATTEMPTS ALREADY BE+ MADE TO WEAK5 OR BUR/ ?IS =M4 

,EF=TS TO KEEP ! BUREAUCRATIC APP>ATUS AS SMALL AS POSSIBLE & TO LOOK 
TO ! ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES = EFFECTIV5ESS HAVE BE5 P>TICUL>LY M>K$ 9 
! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T1 & EV5 MORE SO 9 ! '9DU/RIAL' UNION 
MOVEM5T4 ,?IS IS :Y SO MANY COMMUNI/S HAVE SPOK5 \T = SUPPORT ( !SE 
ORGANIZATIONS AGA9/ ! C5TRAL CONF$]ATIONS4 ,SO LONG AS CAPITALISM REMA9S 
9TACT1 H[EV]1 !SE NEW =MATIONS CANNOT TAKE ON ANY COMPREH5SIVE ROLE 
- ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,I,W,W D]IVES FROM P>TICUL> 
CIRCUM/ANCES1 NAMELY ! EXI/5CE ( A NUM]\S1 UNSKILL$ PROLET>IAT L>GELY 
( =EIGN EXTRACTION \TSIDE ! OLD CONF$]ATIONS4 ,! ,%OP ,COMMITTEES 
MOVEM5T & ,%OP ,/EW>DS MOVEM5T 9 ,5GL& >E MU* CLOS] TO ! SOVIET 
SY/EM1 9 ?AT !Y >E MASS ORGANS =M$ 9 OPPOSITION TO ! BUREAUCRACY 9 
! C\RSE ( /RUGGLE4 ,! 'UNIONS' 9 ,G]MANY >E EV5 MORE 
DELIB]ATELY MODEL$ ON ! IDEA ( ! SOVIET1 BUT ! /AGNATION ( ! 
REVOLUTION HAS LEFT !M WEAK4 ,EV]Y NEW =MATION ( ?IS TYPE ?AT WEAK5S ! 
C5TRAL CONF$]ATIONS & !IR 9N] COHESION REMOVES AN IMP$IM5T TO 
REVOLUTION & WEAK5S ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL ( ! TRADE-UNION 
BUREAUCRACY4 ,! NOTION ( KEEP+ ALL OPPOSITIONAL & REVOLUTION>Y =CES 
TOGE!R )9 ! CONF$]ATIONS 9 ORD] = !M EV5TUALLY TO TAKE !SE 
ORGANIZATIONS OV] AS A MAJORITY & REVOLUTIONIZE !M IS C]TA9LY TEMPT+4 
,BUT 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ?IS IS A VA9 HOPE1 AS FANCIFUL AS ! RELAT$ NOTION 
( TAK+ OV] ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 BECAUSE ! BUREAUCRACY ALREADY 
KN[S H[ TO DEAL ) AN OPPOSITION BE=E IT BECOMES TOO DANG]\S4 ,& 
SECONDLY1 REVOLUTION DOES NOT PROCE$ ACCORD+ TO A SMOO? PROGRAM1 BUT 
ELEM5TAL \TBREAKS ON ! P>T ( PASSIONATELY ACTIVE GR\PS ALWAYS PLAY A 
P>TICUL> ROLE )9 IT AS A =CE DRIV+ IT =W>D4 ,IF ! COMMUNI/S W]E 
TO DEF5D ! C5TRAL CONF$]ATIONS AGA9/ SU* 9ITIATIVES \T ( 
OPPORTUNI/IC CONSID]ATIONS ( TEMPOR>Y GA91 !Y W\LD RE9=CE ! 
9HIBITIONS :I* WILL LAT] BE !IR MO/ =MIDABLE OB/ACLE4 

,! =MATION BY ! WORK]S ( ! SOVIETS1 !IR [N ORGANS ( P[] & 
ACTION1 9 ITSELF SIGNIFIES ! DIS9TEGRATION & DISSOLUTION ( ! /ATE4 ,AS 
A MU* MORE REC5T =M ( ORGANIZATION & ONE CREAT$ BY ! PROLET>IAT 
ITSELF1 ! TRADE UNION WILL SURVIVE MU* LONG]1 BECAUSE IT HAS ITS ROOTS 9 A 
MU* MORE LIV+ TRADITION ( P]SONAL EXP]I5CE1 & ONCE IT HAS %AK5 (F 
/ATE-DEMOCRATIC ILLUSIONS1 WILL !RE=E CLAIM A PLACE 9 ! CONCEPTUAL WORLD 
( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT S9CE ! TRADE UNIONS HAVE EM]G$ FROM ! PROLET>IAT 
ITSELF1 AS PRODUCTS ( ITS [N CREATIVE ACTIVITY1 IT IS 9 ?IS FIELD ?AT WE 
%ALL SEE ! MO/ NEW =MATIONS AS CONT9UAL ATTEMPTS TO ADAPT TO NEW 
CONDITIONS2 FOLL[+ ! PROCESS ( REVOLUTION1 NEW =MS ( /RUGGLE & 
ORGANIZATION WILL BE BUILT ON ! MODEL ( ! SOVIETS 9 A PROCESS ( CON/ANT 
TRANS=MATION & DEVELOPM5T4 

,V,I 

,! CONCEPTION ?AT REVOLUTION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE WILL TAKE ! 
=M ( AN ORD]LY SIEGE ( ! =TRESS ( CAPITAL :I* ! PROLET>IAT1 
ORGANIZ$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9TO A DISCIPL9$ >MY & US+ TIME-PROV5 
WEAPONS1 WILL REPEAT$LY ASSAULT UNTIL ! 5EMY SURR5D]S IS A NEO-RE=MI/ 
P]SPECTIVE ?AT C]TA9LY DOES NOT CORRESPOND TO ! CONDITIONS ( /RUGGLE 9 
! OLD CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES4 ,H]E !RE MAY OCCUR REVOLUTIONS & CONQUE/S ( 
P[] ?AT QUICKLY TURN 9TO DEFEAT2 ! B\RGEOISIE WILL BE ABLE TO REASS]T 
ITS DOM9ATION1 BUT ?IS WILL RESULT 9 EV5 GREAT] DISLOCATION ( ! ECONOMY2 
TRANSITIONAL =MS MAY >ISE :I*1 BECAUSE ( !IR 9ADEQUACY1 ONLY PROLONG 
! *AOS4 ,C]TA9 CONDITIONS MU/ BE FULFILL$ 9 ANY SOCIETY = ! SOCIAL 
PROCESS ( PRODUCTION & COLLECTIVE EXI/5CE TO BE POSSIBLE1 & !SE 
RELATIONS ACQUIRE ! FIRM HOLD ( SPONTANE\S HABITS & MORAL NORMS - 
S5SE ( DUTY1 9DU/RI\SNESS1 DISCIPL9E3 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 ! PROCESS 
( REVOLUTION CONSI/S 9 A LOOS5+ ( !SE OLD RELATIONS4 ,!IR DECAY IS A 
NECESS>Y BYPRODUCT ( ! DISSOLUTION ( CAPITALISM1 :ILE ! NEW BONDS 
CORRESPOND+ TO ! COMMUNI/ REORGANIZATION ( WORK & SOCIETY1 ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( :I* WE HAVE WITNESS$ 9 ,RUSSIA1 HAVE YET TO GR[ SUFFICI5TLY 
/RONG4 ,?US1 A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL *AOS BECOMES 
9EVITABLE4 ,:]E ! PROLET>IAT IS ABLE TO SEIZE P[] RAPIDLY & KEEP A FIRM 
HOLD UPON IT1 AS 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! TRANSITIONAL P]IOD CAN BE %ORT & CAN BE 
BR\<T RAPIDLY TO A CLOSE BY POSITIVE CON/RUCTION4 ,BUT 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ! 
PROCESS ( DE/RUCTION WILL BE MU* MORE DRAWN \T4 ,9 ,G]MANY WE SEE ! 
WORK+ CLASS SPLIT 9TO GR\PS 9 :I* ?IS PROCESS HAS REA*$ DIFF]5T 
/AGES1 & :I* !RE=E CANNOT YET A*IEVE UNITY 9 ACTION4 ,! SYMPTOMS ( 
REC5T REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9DICATE ?AT ! 5TIRE NATION1 & 9DE$1 
,C5TRAL ,EUROPE AS A :OLE1 IS DISSOLV+1 ?AT ! POPUL> MASSES >E 
FRAGM5T+ 9TO SEP>ATE /RATA & REGIONS1 ) EA* ACT+ ON ITS [N 
ACC\NT3 H]E ! MASSES MANAGE TO >M !MSELVES & MORE OR LESS GA9 
POLITICAL P[]2 ELSE:]E !Y P>ALYZE ! P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 /RIKE 
MOVEM5TS2 9 A ?IRD PLACE !Y %UT !MSELVES (F AS A PEASANT REPUBLIC1 & 
SOME:]E ELSE !Y SUPPORT :ITE GU>DS1 OR P]HAPS TOSS ASIDE ! REMNANTS ( 
FEUDALISM 9 PRIMITIVE AGR>IAN REVOLTS - ! DE/RUCTION MU/ OBVI\SLY 
BE ?OR\<-GO+ BE=E WE CAN BEG9 TO ?9K ( ! REAL CON/RUCTION ( 
COMMUNISM4 ,IT CANNOT BE ! TASK ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TO ACT ! S*OOLMA/] 
9 ?IS UPHEAVAL & MAKE VA9 ATTEMPTS TO TRUSS IT 9 A /RAITJACKET ( 
TRADITIONAL =MS2 ITS TASK IS TO SUPPORT ! =CES ( ! PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T 
EV]Y:]E1 TO CONNECT ! SPONTANE\S ACTIONS TOGE!R1 TO GIVE !M A BROAD 
IDEA ( H[ !Y >E RELAT$ TO ONE ANO!R1 & !REBY PREP>E ! UNIFICATION 
( ! DISP>ATE ACTIONS & ?US PUT ITSELF AT ! HEAD ( ! MOVEM5T AS A 
:OLE4 

,! FIR/ PHASE ( ! DISSOLUTION ( CAPITALISM IS TO BE SE5 9 ?OSE 
C\NTRIES ( ! ,5T5TE :]E ITS HEGEMONY IS AS YET UN%AK52 9 AN 
IRRESI/IBLE DECL9E 9 PRODUCTION & 9 ! VALUE ( !IR CURR5CIES1 AN 
9CREASE 9 ! FREQU5CY ( /RIKES & A /RONG AV]SION TO WORK AMONG ! 
PROLET>IAT4 ,! SECOND PHASE1 ! P]IOD ( C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 I4E4 ! 
POLITICAL HEGEMONY ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ! EPO* ( REVOLUTION1 MEANS COMPLETE 
ECONOMIC COLLAPSE2 WE CAN /UDY ?IS BE/ 9 ,G]MANY & ! REMA9D] ( 
,C5TRAL ,EUROPE4 ,IF A COMMUNI/ SY/EM HAD >IS5 IMM$IATELY AFT] ! POLITICAL 
REVOLUTION1 ORGANIZ$ RECON/RUCTION C\LD HAVE BEGUN 9 SPITE ( ! ,V]SAILLES 
& ,/ ,G]MA9 PEACE TREATIES1 9 SPITE ( ! POV]TY & ! EXHAU/ION4 ,BUT 
! ,EB]T-,NOSKE REGIME NO MORE ?\<T ( ORGANIZ$ RECON/RUCTION ?AN DID 
,R5N] & ,BAU]2.<#i.> !Y GAVE ! 
B\RGEOISIE A FREE H&1 & SAW !IR DUTY AS CONSI/+ SOLELY 9 ! 
SUPPRESSION ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! B\RGEOISIE1 OR RA!R EA* 9DIVIDUAL 
B\RGEOIS1 ACT$ 9 A *>ACT]I/ICALLY B\RGEOIS MANN]2 EA* ( !M ?\<T 
ONLY ( MAK+ AS MU* PR(IT AS POSSIBLE & ( RESCU+ = HIS P]SONAL USE 
:ATEV] C\LD BE SAV$ FROM ! CATACLYSM4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT !RE WAS TALK 9 
NEWSPAP]S & MANIFE/OES ( ! NE$ TO REBUILD ECONOMIC LIFE BY ORGANIZ$ 
EF=T1 BUT ?IS WAS SIMPLY = ! WORK]S' CONSUMPTION1 F9E PHRASES TO 
CONCEAL ! FACT ?AT DESPITE !IR EXHAU/ION1 !Y W]E UND] RIGOR\S 
COMPULSION TO WORK 9 ! MO/ 9T5SIVE CONDITIONS POSSIBLE4 ,9 REALITY1 ( 
C\RSE1 NOT A S+LE B\RGEOIS CONC]N$ HIMSELF ONE JOT ) ! G5]AL 
NATIONAL 9T]E/1 BUT ONLY ) HIS P]SONAL GA94 ,AT FIR/1 TRADE BECAME ! 
PR9CIPAL MEANS ( SELF-5RI*M5T1 AS IT US$ TO BE 9 ! OLD DAYS2 ! 
DEPRECIATION ( ! CURR5CY PROVID$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO EXPORT EV]Y?+ ?AT 
WAS NE$$ = ECONOMIC EXPANSION OR EV5 = ! M]E SURVIVAL ( ! MASSES 
- RAW MAT]IALS1 FOOD1 F9I%$ PRODUCTS1 MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & AFT] 
?AT1 FACTORIES !MSELVES & PROP]TY4 ,RACKETE]+ REIGN$ EV]Y:]E AMONG 
! B\RGEOIS /RATA1 SUPPORT$ BY UNBRIDL$ CORRUPTION ON ! P>T ( 
(FICIALDOM4 ,& SO ALL !IR =M] POSSESSIONS & EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS NOT TO 
BE SURR5D]$ AS W> REP>ATIONS WAS PACK$ (F ABROAD BY ! 'LEAD]S ( 
PRODUCTION'4 ,LIKEWISE 9 ! DOMA9 ( PRODUCTION1 ! PRIVATE PURSUIT ( PR(IT 
9T]V5$ TO WRECK ECONOMIC LIFE BY ITS TOTAL 9DIFF]5CE T[>DS ! COMMON 
WELF>E4 ,9 ORD] TO =CE PIECEWORK & LONG] WORK+ H\RS UPON PROLET>IANS 
OR TO GET RID ( REBELLI\S ELEM5TS AMONG !M1 !Y W]E LOCK$ \T & ! 
FACTORIES SET AT A /&/ILL1 REG>DLESS ( ! /AGNATION CAUS$ ?R\<\T 
! RE/ ( ! 9DU/RY AS A CONSEQU5CE4 ,ON TOP ( ?AT CAME ! 9COMPET5CE 
( ! BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEM5T 9 ! /ATE 5T]PRISES1 :I* DEG5]AT$ 9TO 
UTT] VACILLATION :5 ! P[]FUL H& ( ! GOV]NM5T WAS MISS+4 
,RE/RICTION ( PRODUCTION1 ! MO/ PRIMITIVE ME?OD ( RAIS+ PRICES & ONE 
:I* COMPETITION W\LD R5D] IMPOSSIBLE 9 A HEAL?Y CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 
BECAME RESPECTABLE ONCE MORE4 ,9 ! /OCK-M>KET REPORTS CAPITALISM SEEMS TO BE 
FL\RI%+ AGA91 BUT ! HI< DIVID5DS >E CONSUM+ ! LA/ REMA9+ 
PROP]TY & >E !MSELVES BE+ FRITT]$ AWAY ON LUXURIES4 ,:AT WE HAVE 
WITNESS$ 9 ,G]MANY OV] ! LA/ YE> IS NOT SOME?+ \T ( ! ORD9>Y1 
BUT ! FUNCTION+ ( ! G5]AL CLASS *>ACT] ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,!IR 
ONLY AIM IS1 & ALWAYS HAS BE51 P]SONAL PR(IT1 :I* 9 NORMAL CAPITALISM 
SU/A9S PRODUCTION1 BUT :I* BR+S AB\T ! TOTAL DE/RUCTION ( ! ECONOMY 
AS CAPITALISM DEG5]ATES4 ,& ?+S WILL GO ! SAME WAY 9 O!R C\NTRIES2 
ONCE PRODUCTION HAS BE5 DISLOCAT$ BEYOND A C]TA9 PO9T & ! CURR5CY HAS 
DEPRECIAT$ %>PLY1 !N ! COMPLETE COLLAPSE ( ! ECONOMY WILL RESULT IF 
! PURSUIT ( PRIVATE PR(IT BY ! B\RGEOISIE IS GIV5 FREE REIGN - & 
?IS IS :AT ! POLITICAL HEGEMONY ( ! B\RGEOISIE AM\NTS TO1 :ATEV] 
NONCOMMUNI/ P>TY IT MAY HIDE BEH9D4 

