#a#i#a#i3 ,:5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS ,TURN$ ON ! ,WORK]S 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,CRIME?,9C4 

,TEXT 3 

,ONE HUNDR$ YE>S AGO 9 ,RUSSIA1 ?\S&S ( WORK]S W]E ON /RIKE 9 ! CITY ( ,A/RAKHAN & AT ! ,PUTILOV FACTORY 9 ,PETROGRAD1 ! CAPITAL ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,/RIKES AT ! ,PUTILOV FACTORY HAD BE5 ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL SP>KS ?AT SET (F ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#g1 5D+ ! CZ>I/ REGIME4 ,N[1 ! BOSSES W]E P>TY BUREAUCRATS1 & ! WORK]S W]E /RIK+ AGA9/ A SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T4 ,H[ W\LD ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT RESPOND8 

,BOL%EVIK ,REALISM 

,9 ,M>* #a#i#a#i1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD UNCONTE/$ P[] OV] ! ,RUSSIAN /ATE1 BUT ! REVOLUTION WAS SLIPP+ FROM !IR GRASP4 ,AS SELF-/YL$ PRAGMATI/S & REALI/S1 !Y BELIEV$ ?AT REVOLUTION HAD TO BE DICTAT$ FROM ABOVE BY EXP]TS4 ,:O CAN BETT] UND]/& ! NE$S ( ! PEASANTS & ! PROP] MEANS = COMMUNALIZ+ ! L& & %>+ ! H>VE/ ?AN A REVOLUTION>Y BUREAUCRAT 9 AN (FICE 9 ! CITY8 ,& :O KN[S MORE AB\T ! PLI<T ( ! FACTORY WORK]S ?AN A P>TY (FICIAL :O WORK$ 9 A FACTORY ONCE & N[ SP5DS ALL HIS TIME GO+ TO COMMITTEE MEET+S & 9T]PRET+ ! DICTATES ( ! ,FA!RS ( ! ,PROLET>IAT1 M5 LIKE ,L591 ,TROTSKY1 ,KAM5EV1 ,SOKOLNIKOV1 & ,Z9OVIEV :O NEV] WORK$ 9 A FACTORY OR TOIL$ 9 ! FIELDS 9 !IR LIVES8.<#a.> ,& :O BETT] TO PROTECT ! 9T]E/S ( ! SOLDI]S ?AN ! POLITICAL COMMISS> :O /&S AT ! BACK ( ! L9E DUR+ AN (F5SIVE1 PI/OL 9 H&1 READY TO %OOT ANYONE :O DOES NOT *>GE 9TO 5EMY FIRE8.<#b.> 

,BOL%EVIK REALISM MADE IT CLE> ?AT ! ONLY WAY TO EXECUTE A REAL REVOLUTION WAS TO TAKE OV] ! /ATE1 MAKE IT EV5 /RONG]1 & USE IT TO /AMP \T ALL !IR 5EMIES--:O W]E1 BY DEF9ITION1 C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES4 ,BUT ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES MU/ HAVE HAD SECRET S*OOLS 9 EV]Y T[N & VILLAGE1 BECAUSE BY #aiai MORE & MORE PEOPLE W]E JO9+ !IR RANKS1 ESPECIALLY PEASANTS1 WORK]S1 & SOLDI]S4 

,! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 W\LD HAVE TO KILL A :OLE LOT ( PROLET>IANS4 ,NOT EV]YONE C\LD MAKE IT TO ! ,PROMIS$ ,L&4 

,5EMIES1 ,5EMIES ,EV]Y:]E 

,! DA/>DLY AN>*I/S HAD CORRUPT$ ! AGE-OLD REVOLUTION>Y SLOGAN1 ! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S IS ! TASK ( ! POLITICAL COMMISS>S--GET BACK TO WORK1 IT'S UND] CONTROL4 ,!Y HAD REPLAC$ IT ) A DANG]\S REVISIONI/ LIE--0! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S IS ! TASK ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES0--& MORE & MORE PEOPLE HAD COME TO BELIEVE ?IS LIE4 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#h1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS UNLEA%$ A T]ROR AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S1 :O W]E BECOM+ ESPECIALLY /RONG 9 ,MOSC[4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB]1 !Y 9/ITUT$ A G5]AL ,R$ ,T]ROR AGA9/ ALL !IR =M] ALLIES1 KILL+ OV] #a1 9 ! FIR/ TWO MON?S & IMPLEM5T+ ! GULAG SY/EM4 

,!Y ALSO HAD TO TURN !IR GUNS AGA9/ ! PEASANTS1 :O W]E 9 OP5 REBELLION AGA9/ ! POLICY ( 0W> COMMUNISM0 BY :I* ! ,R$ ,>MY & P>TY BUREAUCRATS C\LD /EAL :ATEV] FOOD1 LIVE/OCK1 & SUPPLIES FROM ! PEASANTS !Y SAW FIT4.<#c.> ,EVID5TLY1 ! UN$UCAT$ PEASANTS DIDN'T HAVE ! VOCABUL>Y TO UND]/& ?AT ?IS !FT WAS A 0REQUISITION+10 ?AT !IR />VATION WAS A =M ( 0COMMUNISM10 & ?AT IT WAS BE+ SUP]VIS$ BY 9CORRUPTIBLE M5 :O HAD !IR BE/ 9T]E/S AT HE>T4 ,9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#a#h1 ,L59 DIRECT$ ! ,*EKA & ! ,R$ ,>MY TO C>RY \T MASS EXECUTIONS 9 ,P5ZA & ,NIZHNIY ,NOVGOROD TO PUT AN 5D TO ! PROTE/S4 ,BUT DISS5T ONLY SPREAD1 & ! PEASANTS GAVE UP ON PROTE/+ 9 ORD] TO >M !MSELVES & FI<T BACK4 ,MANY =M$ 0,GRE5 ,>MIES10 LOCALIZ$ PEASANT DETA*M5TS ?AT (T5 F\<T AGA9/ BO? ! ,:ITE & ! ,R$ ,>MIES4 

,!RE WAS ALSO A %ORTAGE ( REALISM 9 ! ,R$ ,>MY4 ,>GUABLY1 ! MO/ EFFECTIVE FI<T+ UNITS 9 ! W> AGA9/ ! TS>I/S & ! CAPITALI/S ( ! ,:ITE ,>MY W]E ! LOCALIZ$1 VOLUNTE] DETA*M5TS ?AT ELECT$ & RECALL$ !IR [N (FIC]S2 GRANT$ NO SPECIAL PRIVILEGES TO (FIC]S2 DEF9$ !IR GOALS1 G5]AL /RATEGIES1 & ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES 9 ASSEMBLIES2 RELI$ ON ! GOODWILL ( LOCAL SOVIETS TO SUPPLY !M2 & W]E 9TIMATELY FAMILI> ) ! T]RA9 !Y OP]AT$ ON4 ,SU* DETA*M5TS 9CLUD$ ,M>USYA'S ,FREE ,COMBAT ,DRUZH9A1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5T ,>MY1 ! ,DV9SK ,REGIM5T1 & ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION ( ! ,ALTAI4 ,FEW O!R DETA*M5TS W]E ABLE TO 9FLICT CRITICAL DEFEATS ON CZ>I/ =CES EV5 :5 !Y W]E OV]:ELM+LY \TNUMB]$ & \TGUNN$4.<#d.> ,! FACT ?AT ! COMBATANTS F\<T = A CAUSE !Y BELIEV$ 91 W]E L$ BY /RATEGI/S ELECT$ ON ACC\NT ( !IR ABILITIES1 & W]E :OLEHE>T$LY SUPPORT$ BY ! LOCAL PEASANTS & WORK]S 5ABL$ !M TO USE ! T]RA9 TO !IR ADVANTAGE1 FI<T MORE BRAVELY ?AN !IR OPPON5TS1 9NOVATE CREATIVE & 9TELLIG5T /RATEGIES 9 RESPONSE TO DEVELOP+ CIRCUM/ANCES1 & TRANSITION BETWE5 GU]RILLA & CONV5TIONAL W>F>E 9 A WAY ?AT CONF\ND$ ! 5EMY4 ,SU* GR\PS W]E 9/RUM5TAL 9 DEFEAT+ ,G5]AL ,D5IK91 ,ADMIRAL ,KOL*AK1 & ,B>ON ,WRANGEL1 5D+ ! ?REE MAJOR ,:ITE (F5SIVES--NOT TO M5TION CAPTUR+ ,MOSC[ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION4 

,BUT ALL ( !SE GR\PS SUFF]$ A FATAL DEFECT4 ,!SE FI<T]S (T5 PRIORITIZ$ LI/5+ TO LOCAL PEASANTS & WORK]S & !IR [N COMMON SOLDI]S OV] ! WISE DICTATES ( ! ,FA!RS ( ! ,PROLET>IAT EMANAT+ FROM ! CAPITAL4 ,EV5 WORSE1 SOMETIMES !Y DID HE> ?OSE DICTATES1 YET /ILL DISOBEY$ !M4 ,& :5 ! ,P>TY LEAD]S1 9 !IR 9F9ITE WISDOM1 DECID$ ?AT IT WAS NECESS>Y TO MASSACRE PEASANTS OR WORK]S = ! SAKE ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! DETA*M5TS L$ BY ?OSE V]Y PEASANTS & WORK]S SIMPLY W]5'T UP TO ! TASK4 

