#a#i#d#e3 ,! ,SAIGON ,COMMUNE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NGO ,VAN ,XUYET 

,TEXT 3 

,ONE ( ! MA9 CONC]NS ( ! ,VIETM9H ,COMMITTEE WAS TO 5SURE ITS 'RECOGNITION' BY ! ,BRITI% AU?ORITIES AS A DE FACTO GOV]NM5T4 ,TO ?IS 5D ! COMMITTEE DID EV]Y?+ IT C\LD TO %[ ITS /R5G? & DEMON/RATE ITS ABILITY TO 'MA9TA9 ORD]4' 

,?R\< ITS PRESS IT ORD]$ ! DISSOLUTION ( ALL ! P>TISAN GR\PS ?AT HAD PLAY$ AN ACTIVE ROLE 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM4 ,ALL WEAPONS W]E TO BE H&$ OV] TO ! ,VIETM9H'S [N POLICE =CE4 ,! ,VIETM9H'S MILITIA1 KN[N AS ! ',REPUBLICAN ,GU>D' 7,CONG HOA-VE-B9H7 & !IR POLICE ?US HAD A LEGAL MONOPOLY 9 ! C>RY+ ( WEAPONS4 ,! GR\PS AIM$ AT BY ?IS DECISION W]E NOT ONLY C]TA9 RELIGI\S SECTS 7! ,CAO ,DAI & ! ,HOA ,HAO7 BUT ALSO ! WORK]S' COMMITTEES1 SEV]AL ( :I* W]E >M$4 ,ALSO AIM$ AT W]E ! ,VANGU>D ,Y\? ,ORGANIZATION & A NUMB] ( 'SELF-DEF5SE GR\PS1' MANY BAS$ ON FACTORIES OR PLANTATIONS4 ,!SE /OOD ON A V]Y RADICAL SOCIAL PROGRAM BUT W]E NOT PREP>$ TO ACCEPT COMPLETE CONTROL BY ! ,VIETM9H4 

,! ,TROTSKYI/S ( ! ,SP>K GR\P 7,TIA ,SANG71 ANTICIPAT+ AN IMM95T & 9EVITABLE CONFRONTATION ) ! MILIT>Y =CES ( ,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE1 />T$ TO DI/RIBUTE LEAFLETS CALL+ = ! =MATION ( ,POPUL> ,ACTION ,COMMITTEES 7TO*UC-UY-BAN HANH-DONG7 & = >M+ ( ! PEOPLE4 ,!Y ADVOCAT$ ! CREATION ( A POPUL> ASSEMBLY1 TO BE ! ORGAN ( /RUGGLE = NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 

,WORK]S ( ! BIG ,TRAMWAY ,DEPOT ( ,GO ,VAP 7AB\T EI<T KILOMET]S FROM ,SAIGON71 HELP$ BY ,TIA ,SANG MILITANTS1 ORGANIZ$ A WORK]S' MILITIA4 ,! MILITIA ISSU$ AN APPEAL TO ! WORK]S ( ! ,SAIGON-,*OLON >EA TO >M !MSELVES & TO PREP>E = ! 9EVITABLE /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! =CES ( ,BRITI% & ,FR5* IMP]IALISM4 ,BY N[ ,G5]AL ,GRACEY HAD PROLAIM$ M>TIAL LAW4 

,BE=E IT AB&ON$ ! C5T] ( ,SAIGON1 ! ,VIETM9H ,COMMITTEE PLA/]$ ! WALLS ) PO/]S1 9VIT+ ! POPULATION TO 'DISP]SE 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1' TO 'AVOID CONFRONTATION1' & TO 'REMA9 CALM1 BECAUSE ! ,COMMITTEE HOPES TO OP5 NEGOTIATIONS4' ,A S5SE ( 9SECURITY HOV]$ OV] ! T[N1 :I* SL[LY DRA9$ ITSELF ( P>TS ( ITS ,VIETNAMESE POPULATION4 

,DUR+ ! NI<T ( #b#b-#b#c ,SEPTEMB] #aide ,FR5* TROOPS1 SUPPORT$ BY ,GURKHAS COMM&$ BY ,BRITI% (FIC]S1 REOCCUPI$ V>I\S POLICE /ATIONS1 ! ,PO/ ,(FICE1 ! ,C5TRAL ,BANK & ! ,T[N ,HALL4 ,!Y MET NO IMM$IATE RESI/ANCE4 ,! NEWS SPREAD LIKE A TRAIL ( GUNP[D] & TRIGG]$ (F A V]ITABLE 9SURRECTION 9 ! WORK+ CLASS DI/RICTS ( ! T[N4 ,EXPLOSIONS W]E HE>D 9 WIDELY SEP>ATE >EAS4 ,! MOVEM5T HAD BROK5 )\T ANYONE GIV+ ANY K9D ( DIRECTIVE4 