,! DIFFICULTIES ( ! RECON/RUCTION FAC+ ! PROLET>IAT ( ,WE/]N 
,EUROPE 9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES >E F> GREAT] ?AN !Y W]E 9 ,RUSSIA - 
! SUBSEQU5T DE/RUCTION ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTIVE =CES BY ,KOL*AK & 
,D5IK9 IS A PALE %AD[ BY COMP>ISON4 ,RECON/RUCTION CANNOT WAIT = A NEW 
POLITICAL ORD] TO BE SET UP1 IT MU/ BE BEGUN 9 ! V]Y PROCESS ( REVOLUTION 
BY ! PROLET>IAT TAK+ OV] ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION & ABOLI%+ ! 
B\RGEOISIE'S CONTROL OV] ! MAT]IAL ESS5TIALS ( LIFE :]EV] ! 
PROLET>IAT GA9S P[]4 ,WORKS C\NCILS CAN S]VE TO KEEP AN EYE ON ! USE ( 
GOODS 9 ! FACTORIES2 BUT IT IS CLE> ?AT ?IS CANNOT PREV5T ALL ! 
ANTI-SOCIAL RACKETE]+ ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,TO DO SO1 ! MO/ RESOLUTE 
UTILIZATION ( >M$ POLITICAL P[] IS NECESS>Y4 ,:]E ! PR(ITE]S 
RECKLESSLY SQU&] ! NATIONAL WEAL? )\T HE$ = ! COMMON GOOD1 :]E 
>M$ REACTION BL9DLY MURD]S & DE/ROYS1 ! PROLET>IAT MU/ 9T]V5E & 
FI<T ) NO HALF-MEASURES 9 ORD] TO PROTECT ! COMMON GOOD & ! LIFE ( 
! PEOPLE4 

,! DIFFICULTIES ( REORGANIZ+ A SOCIETY ?AT HAS BE5 COMPLETELY DE/ROY$ 
>E SO GREAT ?AT !Y APPE> 9SUP]ABLE BE=E ! EV5T1 & ?IS MAKES IT 
IMPOSSIBLE TO SET UP A PROGRAM = RECON/RUCTION 9 ADVANCE4 ,BUT !Y MU/ BE 
OV]COME1 & ! PROLET>IAT WILL OV]COME !M BY ! 9F9ITE SELF-SACRIFICE 
& COMMITM5T1 ! B\NDLESS P[] ( S\L & SPIRIT & ! TREM5D\S 
PSY*OLOGICAL & MORAL 5]GIES :I* ! REVOLUTION IS ABLE TO AWAK5 9 ITS 
WEAK5$ & TORTUR$ FRAME4 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 A FEW PROBLEMS MAY BE T\*$ ON 9 PASS+4 ,! QUE/ION ( 
TE*NICAL CADRES 9 9DU/RY WILL ONLY GIVE TEMPOR>Y DIFFICULTIES3 AL?\< 
!IR ?9K+ IS B\RGEOIS ?R\< & ?R\< & !Y >E DEEPLY HO/ILE TO 
PROLET>IAN RULE1 !Y WILL NEV]!LESS CON=M 9 ! 5D4 ,GETT+ COMM]CE 
& 9DU/RY MOV+ WILL ABOVE ALL BE A QUE/ION ( SUPPLY+ RAW MAT]IALS2 & 
?IS QUE/ION CO9CIDES ) ?AT ( FOOD-/UFFS4 ,! QUE/ION ( FOOD-SUPPLIES 
IS C5TRAL TO ! REVOLUTION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 S9CE ! HI<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ 
POPULATION CANNOT GET BY EV5 UND] CAPITALISM )\T IMPORTS FROM ABROAD4 ,= 
! REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 ! QUE/ION ( FOOD-SUPPLIES IS 9TIMATELY B\ND UP 
) ! :OLE AGR>IAN QUE/ION1 & ! PR9CIPLES ( COMMUNI/ REGULATION ( 
AGRICULTURE MU/ 9FLU5CE MEASURES TAK5 TO DEAL ) HUNG] EV5 DUR+ ! 
REVOLUTION4 ,JUNK] E/ATES & L>GE-SCALE L&$ PROP]TY >E RIPE = 
EXPROPRIATION & COLLECTIVE EXPLOITATION2 ! SMALL F>M]S WILL BE FRE$ FROM 
ALL CAPITALI/ OPPRESSION & 5C\RAG$ TO ADOPT ME?ODS ( 9T5SIVE 
CULTIVATION ?R\< SUPPORT & ASSI/ANCE ( EV]Y K9D FROM ! /ATE & 
COOP]ATIVE >RANGEM5TS2 M$IUM-SCALE F>M]S - :O [N HALF ! L& 9 
,WE/]N & ,S\?-,WE/]N ,G]MANY1 = EXAMPLE - HAVE A /RONGLY 
9DIVIDUALI/IC & H5CE ANTI-COMMUNI/ M5TALITY1 BUT !IR ECONOMIC POSITION 
IS AS YET UNASSAILABLE3 !Y CANNOT !RE=E BE EXPROPRIAT$1 & WILL HAVE TO 
BE 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! SPH]E ( ! ECONOMIC PROCESS AS A :OLE ?R\< ! 
EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS & ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVITY1 = IT IS ONLY ) 
COMMUNISM ?AT MAXIMUM PRODUCTIVITY CAN BE DEVELOP$ 9 AGRICULTURE & ! 
9DIVIDUAL 5T]PRISE 9TRODUC$ BY CAPITALISM TRANSC5D$4 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT ! 
WORK]S WILL SEE 9 ! L&[N]S A HO/ILE CLASS & 9 ! RURAL WORK]S & 
SMALL F>M]S ALLIES 9 ! REVOLUTION1 :ILE !Y HAVE NO CAUSE = MAK+ 
5EMIES ( ! MIDDLE F>M+ /RATA1 EV5 ?\< ! LATT] MAY BE ( A HO/ILE 
DISPOSITION T[>DS !M4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT DUR+ ! FIR/ P]IOD ( *AOS 
PREC$+ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A SY/EM ( EX*ANG+ PRODUCTS1 REQUISITIONS 
MU/ BE C>RI$ \T ONLY AS AN EM]G5CY MEASURE AMONG !SE /RATA1 AS AN 
ABSOLUTELY UNAVOIDABLE BALANC+ OP]ATION BETWE5 FAM9E 9 ! T[NS & 9 
! C\NTRY4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ HUNG] WILL HAVE TO BE DEALT ) PRIM>ILY BY 
IMPORTS FROM ABROAD4 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA1 ) H] RI* /OCKS ( FOOD/UFFS & RAW 
MAT]IALS1 WILL ?US SAVE & PROVIDE = ! REVOLUTION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,! 
,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN WORK+ CLASS ?US HAS ! HI<E/ & MO/ P]SONAL 9T]E/ 
9 ! DEF5SE & SUPPORT ( ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA4 

,! RECON/RUCTION ( ! ECONOMY1 9ORD9ATELY DIFFICULT AS IT WILL BE1 IS 
NOT ! MA9 PROBLEM = ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,:5 ! PROLET>IAN MASSES 
DEVELOP !IR 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL POT5TIAL TO ! FULL1 !Y WILL RESOLVE IT 
!MSELVES4 ,! PRIME DUTY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY IS TO >\SE & FO/] ?IS 
POT5TIAL4 ,IT MU/ ]ADICATE ALL ! RECEIV$ IDEAS :I* LEAVE ! PROLET>IAT 
TIMID & UNSURE ( ITSELF1 SET ITSELF AGA9/ EV]Y?+ ?AT BRE$S ILLUSIONS 
AMONG ! WORK]S AB\T EASI] C\RSES & RE/RA9S !M FROM ! MO/ RADICAL 
MEASURES1 5]GETICALLY OPPOSE ALL ! T5D5CIES :I* /OP %ORT AT 
HALF-MEASURES OR COMPROMISES4 ,& !RE >E /ILL MANY SU* T5D5CIES4 

,V,I,I 

,! TRANSITION FROM CAPITALISM TO COMMUNISM WILL NOT PROCE$ 
ACCORD+ TO A SIMPLE S*EMA ( CONQU]+ POLITICAL P[]1 9TRODUC+ ! 
C\NCIL SY/EM & !N ABOLI%+ PRIVATE COMM]CE1 EV5 ?\< ?IS REPRES5TS 
! BROAD \TL9E ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,?AT W\LD ONLY BE POSSIBLE IF ONE C\LD 
UND]TAKE RECON/RUCTION 9 SOME SORT ( VOID4 ,BUT \T ( CAPITALISM !RE HAVE 
GR[N =MS ( PRODUCTION & ORGANIZATION :I* HAVE FIRM ROOTS 9 ! 
CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MASSES1 & :I* CAN !MSELVES ONLY BE OV]?R[N 9 A 
PROCESS ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC REVOLUTION4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY M5TION$ ! 
AGR>IAN =MS ( PRODUCTION1 :I* WILL HAVE TO FOLL[ A P>TICUL> C\RSE ( 
DEVELOPM5T4 ,!RE HAVE GR[N UP 9 ! WORK+ CLASS UND] CAPITALISM =MS ( 
ORGANIZATION1 DIFF]5T 9 DETAIL FROM C\NTRY TO C\NTRY1 :I* REPRES5T A 
P[]FUL =CE1 :I* CANNOT IMM$IATELY BE ABOLI%$ & :I* WILL ?US PLAY 
AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,?IS APPLIES 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE TO POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,! ROLE ( SOCIAL 
DEMOCRACY 9 ! PRES5T CRISIS ( CAPITALISM IS SUFFICI5TLY WELL KN[N1 BUT 9 
,C5TRAL ,EUROPE IT HAS PRACTICALLY PLAY$ ITSELF \T4 ,EV5 ITS MO/ RADICAL 
SECTIONS1 SU* AS ! ,U,S,P 9 ,G]MANY1 EX]CISE A H>MFUL 9FLU5CE1 NOT ONLY BY 
SPLITT+ ! PROLET>IAT1 BUT ABOVE ALL BY CONFUS+ ! MASSES & RE/RA9+ 
!M FROM ACTION ) !IR SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC NOTIONS ( POLITICAL LEAD]S 
DIRECT+ ! FATE ( ! PEOPLE BY !IR DE$S & DEAL+S4 ,& IF ! 
,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY CON/ITUTES ITSELF 9TO A P>LIAM5T>Y P>TY :I*1 9/EAD ( 
ATTEMPT+ TO ASS]T ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! CLASS1 ATTEMPTS TO E/ABLI% ?AT 
( ! P>TY - ?AT IS TO SAY ! P>TY LEAD]%IP - !N IT TOO MAY 
BECOME A H9DRANCE TO DEVELOPM5T4 ,! ATTITUDE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( 
,G]MANY DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y ,M>* MOVEM5T1 :5 IT ANN\NC$ ?AT ! 
PROLET>IAT WAS NOT YET RIPE = DICTATOR%IP & ?AT IT W\LD !RE=E 
5C\NT] ANY 'G5U9ELY SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T' ?AT MI<T BE =M$ 
AS A 'LOYAL OPPOSITION'1 9 O!R WORDS RE/RA9 ! PROLET>IAT 
FROM WAG+ ! FI]CE/ REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE AGA9/ SU* A GOV]NM5T1 WAS 
ITSELF CRITICIZ$ FROM MANY QU>T]S4.<#a.> 

,A GOV]NM5T ( SOCIALI/ P>TY LEAD]S MAY >ISE 9 ! C\RSE ( ! 
REVOLUTION AS A TRANSITIONAL =M2 ?IS WILL BE EXPRESS+ A TEMPOR>Y BALANCE 
BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y & B\RGEOIS =CES1 & IT WILL T5D TO FREEZE & 
P]PETUATE ! TEMPOR>Y BALANCE BETWE5 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! OLD & ! 
DEVELOPM5T ( ! NEW4 ,IT W\LD BE SOME?+ LIKE A MORE RADICAL V]SION ( ! 
,EB]T-,HAASE-,DITTMANN REGIME2.<#a#a.> & ITS 
BASIS %[S :AT CAN BE EXPECT$ ( IT3 A SEEM+ BALANCE ( HO/ILE CLASSES1 
BUT UND] ! PREPOND]ANCE ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 A MIXTURE ( P>LIAM5T>Y 
DEMOCRACY & A K9D ( C\NCIL SY/EM = ! WORK]S1 SOCIALIZATION SUBJECT TO 
! VETO ( ! ,5T5TE P[]S' IMP]IALISM ) ! PR(ITS ( CAPITAL 
BE+ MA9TA9$1 FUTILE ATTEMPTS TO PREV5T CLASSES CLA%+ VIOL5TLY4 ,IT IS 
ALWAYS ! WORK]S :O TAKE A BEAT+ 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,NOT ONLY CAN A 
REGIME ( ?IS SORT A*IEVE NO?+ 9 T]MS ( RECON/RUCTION1 IT DOES NOT EV5 
ATTEMPT TO DO SO1 S9CE ITS ONLY AIM IS TO HALT ! REVOLUTION 9 MID-C\RSE4 
,S9CE IT ATTEMPTS BO? TO PREV5T ! FUR!R DIS9TEGRATION ( CAPITALISM & 
ALSO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! FULL POLITICAL P[] ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ITS EFFECTS 
>E DIRECTLY C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y4 ,COMMUNI/S HAVE NO *OICE BUT TO FI<T SU* 
REGIMES 9 ! MO/ UNCOMPROMIS+ MANN]4 

,JU/ AS 9 ,G]MANY ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY WAS =M]LY ! LEAD+ 
ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 SO 9 ,5GL& ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T1 9 ! 
C\RSE ( ALMO/ A C5TURY ( HI/ORY1 HAS PUT D[N ! DEEPE/ ROOTS 9 ! 
WORK+ CLASS4 ,H]E IT HAS LONG BE5 ! IDEAL ( ! Y\NG] RADICAL 
TRADE-UNION LEAD]S - ,ROB]T ,SMILLIE IS A TYPICAL EXAMPLE - = ! 
WORK+ CLASS TO GOV]N SOCIETY BY MEANS ( ! TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATION4 ,EV5 
! REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S & ! SPOKESM5 ( ! ,I,W,W 9 ,AM]ICA1 AL?\< 
AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 IMAG9E ! FUTURE RULE ( ! 
PROLET>IAT PRIM>ILY ALONG !SE L9ES4 ,RADICAL TRADE-UNIONI/S SEE ! SOVIET 
SY/EM NOT AS ! PURE/ =M ( PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 BUT RA!R AS A 
REGIME ( POLITICIANS & 9TELLECTUALS BUILT UP ON A BASE ( WORK+-CLASS 
ORGANIZATIONS4 ,!Y SEE ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T1 ON ! O!R H&1 AS ! 
NATURAL ORGANIZATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 CREAT$ BY ! PROLET>IAT1 :I* 
GOV]NS ITSELF )9 IT & :I* WILL GO ON TO GOV]N ! :OLE ( ! 
WORK-PROCESS4 ,ONCE ! OLD IDEAL ( '9DU/RIAL DEMOCRACY' HAS BE5 
REALIZ$ & ! TRADE UNION IS MA/] 9 ! FACTORY1 ITS COLLECTIVE ORGAN1 ! 
TRADE-UNION CONGRESS1 WILL TAKE OV] ! FUNCTION ( GUID+ & MANAG+ ! 
ECONOMY AS A :OLE4 ,IT WILL !N BE ! REAL 'P>LIAM5T ( LABOR' 
& REPLACE ! OLD B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T ( P>TIES4 ,!SE CIRCLES (T5 %R9K 
FROM A ONE-SID$ & 'UNFAIR' CLASS DICTATOR%IP AS AN 9FR+EM5T 
( DEMOCRACY1 H[EV]2 LABOR IS TO RULE1 BUT O!RS >E NOT TO BE )\T 
RI<TS4 ,!RE=E1 9 ADDITION TO ! LABOR P>LIAM5T1 :I* GOV]NS WORK1 ! 
BASIS ( LIFE1 A SECOND H\SE C\LD BE ELECT$ BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE TO 
REPRES5T ! :OLE NATION & EX]CISE ITS 9FLU5CE ON PUBLIC & CULTURAL 
MATT]S & QUE/IONS ( G5]AL POLITICAL CONC]N4 

