#a#i#a#i-#a#i#d#f3 ,G&HI & ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION ( ,9DIA 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 

,TEXT 3 

,MAHATMA ,G&HI IS (T5 CIT$ BY PACIFI/S AS ! %9+ EXAMPLE ( H[ NONVIOL5T CIVIL DISOB$I5CE WORKS SUCCESSFULLY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 !SE PEANS ( PRAISE LEAVE \T A CLOSE /UDY ( ,G&HI'S ROLE 9 ! ,9DIAN /RUGGLE = '9DEP5D5CE'1 & JU/ AS IMPORTANTLY1 :O W]E HIS CLASS ALLIES 9 ?AT /RUGGLE4 

,BY #aiai ! ,9DIAN CAPITALI/ CLASS HAD DECID$ !Y WANT$ 9DEP5D5CE FROM ! ,BRITI% RUL]S4 ,H[EV]1 AS CAN BE IMAG9$1 ! ,BRITI% W]E RELUCTANT TO AGREE TO ?IS & A PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN = )DRAWAL HAD NO EFFECT4 ,9DIAN WORK]S & PEASANTS ALSO RES5T$ ! YOKE ( ,BRITI% DOM9ATION4 ,9 RESPONSE TO A MASS RALLY AT ,AMRITS> 9 ! ,PUNJAB1 ,G5]AL ,DY] ORD]$ ! MA*9E-GUNN+ ( ! CR[D1 RESULT+ 9 OV] #c DEAD & MANY ?\S&S W\ND$4 

,! ,9DIAN CAPITALI/ CLASS CAME TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT AFT] ! FAILURE ( ! PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN1 MASS ACTION WAS NECESS>Y TO GA9 9DEP5D5CE4 ,H[EV]1 !Y W]E HAUNT$ BY ! SPECT] ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1 :I* HAD PROGRESS$ FROM DEMOCRATIC DEM&S TO \TRI<T SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,!Y RECEIV$ ! ANSW] TO !IR PRAY]S 9 ,G&HI1 :O HAD ALREADY L$ SEV]AL CAMPAIGNS ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA AGA9/ ! RACI/ LAWS !RE4 ,HE ?US HAD A C]TA9 CR$IBILITY1 & WAS ALSO NOT H9D]$ BY ANY ID5TIFICATION ) ANY P>TICUL> REGION ( ! SUB-CONT95T4 

,TRU/EES 

,HIS !ORIES ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE W]E ROOT$ 9 ,H9DU !OLOGY4 ,HE PREA*$ ! UNITY ( CLASSES AMONG ,9DIANS1 ! RI* TO BE 0TRU/EES0 TO ! POOR4 ,?IS MESSAGE ( CLASS UNITY WAS VITAL IF HE W]E TO CREATE AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! 9DU/RIALI/S & ! RI* PEASANTS4 ,9DIAN CAPITALI/S 5?USIA/ICALLY WELCOM$ !SE IDEAS1 & HE WAS F9ANC$ BY SOME ( ! LEAD+ 9DU/RIALI/S 9 ,WE/ ,9DIA1 ! ,S>ABHAIS1 TEXTILE MAGNATES 9 ! ,GUJ>AT1 & ! ,BIRLAS1 SECOND L>GE/ 9DU/RIALI/ GR\P 9 ALL ( ,9DIA4 ,MILLIONS ( RUPEES W]E GIV5 TO HIM OV] A P]IOD ( #be YE>S4 ,! RI* PEASANTS & %OPKEEP]S ALSO PROVID$ A POOL ( ACTIVI/S = HIS ,CONGRESS ,P>TY4 ,G&HI1 DUE TO HIS SIMPLICITY ( LIFE /YLE1 WAS ABLE TO MOBILIZE PEASANTS & WORK]S BEH9D HIM 9 ! CAUSE ( NATIONALISM1 :]E ! ,9DIAN POLITICIANS 9 TOP HATS & MORN+ SUITS W\LD HAVE F\ND IT V]Y DIFFICULT4 ,HE FACILITAT$ A CROSS-CLASS ALLIANCE = NATIONALISM4 

,G&HI HAD ADVOCAT$ HIS DOCTR9ES ( NONVIOL5CE FROM E>LY ON4 ,?IS DID NOT /OP HIM FROM SUPPORT+ ! ,BRITI% 9 #ahii 9 ! ,BO] ,W>1 VOLUNTE]+ TO HELP !M & ORGANIZ+ AN AMBULANCE CORPS4 ,AS HE SAID1 0,AS LONG AS ! SUBJECTS [E ALLEGIANCE TO A /ATE1 IT IS !IR CLE> DUTY G5]ALLY TO ACCOMMODATE !MSELVES1 & TO ACCORD !IR SUPPORT1 TO ! ACTS ( ! /ATE04 ,:5 ,G&HI WAS ORGANIZ+ A MASS M>* 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA 9 #a#i#a#c1 TO OBTA9 RI<TS = ,9DIANS !RE1 ! :ITE RAILWAY WORK]S W5T ON /RIKE OV] PAY & CONDITIONS4 ,G&HI IMM$IATELY CANCEL$ HIS M>*1 SAY+ ?AT CIVIL RESI/]S %\LD NOT TAKE ADVANTAGE ( A GOV]NM5T'S DIFFICULTY4 ,ON ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ,G&HI ACTIVELY RECRUIT$ = ! ,BRITI% W> EF=T1 DESPITE HIS 'PACIFISM'4 ,ON ! \TBREAK ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 HE PUBLICLY PL$G$ NOT TO EMB>RASS ! ,BRITI%1 & W\LD L5D MORAL SUPPORT TO ! ,ALLIES4 