,9 ORD] TO 9CREASE ! EFFICI5CY ( ! ,R$ ,>MY1 ! WISE MA/]S ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,P>TY DECID$ TO TAKE LESSONS FROM ! GREAT MILIT>I/S ( HI/ORY1 />T+ ) ! ,CZ>I/ >MY4 ,BY ,JUNE #a#i#a#h1 !Y HAD ABOLI%$ ALL ! ANTI-REALI/ POLICIES ?AT REVOLUTION>IES HAD WRON<EAD$LY 9TRODUC$ 9TO ! ,R$ ,>MY3 !Y DISCONT9U$ ! ELECTION ( (FIC]S BY ! SOLDI]S :O W\LD S]VE UND] !M1 RE9/ITUT$ >I/OCRATIC PRIVILEGES & PAY GRADES = (FIC]S1 RECRUIT$ =M] ,CZ>I/ (FIC]S ACCU/OM$ TO ?OSE PRIVILEGES1 & BR\<T 9 POLITICAL COMMISS>S TO SPY ON ! SOLDI]S & ROOT \T ANY 9CORRECT ?9K+4 ,AFT] ALL1 REBELLI\S IDEALI/ SOLDI]S HAD TOPPL$ ONE REGIME 9 #a#i#a#g--& )\T A SUFFICI5T DOSE ( REALISM1 !Y MI<T WELL TOPPLE ANO!R4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD ALSO LE>N$ FROM IMP]IALI/ >MIES ?R\<\T HI/ORY ?AT S5T SOLDI]S FROM ONE 5D ( ! EMPIRE TO FI<T REBELS AT ! O!R 5D ( ! EMPIRE4 ,?IS WAS A S5TIM5TAL K9DNESS ON ! P>T ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,PSY*OLOGICALLY1 IT WAS MU* EASI] = ,KOREAN-SPEAK+ SOLDI]S TO AVOID FRAT]NIZ+ ) ,UKRA9IAN PEASANTS & WORK]S NE> ,KH>KIV--& ON OCCASION TO MASSACRE !M--& = ,UKRA9IAN-SPEAK+ SOLDI]S TO AVOID FRAT]NIZ+ ) ,KOREAN PEASANTS & WORK]S NE> ,VLADIVO/OK 7& OCCASIONALLY TO MASSACRE !M1 TOO74 ,?IS /RATEGIC PRACTICE ALSO HELP$ KEEP SOLDI]S FROM GETT+ LO/4 ,A ,R$ ,>MY SOLDI] FROM ,UKRA9E1 FI<T+ C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES 9 ,IRKUTSK1 W\LD BE H>D-PRESS$ TO OBTA9 SUPPORT FROM LOCALS OR F9D HIS WAY HOME )\T LEAVE4 ,?AT 5SUR$ ?AT HE W\LD KN[ TO /AY ) HIS REGIM5T RA!R ?AN DES]T+ 9 A FIT ( ANTI-REALISM4 ,& IF HE DID GET LO/1 A BLOND1 R\ND-EY$ ,UKRA9IAN W\LD BE EASY TO F9D AMONG ! LOCALS1 :O C\LD RETURN HIM TO ! PROP] AU?ORITIES4 ,GOOD ORGANIZATION3 ?IS IS H[ A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION IS WAG$6 

,YET ! SOLDI]S ( ! ,R$ ,>MY W]5'T $UCAT$ 5\< TO UND]/&4 ,A MILLION DES]TIONS TOOK PLACE 9 A S+LE YE>4 ,MANY ,R$ ,>MY DETA*M5TS TOOK !IR WEAPONS & JO9$ ! PEASANTS :O W]E =M+ 9DEP5D5T ,GRE5 ,>MIES4 ,LAT]1 HUGE GR\PS W\LD JO9 ,MAKHNO1 :O WAS NAIVELY DEFEAT+ ! ,:ITES )\T 9/ALL+ A DICTATOR%IP ( HIS [N4 ,SO ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TO BE CLEV]] ?AN !IR CZ>I/ & IMP]IALI/ M5TORS4 ,!Y %OT T5S ( ?\S&S ( DES]T]S1 BUT ?IS AGE-OLD TACTIC WASN'T 5\<4 ,9 A BUR/ ( 9SPIR$ REALISM1 !Y IMPROVIS$ A NEW TACTIC3 TAK+ ! FAMILY MEMB]S ( SOLDI]S HO/AGE1 & EXECUT+ ! FAMILY MEMB]S IF DES]T]S DID NOT TURN !MSELVES 9 TO BE %OT4.<#e.> 

,:ILE SO MANY ( ! ,R$ ,>MY'S BULLETS W]E 5D+ UP 9 ! BODIES ( ,R$ ,>MY SOLDI]S OR 9 ! UN$UCAT$ BRA9S ( ANTI-REALI/ PEASANTS1 TOO FEW W]E BE+ FIR$ AT ! ,:ITE ,>MY--& ! ,:ITE ,>MY WAS GR[+1 ?REAT5+ ! REVOLUTION ON EV]Y SIDE4 ,! ,R$ ,>MY WAS SL[LY PU%+ BACK ! ,NOR!RN ,RUSSIAN ,EXP$ITION ( ,BRITI% & ,U,S TROOPS ON ! ,NOR!RN ,DV9A FRONT1 BUT 9T5SE FI<T+ OV] ! W9T] HAD FAIL$ TO DISLODGE ,G5]AL ,D5IK9 FROM ! ,DONBASS >EA ( EA/]N ,UKRA9E4 ,MEAN:ILE1 A ,FR5* EXP$ITION>Y =CE HAD L&$ 9 ,ODESSA1 ! ,:ITE ,>MY HAD CEM5T$ ITS HOLD ON ! ,CAUCASUS1 & AT ! BEG9N+ ( ,M>*1 ,ADMIRAL ,KOL*AK HAD BEGUN A G5]AL (F5SIVE ON ! EA/]N FRONT1 QUICKLY CAPTUR+ ,UFA & CONT9U+ TO GA9 GR\ND4 

,! AN>*I/ ,BLACK ,>MY HELD ! L9E 9 S\!RN ,UKRA9E1 BUT !IR CLEV] ,BOL%EVIK ALLIES W]E />V+ !M ( WEAPONS & AMMUNITION1 HOP+ ! ,:ITE ,>MY W\LD F9I% !M (F4 ,?IS WAS AN EFFECTIVE ECONOMIZATION ( RES\RCES ON ! P>T ( ! ,FA!RS ( ! ,PROLET>IAT4 ,!Y W\LD NOT HAVE TO SP5D TIME DEBAT+ AN>*I/S OR MAK+ PROPAG&A AGA9/ !M IF ! AN>*I/S W]E ALL DEAD1 & IT WAS MU* EASI] TO PRES5T !MSELVES AS ! ALT]NATIVE TO ! CONFUS$ TS>I/S & LIB]ALS ( ! ,:ITE ,>MY ?AN IT WAS TO DEBATE ! AN>*I/S1 ) !IR 9SIDI\S LIES AB\T PEOPLE BE+ CAPABLE ( LIB]AT+ !MSELVES4 

,! /RATAGEM ( D5Y+ RES\RCES TO ! ,BLACK ,>MY WAS TO BACKFIRE 9 SUMM] #a#i#a#i4 ,AFT] ,D5IK9 BROKE ?R\< ! L9ES1 HE ADVANC$ SO F> AGA9/ A HELPLESS ,TROTSKY ?AT HE ?REAT5$ ,MOSC[1 & ONLY A RES\ND+ SUCCESS BY AN>*I/S AT ! ,BATTLE ( ,P]EG5OVKA 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aiai CUT (F ,:ITE SUPPLY L9ES1 ULTIMATELY =C+ ,D5IK9 TO RETREAT4 ,BUT AFT] ALL1 ?AT WAS :Y ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD ALLIES3 IT WAS EASI] NOT TO PUT ALL ! PEOPLE !Y WANT$ TO KILL ON !IR 05EMIES0 LI/ ALL AT ONCE1 9 HOPES ?AT !Y W\LD FIR/ KILL EA* O!R 9 WAYS ?AT W\LD BE ADVANTAGE\S TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 

,WORK] ,RESI/ANCE TO ! ,SOVIET ,/ATE 

,LET'S REW9D TO E>LY #a#i#a#i1 :51 FAC+ SO MU* RESI/ANCE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS NE$$ MORE ALLIES4 ,!Y HAD LEGALIZ$ ! ,M5%EVIKS AFT] A FEW MON?S ( ! ,T]ROR1 & GOTT5 ! V>I\S AN>*I/ DETA*M5TS TO FOCUS !IR 5]GIES ON FI<T+ ! ,:ITES1 BUT !Y /ILL NE$$ MORE SUPPORT4 ,AFT] HALF A YE> ( KILL+ & IMPRISON+ MEMB]S ( ! ,SOCIALI/-,REVOLUTION>Y ,P>TY 7,S,RS71 ! ,BOL%EVIKS LEGALIZ$ ! ,S,RS2 TO BE FAIR1 ! PREVI\S YE>1 ! ,S,RS HAD TRI$ KILL+ & IMPRISON+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TRI$ TO MONOPOLIZE ALL ! 9/RUM5TS ?AT W\LD ALL[ !M TO KILL & IMPRISON PEOPLE4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD WON ?OSE MONOPOLIES N[1 BUT A REVOLUTION CAN'T DEF5D ITSELF IF TOO MANY ( ! P>TICIPANTS >E DEAD OR 9 PRISON4 ,!Y /ILL NE$$ HELP GETT+ ! COMMON PEOPLE 9 L9E WORK+ = & FI<T+ = ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! ,S,RS HAD BE5 GOOD PROPAG&I/S & CONSID]ABLY MORE POPUL> ?AN ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,BESIDES1 IT WAS EASI] TO KEEP ! ,S,RS UND] !IR ?UMB :5 !Y W]E \T 9 ! OP51 ) PUBLIC (FICES 9 ,MOSC[1 ?AN :5 !Y W]E OP]AT+ UND]GR\ND4 