,?IS CONCEPTION ( GOV]NM5T BY ! TRADE UNIONS %\LD NOT BE CONFUS$ ) 
'LABORISM'1 ! POLITICS ( ! ',LABOR ,P>TY'1 :I* 
IS CURR5TLY L$ BY TRADE-UNIONI/S4 ,?IS LATT] /&S = ! P5ETRATION ( 
! B\RGEOIS P>LIAM5T ( TODAY BY ! TRADE UNIONS1 :O WILL BUILD A 
'WORK]S' P>TY' ON ! SAME FOOT+ AS O!R P>TIES ) ! 
OBJECTIVE ( BECOM+ ! P>TY ( GOV]NM5T 9 !IR PLACE4 ,?IS P>TY IS 
COMPLETELY B\RGEOIS1 & !RE IS LITTLE TO *OOSE BETWE5 ,H5D]SON & ,EB]T4 
,IT WILL GIVE ! ,5GLI% B\RGEOISIE ! OPPORTUNITY TO CONT9UE ITS OLD 
POLICIES ON A BROAD] BASIS AS SOON AS ! ?REAT ( PRESSURE FROM BEL[ MAKES 
?IS NECESS>Y1 & H5CE WEAK5 & CONFUSE ! WORK]S BY TAK+ !IR LEAD]S 
9TO ! GOV]NM5T4 ,A GOV]NM5T ( ! WORK]S' P>TY1 SOME?+ :I* 
SEEM$ IMM95T A YE> AGO :5 ! MASSES W]E 9 SO REVOLUTION>Y A MOOD1 BUT 
:I* ! LEAD]S !MSELVES HAVE PUT BACK 9TO ! DI/ANT FUTURE BY HOLD+ 
! RADICAL CURR5T D[N1 W\LD1 LIKE ! ,EB]T REGIME 9 ,G]MANY1 HAVE BE5 
NO?+ BUT GOV]NM5T ON BEHALF ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,BUT IT REMA9S TO BE SE5 
:E!R ! F>-SI<T$1 SUBTLE ,5GLI% B\RGEOISIE DOES NOT TRU/ ITSELF TO 
/ULTIFY & SUPPRESS ! MASSES MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AN !SE WORK+-CLASS 
BUREAUCRATS4 

,A G5U9E TRADE-UNION GOV]NM5T AS CONCEIV$ BY ! RADICALS IS AS UNLIKE 
?IS WORK]S' P>TY POLITICS1 ?IS 'LABORISM'1 AS REVOLUTION 
IS UNLIKE RE=M4 ,ONLY A REAL REVOLUTION 9 POLITICAL RELATION%IPS - 
:E!R VIOL5T OR 9 KEEP+ ) ! OLD ,5GLI% MODELS - C\LD BR+ IT 
AB\T2 & 9 ! EYES ( ! BROAD MASSES1 IT W\LD REPRES5T ! CONQUE/ ( 
P[] BY ! PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT IT IS NEV]!LESS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! GOAL 
( COMMUNISM4 ,IT IS BAS$ ON ! LIMIT$ IDEOLOGY :I* DEVELOPS 9 TRADE-UNION 
/RUGGLES1 :]E ONE DOES NOT CONFRONT WORLD CAPITAL AS A :OLE 9 ALL ITS 
9T]WOV5 =MS - F9ANCE CAPITAL1 BANK CAPITAL1 AGRICULTURAL CAPITAL1 
COLONIAL CAPITAL - BUT ONLY ITS 9DU/RIAL =M4 ,IT IS BAS$ ON M>XI/ 
ECONOMICS1 N[ BE+ EAG]LY /UDI$ 9 ! ,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS1 :I* %[ 
PRODUCTION TO BE A ME*ANISM ( EXPLOITATION1 BUT )\T ! DEEP] M>XI/ 
SOCIAL !ORY1 HI/ORICAL MAT]IALISM4 ,IT RECOGNIZES ?AT WORK CON/ITUTES ! 
BASIS ( ! WORLD & ?US WANTS LABOR TO RULE ! WORLD2 BUT IT DOES NOT SEE 
?AT ALL ! AB/RACT SPH]ES ( POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL LIFE >E DET]M9$ 
BY ! MODE ( PRODUCTION1 & IT IS !RE=E DISPOS$ TO LEAVE !M TO ! 
B\RGEOIS 9TELLIG5TSIA1 PROVID$ ?AT ! LATT] RECOGNIZES ! PRIMACY ( 
LABOR4 ,SU* A WORK]S' REGIME W\LD 9 REALITY BE A GOV]NM5T ( ! 
TRADE-UNION BUREAUCRACY COMPLEM5T$ BY ! RADICAL SECTION ( ! OLD /ATE 
BUREAUCRACY1 :I* IT W\LD LEAVE 9 *>GE ( ! SPECIALI/ FIELDS ( CULTURE1 
POLITICS & SU*LIKE ON ! GR\NDS ( !IR SPECIAL COMPET5CE 9 !SE 
MATT]S4 ,IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ITS ECONOMIC PROGRAM WILL NOT CO9CIDE ) 
COMMUNI/ EXPROPRIATION1 BUT WILL ONLY GO SO F> AS ! EXPROPRIATION ( BIG 
CAPITAL1 :ILE ! 'HONE/' PR(ITS ( ! SMALL] 5TREPR5EUR1 
HI!RTO FLEEC$ & KEPT 9 SUBJECTION BY ?IS BIG CAPITAL1 WILL BE SP>$4 ,IT 
IS EV5 OP5 TO D\BT :E!R !Y WILL TAKE UP ! /&PO9T ( COMPLETE 
FRE$OM = ,9DIA1 AN 9TEGRAL ELEM5T ( ! COMMUNI/ PROGRAM1 ON ! 
COLONIAL QUE/ION1 ?IS LIFE-N]VE ( ! RUL+ CLASS ( ,5GL&4 

,IT CANNOT BE PR$ICT$ 9 :AT MANN]1 TO :AT DEGREE & ) :AT PURITY A 
POLITICAL =M ( ?IS K9D WILL BE REALIZ$4 ,! ,5GLI% B\RGEOISIE HAS ALWAYS 
UND]/OOD ! >T ( US+ WELL-TIM$ CONCESSIONS TO *ECK MOVEM5T T[>DS 
REVOLUTION>Y OBJECTIVES2 H[ F> IT IS ABLE TO CONT9UE ?IS TACTIC 9 ! 
FUTURE WILL DEP5D PRIM>ILY ON ! DEP? ( ! ECONOMIC CRISIS4 ,IF TRADE-UNION 
DISCIPL9E IS ]OD$ FROM BEL[ BY UNCONTROLLABLE 9DU/RIAL REVOLTS & 
COMMUNISM SIMULTANE\SLY GA9S A HOLD ON ! MASSES1 !N ! RADICAL & 
RE=MI/ TRADE-UNIONI/S WILL AGREE ON A COMMON L9E2 IF ! /RUGGLE GOES 
%>PLY AGA9/ ! OLD RE=MI/ POLITICS ( ! LEAD]S1 ! RADICAL 
TRADE-UNIONI/S & ! COMMUNI/S WILL GO H& 9 H&4 

,!SE T5D5CIES >E NOT CONF9$ TO ,5GL&4 ,! TRADE UNIONS >E ! MO/ 
P[]FUL WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS 9 EV]Y C\NTRY2 AS SOON AS A POLITICAL 
CLA% TOPPLES ! OLD /ATE P[]1 IT WILL 9EVITABLY FALL 9TO ! H&S ( ! 
BE/ ORGANIZ$ & MO/ 9FLU5TIAL =CE ON H&4 ,9 ,G]MANY 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#h1 
! TRADE-UNION EXECUTIVES =M$ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y GU>D BEH9D ,EB]T2 
& 9 ! REC5T ,M>* CRISIS1 !Y 5T]$ ! POLITICAL >5A 9 AN ATTEMPT 
TO GA9 DIRECT 9FLU5CE UPON ! COMPOSITION ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! ONLY 
PURPOSE ( ?IS SUPPORT = ! ,EB]T REGIME WAS TO DECEIVE ! PROLET>IAT ! 
MORE SUBTLY ) ! FRAUD ( A 'GOV]NM5T UND] ! CONTROL ( ! 
WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS'4 ,BUT IT %[S ?AT ! SAME T5D5CY EXI/S 
H]E AS 9 ,5GL&4 ,& EV5 IF ! ,LEGI5S & ,BAU]S.<#a#b.> >E TOO TA9T$ BY C\NT]-REVOLUTION1 NEW RADICAL 
TRADE-UNIONI/S FROM ! ,U,S,P T5D5CY WILL TAKE !IR PLACE JU/ AS LA/ YE> 
! ,9DEP5D5TS UND] ,DISSMANN WON ! LEAD]%IP ( ! GREAT 
METALWORK]S' F$]ATION4 ,IF A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T OV]?R[S ! ,EB]T 
REGIME1 ?IS TI<TLY ORGANIZ$ =CE ( SEV5 MILLION WILL D\BTLESS BE READY TO 
SEIZE P[]1 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! ,C ,P OR 9 OPPOSITION TO IT4 

,A 'GOV]NM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS' ALONG !SE L9ES BY ! 
TRADE UNIONS CANNOT BE /ABLE2 AL?\< IT MAY BE ABLE TO HOLD ITS [N = A 
LONG TIME DUR+ A SL[ PROCESS ( ECONOMIC DECL9E1 9 AN ACUTE REVOLUTION>Y 
CRISIS IT WILL ONLY BE ABLE TO SURVIVE AS A TOTT]+ TRANSITIONAL PH5OM5ON4 
,ITS PROGRAM1 AS WE HAVE \TL9$ ABOVE1 CANNOT BE RADICAL4 ,BUT A CURR5T :I* 
WILL SANCTION SU* MEASURES NOT1 LIKE COMMUNISM1 AS A TEMPOR>Y TRANSITIONAL 
=M AT MO/ TO BE DELIB]ATELY UTILIZ$ = ! PURPOSE ( BUILD+ UP A 
COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATION1 BUT AS A DEF9ITIVE PROGRAM1 MU/ NECESS>ILY COME 
9TO CONFLICT ) & ANTAGONISM T[>DS ! MASSES4 ,FIR/LY1 BECAUSE IT DOES 
NOT R5D] B\RGEOIS ELEM5TS COMPLETELY P[]LESS1 BUT GRANTS !M A C]TA9 
POSITION ( P[] 9 ! BUREAUCRACY & P]HAPS 9 P>LIAM5T1 FROM :I* !Y 
CAN CONT9UE TO WAGE ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! B\RGEOISIE WILL 5DEAVOR TO 
CONSOLIDATE !SE POSITIONS ( /R5G?1 :ILE ! PROLET>IAT1 BECAUSE IT 
CANNOT ANNIHILATE ! HO/ILE CLASS UND] !SE CONDITIONS1 MU/ ATTEMPT TO 
E/ABLI% A /RAI<T=W>D SOVIET SY/EM AS ! ORGAN ( ITS DICTATOR%IP2 9 
?IS BATTLE BETWE5 TWO MI<TY OPPON5TS1 ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION WILL BE 
IMPOSSIBLE4.<#a#c.> ,& SECONDLY1 BECAUSE A 
GOV]NM5T ( TRADE-UNION LEAD]S ( ?IS K9D CANNOT RESOLVE ! PROBLEMS :I* 
SOCIETY IS POS+2 = ! LATT] CAN ONLY BE RESOLV$ ?R\< ! PROLET>IAN 
MASSES' [N 9ITIATIVE & ACTIVITY1 FUEL$ BY ! SELF-SACRIFIC+ & 
UNB\ND$ 5?USIASM :I* ONLY COMMUNISM1 ) ALL ITS P]SPECTIVES ( TOTAL 
FRE$OM & SUPREME 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL ELEVATION1 CAN COMM&4 ,A CURR5T 
:I* SEEKS TO ABOLI% MAT]IAL POV]TY & EXPLOITATION1 BUT DELIB]ATELY 
CONF9ES ITSELF TO ?IS GOAL1 :I* LEAVES ! B\RGEOIS SUP]/RUCTURE 9TACT 
& AT ! SAME TIME HOLDS BACK FROM REVOLUTIONIZ+ ! M5TAL \TLOOK & 
IDEOLOGY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 CANNOT RELEASE !SE GREAT 5]GIES 9 ! MASSES2 
& SO IT WILL BE 9CAPABLE ( RESOLV+ ! MAT]IAL PROBLEMS ( 9ITIAT+ 
ECONOMIC EXPANSION & 5D+ ! *AOS4 