,OBEY 

,EA* ( ,G&HI'S MASS CAMPAIGNS ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE 7#a#i#b-#a#i#b#b1 #a#i#c-#a#i#c#c1#a#i#d#b7 TOOK PLACE :5 ,BRITI% CAPITALISM WAS 9 TR\BLE4 ,EA* CRISIS BROKE A FEW MORE L9KS ) ,BRITA94 ,!Y ALSO /R5G!N$ ! ,9DIAN CAPITALI/S4 ,FAIR 5\<1 ONE CAN >GUE1 IT WAS GOOD TACTICS TO ATTACK ,BRITI% IMP]IALISM :5 IT WAS 9 DIFFICULTIES4 ,:AT ,G&HI FAIL$ TO DO WAS TIE ! SECOND CAMPAIGN TO A MASSIVE WORK+ CLASS UPSURGE1 9 CONJUNCTION ) A MASS CAMPAIGN AGA9/ A ,BRITI% ,P>LIAM5T>Y ,COMMISSION T\R+ ,9DIA 7BO? 9 #a#i#b#h74 ,9/EAD HE WAIT$ TILL #aic TO LAUN* ! CAMPAIGN4 ,HE REJECT$ ! IDEA ( TEAM+ WORK]S /RUGGLES ) A CAMPAIGN = ,BRITI% )DRAWAL BECAUSE HE WAS AN ADVOCATE ( PEACE BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T CLASSES ( ,9DIA4 

,G&HI NEV] QUE/ION$ ! CONCEPT ( 0LEGALITY0 EI!R4 ,HE TOLD HIS SUPPORT]S TO OBEY ! LAW & HE ALWAYS 9SI/$ ?AT ! ,BRITI% HAD A 0LEGAL RI<T0 TO >RE/ !M4 ,ONCE >RE/$1 ! CAMPAIGN]S W]E TOLD TO CUT !MSELVES (F FROM EV]Y?+ \TSIDE & PASSIVELY AWAIT !IR RELEASE4 

,:5 9 ,APRIL #aidf ,9DIAN SAILORS MUT9I$ 9 ,BOMBAY & ,9DIAN SOLDI]S REFUS$ TO FIRE ON !M1 ,G&HI'S ,CONGRESS ,P>TY REFUS$ TO SUPPORT !M1 :I* EFFECTIVELY BROKE ! MUT9Y4 ,WORK]S DEMON/RAT$ !IR SUPPORT 9 MASS /RIKES1 & ! ?\<T ( WORK]S & RANK-&-FILE SOLDI]S COMB9+ 9 ACTION MU/ HAVE BE5 TR\BL+ TO ,G&HI4 

,G&HI'S USE ( ! ,H9DU RELIGION AS JU/IFICATION = CIVIL DISOB$I5CE WAS DISA/R\S4 ,NOT ONLY DID IT ALI5ATE ! MEMB]S ( O!R RELIGIONS 9 ,9DIA1 PR9CIPALLY ! ,MUSLIMS1 BUT IT LEGITIMIZ$ ! CA/E SY/EM4 ,G&HI OPPOS$ ONE CA/E OPPRESS+ ANO!R1 BUT HE NEV] CAME \T 9 FAVOR ( ! ABOLITION ( ! CA/E SY/EM ITSELF4 ,MANY 0UNT\*ABLES0 W]E ALI5AT$ 9 ?IS WAY4 ,! MASSACRES ?AT TOOK PLACE AFT] 9DEP5D5CE W]E AT LEA/ P>TLY DUE TO ,G&HI'S RELUCTANCE TO 9CLUDE ! ,MUSLIMS )9 HIS ,CONGRESS ,P>TY4 

,AL?\< ,G&HI ADMITT$ ?AT HE HAD READ C]TA9 LIB]T>IAN ?9K]S1 PR9CIPALLY ,KROPOTK91 HE HAD V]Y LITTLE 9 COMMON ) !IR IDEAS4 ,:ILE ,KROPOTK9 WAS COMMITT$ TO ! 5D ( CLASS SOCIETY1 ,G&HI NEV] REPUDIAT$ EI!R ! CLASS OR ! CA/E SY/EM1 & NEV] TRI$ TO REA* \T TO ! WORK+ CLASS1 9 ,9DIA OR 9T]NATIONALLY4 ,= ?AT MATT]1 HIS ,PURITANISM1 HIS DISLIKE ( SEXUALITY1 HIS CULT ( M>TYRDOM1 HAVE V]Y LITTLE TO DO ) MILITANT AN>*ISM4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #a#d1 #bb 3 #a#i#a#i-#a#i#d#f3 ,G&HI & ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION ( ,9DIA -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 #a#i#a#i-#a#i#d#f3 ,G&HI & ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION ( ,9DIA -- ,UPDAT$4 

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