,! ,S,RS DECID$ TO TRU/ ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 HOP+ ?AT !Y C\LD REGA9 CONTROL ( ! SOVIETS OR W9 OV] O!R REVOLUTION>Y =CES4 ,BUT ONCE !Y CAME \T ( HID+1 ! ,*EKA BEGAN P]IODICALLY >RE/+ ! ,S,R LEAD]%IP1 ACCUS+ !M ( CONSPIRACY1 & HU/L+ !M (F TO ! GULAGS4 ,! ORGANIZATION NEV] REGA9$ ! /R5G? TO OPPOSE ! ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! LEGALIZATION ( ! ,S,RS & ,M5%EVIKS HAD R$UC$ ! NUMB] ( 5EMIES ! ,COMMUNI/S HAD TO FI<T1 & SET MORE =CES TO WORK PUTT+ \T PROPAG&A 9 FAVOR ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS /ILL HAD PL5TY ( PROBLEMS4 ,IF IT WASN'T BAD 5\< ?AT SO MANY PEASANTS & SOLDI]S W]E REBELL+1 ! FACTORY WORK]S ALSO BEGAN TO REBEL4 ,9 ! CITY ( ,A/RAKHAN1 ! WORK]S W5T ON /RIKE4 ,EV5 WORSE1 MANY ,R$ ,>MY SOLDI]S JO9$ !M1 & SIMIL> /RIKES BEGAN TO SPREAD 9 ! CITIES ( ,OREL1 ,TV]1 ,TULA1 & ,IVANOVO4 ,!N /RIKES BROKE \T AT ! GIANT ,PUTILOV FACTORY 9 ,PETROGRAD1 ! CAPITAL ( ! REVOLUTION4 

,! ,PUTILOV FACTORY HAD BUILT ROLL+ /OCK & O!R PRODUCTS = ! RAILWAYS1 BE=E BRAN*+ \T 9TO >TILL]Y & >MAM5TS = ! MILIT>Y4 ,LAT]1 !Y W\LD ALSO MANUFACTURE ! TRACTORS ?AT W\LD BECOME ESS5TIAL TO ! 9DU/RIALIZATION ( ,RUSSIAN AGRICULTURE1 AFT] ,L59 ORDA9$ ! TRANSITION FROM W> COMMUNISM TO ! 0/ATE CAPITALISM0 ( ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY4 ,A /RIKE AT ?IS FACTORY WAS ESPECIALLY EMB>RASS+ = ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 BECAUSE ! ,PUTILOV FACTORY HAD BE5 ONE ( ! ORIG9 PO9TS ( ! REVOLUTION4 ,! REVOLUTION ( ,FEBRU>Y #aiag HAD SPRUNG FROM F\R GR\PS3 REBELLI\S MILIT>Y UNITS AT ! FRONT1 WOM5 PROTE/+ GOV]NM5T FOOD RATION+1 SAILORS /ATION$ AT ,KRON/ADT & ,PETROGRAD1 & /RIK+ WORK]S AT ! ,PUTILOV FACTORY4 ,/RIKES AT ! ,PUTILOV FACTORY HAD ALSO BE5 ONE ( ! SP>KS ?AT CAUS$ ! #aie ,REVOLUTION4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD ALREADY DEALT ) ! ,DV9SK ,REGIM5T--H]OES ( ! REVOLUTION & A SYMBOL ( ! REFUSAL ( SOLDI]S TO FI<T 9 AN IMP]IALI/ W>--BY ASSASS9AT+ !IR COMM&]1 ,GRA*OV1 & DISB&+ ! REGIM5T4 ,!Y HAD MANAG$ TO DO ?IS QUIETLY & \T ( ! PUBLIC EYE4 ,LAT]1 9 #a#i#b#a1 !Y W\LD EXPLA9 ?AT 9 ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION1 ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS HAD SOMEH[ GONE FROM BE+ ! /AUN*E/ DEF5D]S ( REVOLUTION TO BECOME PETTY B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALI/S 9FILTRAT$ BY ,:ITE AG5TS4 ,NO ONE REALLY BELIEV$ ,TROTSKY :5 HE SAID ?IS1 BUT IT DIDN'T MATT]4.<#f.> ,:AT WAS REALLY AT /AKE WAS NOT TRU?1 BUT P[]2 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD ALREADY CRU%$ ALL !IR O!R 5EMIES1 & !Y RESOLV$ QUE/IONS AB\T ! POLITICS ( ! ,KRON/ADT SAILORS NOT BY PRES5T+ FACTS1 BUT BY SLAU<T]+ !M1 AS WELL4 

,BUT ! CRU%+ ( ,KRON/ADT WAS /ILL TWO YE>S 9 ! FUTURE4 ,9 ,M>* #a#i#a#i1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS /ILL HAD PL5TY ( 5EMIES1 & EV]YONE WAS WAT*+4 ,! ,PUTILOV WORK]S HAD SOME SIMPLE DEM&S3 9CREAS$ FOOD RATIONS1 AS !Y W]E />V+ TO DEA?2 FRE$OM ( ! PRESS2 AN 5D TO ! ,R$ ,T]ROR2 & ! ELIM9ATION ( PRIVILEGES = ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY MEMB]S4.<#g.> ,:AT W\LD ! ,BOL%EVIKS DO8 ,WAS IT POSSIBLE TO HAVE A REVOLUTION )\T />V+ ! WORK]S1 %UTT+ D[N CRITICAL NEWSPAP]S1 DISAPPE>+ REVOLUTION>IES ( O!R T5D5CIES1 & ELEVAT+ ,P>TY MEMB]S AS A NEW >I/OCRACY8 

,! ,BOL%EVIK ,RESPONSE 

,:AT A SILLY QUE/ION6 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E REALI/S1 & !IR /RATEGY RELI$ ON MAK+ ! REVOLUTION BY GA9+ CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! ,/ATE WAS ! ,REVOLUTION1 AS LONG AS IT WAS A ,BOL%EVIK ,/ATE4 ,!Y C\LDN'T MAKE ! ,/ATE /RONG] )\T ELIM9AT+ !IR RIVALS1 SQUEEZ+ ! WORK]S & PEASANTS = EV]Y LA/ DROP ( SWEAT & BLOOD1 & DIVVY+ UP ! WEAL? AMONG !MSELVES4 ,:O 9 !IR RI<T M9D W\LD BECOME A ,BOL%EVIK UNLESS ?AT MEANT OBTA9+ A BIGG] PAY*ECK1 GU>ANTE$ FOOD RATIONS1 & A *ANCE TO MOVE UP 9 ! WORLD8 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY NE$$ REALI/S4 ,! IDEALI/S W\LD />VE4 ,?OSE :O W]E WILL+ TO SAY ?AT ! ,/ATE WAS ,REVOLUTION & OB$I5CE WAS FRE$OM E>N$ A *ANCE TO CONTRIBUTE !IR TAL5TS TO BUILD+ ! NEW APP>ATUS4 

,AS = ! SUCK]S :O REMA9$ WORK]S RA!R ?AN BECOM+ ,P>TY (FICIALS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS KNEW ?AT ! ROLE ( WORK]S WAS TO WORK4 ,WORK]S :O DID NOT WORK W]E LIKE BROK5 MA*9ES4 ,AS ANY REALI/ CAN TELL Y\1 :5 A MA*9E BREAKS ! ONLY ?+ TO DO IS TAKE IT \T BACK & PUT A BULLET 9 ITS BRA94 

,BETWE5 ,M>* #ab & ,M>* #a#d1 ! ,*EKA CRACK$ D[N 9 ,A/RAKHAN4 ,!Y EXECUT$ BETWE5 #b & #d /RIK+ WORK]S & ,R$ ,>MY DES]T]S4 ,SOME !Y KILL$ BY FIR+ SQUAD1 O!RS BY DR[N+ !M--TY+ /ONES >\ND !IR NECKS & ?R[+ !M 9 ! RIV]4 ,!Y HAD LE>N$ ! LATT] TE*NIQUE FROM ,L59'S H]OES1 ! ,JACOB9S--5LI<T5$ B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION>IES :O MASSACR$ T5S ( ?\S&S ( PEASANTS :O W]5'T $UCAT$ 5\< TO KN[ ?AT ! COMMONS W]E A ?+ ( ! PA/ & L& PRIVATIZATION WAS ! WAY ( ! FUTURE4.<#h.> 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS ALSO KILL$ A SMALL] NUMB] ( MEMB]S ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 BETWE5 #f & #a4 ,! SM>TE/ ( ! B\RGEOISIE HAD ALREADY JO9$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 RECOGNIZ+ IT AS ! BE/ WAY TO PR(IT 9 ! NEW SITUATION4 ,BUT ! /UFFI] B\RGEOIS CONS]VATIVES W]E /AUN*LY OPPOS$ TO ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ! AN>*I/S1 & ! >I/OCRATS1 AS WELL1 ?\< !Y W]5'T AGA9/ ALLY+ ) ! >I/OCRATS4 ,ANY POLITICAL SY/EM 9 :I* !Y C\LD NOT DO :ATEV] !Y WANT$ TO :OMEV] !Y WANT$1 !Y CALL$ 0TYRANNY40 