,! TRADE-UNION REGIME WILL ATTEMPT TO CONSOLIDATE & /ABILIZE ! 
PREVAIL+ LEVEL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 JU/ LIKE ! 'G5U9ELY 
SOCIALI/' REGIME - EXCEPT ?AT IT WILL DO SO AT A MU* MORE 
DEVELOP$ /AGE1 :5 ! PRIMACY ( ! B\RGEOISIE HAS BE5 DE/ROY$ & A 
C]TA9 BALANCE ( CLASS P[] HAS >IS5 ) ! PROLET>IAT PR$OM9ANT2 :5 
! 5TIRE PR(IT ( CAPITAL CAN NO LONG] BE SAV$1 BUT ONLY ITS LESS REPELL5T 
PETTY-CAPITALI/ =M2 :5 IT IS NO LONG] B\RGEOIS BUT SOCIALI/ EXPANSION 
?AT IS BE+ ATTEMPT$1 ALBEIT ) 9SUFFICI5T RES\RCES4 ,IT ?US SIGNIFIES 
! LA/ /& ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS3 :5 ! B\RGEOISIE CAN NO LONG] 
)/& ! ASSAULT ( ! MASSES ON ! ,S*EIDEMANN-,H5D]SON-,R5AUDEL L9E1 
IT FALLS BACK TO ITS LA/ L9E ( DEF5SE1 ! ,SMILLIE-,DISSMANN-,M]RHEIM L9E4.<#a#d.> ,:5 IT IS NO LONG] ABLE TO DECEIVE 
! PROLET>IAT BY HAV+ 'WORK]S' 9 A B\RGEOIS OR SOCIALI/ 
REGIME1 IT CAN ONLY ATTEMPT TO KEEP ! PROLET>IAT FROM ITS ULTIMATE RADICAL 
GOALS BY A 'GOV]NM5T ( WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS' & ?US 9 
P>T RETA9 ITS PRIVILEG$ POSITION4 ,SU* A GOV]NM5T IS C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y 
9 NATURE1 9 SO F> AS IT SEEKS TO >RE/ ! NECESS>Y DEVELOPM5T ( ! 
REVOLUTION T[>DS ! TOTAL DE/RUCTION ( ! B\RGEOIS WORLD & PREV5T 
TOTAL COMMUNISM FROM ATTA9+ ITS GREATE/ & CLE>E/ OBJECTIVES4 ,! 
/RUGGLE ( ! COMMUNI/S MAY AT PRES5T (T5 RUN P>ALLEL ) ?AT ( ! 
RADICAL TRADE-UNIONI/S2 BUT IT W\LD BE DANG]\S TACTICS NOT TO CLE>LY 
ID5TIFY ! DIFF]5CES ( PR9CIPLE & OBJECTIVE :5 ?IS HAPP5S4 ,& !SE 
CONSID]ATIONS ALSO BE> UPON ! ATTITUDE ( ! COMMUNI/S T[>DS ! 
TRADE-UNION CONF$]ATIONS ( TODAY2 EV]Y?+ :I* CONSOLIDATES !IR UNITY 
& /R5G? CONSOLIDATES ! =CE :I* WILL ONE DAY PUT ITSELF 9 ! WAY ( 
! ONW>D M>* ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,:5 COMMUNISM CONDUCTS A /RONG & PR9CIPL$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ?IS 
TRANSITIONAL POLITICAL =M1 IT REPRES5TS ! LIV+ REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES 
9 ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! SAME REVOLUTION>Y ACTION ON ! P>T ( ! PROLET>IAT 
:I* PREP>ES ! WAY = ! RULE ( A WORK]-BUREAUCRACY BY SMA%+ ! 
APP>ATUS ( B\RGEOIS P[] SIMULTANE\SLY DRIVES ! MASSES ON TO =M !IR 
[N ORGANS1 ! C\NCILS1 :I* IMM$IATELY UND]M9E ! BASIS ( ! 
BUREAUCRATIC TRADE UNIONS' MA*9]Y4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SOVIET SY/EM 
IS AT ! SAME TIME ! /RUGGLE ( ! PROLET>IAT TO REPLACE ! 9COMPLETE 
=M ( ITS DICTATOR%IP BY COMPLETE DICTATOR%IP4 ,BUT ) ! 9T5SIVE LABOR 
:I* ALL ! NEV]-5D+ ATTEMPTS TO 'REORGANIZE' ! ECONOMY WILL 
DEM&1 A LEAD]%IP BUREAUCRACY WILL BE ABLE TO RETA9 GREAT P[] = A LONG 
TIME1 & ! MASSES' CAPACITY TO GET RID ( IT WILL ONLY DEVELOP SL[LY4 
,!SE V>I\S =MS & PHASES ( ! PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T DO NOT1 MOREOV]1 
FOLL[ ON 9 ! AB/RACT1 LOGICAL SUCCESSION 9 :I* WE HAVE SET !M D[N AS 
DEGREES ( MATURATION3 !Y ALL OCCUR AT ! SAME TIME1 BECOME 5TANGL$ & 
COEXI/ 9 A *AOS ( T5D5CIES ?AT COMPLEM5T EA* O!R1 COMBAT EA* O!R 
& DISSOLVE EA* O!R1 & IT IS ?R\< ?IS /RUGGLE ?AT ! G5]AL 
DEVELOPM5T ( ! REVOLUTION PROCE$S4 ,AS ,M>X HIMSELF PUT IT3 

,PROLET>IAN REVOLUTIONS CON/ANTLY CRITICIZE !MSELVES1 CONT9UALLY 
9T]RUPT !MSELVES 9 ! C\RSE ( !IR [N DEVELOPM5T1 COME BACK TO ! 
SEEM+LY COMPLETE 9 ORD] TO />T IT ALL OV] AGA91 TREAT ! 9ADEQUACIES 
( !IR [N FIR/ ATTEMPTS ) CRUELLY RADICAL CONTEMPT1 SEEM ONLY TO ?R[ 
!IR ADV]S>IES D[N TO 5ABLE !M TO DRAW NEW /R5G? FROM ! E>? & 
RISE UP AGA9 TO FACE !M ALL ! MORE GIGANTIC4 

,! RESI/ANCES :I* ISSUE FROM ! PROLET>IAT ITSELF AS EXPRESSIONS ( 
WEAKNESS MU/ BE OV]COME 9 ORD] = IT TO DEVELOP ITS FULL /R5G?2 & ?IS 
PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T IS G5]AT$ BY CONFLICT1 IT PROCE$S FROM CRISIS TO 
CRISIS1 DRIV5 ON BY /RUGGLE4 ,9 ! BEG9N+ WAS ! DE$1 BUT IT WAS ONLY 
! BEG9N+4 ,IT DEM&S AN 9/ANT ( UNIT$ PURPOSE TO OV]?R[ A RUL+ 
CLASS1 BUT ONLY ! LA/+ UNITY CONF]R$ BY CLE> 9SI<T CAN KEEP A FIRM 
GRASP UPON VICTORY4 ,O!RWISE !RE COMES ! REV]SE :I* IS NOT A RETURN TO 
! OLD RUL]S1 BUT A NEW HEGEMONY 9 A NEW =M1 ) NEW P]SONNEL & NEW 
ILLUSIONS4 ,EA* NEW PHASE ( ! REVOLUTION BR+S A NEW LAY] ( AS YET UNUS$ 
LEAD]S TO ! SURFACE AS ! REPRES5TATIVES ( P>TICUL> =MS ( 
ORGANIZATION1 & ! OV]?R[ ( EA* ( !SE 9 TURN REPRES5TS A HI<] 
/AGE 9 ! PROLET>IAT'S SELF-EMANCIPATION4 ,! /R5G? ( ! 
PROLET>IAT IS NOT M]ELY ! RAW P[] ( ! S+LE VIOL5T ACT :I* ?R[S 
! 5EMY D[N1 BUT ALSO ! /R5G? ( M9D :I* BREAKS ! OLD M5TAL 
DEP5D5CE & ?US SUCCE$S 9 KEEP+ A TI<T HOLD ON :AT HAS BE5 SEIZ$ BY 
/ORM4 ,! GR[? ( ?IS /R5G? 9 ! EBB & FL[ ( REVOLUTION IS ! 
GR[? ( PROLET>IAN FRE$OM4 

,V,I,I,I 

,9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 CAPITALISM IS 9 A /ATE ( PROGRESSIVE 
COLLAPSE2 YET 9 ,RUSSIA1 DESPITE ! T]RIBLE DIFFICULTIES1 PRODUCTION IS BE+ 
BUILT UP UND] A NEW ORD]4 ,! HEGEMONY ( COMMUNISM DOES NOT MEAN ?AT 
PRODUCTION IS COMPLETELY BAS$ ON A COMMUNI/ ORD] - ?IS LATT] IS ONLY 
POSSIBLE AFT] A RELATIVELY L5G?Y PROCESS ( DEVELOPM5T - BUT ?AT ! 
WORK+ CLASS IS CONSCI\SLY DEVELOP+ ! SY/EM ( PRODUCTION T[>DS 
COMMUNISM4.<#a#e.> ,?IS DEVELOPM5T CANNOT 
AT ANY PO9T GO BEYOND :AT ! PREVAIL+ TE*NICAL & SOCIAL F\NDATIONS 
P]MIT1 & !RE=E IT 9EVITABLY MANIFE/S TRANSITIONAL =MS 9 :I* 
VE/IGES ( ! OLD B\RGEOIS WORLD APPE>4 ,ACCORD+ TO :AT WE HAVE HE>D ( 
! SITUATION 9 ,RUSSIA H]E 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 SU* VE/IGES DO 9DE$ EXI/ 
!RE4 

,RUSSIA IS AN 5ORM\S PEASANT L&2 9DU/RY !RE HAS NOT DEVELOP$ TO ! 
UNNATURAL EXT5T ( A 'WORK%OP' ( ! WORLD AS IT HAS 9 ,WE/]N 
,EUROPE1 MAK+ EXPORT & EXPANSION A QUE/ION ( LIFE & DEA?1 BUT JU/ 
SUFFICI5TLY = ! =MATION ( A WORK+ CLASS ABLE TO TAKE OV] ! 
GOV]NM5T ( SOCIETY AS A DEVELOP$ CLASS4 ,AGRICULTURE IS ! OCCUPATION ( ! 
POPUL> MASSES1 & MOD]N1 L>GE-SCALE F>MS >E 9 A M9ORITY1 AL?\< !Y 
PLAY A VALUABLE ROLE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( COMMUNISM4 ,IT IS ! SMALL UNITS ?AT 
MAKE UP ! MAJORITY3 NOT ! WRET*$1 EXPLOIT$ LITTLE PROP]TIES ( ,WE/]N 
,EUROPE1 BUT F>MS :I* SECURE ! WELF>E ( ! PEASANTS & :I* ! SOVIET 
REGIME IS SEEK+ TO 9TEGRATE MORE & MORE CLOSELY 9TO ! SY/EM AS A :OLE 
BY MEANS ( MAT]IAL ASSI/ANCE 9 ! =M ( EXTRA EQUIPM5T & TOOLS & BY 
9T5SIVE CULTURAL & SPECIALI/ $UCATION4 ,IT IS NEV]!LESS NATURAL ?AT 
?IS =M ( 5T]PRISE G5]ATES A C]TA9 SPIRIT ( 9DIVIDUALISM ALI5 TO 
COMMUNISM1 :I*1 AMONG ! 'RI* PEASANTS'1 HAS BECOME A HO/ILE1 
RESOLUTELY ANTI-COMMUNI/ FRAME ( M9D4 ,! ,5T5TE HAS D\BTLESS SPECULAT$ ON 
?IS 9 ITS PROPOSALS TO TRADE ) CO-OP]ATIVES1 9T5D+ TO 9ITIATE A 
B\RGEOIS C\NT]-MOVEM5T BY DRAW+ !SE /RATA 9TO B\RGEOIS PURSUIT ( 
PR(IT4 ,BUT BECAUSE FE> ( FEUDAL REACTION B9DS !M TO ! PRES5T REGIME AS 
!IR MAJOR 9T]E/1 SU* EF=TS MU/ COME TO NO?+1 & :5 ,WE/]N 
,EUROPEAN IMP]IALISM COLLAPSES ?IS DANG] WILL DISAPPE> COMPLETELY4 

,9DU/RY IS PR$OM9ANTLY A C5TRALLY ORGANIZ$1 EXPLOITATION-FREE SY/EM ( 
PRODUCTION2 IT IS ! HE>T ( ! NEW ORD]1 & ! LEAD]%IP ( ! /ATE IS 
BAS$ ON ! 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT4 ,BUT EV5 ?IS SY/EM ( PRODUCTION IS 9 A 
TRANSITIONAL PHASE2 ! TE*NICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE CADRES 9 ! FACTORIES & 
9 ! /ATE APP>ATUS EX]CISE GREAT] AU?ORITY ?AN IS COMM5SURATE ) 
DEVELOP$ COMMUNISM4 ,! NE$ TO 9CREASE PRODUCTION QUICKLY & ! EV5 MORE 
URG5T NE$ TO CREATE AN EFFICI5T >MY TO F5D (F ! ATTACKS ( REACTION MADE 
IT IMP]ATIVE TO MAKE GOOD ! LACK ( RELIABLE LEAD]S 9 ! %ORTE/ POSSIBLE 
TIME2 ! ?REAT ( FAM9E & ! ASSAULTS ( ! 5EMY DID NOT P]MIT ALL 
RES\RCES TO BE DIRECT$ T[>DS A MORE GRADUAL RAIS+ ( ! G5]AL LEVEL ( 
COMPET5CE & TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( ALL AS ! BASIS ( A COLLECTIVE COMMUNI/ 
SY/EM4 ,?US A NEW BUREAUCRACY 9EVITABLY >OSE FROM ! NEW LEAD]S & 
FUNCTION>IES1 ABSORB+ ! OLD BUREAUCRACY 9TO ITSELF4 ,?IS IS AT TIMES 
REG>D$ ) SOME ANXIETY AS A P]IL TO ! NEW ORD]1 & IT CAN ONLY BE 
REMOV$ BY A BROAD DEVELOPM5T ( ! MASSES4 ,AL?\< ! LATT] IS BE+ 
UND]TAK5 ) ! UTMO/ 5]GY1 ONLY ! COMMUNI/ SURPLUS BY :I* MAN 
CEASES TO BE ! SLAVE ( HIS LABOR WILL =M A LA/+ F\NDATION = IT4 ,ONLY 
SURPLUS CREATES ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS = FRE$OM & EQUALITY2 SO LONG AS ! 
/RUGGLE AGA9/ NATURE & AGA9/ ! =CES ( CAPITAL REMA9S 9T5SE1 AN 
9ORD9ATE DEGREE ( SPECIALIZATION WILL REMA9 NECESS>Y4 

,IT IS WOR? NOT+ ?AT AL?\< \R ANALYSIS PR$ICTS ?AT DEVELOPM5T 9 
,WE/]N ,EUROPE WILL TAKE A DIFF]5T DIRECTION FROM ?AT ( ,RUSSIA 9S(> AS WE 
CAN =ESEE ! C\RSE :I* IT WILL FOLL[ AS ! REVOLUTION PROGRESSES1 BO? 
MANIFE/ ! SAME POLITICO-ECONOMIC /RUCTURE3 9DU/RY RUN ACCORD+ TO 
COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLES ) WORK]S' C\NCILS =M+ ! ELEM5T ( 
SELF-MANAGEM5T UND] ! TE*NICAL DIRECTION & POLITICAL HEGEMONY ( A 
WORK]-BUREAUCRACY1 :ILE AGRICULTURE RETA9S AN 9DIVIDUALI/IC1 
PETTY-B\RGEOIS *>ACT] 9 ! DOM9ANT SMALL & M$IUM-SCALE SECTORS4 ,BUT 
?IS CO9CID5CE IS NOT SO EXTRAORD9>Y = ALL ?AT1 9 ?AT ?IS K9D ( 
SOCIAL /RUCTURE IS DET]M9$ NOT BY PREVI\S POLITICAL HI/ORY1 BUT BY BASIC 
TE*NICO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS - ! LEVEL ( DEVELOPM5T ATTA9$ BY 
9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL TE*NOLOGY & ! =MATION ( ! PROLET>IAN 
MASSES - :I* >E 9 BO? CASES ! SAME4.<#a#f.> ,BUT DESPITE ?IS CO9CID5CE1 !RE IS A GREAT DIFF]5CE 
9 SIGNIFICANCE & GOAL4 ,9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ?IS POLITICO-ECONOMIC /RUCTURE 
=MS A TRANSITIONAL /AGE AT :I* ! B\RGEOISIE IS ULTIMATELY ABLE TO >RE/ 
ITS DECL9E1 :]EAS 9 ,RUSSIA ! ATTEMPT IS CONSCI\SLY BE+ MADE TO PURSUE 
DEVELOPM5T FUR!R 9 A COMMUNI/ DIRECTION4 ,9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 IT =MS A 
PHASE 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE BETWE5 B\RGEOISIE & PROLET>IAT1 9 ,RUSSIA A 
PHASE 9 ! NEW ECONOMIC EXPANSION4 ,) ! SAME EXT]NAL =MS1 ,WE/]N 
,EUROPE IS ON ! D[NW>D PA? ( A DECL9+ CULTURE1 ,RUSSIA ON ! RIS+ 
MOVEM5T ( A NEW CULTURE4 

,:ILE ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION WAS /ILL Y\NG & WEAK & WAS LOOK+ TO AN 
IMM95T \TBREAK ( REVOLUTION 9 ,EUROPE TO SAVE IT1 A DIFF]5T CONCEPTION ( 
ITS SIGNIFICANCE REIGN$4 ,RUSSIA1 IT WAS !N MA9TA9$1 WAS ONLY AN \TPO/ ( 
! REVOLUTION :]E FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES HAD 5ABL$ ! PROLET>IAT TO 
SEIZE P[] SO E>LY2 BUT ?IS PROLET>IAT WAS WEAK & UN=M$ & ALMO/ 
SWALL[$ UP 9 ! 9F9ITE MASSES ( ! PEASANTRY4 ,! PROLET>IAT ( 
ECONOMICALLY BACKW>D ,RUSSIA C\LD ONLY MAKE TEMPOR>Y ADVANCES2 AS SOON AS ! 
GREAT MASSES ( ! FULLY-FL$G$ ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT CAME TO P[] 9 
! MO/ DEVELOP$ 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES1 ) ALL !IR TE*NICAL & 
ORGANIZATIONAL EXP]I5CE & !IR ANCI5T WEAL? ( CULTURE1 !N WE %\LD 
SEE COMMUNISM FL\RI% TO AN EXT5T ?AT W\LD MAKE ! ,RUSSIAN CONTRIBUTION1 
WELCOME AS IT WAS1 SEEM WEAK & 9ADEQUATE BY COMP>ISON4 ,! HE>T & 
/R5G? ( ! NEW COMMUNI/ WORLD LAY :]E CAPITALISM HAD REA*$ ! HEI<T 
( ITS P[]1 9 ,5GL&1 9 ,G]MANY1 9 ,AM]ICA1 & LAID ! BASIS = ! NEW 
MODE ( PRODUCTION4 

,?IS CONCEPTION TAKES NO ACC\NT ( ! DIFFICULTIES FAC+ ! REVOLUTION 9 
,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,:]E ! PROLET>IAT ONLY SL[LY GA9S FIRM CONTROL & ! 
B\RGEOISIE IS UPON OCCASION ABLE TO W9 BACK P[] 9 P>T OR 9 :OLE1 NO?+ 
CAN COME ( ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION4 ,CAPITALI/ EXPANSION IS IMPOSSIBLE2 EV]Y 
TIME ! B\RGEOISIE OBTA9S A FREE H&1 IT CREATES NEW *AOS & DE/ROYS ! 
BASES :I* C\LD HAVE S]V$ = ! CON/RUCTION ( COMMUNI/ PRODUCTION4 
,AGA9 & AGA9 IT PREV5TS ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! NEW PROLET>IAN ORD] BY 
BLOODY REACTION & DE/RUCTION4 ,?IS OCCURR$ EV5 9 ,RUSSIA3 ! DE/RUCTION 
( 9DU/RIAL 9/ALLATIONS & M9ES 9 ! ,URALS & ! ,DONETZ BAS9 BY 
,KOL*AK & ,D5IK91 AS WELL AS ! NE$ TO DEPLOY ! BE/ WORK]S & ! 
GREAT] P>T ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES AGA9/ !M1 WAS A S]I\S BL[ TO ! 
ECONOMY & DAMAG$ & DELAY$ COMMUNI/ EXPANSION - & EV5 ?\< ! 
9ITIATION ( TRADE RELATIONS ) ,AM]ICA & ! ,WE/ MAY CONSID]ABLY FAVOR 
A NEW UPTURN1 ! GREATE/1 MO/ SELF-SACRIFIC+ EF=T WILL BE NE$$ ON ! 
P>T ( ! MASSES 9 ,RUSSIA TO A*IEVE COMPLETE RECOV]Y FROM ?IS DAMAGE4 ,BUT 
- & H]E9 LIES ! DIFF]5CE - ! SOVIET REPUBLIC HAS REMA9$ 
9TACT 9 ,RUSSIA AS AN ORGANIZ$ C5T] ( COMMUNI/ P[] :I* HAS ALREADY 
DEVELOP$ TREM5D\S 9T]NAL /ABILITY4 ,9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE !RE WILL BE JU/ AS 
MU* DE/RUCTION & MURD]1 H]E TOO ! BE/ =CES ( ! PROLET>IAT WILL BE 
WIP$ \T 9 ! C\RSE ( ! /RUGGLE1 BUT H]E WE LACK AN ALREADY 
CONSOLIDAT$1 ORGANIZ$ SOVIET /ATE ?AT C\LD S]VE AS A S\RCE ( /R5G?4 
,! CLASSES >E WE>+ EA* O!R \T 9 A DEVA/AT+ CIVIL W>1 & SO LONG 
AS CON/RUCTION COMES TO NO?+1 *AOS & MIS]Y WILL CONT9UE TO RULE4 ,?IS 
WILL BE ! LOT ( C\NTRIES :]E ! PROLET>IAT DOES NOT IMM$IATELY 
RECOGNIZE ITS TASK ) CLE> 9SI<T & UNIT$ PURPOSE1 ?AT IS TO SAY :]E 
B\RGEOIS TRADITIONS WEAK5 & SPLIT ! WORK]S1 DIM !IR EYES & SUBDUE 
!IR HE>TS4 ,IT WILL TAKE DECADES TO OV]COME ! 9FECTI\S1 P>ALYZ+ 
9FLU5CE ( B\RGEOIS CULTURE UPON ! PROLET>IAT 9 ! OLD CAPITALI/ 
C\NTRIES4 ,& MEAN:ILE1 PRODUCTION LIES 9 RU9S & ! C\NTRY DEG5]ATES 
9TO AN ECONOMIC DES]T4 

,AT ! SAME TIME AS ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 /AGNAT+ ECONOMICALLY1 PA9FULLY 
/RUGGLES ) ITS B\RGEOIS PA/1 9 ! ,EA/1 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ECONOMY IS 
FL\RI%+ UND] A COMMUNI/ ORD]4 ,:AT US$ TO DI/+UI% ! DEVELOP$ 
CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES FROM ! BACKW>D ,EA/ WAS ! TREM5D\S SOPHI/ICATION ( 
!IR MAT]IAL & M5TAL MEANS ( PRODUCTION - A D5SE NETWORK ( 
RAILWAYS1 FACTORIES1 %IPS1 & A D5SE1 TE*NICALLY SKILL$ POPULATION4 ,BUT 
DUR+ ! COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM1 9 ! LONG CIVIL W>1 9 ! P]IOD ( 
/AGNATION :5 TOO LITTLE IS BE+ PRODUC$1 ?IS H]ITAGE IS BE+ DISSIPAT$1 
US$ UP OR DE/ROY$4 ,! 9DE/RUCTIBLE =CES ( PRODUCTION1 SCI5CE1 
TE*NICAL CAPABILITIES1 >E NOT TI$ TO !SE C\NTRIES2 !IR BE>]S WILL F9D 
A NEW HOMEL& 9 ,RUSSIA1 :]E TRADE WILL ALSO PROVIDE A SANCTU>Y = P>T ( 
,EUROPE'S MAT]IAL & TE*NICAL RI*ES4 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA'S TRADE 
AGREEM5T ) ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA WILL1 IF TAK5 S]I\SLY & OP]AT$ 
) A WILL1 T5D TO ACC5TUATE ?IS CONTRADICTION1 BECAUSE IT FUR!RS ! 
ECONOMIC EXPANSION ( ,RUSSIA :ILE DELAY+ COLLAPSE 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ?US 
GIV+ CAPITALISM A BREA?+ SPACE & P>ALYZ+ ! REVOLUTION>Y POT5TIAL 
( ! MASSES - = H[ LONG & TO :AT EXT5T REMA9S TO BE SE54 
,POLITICALLY1 ?IS WILL BE EXPRESS$ 9 AN APP>5T /ABILIZATION ( A B\RGEOIS 
REGIME OR ONE ( ! O!R TYPES DISCUSS$ ABOVE & 9 A SIMULTANE\S RISE TO 
P[] ( OPPORTUNI/ T5D5CIES )9 COMMUNISM2 BY RECOGNIZ+ ! OLD ME?ODS 
( /RUGGLE & 5GAG+ 9 P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITY & LOYAL OPPOSITION )9 
! OLD TRADE UNIONS1 ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE WILL ACQUIRE A 
LEGAL /ATUS1 LIKE SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY BE=E !M1 & 9 ! FACE ( ?IS1 ! 
RADICAL1 REVOLUTION>Y CURR5T WILL SEE ITSELF =C$ 9TO A M9ORITY4 ,H[EV]1 
IT IS 5TIRELY IMPROBABLE ?AT CAPITALISM WILL 5JOY A REAL NEW FL[]+2 ! 
PRIVATE 9T]E/S ( ! CAPITALI/S TRAD+ ) ,RUSSIA WILL NOT DEF] TO ! 
ECONOMY AS A :OLE1 & = ! SAKE ( PR(IT !Y WILL %IP (F ESS5TIAL 
BASIC ELEM5TS ( PRODUCTION TO ,RUSSIA2 NOR CAN ! PROLET>IAT AGA9 BE BR\<T 
9TO A /ATE ( DEP5D5CE4 ,?US ! CRISIS WILL DRAG ON2 LA/+ IMPROVEM5T IS 
IMPOSSIBLE & WILL CONT9UALLY BE >RE/$2 ! PROCESS ( REVOLUTION & CIVIL 
W> WILL BE DELAY$ & DRAWN \T1 ! COMPLETE RULE ( COMMUNISM & ! 
BEG9N+ ( NEW GR[? PUT (F 9TO ! DI/ANT FUTURE4 ,MEAN:ILE1 9 ! ,EA/1 
! ECONOMY WILL DEVELOP UNTRAMMEL$ 9 A P[]FUL UPSURGE1 & NEW PA?S WILL 
BE OP5$ UP ON ! BASIS ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ NATURAL SCI5CE - :I* ! 
,WE/ IS 9CAPABLE ( EXPLOIT+ - TOGE!R ) ! NEW SOCIAL SCI5CE1 
HUMANITY'S NEWLY WON CONTROL OV] ITS [N SOCIAL =CES4 ,& !SE =CES1 
9CREAS$ A HUNDR$FOLD BY ! NEW 5]GIES FL[+ FROM FRE$OM & EQUALITY1 
WILL MAKE ,RUSSIA ! C5T] ( ! NEW COMMUNI/ WORLD ORD]4 

,?IS WILL NOT BE ! FIR/ TIME 9 WORLD HI/ORY ?AT ! C5T] ( ! 
CIVILIZ$ WORLD HAS %IFT$ 9 ! TRANSITION TO A NEW MODE ( PRODUCTION OR ONE 
( ITS PHASES4 ,9 ANTIQUITY1 IT MOV$ FROM ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ TO ,S\!RN ,EUROPE1 
9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 FROM ,S\!RN TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE2 ) ! RISE ( COLONIAL 
& M]*ANT CAPITAL1 FIR/ ,SPA91 !N ,HOLL& & ,5GL& BECAME ! LEAD+ 
NATION1 & ) ! RISE ( 9DU/RY ,5GL&4 ,! CAUSE ( !SE %IFTS CAN 9 
FACT BE EMBRAC$ 9 A G5]AL HI/ORICAL PR9CIPLE3 :]E ! E>LI] ECONOMIC 
=M REA*$ ITS HI<E/ DEVELOPM5T1 ! MAT]IAL & M5TAL =CES1 ! 
POLITICO-JURIDICAL 9/ITUTIONS :I* SECUR$ ITS EXI/5CE & :I* W]E 
NECESS>Y = ITS FULL DEVELOPM5T1 W]E SO /RONGLY CON/RUCT$ ?AT !Y 
(F]$ ALMO/ 9SUP]ABLE RESI/ANCE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( NEW =MS4 ,?US1 ! 
9/ITUTION ( SLAV]Y 9HIBIT$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( FEUDALISM AT ! TWILI<T ( 
ANTIQUITY2 ?US1 ! GUILD LAWS APPLY+ 9 ! GREAT WEAL?Y CITIES ( M$IEVAL 
TIMES MEANT ?AT LAT] CAPITALI/ MANUFACTUR+ C\LD ONLY DEVELOP 9 O!R 
C5T]S HI!RTO 9SIGNIFICANT2 ?US 9 ! LATE EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ! 
POLITICAL ORD] ( ,FR5* ABSOLUTISM :I* HAD FO/]$ 9DU/RY UND] ,COLB]T 
OB/RUCT$ ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY ?AT MADE ,5GL& A 
MANUFACTUR+ NATION4 ,!RE EV5 EXI/S A CORRESPOND+ LAW 9 ORGANIC NATURE1 A 
COROLL>Y TO ,D>W9'S 'SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/' KN[N AS ! 
LAW ( ! 'SURVIVAL ( ! UNFITT$'3 :5 A SPECIES ( ANIMAL HAS BECOME 
SPECIALIZ$ & DIFF]5TIAT$ 9TO A WEAL? ( =MS ALL P]FECTLY ADAPT$ TO 
P>TICUL> CONDITIONS ( LIFE 9 ?AT P]IOD - LIKE ! ,SAURIANS 9 ! 
,SECOND>Y ,]A - IT BECOMES 9CAPABLE ( EVOLV+ 9TO A NEW SPECIES2 ALL 
! V>I\S OPTIONS = ADAPTATION & DEVELOPM5T HAVE BE5 LO/ & CANNOT BE 
RETRIEV$4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW SPECIES PROCE$S FROM PRIMITIVE =MS :I*1 
BECAUSE !Y HAVE REMA9$ UNDIFF]5TIAT$1 HAVE RETA9$ ALL !IR POT5TIAL 
= DEVELOPM5T1 & ! OLD SPECIES :I* IS 9CAPABLE ( FUR!R ADAPTATION 
DIES \T4 ,! PH5OM5ON :]EBY LEAD]%IP 9 ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & CULTURAL 
DEVELOPM5T CONT9UALLY %IFTS FROM ONE PEOPLE OR NATION TO ANO!R 9 ! 
C\RSE ( HUMAN HI/ORY - EXPLA9$ AWAY BY B\RGEOIS SCI5CE ) ! 
FANTASY ( A NATION OR RACE HAV+ 'EXHAU/$ ITS LIFE =CE' 
- IS A P>TICUL> 9CID5CE ( ?IS ORGANIC RULE4 

,WE N[ SEE :Y IT IS ?AT ! PRIMACY ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,AM]ICA - 
:I* ! B\RGEOISIE IS PLEAS$ TO ATTRIBUTE TO ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL 
SUP]IORITY ( !IR RACE - WILL EVAPORATE1 & :]E WE CAN =ESEE IT 
%IFT+ TO4 ,NEW C\NTRIES1 :]E ! MASSES >E NOT POISON$ BY ! FUG ( A 
B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY1 :]E ! BEG9N+S ( 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T HAVE RAIS$ 
! M9D FROM ITS =M] SLUMB] & A COMMUNI/ S5SE ( SOLID>ITY HAS AWOK51 
:]E ! RAW MAT]IALS >E AVAILABLE TO USE ! MO/ ADVANC$ TE*NOLOGY 
9H]IT$ FROM CAPITALISM = A R5EWAL ( ! TRADITIONAL =MS ( PRODUCTION1 
:]E OPPRESSION ELICITS ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! QUALITIES FO/]$ BY /RUGGLE1 
BUT :]E NO OV]-P[]FUL B\RGEOISIE CAN OB/RUCT ?IS PROCESS ( REG5]ATION 
- IT IS SU* C\NTRIES ?AT WILL BE ! C5T]S ( ! NEW COMMUNI/ 
WORLD4 ,RUSSIA1 ITSELF HALF A CONT95T :5 TAK5 9 CONJUNCTION ) ,SIB]IA1 
ALREADY /&S FIR/ 9 L9E4 ,BUT !SE CONDITIONS >E ALSO PRES5T TO A GREAT] 
OR LESS] EXT5T 9 O!R C\NTRIES ( ! ,EA/1 9 ,9DIA1 9 ,*9A4 ,AL?\< 
!RE MAY BE O!R S\RCES ( IMMATURITY1 !SE ,ASIAN C\NTRIES MU/ NOT BE 
OV]LOOK$ 9 CONSID]+ ! COMMUNI/ WORLD REVOLUTION4 