,! B\RGEOIS CONS]VATIVES W\LD ALSO HAVE CRU%$ ! /RIK+ WORK]S1 P]HAPS ) HUNG] 9/EAD ( BULLETS1 IF !Y HAD BE5 9 *>GE4 ,DESPITE ?IS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS CLAIM$ ?AT ! /RIK+ WORK]S HAD TO BE AG5TS ( ! B\RGEOIS ORD]4 ,CURI\SLY1 :5 AN>*I/S HAD EXPROPRIAT$ ! B\RGEOISIE 9 ,MOSC[ 9 ,APRIL1 #a#i#a#h1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD CALL$ ! AN>*I/S 0B&ITS0 & RETURN$ ! PROP]TY TO ! B\RGEOIS4 ,N[1 !Y KILL$ B\RGEOIS DISSID5TS AS WELL AS /RIK+ WORK]S--BUT !Y RES]V$ ! VA/ MAJORITY ( ! BULLETS = ! WORK]S4 

,TWO DAYS LAT]1 ON ,M>* #a#f1 ! ,*EKA /ORM$ ! ,PUTILOV FACTORY4 ,!Y >RE/$ #i WORK]S & EXECUT$ #b ( !M )\T A TRIAL4 ,!SE W]E P$AGOGICAL KILL+S MEANT TO 0TEA* !M A LESSON10 $UCAT+ ! WORK]S BY EXECUT+ !IR PE]S4 ,! WORK]S DID NOT UND]/& YET1 BUT !Y W\LD HAVE TO LE>N3 WORK]S W]E MEANT TO WORK4 ,IF !Y HAD TO />VE1 IT WAS = ! GOOD ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,! WORK]S DID NOT LE>N ?IS LESSON RI<T AWAY4 ,AT FIR/1 /ATE REPRESSION ONLY 9T5SIFI$ WORK] OPPOSITION4 ,ACCORD+ TO 9T]CEPT$ ,BOL%EVIK CABLES1 #f1 WORK]S W]E ON /RIKE 9 ,PETROGRAD ALONE 9 ,JUNE #a#i#a#i1 ?REE MON?S AFT] ALL ! EXECUTIONS AT ! ,PUTILOV FACTORY4.<#i.> ,! POOR ,BOL%EVIKS HAD NO *OICE BUT TO KILL EV5 MORE WORK]S & EXP& !IR GULAG SY/EM TO ! PO9T ?AT IT C\LD RE$UCATE NOT JU/ ?\S&S1 BUT MILLIONS4 

,MANY LAT] ,M>XI/S UNFAIRLY BLAM$ ,JOSEF ,/AL9 = ! ,U,S,S,R TURN+ 9TO A MASSIVE MA*9]Y ( MURD]1 BUT WE CAN SEE ! ORIG9S ( ?AT MACABRE EVOLUTION RI<T H]E 9 ! NE$ ( ! ,BOL%EVIK AU?ORITIES TO KILL WORK]S 9 ! NAME ( WORK]S4 ,! 5TIRETY ( ! ,P>TY APP>ATUS1 FROM ,L59 ALL ! WAY D[N1 D$ICAT$ ITSELF TO LIQUIDAT+ ALL OPPOSITION2 & ! 5TIRETY ( ?IS MON/R\S V5TURE WAS ORDA9$ FROM ! MOM5T ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S DECID$ ?AT !Y W]E ! CONSCI\S VANGU>D ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ?AT ECONOMIC EGALIT>IANISM C\LD BE A*IEV$ ?R\< POLITICAL ELITISM1 & ?AT LIB]ATORY 5DS JU/IFI$ AU?ORIT>IAN MEANS4 

,! ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 

,O!R REVOLUTION>Y CURR5TS HAD CONFLICT+ IDEAS REG>D+ ! DEM&S ( WORK]S & !IR 9/RUM5TS ( SELF-ORGANIZATION4 ,SOME FAVOR$ ! FACTORY C\NCILS ?AT SPONTANE\SLY >OSE >\ND ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION4 ,O!RS FAVOR$ ! WORK]S' UNIONS ?AT HAD GR[N IMM5SELY 9 ! C\RSE ( #a#i#a#g4 ,ONLY ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD A REALI/ POSITION1 *ANG+ !IR RELATION%IP ) !SE /RUCTURES ACCORD+ TO :I* WAY ! W9D BLEW4 ,AS DOCUM5T$ BY ,C>LOS ,TAIBO1.<#a.> ! ,BOL%EVIKS ALT]NAT$ BETWE5 PROMOT+ ! SOVIETS & UNIONS1 ATTEMPT+ TO CAPTURE !M )9 L>G] BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURES CONTROLL$ BY ! ,P>TY1 ]OD+ !IR P[]S1 & SUPPRESS+ !M \TRI<T4 ,!IR APPROA* V>I$ WILDLY ACCORD+ TO :E!R !Y BELIEV$ ?AT !Y C\LD USE !SE ORGANIZATIONS TO PROP UP !IR [N P[] OR FE>$1 9/EAD1 ?AT !SE ORGANIZATIONS ?REAT5$ ,BOL%EVIK SUPREMACY4 ,ALL P[] TO ! ,P>TY WAS !IR ONLY CONSI/5T PR9CIPLE4 

,?R\<\T #a#i#a#g1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS GA9$ IMM5SE POPUL>ITY BY MAK+ ALL ! RI<T PROPAG&A4 ,!Y PROMIS$ TO R$I/RIBUTE ! L& DIRECTLY TO ! PEASANTS1 TO 5D ! W> )\T ALL[+ IMP]IALI/ ,G]MANY TO ANNEX T]RITORY1 & TO GIVE ! WORK]S CONTROL ( !IR WORKPLACES4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 H[ !Y BROKE ! FIR/ TWO PROMISES4 ,AS = !IR PROMISE TO ! WORK]S1 !Y PITT$ DIFF]5T WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS AGA9/ EA* ANO!R AS !Y /EADILY /R5G!N$ !IR BUREAUCRATIC CONTROL4 

,9 #a#i#a#g1 FACTORY C\NCILS HAD SPRUNG UP 9 HUNDR$S ( FACTORIES ?R\<\T ,RUSSIA1 :ILE MEMB]%IP 9 TRADE UNIONS GREW FROM T5S ( ?\S&S TO #a4#e MILLION4 ,AT FIR/1 ! ,M5%EVIKS DOM9AT$ ! UNIONS & US$ !IR 9FLU5CE TO GET ! UNIONS TO SUPPORT ! PRE-,OCTOB] ,K]5SKY GOV]NM5T4 ,ACCORD+ TO A ,TROTSKYI/ ACC\NT1 0,AS !Y W]E PREP>+ = ! SEIZURE ( P[]1 ,L59 & HIS FOLL[]S TRI$ TO APPROA* ! TRADE UNIONS FROM A NEW ANGLE & TO DEF9E !IR ROLE 9 ! ,SOVIET SY/EM40 ,PROMIS+ !M GREAT] P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS HOP$ TO W9 UNION SUPPORT = !IR PROJECT ( SEIZ+ CONTROL ( ! ,/ATE--OR AT LEA/ ACQUIESC5CE TO IT4 

,ACCORD+ TO TWO O!R PRO-,L59I/ S*OL>S1 ,L59 0ESS5TIALLY AB&ON$ ! SLOGAN ',ALL ,P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS'0 :5 HE 0CONV9C$ ! P>TY ?AT ! TIME WAS RI<T TO SEIZE /ATE P[]40.<#a#a.> ,?IS IS A FAIRLY LIT]AL ADMISSION ( FACT4 ,IF ! SOVIETS W]E TO HAVE ALL ! P[]1 ! ,P>TY C\LD HAVE NONE4 

,9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#a#g1 IMM$IATELY AFT] TAK+ P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS DECRE$ ?AT ! FACTORY COMMITTEES MU/ NOT P>TICIPATE 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! COMPANIES1 NOR TAKE ON ANY RESPONSIBILITY 9 !IR FUNCTION+2 9/EAD1 EA* COMMITTEE WAS SUBORD9AT$ TO A 0,REGIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL0 :I* ANSW]$ TO ! 0,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C\NCIL ( ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL4 ,! COMPOSITION ( !SE HI<] BODIES WAS DECID$ BY ! ,P>TY1 ) ! TRADE UNIONS RECEIV+ ! MAJORITY ( ! SEATS4.<#a#b.> 

0,! ,REVOLUTION HAS BE5 VICTORI\S4 ,ALL P[] HAS PASS$ TO ! ,SOVIETS444 ,/RIKES & DEMON/RATIONS >E H>MFUL 9 ,PETROGRAD4 ,WE ASK Y\ TO PUT AN 5D TO ALL /RIKES ON ECONOMIC & POLITICAL ISSUES1 TO RESUME WORK & TO C>RY IT \T 9 A P]FECTLY ORD9>Y MANN]444 ,EV]Y MAN 9 HIS PLACE4 ,! BE/ WAY TO SUPPORT ! ,SOVIET ,GOV]NM5T !SE DAYS IS TO C>RY ON ) ONE'S JOB40 

-,BOL%EVIK SPOKESM5 AT ! SECOND ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,SOVIETS1 ,OCTOB] #bf .<,OLD ,/YLE CAL5D>.>1 #aiag 7QUOT$ 9 ,MAURICE ,BR9TON1 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a7 