,?IS WORLD REVOLUTION IS NOT SE5 9 ITS FULL UNIV]SAL SIGNIFICANCE IF 
CONSID]$ ONLY FROM ! ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN P]SPECTIVE4 ,RUSSIA NOT ONLY =MS ! 
EA/]N P>T ( ,EUROPE1 IT IS MU* MORE ! WE/]N P>T ( ,ASIA1 & NOT ONLY 
9 A GEOGRAPHICAL1 BUT ALSO 9 A POLITICO-ECONOMIC S5SE4 ,! OLD ,RUSSIA HAD 
LITTLE 9 COMMON ) ,EUROPE3 IT WAS ! WE/]NMO/ ( ?OSE POLITICO-ECONOMIC 
/RUCTURES :I* ,M>X T]M$ 'ORI5TAL DESPOTIC P[]S'1 & :I* 
9CLUD$ ALL ! GREAT EMPIRES ( ANCI5T & MOD]N ,ASIA4 ,BAS$ ON ! VILLAGE 
COMMUNISM ( A L>GELY HOMOG5E\S PEASANTRY1 !RE EVOLV$ )9 !SE AN 
ABSOLUTE RULE BY PR9CES & ! NOBILITY1 :I* ALSO DREW SUPPORT FROM 
RELATIVELY SMALL-SCALE BUT NEV]!LESS IMPORTANT TRADE 9 CRAFT GOODS4 ,9TO 
?IS MODE ( PRODUCTION1 :I*1 DESPITE SUP]FICIAL *ANGES ( RUL]1 HAD GONE 
ON REPRODUC+ ITSELF 9 ! SAME WAY = ?\S&S ( YE>S1 ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN 
CAPITAL P5ETRAT$ FROM ALL SIDES1 DISSOLV+1 F]M5T+1 UND]M9+1 
EXPLOIT+1 IMPOV]I%+2 BY TRADE1 BY DIRECT SUBJECTION & PLUND]1 BY 
EXPLOITATION ( NATURAL RI*ES1 BY ! CON/RUCTION ( RAILWAYS & FACTORIES1 
BY /ATE LOANS TO ! PR9CES1 BY ! EXPORT ( FOOD & RAW MAT]IALS - 
ALL ( :I* IS 5COMPASS$ 9 ! T]M 'COLONIAL POLICY'4 ,:]EAS ,9DIA1 
) ITS 5ORM\S RI*ES1 WAS CONQU]$ E>LY1 PLUND]$ & !N 
PROLET>IANIZ$ & 9DU/RIALIZ$1 IT WAS ONLY LAT]1 ?R\< MOD]N COLONIAL 
POLICY1 ?AT O!R C\NTRIES FELL PREY TO DEVELOP$ CAPITAL4 ,AL?\< ON ! 
SURFACE ,RUSSIA HAD PLAY$ ! ROLE ( A GREAT ,EUROPEAN P[] S9CE #a#g1 IT TOO 
BECAME A COLONY ( ,EUROPEAN CAPITAL2 DUE TO DIRECT MILIT>Y CONTACT ) ,EUROPE 
IT W5T E>LI] & MORE PRECIPITATELY ! WAY ?AT ,P]SIA & ,*9A W]E 
SUBSEQU5TLY TO GO4 ,BE=E ! LA/ WORLD W> #g P] C5T ( ! IRON 9DU/RY1 
! GREAT] P>T ( ! RAILWAYS1 #i P] C5T ( PLAT9UM PRODUCTION & #ge P] 
C5T ( ! NAPH?A 9DU/RY W]E 9 ! H&S ( ,EUROPEAN CAPITALI/S1 & 
?R\< ! 5ORM\S NATIONAL DEBTS ( CZ>ISM1 ! LATT] ALSO EXPLOIT$ ! 
,RUSSIAN PEASANTRY PA/ ! PO9T ( />VATION4 ,:ILE ! WORK+ CLASS 9 
,RUSSIA WORK$ UND] ! SAME CONDITIONS AS ?OSE ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ) ! 
RESULT ?AT A BODY ( REVOLUTION>Y M>XI/ VIEWS DEVELOP$1 ,RUSSIA'S 
5TIRE ECONOMIC SITUATION NEV]!LESS MADE IT ! WE/]NMO/ ( ! ,ASIATIC 
EMPIRES4 

,! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION IS ! BEG9N+ ( ! GREAT REVOLT BY ,ASIA AGA9/ 
! ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN CAPITAL CONC5TRAT$ 9 ,5GL&4 ,AS A RULE1 WE 9 ,WE/]N 
,EUROPE ONLY CONSID] ! EFFECTS :I* IT HAS H]E1 :]E ! ADVANC$ 
!ORETICAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>IES HAS MADE !M ! 
TEA*]S ( ! PROLET>IAT AS IT REA*ES T[>DS COMMUNISM4 ,BUT ITS WORK+S 9 
! ,EA/ >E MORE IMPORTANT /ILL2 & ,ASIAN QUE/IONS !RE=E 9FLU5CE ! 
POLICIES ( ! SOVIET REPUBLIC ALMO/ MORE ?AN ,EUROPEAN QUE/IONS4 ,! CALL 
= FRE$OM & = ! SELF-DET]M9ATION ( ALL PEOPLES & = /RUGGLE 
AGA9/ ,EUROPEAN CAPITAL ?R\<\T ,ASIA IS GO+ \T FROM ,MOSC[1 :]E 
DELEGATIONS FROM ,ASIATIC TRIBES >E >RIV+ ONE AFT] ANO!R4.<#a#g.> ,! ?READS LEAD FROM ! SOVIET 
REPUBLIC ( ,TURAN TO ,9DIA & ! ,MUSLIM C\NTRIES2 9 ,S\!RN ,*9A ! 
REVOLUTION>IES HAVE S\<T TO FOLL[ ! EXAMPLE ( GOV]NM5T BY SOVIETS2 ! 
PAN-,ISLAMIC MOVEM5T DEVELOP+ 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( 
,TURKEY IS TRY+ TO CONNECT ) ,RUSSIA4 ,?IS IS :]E ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! 
WORLD /RUGGLE BETWE5 ,RUSSIA & ,5GL& AS ! EXPON5TS ( TWO SOCIAL SY/EMS 
LIES2 & ?IS /RUGGLE CANNOT !RE=E 5D 9 REAL PEACE1 DESPITE TEMPOR>Y 
PAUSES1 = ! PROCESS ( F]M5T 9 ,ASIA IS CONT9U+4 ,5GLI% POLITICIANS 
:O LOOK A LITTLE FUR!R AHEAD ?AN ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS DEMAGOGUE ,LLOYD ,GEORGE 
CLE>LY SEE ! DANG] H]E ?REAT5+ ,5GLI% DOM9ATION ( ! WORLD1 & 
) IT ! :OLE ( CAPITALISM2 !Y RI<TLY SAY ?AT ,RUSSIA IS MORE DANG]\S 
?AN ,G]MANY EV] WAS4 ,BUT !Y CANNOT ACT =CEFULLY1 = ! BEG9N+S ( 
REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T 9 ! ,5GLI% PROLET>IAT DO NOT P]MIT ANY REGIME 
O!R ?AN ONE ( B\RGEOIS DEMAGOGY4 

,! 9T]E/S ( ,ASIA >E 9 ESS5CE ! 9T]E/S ( ! HUMAN RACE4 ,EI<T 
HUNDR$ MILLION PEOPLE LIVE 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,*9A & ,9DIA1 9 ! ,SIB]O-,RUSSIAN 
PLA9 & ! F]TILE VALLEYS ( ! ,GANGES & ! ,YANGTSE ,KIANG1 MORE ?AN 
HALF ! POPULATION ( ! E>? & ALMO/ ?REE TIMES AS MANY AS 9 ! P>T 
( ,EUROPE UND] CAPITALI/ DOM9ATION4 ,& ! SE$S ( REVOLUTION HAVE APPE>$ 
EV]Y:]E1 BESIDES ,RUSSIA2 ON ! ONE H&1 P[]FUL /RIKE-MOVEM5TS FL>+ 
UP :]E 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IANS >E HUDDL$ TOGE!R1 AS 9 ,BOMBAY & ,HANK[2 
ON ! O!R1 NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! RIS+ NATIONAL 
9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,AS F> AS CAN BE JUDG$ FROM ! RETIC5T ,5GLI% PRESS1 ! 
WORLD W> WAS A P[]FUL /IMULUS TO NATIONAL MOVEM5TS1 BUT !N SUPPRESS$ 
!M =CEFULLY1 :ILE 9DU/RY IS 9 SU* AN UPSURGE ?AT GOLD IS FL[+ 9 
TORR5TS FROM ,AM]ICA TO ,EA/ ,ASIA4 ,:5 ! WAVE ( ECONOMIC CRISIS HITS !SE 
C\NTRIES - IT SEEMS TO HAVE OV]TAK5 ,JAPAN ALREADY - NEW /RUGGLES 
CAN BE EXPECT$4 ,! QUE/ION MAY BE RAIS$ AS TO :E!R PURELY NATIONALI/ 
MOVEM5TS SEEK+ A NATIONAL CAPITALI/ ORD] 9 ,ASIA %\LD BE SUPPORT$1 S9CE 
!Y WILL BE HO/ILE TO !IR [N PROLET>IAN LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS2 BUT 
DEVELOPM5T WILL CLE>LY NOT TAKE ?IS C\RSE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT UNTIL N[ ! 
RIS+ 9TELLIG5TSIA HAS ORI5TAT$ ITSELF 9 T]MS ( ,EUROPEAN NATIONALISM 
&1 AS ! IDEOLOGUES ( ! DEVELOP+ 9DIG5\S B\RGEOISIE1 ADVOCAT$ A 
NATIONAL B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T ON ,WE/]N L9ES2 BUT ?IS IDEA IS PAL+ ) ! 
DECL9E ( ,EUROPE1 & !Y WILL D\BTLESS COME /RONGLY UND] ! 9TELLECTUAL 
SWAY ( ,RUSSIAN BOL%EVISM & F9D 9 IT ! MEANS TO FUZE ) ! PROLET>IAN 
/RIKE-MOVEM5TS & UPRIS+S4 ,?US1 ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS ( ,ASIA 
WILL P]HAPS ADOPT A COMMUNI/ WORLD VIEW & A COMMUNI/ PROGRAM ON ! FIRM 
MAT]IAL GR\ND ( ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' CLASS /RUGGLE AGA9/ 
! B>B>IC OPPRESSION ( WORLD CAPITAL SOON] ?AN EXT]NAL APPE>ANCES MI<T 
LEAD US TO BELIEVE4 

,! FACT ?AT !SE PEOPLES >E PR$OM9ANTLY AGR>IAN NE$ BE NO MORE ( AN 
OB/ACLE ?AN IT WAS 9 ,RUSSIA3 COMMUNI/ COMMUNITIES WILL NOT CONSI/ ( 
TI<TLY-PACK$ HUDDLES ( FACTORY T[NS1 = ! CAPITALI/ DIVISION BETWE5 
9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL NATIONS WILL CEASE TO EXI/2 AGRICULTURE WILL HAVE 
TO TAKE UP A GREAT DEAL ( SPACE )9 !M4 ,! PR$OM9ANT AGRICULTURAL 
*>ACT] WILL NEV]!LESS R5D] ! REVOLUTION MORE DIFFICULT1 S9CE ! 
M5TAL DISPOSITION IS LESS FAVORABLE UND] SU* CONDITIONS4 ,D\BTLESS A 
PROLONG$ P]IOD ( 9TELLECTUAL & POLITICAL UPHEAVAL WILL ALSO BE NECESS>Y 
9 !SE C\NTRIES4 ,! DIFFICULTIES H]E >E DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE 9 ,EUROPE1 
LESS ( AN ACTIVE ?AN ( A PASSIVE NATURE3 !Y LIE LESS 9 ! /R5G? ( ! 
RESI/ANCE ?AN 9 ! SL[ PACE AT :I* ACTIVITY IS AWAK5+1 NOT 9 
OV]COM+ 9T]NAL *AOS1 BUT 9 DEVELOP+ ! UNITY TO DRIVE \T ! =EIGN 
EXPLOIT]4 ,WE WILL NOT GO 9TO ! P>TICUL>S ( !SE DIFFICULTIES H]E 
- ! RELIGI\S & NATIONAL FRAGM5TATION ( ,9DIA1 ! PETTY-B\RGEOIS 
*>ACT] ( ,*9A4 ,H[EV] ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC =MS CONT9UE TO 
DEVELOP1 ! C5TRAL PROBLEM :I* MU/ FIR/ BE OV]COME IS TO DE/ROY ! 
HEGEMONY ( ,EUROPEAN & ,AM]ICAN CAPITAL4 

,! H>D /RUGGLE = ! ANNIHILATION ( CAPITALISM IS ! COMMON TASK :I* 
! WORK]S ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ! ,U,S,A HAVE TO ACCOMPLI% H&-9-H& ) 
! VA/ POPULATIONS ( ,ASIA4 ,WE >E AT PRES5T ONLY AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS 
PROCESS4 ,:5 ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION TAKES A DECISIVE TURN & CONNECTS ) 
,RUSSIA1 :5 REVOLUTION>Y MASS /RUGGLES BREAK \T 9 ,5GL& & ,AM]ICA1 :5 
REVOLT FL>ES UP 9 ,9DIA1 :5 COMMUNISM PU%ES ITS FRONTI]S =W>D TO ! 
,RH9E & ! ,9DIAN ,OCEAN1 !N ! WORLD REVOLUTION WILL 5T] 9TO ITS NEXT 
MI<TY PHASE4 ,) ITS VASSALS 9 ! ,LEAGUE ( ,NATIONS & ITS ,AM]ICAN & 
,JAPANESE ALLIES1 ! WORLD-RUL+ ,5GLI% B\RGEOISIE1 ASSAULT$ FROM )9 & 
)\T1 ITS WORLD P[] ?REAT5$ BY COLONIAL REBELLIONS & W>S ( 
LIB]ATION1 P>ALYZ$ 9T]NALLY BY /RIKES & CIVIL W>1 WILL HAVE TO EX]T 
ALL ITS /R5G? & RAISE M]C5>Y >MIES AGA9/ BO? 5EMIES4 ,:5 ! 
,5GLI% WORK+ CLASS1 BACK$ UP BY ! RE/ ( ! ,EUROPEAN PROLET>IAT1 
ATTACKS ITS B\RGEOISIE1 IT WILL FI<T D\BLY = COMMUNISM1 CLE>+ ! WAY 
= COMMUNISM 9 ,5GL& & HELP+ TO FREE ,ASIA4 ,& CONV]SELY1 IT WILL BE 
ABLE TO C\NT ON ! SUPPORT ( ! MA9 COMMUNI/ =CES :5 >M$ HIREL+S 
( ! B\RGEOISIE SEEK TO DR[N ITS /RUGGLE 9 BLOOD - = ,WE/]N 
,EUROPE & ! ISL&S (F ITS COA/ >E ONLY A P59SULA PROJECT+ FROM ! 
GREAT ,RUSSO-,ASIAN COMPLEX ( L&S4 ,! COMMON /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL WILL 
UNITE ! PROLET>IAN MASSES ( ! :OLE WORLD4 ,& :5 F9ALLY1 AT ! 5D ( 
! >DU\S /RUGGLE1 ! ,EUROPEAN WORK]S1 DEEPLY EXHAU/$1 /& 9 ! CLE> 
MORN+ LI<T ( FRE$OM1 !Y WILL GREET ! LIB]AT$ PEOPLES ( ,ASIA 9 ! 
,EA/ & %AKE H&S 9 ,MOSC[1 ! CAPITAL ( ! NEW HUMANITY4 