0,IT IS ABSOLUTELY ESS5TIAL ?AT ALL ! AU?ORITY 9 ! FACTORIES %\LD BE CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! H&S ( MANAGEM5T444 ,UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES ANY DIRECT 9T]V5TION BY ! TRADE UNIONS 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( 5T]PRISES MU/ BE REG>D$ AS POSITIVELY H>MFUL & IMP]MISSIBLE40 

-,L59 SPEAK+ AT ! ,ELEV5? ,CONGRESS 9 #aibb 

,REF]R+ AGA9 TO ! ,TROTSKYI/ ACC\NT1 0,! ,BOL%EVIKS N[ CALL$ UPON ! TRADE UNIONS TO R5D] A SPECIAL S]VICE TO ! NASC5T ,SOVIET /ATE & TO DISCIPL9E ! FACTORY COMMITTEES4 ,! UNIONS CAME \T FIRMLY AGA9/ ! ATTEMPT ( ! FACTORY COMMITTEES TO =M A NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( !IR [N4 ,!Y PREV5T$ ! CONVOCATION ( A PLANN$ ALL-,RUSSIAN CONGRESS ( FACTORY COMMITTEES & DEM&$ TOTAL SUBORD9ATION ON ! P>T ( ! COMMITTEES40 ,AT ! 5D ( #a#i#a#g1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS =C$ ! FACTORY COMMITTEES TO 9CORPORATE !MSELVES )9 ! TRADE UNIONS1 9 AN ATTEMPT TO CURTAIL !IR AUTONOMY4 

,FROM ! MOM5T !Y W]E 9 P[]1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS TREAT$ WORK]S' C\NCILS AS A ?REAT4 ,:Y8 ,MANY ,L59I/S1 AS WELL AS ! A=EM5TION$ ,TROTSKYI/1 CLAIM$ ?AT ! C\NCILS W]E ONLY CONSCI\S ( !IR 9T]E/S AT ! LEVEL ( 9DIVIDUAL FACTORIES2 !Y C\LD NOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! 9T]E/S ( ! 5TIRE ECONOMY OR ! 5TIRE WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS IS CONTRADICT$1 ?\<1 BY ! MANY EXAMPLES ( SOLID>ITY BETWE5 SOVIETS & WORK]S' C\NCILS ACROSS ! C\NTRY BEG9N+ ALREADY 9 #a#i#a#g1 & ! FACT ( MAT]IAL SUPPORT BY PEASANTS & URBAN WORK]S = ! AN>*I/ DETA*M5TS FI<T+ AGA9/ ! ,:ITE ,>MY 9 ! AN>*I/ ZONES ( ,UKRA9E & ,SIB]IA1 :]E IDEALI/ REVOLUTION>IES ALL[$ WORK]S & PEASANTS TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES4 ,! SIMPLE FACT ?AT ! FACTORY C\NCILS W]E TRY+ TO COORD9ATE AT A C\NTRYWIDE LEVEL AT ! 5D ( #aiag %[S ?AT !Y W]E 9 ! PROCESS ( DEVELOP+ :AT ONE MI<T REASONABLY CALL A UNIV]SAL1 PROLET>IAN1 REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS2 IT WAS ! ,BOL%EVIKS !MSELVES :O CUT ?AT PROCESS %ORT4 

,FROM ! ,BOL%EVIK P]SPECTIVE1 :AT WAS MO/ DANG]\S AB\T FACTORY C\NCIL CONSCI\SNESS WAS ?AT IT MI<T NOT LEAD TO ! P>TICUL> K9D ( WORK+-CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS DESP]ATELY NE$$ TO /AY 9 P[]4 ,SELF-ORGANIZ$ FACTORIES W\LD SUPPORT REVOLUTION>Y >MIES ( WORK]S & PEASANTS1 BUT !Y PROBABLY W\LD NOT SUPPORT ! ,R$ ,>MY 9 SUPPRESS+ WORK]S & PEASANTS1 NOR W\LD !Y SUPPORT ,L59'S HI<LY UNPOPUL> CESSION ( ,UKRA9E1 ,POL&1 & ! ,BALTICS TO IMP]IAL ,G]MANY4 

,! C\NCILS W]E DANG]\S = ANO!R REASON AS WELL4 ,NOT ONLY W]E !Y AN ORGAN ( WORK]S' AUTONOMY & SELF-ORGANIZATION ?AT R5D]$ ANY POLITICAL P>TY OBSOLETE1 !Y ALSO T5D$ TO ]ODE P>TY DISCIPL9E4 ,WORK]S )9 ! C\NCILS :O W]E AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,M5%EVIKS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 OR ANY O!R P>TY T5D$ TO ACT 9 ACCORD ) !IR COMMON 9T]E/S AS FACTORY WORK]S RA!R ?AN MA9TA9+ P>TY 9T]E/S4.<#a#c.> 

,AS ,PAUL ,AVRI* PO9T$ \T1.<#a#d.> ! ,BOL%EVIKS MADE USE ( A NUANC$ DI/9CTION BETWE5 TWO V]Y DIFF]5T V]SIONS ( WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,UPRAVL5IYE MEANT DIRECT CONTROL & SELF-ORGANIZATION BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 BUT ! ,COMMUNI/ AU?ORITIES REFUS$ TO GRANT ?IS DEM&4 ,!IR PREF]R$ SLOGAN1 RABO*I CONTROL1 DID NOT D5OTE ANY?+ BEYOND A NOM9AL SUP]VISION ( FACTORY ORGANIZATION BY WORK]S4 ,UND] ! SY/EM IMPLEM5T$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 WORK]S P>TICIPAT$ 9 WORKPLACE DECISION-MAK+ TOGE!R ) ! BOSSES1 :O C\LD BE ! PRE-,REVOLUTION CAPITALI/ [N]S OR AG5TS ( ! ,P>TY & ! ,/ATE1 DEP5D+ ON ,SOVIET POLICY AT ! MOM5T4 

,ALL F9AL DECISIONS W]E MADE BY ! ,SUPREME ,SOVIET ( ! ,NATIONAL ,ECONOMY 7! ,VES5KHA71 AN UNELECT$1 BUREAUCRATIC BODY E/ABLI%$ 9 ,DECEMB] #aiag BY DECREE ( ! ,SOVN>KOM & ! ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,C5TRAL ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE4 ,ALL ( !SE BUREAUCRATIC BODIES W]E CONTROLL$ AT ALL TIMES BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 MEAN+ ?AT NO WORK] C\LD HAVE A F9AL SAY 9 WORKPLACE DECISIONS )\T BECOM+ A FULL-TIME P>TY OP]ATIVE & CLIMB+ TO ! V]Y HI<E/ RANKS ( ! BUREAUCRACY4 

,ALREADY 9 ,M>* #a#i#a#h1 AN ASSEMBLY ( FACTORY C\NCILS 9 ,PETROGRAD D5\NC$ ! AUTOCRATIC NATURE ( ,BOL%EVIK RULE & ! ,BOL%EVIK ATTEMPT TO DISSOLVE ?OSE FACTORY C\NCILS NOT UND] ,P>TY CONTROL4.<#a#e.> ,SU* AUTOCRACY ONLY 9CREAS$ :5 ! ,BOL%EVIKS F9ALLY W5T AHEAD ) ! NATIONALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#h1 9CREAS+ ,P>TY CONTROL & RUNN+ ! FACTORIES ) ! HELP ( 0EXP]TS0 RECRUIT$ FROM ! OLD REGIME4 

,?\< !RE WAS 9ITIALLY AN AMBIGU\S CONT9UUM BETWE5 ! ECONOMICALLY ORI5T$ FACTORY C\NCILS & ! POLITICALLY ORI5T$ T[N OR VILLAGE C\NCILS1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY QUICKLY HOMOG5IZ$ & BUREAUCRATIZ$ ! T]RITORIAL SOVIETS1 />T+ ) CODES GOV]N+ ELECTIONS TO ! SOVIETS 9 ,M>* #aiah & F9I%+ BY ! TIME ( ! ,SOVIET ,CON/ITUTION ( #a#i#b#b4 ,EV5 MORE QUICKLY1 !Y GOT RID ( ! C\NCILS COMPRIS+ ALL WORK]S 9 A FACTORY OR O!R WORKPLACE1 REPLAC+ !M ) SYMBOLIC WORK] REPRES5TATIVES COMPLETELY SUBORD9ATE TO A DIRECTOR APPO9T$ BY ! ,P>TY4 

,! ,COMMUNI/S DID ALL ( ?IS :ILE PAY+ LIP S]VICE TO !IR SLOGAN & KEY CAMPAIGN PROMISE ( #a#i#a#g1 0,ALL ,P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS40 ,!Y EV5TUALLY GOT >\ND ! CONTRADICTION ( SIMULTANE\SLY PROMOT+ & SUPPRESS+ ! SOVIETS BY DECL>+ ?AT C\NCILS ( REPRES5TATIVES ( REPRES5TATIVES1 & EV5 ?OSE ( REPRES5TATIVES ( REPRES5TATIVES ( REPRES5TATIVES1 W]E ALSO 0SOVIETS40 ,9 FACT1 ! COMMITTEE FUR!/ REMOV$ FROM ANY ACTUAL SOVIET ( REAL-LIFE PEASANTS1 WORK]S1 & SOLDI]S WAS ! 0,SUPREME ,SOVIET40 ,S9CE ! ,BOL%EVIKS TI<TLY CONTROLL$ ALL !SE HI<]1 MORE BUREAUCRATIC ORGANS ( GOV]NM5T1 :I* !Y HAD DECID$ %\LD ALSO BE CALL$ 0SOVIETS10 !Y C\LD SAY 0,ALL ,P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS0 ) A /RAI<T FACE--BECAUSE N[ ALL !Y W]E SAY+ WAS1 0,ALL ,P[] TO ,US60 

,?IS +5I\S TRICK WAS V]Y SIMIL> TO ! ONE US$ BY ! ,F\ND+ ,FA!RS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :5 AN ASSORTM5T ( WEAL?Y M]*ANTS & SLAVE-[N]S E/ABLI%$ A GOV]NM5T 0( ! ,PEOPLE1 BY ! ,PEOPLE1 & = ! ,PEOPLE40 ,SLAVE-[N]S QUALIFI$ AS PEOPLE2 SLAVES DID NOT4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS CRU%$ ! FACTORY C\NCILS FIR/1 ?\< !Y DID NOT WAIT LONG TO S9K !IR TEE? 9TO ! UNIONS & DRA9 !M ( !IR 9DEP5D5CE4 ,IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT !Y MOV$ AGA9/ ! UNIONS PREEMPTIVELY1 PREV5T+ A POSSIBLE ?REAT TO TOTALIT>IAN RULE EV5 BE=E ! UNIONS HAD (F]$ ANY SIGN ( RESI/ANCE4 ,AT ! ,FIR/ ,ALL-,RUSSIAN ,CONGRESS ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#a#h1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS SUCCESSFULLY DEF5D$ !IR POSITION ?AT ! TRADE UNIONS %\LD BE SUBORD9AT$ TO ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T1 9 ! FACE ( OPPOSITION BY ,M5%EVIKS & AN>*I/S1 :O >GU$ ?AT ! UNIONS %\LD REMA9 9DEP5D5T4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E ABLE TO DOM9ATE ! UNIONS US+ ! ,ALL-,UNION ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS4 ,BY #a#i#a#i1 UND] ! PRETEXT ( ! EXTRAORD9>Y MEASURES REQUIR$ BY ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 ! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL HAD BE5 FULLY 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! BUREAUCRACY ?AT WAS N[ COMPLETELY CONTROLL$ BY ,P>TY LEAD]%IP4 

,( C\RSE1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY %[N1 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY'S 0EXTRAORD9>Y MEASURES0 PREC$$ ! ,RUSSIAN ,CIVIL ,W>2 !Y MAY HAVE BE5 ! PRIM>Y CAUSE ( ! OPPOSITION & \TRAGE ?AT FUEL$ ! MULTIPLE & CONFLICT+ FACTIONS ?AT F\<T 9 ! ,CIVIL ,W>4 

,9 #a#i#b#a1 ) ! ,CIVIL ,W> ALL BUT OV] & ,BOL%EVIK DOM9ANCE 9DISPUTABLE1 ,L59 & HIS FOLL[]S C\LD DO AWAY ) 0W> COMMUNISM40 ,!RE FOLL[$ MORE EXCUSES AB\T EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 DELAY+ YET AGA9 ! REP>TITION ( ! PIE 9 ! SKY ?AT SUPPOS$LY AWAIT$ ! WORK]S 9 P>ADISE4 ,! RESULT WAS ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY 7,N,E,P71 :I* ,L59 HIMSELF DESCRIB$ AS 0A FREE M>KET & CAPITALISM1 BO? SUBJECT TO /ATE CONTROL0 TOGE!R ) /ATE 5T]PRISES OP]AT+ 0ON A PR(IT BASIS40.<#a#f.> ,AN>*I/S MAY HAVE BE5 AMONG ! FIR/ TO LEVEL ! ACCUSATION ( 0/ATE CAPITALISM10 BUT ,L59 ACCEPT$ ! LABEL AS AN OBJECTIVE FACT4 

,9 CONCLUSION1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS SEESAW$ FROM ,NOVEMB] #aiag TO ! ,N,E,P 9 #a#i#b#a1 *ANG+ !IR ECONOMIC POLICY MULTIPLE TIMES4 ,?R\<\T !SE *ANGES1 !Y 5TRU/$ CONTROL OV] ! WORKPLACE TO CAPITALI/ BOSSES ) SYMBOLIC WORK] OV]SI<T1 TO ,P>TY LACKEYS1 TO BUREAUCRATIC SUPREME COMMITTEES1 & TO NEPM51 ! ECONOMIC OPPORTUNI/S ( ! ,N,E,P ]A4 ,IT SEEMS ! ONLY PEOPLE ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E NOT WILL+ TO TRU/ W]E ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 

,ANTI-COLONIAL ,M>XI/ ,WALT] ,RODNEY1 :O WAS SYMPA!TIC TO ,/AL9 & :OLLY SUPPORTIVE ( ,L591 NONE!LESS ACKN[L$G$ ?AT 0,! /ATE1 NOT ! WORK]S1 EFFECTIVELY CONTROLL$ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION40.<#a#g.> ,HE ALSO %[$ H[ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9H]IT$ & FUR!R$ ! ,RUSSIAN IMP]IALISM ( ! E>LI] CZ>I/ REGIME--?\< ?AT'S A TOPIC = A FUTURE ESSAY4 

,A REALI/ KN[S ?AT ! BE/ C\NT]>GUM5T TO ALL !SE S5TIM5TAL COMPLA9TS IS ! 9DISPUTABLE FACT ?AT1 9 ! 5D1 ! ,BOL%EVIK /RATEGY TRIUMPH$4 ,!Y ELIM9AT$ ALL !IR 5EMIES4 ,! IDEALI/S W]E DEAD--& !RE=E WRONG4 ,:AT BETT] POSITIVE EVID5CE CAN WE F9D = ! CORRECTNESS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK POSITION8 

,! ,5D ( ,RESI/ANCE TO ,BOL%EVIK ,REALISM 

,?+S IMM$IATELY GOT BETT]4 ,! WORK]S NO LONG] HAD TO TOIL = ! 5RI*M5T ( ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,N[ !Y REAP$ ! FRUIT ( !IR [N LABORS4 7,EXCEPT1 ( C\RSE1 = ALL ! WORK]S 9 ! FREE-M>KET 5T]PRISES P]MITT$ UND] ! ,N,E,P1 & ! MILLIONS ( PEASANTS :O QUITE LIT]ALLY HAD TO GIVE AWAY ! FRUITS & ! GRA9S !Y GREW47 ,TO MAKE ?+S SIMPL]1 ALL ! SOCIAL WEAL? !Y REAP$ WAS KEPT 9 A TRU/ MANAG$ BY ! 9TELLECTUAL WORK]S4 ,! 9TELLECTUAL WORK]S WORK$ A LOT H>D] & REQUIR$ MORE COMP5SATION1 BETT] FOOD1 & BIGG] H\SES--BUT !Y ALSO MADE SURE ?AT MO/ ( ?AT WEAL? W5T TO FIELD+ AN >MY ( #aa MILLION 7%Y BY JU/ A MILLION ( BE+ ! L>GE/ >MY 9 WORLD HI/ORY74 ,& A DAMN F9E OP]A4 ,& ONE ( ! MO/ EXT5SIVE SECRET POLICE APP>ATUSES EV] SE51 TOO1 TO MAKE SURE ! PEOPLE /AY$ SAFE4 

,DUR+ ,/AL9'S ,FIVE ,YE> ,PLANS1 ! ,SOVIET ECONOMY GREW FA/] ?AN ! CONTEMPOR>Y DEMOCRATIC ECONOMIES & /E]$ CLE> ( ! ,DEPRESSION ?AT WAS RAVI%+ MU* ( ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,IDEALI/IC AN>*I/ CRITIQUES ( 0/ATE CAPITALISM0 HAVE LONG PO9T$ \T ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/S W]E ABLE TO BR+ CAPITALISM TO ! C\NTRIES :]E ! CAPITALI/ CLASS HAD L>GELY FAIL$--!Y DID CAPITALISM BETT] ?AN ! CAPITALI/S4 ,BUT ?IS NAIVE COMPLA9T MISSES \T ON ! FACT ?AT A /RONG ,/ATE1 & ?US A /RONG ,REVOLUTION1 REQUIRES A ROBU/ ECONOMY PRODUC+ HUGE AM\NTS ( SURPLUS VALUE ?AT CAN BE RE9VE/$ AS ! ,FA!RS ( ! ,PROLET>IAT SEE FIT4 

,ALONGSIDE ALL !SE EXCIT+ DEVELOPM5TS1 ! WORK]S EV5TUALLY GOT H\S+ & HEAL?C>E1 IF !Y WORK$ H>D & KEPT !IR M\?S %UT4 ,PROVID$1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT !Y W]5'T AMONG ! MILLIONS ( VICTIMS ( ! SY/EMATIC FAM9ES DESIGN$ TO BREAK ! PEASANTRY4 

,& ?AT'S :Y !SE >E SU* IMPORTANT DAYS TO REMEMB]4 

,ON ?IS1 ! ONE-HUNDR$-YE> ANNIV]S>Y ( ! MASSACRES ( /RIK+ WORK]S 9 ,A/RAKHAN & ,PETROGRAD1 WORK]S W\LD DO WELL TO REMEMB] :O HAS !IR BE/ 9T]E/S AT HE>T1 & KEEP 9 M9D ?AT OB$I5CE IS FRE$OM4 ,TO CELEBRATE ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION1 :I* CONT9UES TO %9E AS A BEACON TO OPPRESS$ PEOPLE EV]Y:]E1 WORK]S %\LD OBEY !IR ELECT$ UNION REPRES5TATIVES1 PRISON]S %\LD HE$ !IR GU>DS1 SOLDI]S %\LD OBEY ! COMM& TO FIRE1 & ! PEOPLE %\LD AWAIT ! DIRECTIVES ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,ANY?+ ELSE W\LD BE AN>*Y4 