,AFT]WORD 

,! ABOVE !SES W]E WRITT5 9 ,APRIL & S5T (F TO ,RUSSIA TO 
BE AVAILABLE = CONSID]ATION BY ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE & ! CONGRESS 9 
MAK+ !IR TACTICAL DECISIONS4 ,! SITUATION HAS MEAN:ILE ALT]$1 9 ?AT 
! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 9 ,MOSC[ & ! LEAD+ COMRADES 9 ,RUSSIA HAVE COME 
D[N COMPLETELY ON ! SIDE ( OPPORTUNISM1 ) ! RESULT ?AT ?IS T5D5CY 
PREVAIL$ AT ! ,SECOND ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,! POLICY 9 QUE/ION FIR/ MADE ITS APPE>ANCE 9 ,G]MANY1 :5 ,RADEK1 
US+ ALL ! IDEOLOGICAL & MAT]IAL 9FLU5CE ?AT HE & ! ,K,P,D LEAD]%IP 
C\LD MU/]1 ATTEMPT$ TO IMPOSE HIS TACTICS ( P>LIAM5T>IANISM & SUPPORT 
= ! C5TRAL CONF$]ATIONS UPON ! ,G]MAN COMMUNI/S1 !REBY SPLITT+ & 
WEAK5+ ! COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4 ,S9CE ,RADEK WAS MADE SECRET>Y ( ! 
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ?IS POLICY HAS BECOME ?AT ( ! 5TIRE EXECUTIVE 
COMMITTEE4 ,! PREVI\SLY UNSUCCESSFUL EF=TS TO SECURE ! AFFILIATION ( ! 
,G]MAN ,9DEP5D5TS TO ,MOSC[ HAVE BE5 R$\BL$1 :ILE ! 
ANTI-P>LIAM5T>IAN COMMUNI/S ( ! ,K,A,P,D1 :O1 IT CAN H>DLY BE D5I$1 BY 
RI<TS BELONG TO ! ,C,I1 HAVE RECEIV$ FRO/Y TREATM5T3 !Y HAD OPPOS$ ! 
,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL ON EV]Y ISSUE ( IMPORTANCE1 IT WAS MA9TA9$1 & C\LD 
ONLY BE ADMITT$ UPON SPECIAL CONDITIONS4 ,! ,AM/]DAM ,AUXILI>Y ,BUREAU1 :I* 
HAD ACCEPT$ !M & TREAT$ !M AS EQUALS1 WAS CLOS$ D[N4 ,L59 TOLD ! 
,5GLI% COMMUNI/S ?AT !Y %\LD NOT ONLY P>TICIPATE 9 P>LIAM5T>Y 
ELECTIONS1 BUT EV5 JO9 ! ,LABOR ,P>TY1 A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION CONSI/+ 
L>GELY ( REACTION>Y TRADE-UNION LEAD]S & A MEMB] ( ! ,SECOND 
,9T]NATIONAL4 ,ALL !SE /&S MANIFE/ ! DESIRE ( ! LEAD+ ,RUSSIAN 
COMRADES TO E/ABLI% CONTACT ) ! BIG WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS ( 
,WE/]N ,EUROPE ?AT HAVE YET TO TURN COMMUNI/4 ,:ILE RADICAL COMMUNI/S SEEK TO 
FUR!R ! REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK+ MASSES BY MEANS ( 
RIGOR\S1 PR9CIPL$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ALL B\RGEOIS1 SOCIAL-PATRIOTIC & 
VACILLAT+ T5D5CIES & !IR REPRES5TATIVES1 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! 
,9T]NATIONAL IS ATTEMPT+ TO GA9 ! ADH]5CE ( ! LATT] TO ,MOSC[ 9 
DROVES )\T !IR HAV+ FIR/ TO CA/ (F !IR OLD P]SPECTIVES4 

,! ANTAGONI/IC /ANCE :I* ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :OSE DE$S MADE !M EXPON5TS 
( RADICAL TACTICS 9 ! PA/1 HAVE TAK5 UP T[>DS ! RADICAL COMMUNI/S ( 
,WE/]N ,EUROPE COMES \T CLE>LY 9 ,L59'S REC5TLY-PUBLI%$ PAMPHLET 
',LEFT-,W+' ,COMMUNISM1 AN ,9FANTILE ,DISORD]4 ,ITS 
SIGNIFICANCE LIES NOT 9 ITS CONT5T1 BUT 9 ! P]SON ( ! AU?OR1 = ! 
>GUM5TS >E SC>CELY ORIG9AL & HAVE = ! MO/ P>T ALREADY BE5 US$ BY 
O!RS4 ,:AT IS NEW IS ?AT IT IS ,L59 :O IS N[ TAK+ !M UP4 ,! PO9T IS 
!RE=E NOT TO COMBAT !M - !IR FALLACY RESIDES MA9LY 9 ! 
EQUATION ( ! CONDITIONS1 P>TIES1 ORGANIZATIONS & P>LIAM5T>Y PRACTICE ( 
,WE/]N ,EUROPE ) !IR ,RUSSIAN C\NT]P>TS - & OPPOSE O!R 
>GUM5TS TO !M1 BUT TO GRASP ! FACT ( !IR APPE>ANCE 9 ?IS CONJUNCTURE 
AS ! PRODUCT ( SPECIFIC POLICIES4 

,! BASIS ( !SE POLICIES CAN READILY BE ID5TIFI$ 9 ! NE$S ( ! 
,SOVIET REPUBLIC4 ,! REACTION>Y 9SURG5TS ,KOL*AK & ,D5IK9 HAVE DE/ROY$ 
! F\NDATIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN IRON 9DU/RY1 & ! W> EF=T HAS =E/ALL$ 
A P[]FUL UPSURGE 9 PRODUCTION4 ,RUSSIA URG5TLY NE$S MA*9ES1 LOCOMOTIVES 
& TOOLS = ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION1 & ONLY ! UNDAMAG$ 9DU/RY ( ! 
CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES CAN PROVIDE !SE4 ,IT !RE=E NE$S PEACEFUL TRADE ) 
! RE/ ( ! WORLD1 & 9 P>TICUL> ) ! NATIONS ( ! ,5T5TE2 !Y 
9 !IR TURN NE$ RAW MAT]IALS & FOOD/UFFS FROM ,RUSSIA TO /AVE (F ! 
COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM4 ,! SLUGGI% PACE ( REVOLUTION>Y DEVELOPM5T 9 
,WE/]N ,EUROPE ?US COMPELS ! ,SOVIET REPUBLIC TO SEEK A MODUS VIV5DI ) ! 
CAPITALI/ WORLD1 TO SURR5D] A PORTION ( ITS NATURAL WEAL? AS ! PRICE ( 
DO+ SO1 & TO R5\NCE DIRECT SUPPORT = REVOLUTION 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,9 
ITSELF !RE CAN BE NO OBJECTION TO AN >RANGEM5T ( ?IS K9D1 :I* BO? 
P>TIES RECOGNIZE TO BE NECESS>Y2 BUT IT W\LD H>DLY BE SURPRIS+ IF ! 
S5SE ( CON/RA9T & ! 9ITIATION ( A POLICY ( COMPROMISE ) ! 
B\RGEOIS WORLD W]E TO FO/] A M5TAL DISPOSITION T[>DS MORE MOD]ATE 
P]SPECTIVES4 ,! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 AS ! ASSOCIATION ( COMMUNI/ P>TIES 
PREP>+ PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION 9 EV]Y C\NTRY1 IS NOT =MALLY B\ND BY ! 
POLICIES ( ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T1 & IT IS SUPPOS$ TO PURSUE ITS [N TASKS 
COMPLETELY 9DEP5D5T ( ! LATT]4 ,9 PRACTICE1 H[EV]1 ?IS SEP>ATION DOES 
NOT EXI/2 JU/ AS ! ,C,P IS ! BACKBONE ( ! ,SOVIET REPUBLIC1 ! EXECUTIVE 
COMMITTEE IS 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ) ! ,PRESIDIUM ( ! ,SOVIET REPUBLIC 
?R\< ! P]SONS ( ITS MEMB]S1 ?US =M+ AN 9/RUM5T :]EBY ?IS 
,PRESIDIUM 9T]V5ES 9 ! POLITICS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,WE CAN N[ SEE :Y ! 
TACTICS ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL1 LAID D[N BY ,CONGRESS TO APPLY HOMOG5E\SLY 
TO ALL CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES & TO BE DIRECT$ FROM ! C5T]1 >E DET]M9$ 
NOT ONLY BY ! NE$S ( COMMUNI/ AGITATION 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES1 BUT ALSO BY ! 
POLITICAL NE$S ( ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA4 

,N[1 IT IS TRUE ?AT ,5GL& & ,RUSSIA1 ! HO/ILE WORLD P[]S 
RESPECTIVELY REPRES5T+ CAPITAL & LABOR1 BO? NE$ PEACEFUL TRADE 9 ORD] 
TO BUILD UP !IR ECONOMIES4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS NOT ONLY IMM$IATE ECONOMIC NE$S 
:I* DET]M9E !IR POLICIES1 BUT ALSO ! DEEP] ECONOMIC ANTAGONISM BETWE5 
B\RGEOISIE & PROLET>IAT1 ! QUE/ION ( ! FUTURE1 EXPRESS$ 9 ! FACT 
?AT P[]FUL CAPITALI/ GR\PS1 RI<TLY HO/ILE TO ! ,SOVIET REPUBLIC1 >E 
ATTEMPT+ TO PREV5T ANY COMPROMISE AS A MATT] ( PR9CIPLE4 ,! ,SOVIET 
GOV]NM5T KN[S ?AT IT CANNOT RELY UPON ! 9SI<T ( ,LLOYD ,GEORGE & 
,5GL&'S NE$ = PEACE2 !Y HAD TO B[ TO ! 9SUP]ABLE MI<T ( ! 
,R$ ,>MY ON ! ONE H& & TO ! PRESSURE :I* ,5GLI% WORK]S & SOLDI]S 
W]E EX]T+ UPON !IR GOV]NM5T ON ! O!R4 ,! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T KN[S 
?AT ! M5ACE ( ! ,5T5TE PROLET>IAT IS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ITS 
WEAPONS 9 P>ALYZ+ ! IMP]IALI/ GOV]NM5TS & COMPELL+ !M TO 
NEGOTIATE4 ,IT MU/ !RE=E R5D] ?IS WEAPON AS P[]FUL AS POSSIBLE4 ,:AT 
?IS REQUIRES IS NOT A RADICAL COMMUNI/ P>TY PREP>+ A ROOT-&-BRAN* 
REVOLUTION = ! FUTURE1 BUT A GREAT ORGANIZ$ PROLET>IAN =CE :I* WILL 
TAKE ! P>T ( ,RUSSIA & OBLIGE ITS [N GOV]NM5T TO PAY IT HE$4 ,! ,SOVIET 
GOV]NM5T NE$S ! MASSES N[1 EV5 IF !Y >E NOT FULLY COMMUNI/4 ,IF IT CAN 
GA9 !M = ITSELF1 !IR ADHESION TO ,MOSC[ WILL BE A SIGN TO WORLD CAPITAL 
?AT W>S ( ANNIHILATION AGA9/ ,RUSSIA >E NO LONG] POSSIBLE1 & ?AT !RE 
IS !RE=E NO ALT]NATIVE TO PEACE & TRADE RELATIONS4 

,MOSC[ MU/ !RE=E PRESS = COMMUNI/ TACTICS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE :I* DO 
NOT CONFLICT %>PLY ) ! TRADITIONAL P]SPECTIVES & ME?ODS ( ! BIG 
LABOR ORGANIZATIONS1 ! 9FLU5CE ( :I* IS DECISIVE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 EF=TS HAD 
TO BE MADE TO REPLACE ! ,EB]T REGIME 9 ,G]MANY ) ONE ORI5T$ T[>DS ! 
,EA/1 S9CE IT HAD %[N ITSELF TO BE A TOOL ( ! ,5T5TE AGA9/ ,RUSSIA2 & 
AS ! ,C,P WAS ITSELF TOO WEAK1 ONLY ! ,9DEP5D5TS C\LD S]VE ?IS PURPOSE4 ,A 
REVOLUTION 9 ,G]MANY W\LD 5ORM\SLY /R5G!N ! POSITION ( ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA 
VIS-A-VIS ! ,5T5TE4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( SU* A REVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 MI<T 
ULTIMATELY BE HI<LY 9COMMODI\S AS F> AS ! POLICY ( PEACE & COMPROMISE 
) ! ,5T5TE WAS CONC]N$1 = A RADICAL PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION W\LD TE> 
UP ! ,V]SAILLES ,TREATY & R5EW ! W> - ! ,HAMBURG COMMUNI/S WANT$ 
TO MAKE ACTIVE PREP>ATIONS = ?IS W> 9 ADVANCE4 ,RUSSIA W\LD !N ITSELF BE 
DRAWN 9TO ?IS W>1 & EV5 ?\< IT W\LD BE /R5G!N$ EXT]NALLY 9 ! 
PROCESS1 ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION & ! ABOLITION ( POV]TY W\LD BE /ILL 
FUR!R DELAY$4 ,!SE CONSEQU5CES C\LD BE AVOID$ IF ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION 
C\LD BE KEPT )9 B\NDS SU* ?AT AL?\< ! /R5G? ( ! 
WORK]S' GOV]NM5TS ALLI$ AGA9/ ,5T5TE CAPITAL WAS GREATLY 9CREAS$1 
! LATT] WAS NOT PUT 9 ! POSITION ( HAV+ TO GO TO W>4 ,?IS W\LD DEM& 
NOT ! RADICAL TACTICS ( ! ,K,A,P,D1 BUT GOV]NM5T BY ! ,9DEP5D5TS1 ,K,P,D & 
TRADE UNIONS 9 ! =M ( A C\NCIL ORGANIZATION ON ! ,RUSSIAN MODEL4 

,?IS POLICY DOES HAVE P]SPECTIVES BEYOND M]ELY SECUR+ A MORE FAVORABLE 
POSITION = ! CURR5T NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,5T5TE3 ITS GOAL IS WORLD 
REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS NEV]!LESS APP>5T ?AT A P>TICUL> CONCEPTION ( WORLD 
REVOLUTION MU/ BE IMPLICIT 9 ! P>TICUL> *>ACT] ( !SE POLITICS4 ,! 
REVOLUTION :I* IS N[ ADVANC+ ACROSS ! WORLD & :I* WILL %ORTLY 
OV]TAKE ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE & !N ,WE/]N ,EUROPE IS DRIV5 ON BY ! ECONOMIC 
COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM2 IF CAPITAL IS UNABLE TO BR+ AB\T AN UPTURN 9 
PRODUCTION1 ! MASSES WILL BE OBLIG$ TO TURN TO REVOLUTION AS ! ONLY 
ALT]NATIVE TO GO+ UND] )\T A /RUGGLE4 ,BUT AL?\< COMPELL$ TO TURN TO 
REVOLUTION1 ! MASSES >E BY & L>GE /ILL 9 A /ATE ( M5TAL S]VITUDE TO 
! OLD P]SPECTIVES1 ! OLD ORGANIZATIONS & LEAD]S1 & IT IS ! LATT] 
:O WILL OBTA9 P[] 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE4 ,A DI/9CTION MU/ !RE=E BE 
MADE BETWE5 ! EXT]NAL REVOLUTION :I* DE/ROYS ! HEGEMONY ( ! 
B\RGEOISIE & R5D]S CAPITALISM IMPOSSIBLE1 & ! COMMUNI/ REVOLUTION1 A 
LONG] PROCESS :I* REVOLUTIONIZES ! MASSES 9T]NALLY & 9 :I* ! 
WORK+ CLASS1 EMANCIPAT+ ITSELF FROM ALL ITS BONDS1 TAKES ! CON/RUCTION ( 
COMMUNISM FIRMLY 9 H&4 ,IT IS ! TASK ( COMMUNISM TO ID5TIFY ! =CES & 
T5D5CIES :I* WILL HALT ! REVOLUTION HALF-WAY1 TO %[ ! MASSES ! WAY 
=W>D1 & BY ! BITT]E/ /RUGGLE = ! MO/ DI/ANT GOALS1 = TOTAL 
P[]1 AGA9/ !SE T5D5CIES1 TO AWAK5 9 ! PROLET>IAT ! CAPACITY TO 
IMPEL ! REVOLUTION ONW>D4 ,?IS IT CAN ONLY DO BY EV5 N[ TAK+ UP ! 
/RUGGLE AGA9/ ! 9HIBIT+ LEAD]%IP T5D5CIES & ! P[] ( ITS 
LEAD]S4 ,OPPORTUNISM SEEKS TO ALLY ITSELF ) ! LEAD]S & %>E 9 A NEW 
HEGEMONY2 BELIEV+ IT CAN SWAY !M ON TO ! PA? ( COMMUNISM1 IT WILL BE 
COMPROMIS$ BY !M4 ,BY DECL>+ ?IS TO BE ! (FICIAL TACTICS ( COMMUNISM1 
! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL IS SETT+ ! SEAL ( 'COMMUNI/ 
REVOLUTION' ON ! SEIZURE ( P[] BY ! OLD ORGANIZATIONS & !IR 
LEAD]S1 CONSOLIDAT+ ! HEGEMONY ( !SE LEAD]S & OB/RUCT+ ! FUR!R 
PROGRESS ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( SAFEGU>D+ ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA !RE CAN BE NO 
OBJECTION TO ?IS CONCEPTION ( ! GOAL ( WORLD REVOLUTION4 ,IF A POLITICAL 
SY/EM SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ,RUSSIA EXI/$ 9 ! O!R C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE 
- CONTROL BY A WORK]S' BUREAUCRACY BAS$ ON A C\NCIL SY/EM 
- ! P[] ( WORLD IMP]IALISM W\LD BE BROK5 & CONTA9$1 AT LEA/ 
9 ,EUROPE4 ,ECONOMIC BUILDUP T[>DS COMMUNISM C\LD !N GO AHEAD )\T FE> 
( REACTION>Y W>S ( 9T]V5TION 9 A ,RUSSIA SURR\ND$ BY FRI5DLY 
WORK]S' REPUBLICS4 ,IT IS !RE=E COMPREH5SIBLE ?AT :AT WE REG>D AS 
A TEMPOR>Y1 9ADEQUATE1 TRANSITIONAL =M TO BE COMBAT$ ) ALL \R MI<T IS 
= ,MOSC[ ! A*IEVEM5T ( PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION1 ! GOAL ( COMMUNI/ 
POLICY4 