,BIBLIOGRAPHY 

,PAUL ,AVRI*1 0,RUSSIAN ,AN>*ISM & ! ,CIVIL ,W>10 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVIEW4 ,VOL4#b#g ,NO4#c3 #b#i#f-#c#f4 ,JULY #a#i#f#h4 

,PAUL ,AVRI*1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#f4 

,MAURICE ,BR9TON1 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a4 #a#i#g4 

,VLADIMIR ,BROVK91 0,WORK]S' ,UNRE/ & ! ,BOL%EVIKS' ,RESPONSE 9 #a#i#a#i01 ,SLAVIC ,REVIEW1 #di 7#c73 #c#e-#g#c4 7,AUTUMN #a#i#i7 

,ISAAC ,DEUTS*]1 ,SOVIET ,TRADE ,UNIONS3 ,!IR ,PLACE 9 ,SOVIET ,LABOR ,POLICY4 #a#i#e4 HTTPS3_/_/WWW4M>XI/S4ORG_/>*IVE_/DEUTS*]_/#a#i#e_/SOVIET-TRADE-UNIONS_/*#b4HTM 

,NICK ,HEA?1 0,BOL%EVIK ,REPRESSION AGA9/ ,AN>*I/S 9 ,VOLOGDA10 LIBCOM4ORG ,OCTOB] #a#e1 #b#a#g4 

,ROB9 ,D4,G4 ,KELLEY & ,JESSE ,B5JAM91 0,9TRODUCTION10 9 ,WALT] ,RODNEY1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION3 ,A ,VIEW FROM ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,LONDON3 ,V]SO1 #b#a#h4 

,PIOTR ,KROPOTK91 ,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#i4 

,NADEZHDA ,KRUPSKAYA1 0,ILLYI* ,MOVES TO ,MOSC[1 ,HIS ,FIR/ ,MON?S ( ,WORK 9 ,MOSC[0 ,REM9ISC5CES ( ,L594 ,9T]NATIONAL ,PUBLI%]S1 #a#i#g4 

,GEORGE ,LEGGETT4 ,! ,*EKA3 ,L59'S ,POLITICAL ,POLICE4 ,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#f4 

,V4,I4 ,L591 0,TELEGRAM TO ! ,P5ZA ,GUB]NIA ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,SOVIETS0 9 ,J4 ,BROOKS & ,G4 ,*]NYAVSKIY1 ,L59 & ! ,MAK+ ( ! ,SOVIET ,/ATE3 ,A ,BRIEF ,HI/ORY ) ,DOCUM5TS 7#b#g74 ,B$=D_/,/ ,M>T9'S3 ,BO/ON & ,NEW ,YORK1 P4#g#g4 

,V4,I4 ,L591 0,! ,ROLE & ,FUNCTIONS ( ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS UND] ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY01 ,L,C,W1 #c#c1 P4 #a#h#d41 ,DECISION ,( ,! ,C4,C41 ,R4,C4,P47,B471 ,JANU>Y #a#b1 #a#i#b#b4 ,PUBLI%$ 9 ,PRAVDA ,NO4 #a#b1 ,JANU>Y #a#g1 #a#i#b#b4 ,L59'S ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 #bND ,5GLI% ,$ITION1 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 ,MOSC[1 #a#i#g#c1 FIR/ PR9T$ #a#i#f#e1 ,VOLUME #c#c1 PP4 #a#h#f-#a#i#f4 HTTPS3_/_/WWW4M>XI/S4ORG_/>*IVE_/L59_/WORKS_/CW_/PDF_/L59-CW-VOL-#c#c4PDF 

,M>IO ,MA*AQUI]O1 ,A REVOLUCAO SOVIETICA1 HOJE4 ,5SAIO DE RELEITURA DA REVOLUCAO DE #a#i#a#g4 ,OPORTO3 ,AFRONTAM5TO1 #b#h4 

,IGOR ,POD%UVALOV1 ,SIB]IAN ,MAKHNOVS*9A3 ,SIB]IAN ,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,CIVIL ,W> 7#a#i#a#h-#a#i#b#d74 ,$MONTON3 ,BLACK ,CAT ,PRESS1 #b#a#a4 

,JAMES ,RYAN4 ,L59'S ,T]ROR3 ,! ,IDEOLOGICAL ,ORIG9S ( ,E>LY ,SOVIET ,/ATE ,VIOL5CE4 ,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE1 #b#a#b4 

,ALEX&RE ,SKIRDA1 TRANS4 ,PAUL ,%>KEY1 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO3 ,AN>*Y'S ,COSSACK4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#c4 

,C>LOS ,TAIBO1 ,SOVIETS1 ,CONSEJOS DE ,FABRICA1 ,COMUNAS ,RURALES4 ,CALUMNIA3 ,MALLORCA1 #b#a#g4 

,V>I\S1 ,A ,COLLECTION ( ,REPORTS ON ,BOL%EVISM 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,LONDON3 ,H,M,S,O1 #a#i#a#i4 

,VOL9E1 ,! ,UNKN[N ,REVOLUTION1 #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a4 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,FREE ,LIFE ,$ITIONS1 #a#i#g#d4 

,DMITRI ,VOLKOGONOV1 ,%UKMAN1 ,H>OLD1 $41 ,TROTSKY3 ,! ,ET]NAL ,REVOLUTION>Y1 ,LONDON3 ,H>P],COLL9S1 P4#a#h4 #a#i#i#f4 

,NICOLAS ,W]?1 ,K>EL ,B>TOSEK1 ,JEAN-,L\IS ,PANNE1 ,JEAN-,L\IS ,M>GOL91 ,&RZEJ ,PACZK[SKI1 ,/EPHANE ,C\RTOIS1 ,! ,BLACK ,BOOK ( ,COMMUNISM3 ,CRIMES1 ,T]ROR1 ,REPRESSION4 ,CAMBRIDGE3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#i4 

,B]YL ,WILLIAMS1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a4 ,BO/ON3 ,WILEY-,BLACKWELL1 #a#i#h#g4 

,ADDITIONAL ,READ+ 

#a#i#b#a-#a#i#e#c3 ,A ,*RONOLOGY ( ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*ISM 

,ILYI* ,MOVES TO ,MOSC[1 ,HIS ,FIR/ ,MON?S ( ,WORK 9 ,MOSC[1 FROM ,KRUPSKAYA'S 0,REM9ISC5CES ( ,L590 

,BOL%EVIK REPRESSION AGA9/ AN>*I/S 9 ,VOLOGDA 

,APRIL #b#a#h3 ,ONE ,HUNDR$ ,YE> ,ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,BEG9N+ ( ,BOL%EVIK ,T]ROR 

,L59 ,ORD]S ! ,MASSACRE ( ,SEX ,WORK]S1 #aiah 

,A ,C5TURY S9CE ! ,BOL%EVIK ,CRACKD[N ( ,AUGU/ #aiah 

,MANUAL = ,REVOLUTION>Y ,LEAD]S1 ,MI*AEL ,VELLI 

.<#a.> ,( ! SEV5 MEMB]S ( ! FIR/ ,POLITBURO--,L591 ,TROTSKY1 ,/AL91 ,KAM5EV1 ,SOKOLNIKOV1 ,Z9OVIEV1 & ,BUBNOV--ALL BUT ,Z9OVIEV HAD RECEIV$ ELITE $UCATIONS & BECOME PR(ESSIONAL ACTIVI/S IMM$IATELY AFT] !IR $UCATION4 ,/AL9 WAS ! ONLY ONE ( ! SEV5 :O CAME FROM A LESS-?AN-MIDDLE CLASS BACKGR\ND4 ,HIS FA!R WAS A WELL-TO-DO %OEMAK] :O [N$ HIS [N WORK%OP1 ?\< HE LO/ HIS =TUNES & BECAME AN ABUSIVE ALCOHOLIC4 ,Y\NG ,/AL9 WAS ABLE TO RECEIVE AN ELITE RELIGI\S $UCATION ?ANKS TO HIS MO!R'S SOCIAL CONNECTIONS4 ,HIS FIR/ JOB WAS AS A METEOROLOGI/2 HE LAT] WORK$ BRIEFLY AT A /OREH\SE 9 ORD] TO ORGANIZE /RIKE ACTIONS !RE4 

,L59 & ,SOKOLNIKOV W]E FROM FAMILIES ( PR(ESSIONAL :ITE-COLL> WORK]S2 ,BUBNOV WAS FROM A M]CANTILE FAMILY2 ,KAM5EV WAS ! SON ( A RELATIVELY WELL-PAID WORK] 9 ! RAILROAD 9DU/RY4 ,TROTSKY & ,Z9OVIEV W]E ! *ILDR5 ( L&[N+ PEASANTS1 OR KULAKS--! V]Y PEOPLE !Y ID5TIFI$ AS ! CLASS 5EMY 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE 9 ORD] TO JU/IFY ! MURD] ( MILLIONS1 BO? ACTUAL KULAKS & POOR PEASANTS :O OPPOS$ ,BOL%EVIK POLICIES4 

,MO/ AN>*I/S DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT A P]SON'S CLASS BACKGR\ND DET]M9ES !IR BELIEFS & ATTITUDES1 NOR ?AT IT GRANTS OR D5IES !M LEGITIMACY AS A HUMAN BE+4 ,WE RECOGNIZE ?AT H[ WE GR[ UP AFFECTS \R P]SPECTIVE1 BUT WE T5D TO PLACE MORE IMPORTANCE ON H[ SOMEONE *OOSES TO LIVE !IR LIFE4 ,A FEW AN>*I/S1 LIKE ,KROPOTK91 CAME FROM ELITE BACKGR\NDS1 :]EAS MANY MORE1 SU* AS ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 CAME FROM WORK+-CLASS OR PEASANT BACKGR\NDS4 

,IT IS NONE!LESS SIGNIFICANT ?AT PRACTICALLY EV]Y S+LE AN>*I/ :O WAS 9FLU5TIAL 9 ! C\RSE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION OR :O WAS *OS5 TO LEAD A MAJOR DETA*M5T 9 ! ,CIVIL ,W> WAS A WORK] OR A PEASANT4 ,?IS EXEMPLIFIES ! SLOGAN ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 0! LIB]ATION ( ! WORK]S IS ! TASK ( ! WORK]S !MSELVES40 7,! ONLY EXCEPTION WAS ,VOL91 :O CAME FROM A :ITE-COLL> BACKGR\ND47 ,IT IS ALSO SIGNIFICANT ?AT1 :ILE ! ,BOL%EVIKS RECRUIT$ HEAVILY AMONG 9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 !IR 5TIRE ,POLITBURO WAS .0 WORK+ CLASS4 

,GIV5 BO? ,M>X & ,L59'S SY/EMATIC USE ( !IR ADV]S>IES' CLASS ID5TITY--REAL OR P]CEIV$--TO DELEGITIMIZE !M OR EV5 JU/IFY MURD]+ !M1 ! FACT ?AT NEI!R ,M>X NOR ,L59 NOR ! RE/ ( ! ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]%IP W]E WORK+ CLASS IS HYPOCRITICAL TO SAY ! LEA/4 

.<#b.> ,ON ! 0BLOCK+ UNITS0 ?AT DID ?IS1 SEE ,VOLKOGONOV1 ,DMITRI 7#a#i#i#f71 ,%UKMAN1 ,H>OLD1 $41 ,TROTSKY3 ,! ,ET]NAL ,REVOLUTION>Y1 ,LONDON3 ,H>P],COLL9S1 P4#a#h4 

.<#c.> ,BROVK91 ,VLADIMIR 7,AUTUMN #a#i#i71 0,WORK]S' ,UNRE/ & ! ,BOL%EVIKS' ,RESPONSE 9 #a#i#a#i01 ,SLAVIC ,REVIEW1 #di 7#c73 #c#e-#g#c 

.<#d.> ,ALEX&RE ,SKIRDA1 TRANS4 ,PAUL ,%>KEY1 ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO3 ,AN>*Y'S ,COSSACK4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #bc 

.<#e.> ,B]YL ,WILLIAMS1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a4 ,BO/ON3 ,WILEY-,BLACKWELL1 #a#i#h#g4 

.<#f.> ,EV5 BE=E ,/AL91 ! ,BOL%EVIKS SPREAD LIES NOT SO MU* TO CONV9CE PEOPLE ( !M AS TO =CE !M TO REPEAT ! LIES4 ,?IS WAS AN EFFECTIVE LOYALTY TE/3 ANYONE :O 9SI/$ ON SPEAK+ ! TRU? WAS CLE>LY A DANG]\S C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y1 :]EAS ?OSE :O CALL$ />V+ PEASANTS 0KULAKS0 OR D5\NC$ PR9CIPL$ REVOLUTION>Y SAILORS AS 0,:ITE AG5TS0 HAD ACCEPT$ ,COMMUNI/ REALISM4 

.<#g.> 0,WE1 ! WORKM5 ( ! ,PUTILOV WORKS & ! :>F1 DECL>E BE=E ! LABOR+ CLASSES ( ,RUSSIA & ! WORLD1 ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T HAS BETRAY$ ! HI< IDEALS ( ! ,OCTOB] REVOLUTION1 & ?US BETRAY$ & DECEIV$ ! WORKM5 & PEASANTS ( ,RUSSIA2 ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T1 ACT+ 9 \R NAME1 IS NOT ! AU?ORITY ( ! PROLET>IAT & PEASANTRY1 BUT ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 SELF-GOV]N+ ) ! AID ( ! ,EXTRAORD9>Y ,COMMISSIONS .<,*EKAS.>1 ,COMMUNI/S1 & POLICE4 

0,WE PROTE/ AGA9/ ! COMPULSION ( WORKM5 TO REMA9 AT FACTORIES & WORKS1 & ATTEMPTS TO DEPRIVE !M ( ALL ELEM5T>Y RI<TS3 FRE$OM ( ! PRESS1 SPEE*1 MEET+S1 & 9VIOLABILITY ( P]SON4 

0,WE DEM&3 

#a4 ,IMM$IATE TRANSF] ( AU?ORITY TO FREELY ELECT$ ,WORK]S' & ,PEASANTS' SOVIETS4 ,IMM$IATE REE/ABLI%M5T ( FRE$OM ( ELECTIONS AT FACTORIES & PLANTS1 B>RACKS1 %IPS1 RAILWAYS1 EV]Y:]E4 

#b4 ,TRANSF] ( 5TIRE MANAGEM5T TO ! RELEAS$ WORK]S ( ! TRADE UNIONS4 

#c4 ,TRANSF] ( FOOD SUPPLY TO WORK]S' & PEASANTS' COOP]ATIVE SOCIETIES4 

#d4 ,G5]AL >M+ ( WORK]S & PEASANTS4 

#e4 ,IMM$IATE RELEASE ( MEMB]S ( ! ORIG9AL REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS' P>TY ( ,LEFT ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>IES4 

#f4 ,IMM$IATE RELEASE ( ,M>IA ,SPIRIDONOVA .<A ,LEFT ,S,R LEAD].>40 

.<#h.> ,PIOTR ,KROPOTK91 ,! ,GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,MONTREAL3 ,BLACK ,ROSE ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#i4 P4#d#e#d-#d#e#h 

.<#i.> ,DOCUM5T NO4 #e#d1 0,SUMM>Y ( A ,REPORT ON ! ,9T]NAL ,SITUATION 9 ,RUSSIA10 9 ,A ,COLLECTION ( ,REPORTS ON ,BOL%EVISM 9 ,RUSSIA1 ABRIDG$ $4 ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,PAP]3 ,RUSSIA NO4 #a .<,LONDON3 ,H,M,S,O1 #a#i#a#i.>1 P4#f 

.<#a.> ,C>LOS ,TAIBO1 ,SOVIETS1 ,CONSEJOS DE ,FABRICA1 ,COMUNAS ,RURALES4 ,CALUMNIA3 ,MALLORCA1 #bag 

.<#a#a.> ,ROB9 ,D4,G4 ,KELLEY & ,JESSE ,B5JAM91 0,9TRODUCTION10 9 ,WALT] ,RODNEY1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION3 ,A ,VIEW FROM ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,LONDON3 ,V]SO1 #b#a#h4 

.<#a#b.> ,MAURICE ,BR9TON1 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL #a#i#a#g-#a#i#b#a4 #a#i#g4 P4#f#e 

0,ONCE P[] HAD PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! PRACTICE ( ! ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES ( ACT+ AS IF !Y [N$ ! FACTORIES BECAME ANTI-PROLET>IAN40 -,A4,M4 ,PANKRATOVA1 ,FABZAVKOMY ,ROSSIL V BORBE ZA SOTSIALI/I*ESKUYU FABRIKU 7,RUSSIAN ,FACTORY ,COMMITTEES 9 ! /RUGGLE = ! SOCIALI/ FACTORY74 ,MOSC[1 #aibc 

.<#a#c.> ,M>IO ,MA*AQUI]O1 ,A REVOLUCAO SOVIETICA1 HOJE4 ,5SAIO DE RELEITURA DA REVOLUCAO DE #a#i#a#g4 ,OPORTO3 ,AFRONTAM5TO1 #b#h4 P4#a#d#d4 

.<#a#d.> ,PAUL ,AVRI*1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#f4 P4#a#d#g 

.<#a#e.> ,C>LOS ,TAIBO1 ,SOVIETS1 ,CONSEJOS DE ,FABRICA1 ,COMUNAS ,RURALES4 ,CALUMNIA3 ,MALLORCA1 #b#a#g4 P4#e#h 

.<#a#f.> ,V4,I4 ,L591 0,! ,ROLE & ,FUNCTIONS ( ! ,TRADE ,UNIONS UND] ! ,NEW ,ECONOMIC ,POLICY01 ,L,C,W1 #c#c1 P4 #a#h#d41 ,DECISION ,( ,! ,C4,C41 ,R4,C4,P47,B471 ,JANU>Y #a#b1 #a#i#b#b4 ,PUBLI%$ 9 ,PRAVDA ,NO4 #a#b1 ,JANU>Y #a#g1 #a#i#b#b4 ,L59'S ,COLLECT$ ,WORKS1 #bND ,5GLI% ,$ITION1 ,PROGRESS ,PUBLI%]S1 ,MOSC[1 #a#i#g#c1 FIR/ PR9T$ #a#i#f#e1 ,VOLUME #c#c1 PP4#a#h#f-#a#i#f4 

.<#a#g.> ,ROB9 ,D4,G4 ,KELLEY & ,JESSE ,B5JAM91 0,9TRODUCTION10 9 ,WALT] ,RODNEY1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION3 ,A ,VIEW FROM ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,LONDON3 ,V]SO1 #b#a#h4 P4LVI 

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