,?IS LEADS US TO ! CRITICAL CONSID]ATIONS TO BE RAIS$ AGA9/ !SE 
POLICIES FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( COMMUNISM4 ,!Y RELATE FIR/LY TO ITS 
RECIPROCAL IDEOLOGICAL EFFECT UPON ,RUSSIA ITSELF4 ,IF ! /RATUM 9 P[] 9 
,RUSSIA FRAT]NIZES ) ! WORK]S' BUREAUCRACY ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & 
ADOPTS ! ATTITUDES ( ! LATT]1 CORRUPT$ AS IT IS BY ITS POSITION1 ITS 
ANTAGONISM T[>DS ! MASSES & ITS ADAPTATION TO ! B\RGEOIS WORLD1 !N 
! MOM5TUM :I* MU/ C>RY ,RUSSIA FUR!R ON ! PA? ( COMMUNISM IS LIABLE 
TO BE DISSIPAT$2 IF IT BASES ITSELF UPON ! L&-[N+ PEASANTRY OV] & 
AGA9/ ! WORK]S1 A DIV]SION ( DEVELOPM5T T[>DS B\RGEOIS AGR>IAN =MS 
C\LD NOT BE RUL$ \T1 & ?IS W\LD LEAD TO /AGNATION 9 ! WORLD 
REVOLUTION4 ,!RE IS ! FUR!R CONSID]ATION ?AT ! POLITICAL SY/EM :I* 
>OSE 9 ,RUSSIA AS AN EXP$I5T TRANSITIONAL =M T[>DS ! REALIZATION ( 
COMMUNISM - & :I* C\LD ONLY OSSIFY 9TO A BUREAUCRACY UND] 
P>TICUL> CONDITIONS - W\LD FROM ! \TSET REPRES5T A REACTION>Y 
IMP$IM5T TO REVOLUTION 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T ?AT A 
'WORK]S' GOV]NM5T' ( ?IS K9D W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO 
UNLEA% ! =CES ( COMMUNI/ RECON/RUCTION2 & S9CE AFT] ?IS REVOLUTION 
! B\RGEOIS & PETTY-B\RGEOIS MASSES1 TOGE!R ) ! PEASANTRY1 W\LD1 
UNLIKE ! CASE ( ,RUSSIA AFT] ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION1 /ILL REPRES5T A 
TREM5D\S =CE1 ! FAILURE ( RECON/RUCTION W\LD ONLY TOO EASILY BR+ 
REACTION BACK 9TO ! SADDLE1 & ! PROLET>IAN MASSES W\LD HAVE TO R5EW 
!IR EX]TIONS TO ABOLI% ! SY/EM4 

,IT IS EV5 A MATT] ( D\BT :E!R ?IS POLICY ( ATT5UAT$ WORLD 
REVOLUTION CAN A*IEVE ITS AIM1 RA!R ?AN RE9=CE ! B\RGEOISIE LIKE ANY 
O!R POLITICS ( OPPORTUNISM4 ,IT IS NOT ! WAY =W>D = ! MO/ RADICAL 
OPPOSITION TO =M A PRIOR ALLIANCE ) ! MOD]ATES ) A VIEW TO %>+ 
P[]1 9/EAD ( DRIV+ ! REVOLUTION ON BY UNCOMPROMIS+ /RUGGLE2 IT SO 
WEAK5S ! OV]ALL FI<T+ /R5G? ( ! MASSES ?AT ! OV]?R[ ( ! 
PREVAIL+ SY/EM IS DELAY$ & MADE H>D]4 

,! REAL =CES ( REVOLUTION LIE ELSE:]E ?AN 9 ! TACTICS ( P>TIES 
& ! POLICIES ( GOV]NM5TS4 ,= ALL ! NEGOTIATIONS1 !RE CAN BE NO REAL 
PEACE BETWE5 ! WORLD ( IMP]IALISM & ?AT ( COMMUNISM3 :ILE ,KRASS9 WAS 
NEGOTIAT+ 9 ,LONDON1 ! ,R$ ,>MIES W]E SMA%+ ! MI<T ( ,POL& & 
REA*+ ! FRONTI]S ( ,G]MANY & ,HUNG>Y4 ,?IS HAS BR\<T ! W> TO 
,C5TRAL ,EUROPE2 & ! CLASS CONTRADICTIONS :I* HAVE REA*$ AN 9TOL]ABLE 
LEVEL H]E1 ! TOTAL 9T]NAL ECONOMIC COLLAPSE :I* R5D]S REVOLUTION 
9EVITABLE1 ! MIS]Y ( ! MASSES1 ! FURY ( >M$ REACTION1 WILL ALL MAKE 
CIVIL W> FL>E UP 9 !SE C\NTRIES4 ,BUT :5 ! MASSES >E SET 9 MOTION 
H]E1 !IR REVOLUTION WILL NOT ALL[ ITSELF TO BE *ANNEL$ )9 ! LIMITS 
PRESCRIB$ = IT BY ! OPPORTUNI/IC POLITICS ( CLEV] LEAD]S2 IT MU/ BE 
MORE RADICAL & MORE PR(\ND ?AN 9 ,RUSSIA1 BECAUSE ! RESI/ANCE TO BE 
OV]COME IS MU* GREAT]4 ,! DECISIONS ( ! ,MOSC[ CONGRESS >E ( LESS 
MOM5T ?AN ! WILD1 *AOTIC1 ELEM5TAL =CES :I* WILL SURGE UP FROM ! 
HE>TS ( ?REE RAVAG$ PEOPLES & L5D NEW IMPETUS TO ! WORLD 
REVOLUTION4 

,NOTES 

.<#a.>4 ,! TRIBUNI/ ,S4 ,J4 ,RUTG]S ATT5D$ ! ,FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ! ,COM9T]N & RETURN$ TO ,AM/]DAM 9 LATE #aiai TO E/ABLI% ! ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN ,AUXILI>Y ,BUREAU ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL !RE4 ,HE MAY WELL HAVE BE5 ! AU?OR ( ! LEFT ORI5TAT$ >TICLE ON P>LIAM5T>Y & TRADE-UNION TACTICS 9 ! SOLE ISSUE ( ! ,BUREAU'S ,BULLET91 :I* RESULT$ 9 ITS FUNDS BE+ ABRUPTLY FROZ5 BY ,MOSC[4 .<,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE4.> 

.<#b.>4 ,PANNEKOEK IS H]E CONFUS+ ! TITLES ( TWO TEXTS WRITT5 BY ,RADEK :ILE 9 PRISON3 ,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION & ! ,TASKS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 WRITT5 BE=E ! ,HEIDELB]G CONGRESS1 & ,! ,DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION & ! ,TACTICS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TIES 9 ! ,/RUGGLE = ! ,DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,PROLET>IAT1 WRITT5 AFT] IT4 ,! LATT] IS MEANT4 .<,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE4.> 

.<#c.>4 ,! FOLL[+ P>AGRAPH IS QUOT$ UP TO 'VILLAGE COMMUNISM' BY ,GORT] 9 HIS ,OP5 ,LETT] TO ,COMRADE ,L594 .<,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE4.> 

.<#d.>4 ,! CONF]5CE 9 QUE/ION WAS CONV5$ TO SET UP ! ,AUXILI>Y ,BUREAU4 .<,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE4.> 

.<#e.>4 ,! FIR/ TRADE-UNION ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! LATE #a#h#fS 9 ! ,RUHR W]E ! WORK ( ,CA?OLIC PRIE/S4 ,9 ! LATE SEV5TIES1 H[EV]1 ,BISM>CK DROPP$ HIS CAMPAIGN AGA9/ ,CA?OLICISM & ITS POLITICAL REPRES5TATIVE1 ! ,Z5TRUM 7! =]UNN] ( ! ,C,D,U71 = ! SAKE ( A UNIT$ FRONT AGA9/ ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY4 .<,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE4.> 

.<#f.>4 ,?IS EXPRESSION HAD BE5 US$ TO JU/IFY ! COLLABORATION ) ! SOCIALI/S 9 ! ,COMMUNE ( ,HUNG>Y :I* ! =M] ,HUNG>IAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY LEAD]S CONTROLL+ ,KOMMUNISMUS BLAM$ = ITS COLLAPSE 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#i4 ,9 ',LEFT ,W+' ,COMMUNISM ,L59 URGES ! ,BRITI% ,COMMUNI/S TO CAMPAIGN = ! ,LABOR ,P>TY :]E !Y HAVE NO C&IDATE ( !IR [N2 !Y WILL ?US 'SUPPORT ,H5D]SON AS ! ROPE SUPPORTS A HANG$ MAN'1 & ! IMP5D+ E/ABLI%M5T ( A GOV]NM5T ( ,H5D]SONS WILL HA/5 ! LATT]'S POLITICAL DEMISE4 7,PEK+ $ITION1 PP4#i-#i#a47 .<,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE4.> 

.<#g.>4 ,! REMA9D] ( ?IS P>AGRAPH & ! TWO FOLL[+ >E QUOT$ BY ,GORT] 9 ! ,OP5 ,LETT]4 .<,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE4.> 

.<#h.>4 ,IT WAS REC5TLY >GU$ 9 ,G]MANY ?AT COMMUNI/S MU/ GO 9TO P>LIAM5T TO CONV9CE ! WORK]S ?AT P>LIAM5T>Y /RUGGLE IS USELESS - BUT Y\ DON'T TAKE A WRONG TURN+ TO %[ O!R PEOPLE ?AT IT IS WRONG1 Y\ GO ! RI<T WAY FROM ! \TSET6 

.<#i.>4 ,K>L ,R5N] WAS ! LEAD] ( ! REVISIONI/ W+ ( ! ,AU/RIAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY2 ,OTTO ,BAU] WAS ,AU/RIAN ,=EIGN ,SECRET>Y FROM ,NOVEMB] #aiah TO ,JULY #a#i#a#i4 .<,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE4.> 

.<#a.>4 ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! P5ETRAT+ CRITICISMS ( ,COMRADE ,KOLOSZV>Y 9 ! ,VI5NESE WEEKLY ,KOMMUNISMUS4 

.<#a#a.>4 ,! ABS5CE ( OBVI\S & 9TIMIDAT+ ME?ODS ( CO]CION 9 ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ,5GL& ALSO 9SPIRES ! PACIFI/ ILLUSION ?AT VIOL5T REVOLUTION IS NOT NECESS>Y !RE & ?AT PEACEFUL CON/RUCTION FROM BEL[1 AS 9 ! ,GUILD MOVEM5T & ! ,%OP ,COMMITTEES1 WILL TAKE C>E ( EV]Y?+4 ,IT IS C]TA9LY TRUE ?AT ! MO/ POT5T WEAPON ( ! ,5GLI% B\RGEOISIE HAS UNTIL N[ BE5 SUBTLE DECEPTION RA!R ?AN >M$ =CE2 BUT IF PUT TO IT1 ?IS WORLD-DOM9AT+ CLASS WILL NOT FAIL TO SUMMON UP T]RIBLE MEANS TO 5=CE ITS RULE4 

.<#a#b.>4 ,EB]T1 ,HAASE & ,DITTMANN W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,COMMISSION]S GIV5 SUPREME AU?ORITY BY ! ,NOVEMB] REVOLUTION4 .<,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE4.> 

.<#a#c.>4 ,K>L ,LEGI5 WAS ,PRESID5T ( ! ,G5]AL ,COMMISSION ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS FROM #ahi & ( ITS SUCCESSOR1 ! ,A,D,G,B 7,ALLGEME9] ,DEUTS*] ,GEW]KS*AFTSBUND71 FROM ITS =MATION 9 #a#i#a#i2 ,GU/AV ,BAU]1 ANO!R TRADE-UNION LEAD]1 BECAME ,M9I/] ( ,LABOR 9 #aiai & SUBSEQU5TLY ,*ANCELLOR4 .<,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE4.> 

.<#a#d.>4 ,RESPECTIVELY SOCIALI/ & TRADE UNION LEAD]S4 .<,TRANSLATOR'S NOTE4.> 

.<#a#e.>4 ,?IS CONCEPTION ( ! GRADUAL TRANS=MATION ( ! MODE ( PRODUCTION /&S 9 %>P CONTRA/ TO ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC CONCEPTION1 :I* SEEKS TO ABOLI% CAPITALISM & EXPLOITATION GRADUALLY BY A SL[ PROCESS ( RE=M4 ,! DIRECT ABOLITION ( ALL PR(IT ON CAPITAL & ( ALL EXPLOITATION BY ! VICTORI\S PROLET>IAT IS ! PRECONDITION ( ! MODE ( PRODUCTION BE+ ABLE TO MOVE T[>DS COMMUNISM4 

.<#a#f.>4 ,A PROM95T EXAMPLE ( ?IS K9D ( CONV]G5T DEVELOPM5T IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE AT ! 5D ( ANCI5T TIMES & ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES2 CF4 ,5GELS1 ,ORIG9S ( ! ,FAMILY1 ,*4 #h4 

.<#a#g.>4 ,?IS IS ! BASIS ( ! /& TAK5 BY ,L59 9 #aiaf AT ! TIME ( ,ZIMM]WALD AGA9/ ,RADEK1 :O WAS REPRES5T+ ! VIEW ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN COMMUNI/S4 ,! LATT] 9SI/$ ?AT ! SLOGAN ( ! RI<T ( ALL PEOPLES TO SELF-DET]M9ATION1 :I* ! SOCIAL PATRIOTS HAD TAK5 UP ALONG ) ,WILSON1 WAS M]ELY A DECEPTION1 S9CE ?IS RI<T CAN ONLY EV] BE AN APPE>ANCE & ILLUSION UND] IMP]IALISM1 & ?AT WE %\LD !RE=E OPPOSE ?IS SLOGAN4 ,L59 SAW 9 ?IS /&PO9T ! T5D5CY ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN SOCIALI/S TO REJECT ! ,ASIATIC PEOPLES' W>S ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 ?US AVOID+ RADICAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! COLONIAL POLICIES ( !IR GOV]NM5TS4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #a1 #bba 3 ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION & ,COMMUNI/ ,TACTICS -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,WORLD ,REVOLUTION & ,COMMUNI/ ,TACTICS -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/