,! ,VIETM9H HAD C]TA9LY NOT CALL$ = 9SURRECTION4 ,!IR ONE PREOCCUPATION WAS 'LAW & ORD]' & !IR [N ACCESSION TO P[] -- FOLL[+ NEGOTIATIONS4 

,9 ALL ! \TLY+ SUBURBS TREES W]E CUT D[N1 C>S & LORRIES TURN$ OV]1 & PRIMITIVE FURNITURE PIL$ UP 9 ! /REETS4 ,ELEM5T>Y B>RICADES W]E SET UP TO PREV5T ! PASSAGE ( ,FR5* & ,GURKHA PATROLS1 & ! TAK+ UP ( /RATEGIC POSITIONS BY ! IMP]IALI/ =CES4 ,! C5T] ( ! T[N RAPIDLY FELL UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,FR5* & ,JAPANESE TROOPS1 SUPPORT$ BY ,GURKHAS4 ,BUT ! POOR] SUBURBS ( ,KHANH ,HOI1 ,CAU ,KHO1 ,BAN ,CO1 ,PHU ,NHUAN1 ,TAN ,D9H & ,?I ,N<E W]E FIRMLY 9 ! H&S ( ! REBELS4 

,! REBELS !MSELVES W]E NOT A HOMOG5\S LOT4 ,AMONG !M W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,POPUL> ,COMMITTEES1 ( ! ,VANGU>D ,Y\?1 ,CAO-DAI/S1 & EV5 '(F ! L9E' GR\PS ( ,/AL9I/ ,REPUBLICAN ,GU>DS4 

,9 >EAS :]E ! POPUL> =CES W]E 9 CONTROL ,FR5*M5 W]E %OT3 ! CRUELE/ FUNCTION>IES ( ! OLD REGIME1 ! HAT$ POLICEM51 KN[N BY ! POPULATION TO HAVE P>TICIPAT$ 9 TORTURE1 W]E S\<T \T1 KILL$ & ?R[N 9 ! CANALS4 ,RACIALISM1 F$ BY #h YE>S ( IMP]IALI/ DOM9ATION1 & BY ! CONTEMPT ( ! :ITE MAN = ! YELL[ MAN1 LEFT ITS IMPR9T ON ! VIOL5CE ( ! MASSES1 :I* ]UPT$ AT MOM5TS LIKE !SE4 ,! MASSACRE ( A HUNDR$ ,FR5* CIVILIANS 9 ! ,H]AUD ,E/ATE1 AT ,TAN ,D9H1 WAS A PA9FUL REM9D] ( ?IS FACT4 ,! ?REATS ( C]TA9 ,FR5* COLONI/S TO SK9 ! ,ANNAMITES ALIVE TO MAKE LEA!R S&ALS' REB\ND$ BACK AGA9/ ALL :ITES4 

,! OCCUPATION =CES FEV]I%LY SE>*$ ! :OLE C5T] ( T[N4 ,?IS DID NOT PREV5T ! 9SURG5TS FROM SETT+ FIRE TO V>I\S IMPORTANT BUILD+S1 SU* AS ! ,MANUFACTUR$ ,RUBB] ,COMPANY1 & TO W>EH\SES4 ,DUR+ ! NI<T ( #b#c-#b#d ,SEPTEMB]1 GU]RILLAS ATTACK$ ! PORT )\T RESPITE4 ,! FOLL[+ DAY REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS OP5LY P>AD$ 9 ! ,RUE DE ,V]DUN & M>*$ UP ! ,B\LEV>D DE LA ,SOMME1 CONV]G+ ON ! ,M>KET ,PLACE1 :I* !Y LAT] BURNT D[N4 ,9 ,SAIGON !RE WAS NEI!R WAT] NOR ELECTRICITY4 ,SUPPLIES W]E BREAK+ D[N4 ,EA* DAY ! ,FR5* S\<T TO EXT5D ! >EA UND] !IR CONTROL1 :ILE V>I\S >M$ GR\PS ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES AS GU]RILLAS 9 ! P]IPH]Y ( ! CITY4 

,! ,VIETM9H ,COMMITTEE PRODUC$ A LEAFLET3 ',! ,FR5* 444SEEM TO TAKE PLEASURE 9 MURD]+ \R PEOPLE4 ,!RE IS ONLY ONE ANSW]3 A FOOD BLOCKADE4' ,:ILE SEEK+ TO '/>VE \T' ! ,FR5* 7A FUTILE HOPE1 AS ! ,BRITI% %IPS CONTROLL$ ! ACCESS TO ! H>BOR7 ! ,VIETM9H CLUNG TO ITS HOPE ( />T+ NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,BRITI%4 ,TALKS ) ,GRACEY DID AT LA/ />T 444& A TRUCE WAS ANN\NC$ ON #a ,OCTOB]4 ,ON #e ,OCTOB] ,G5]AL ,LECL]C1 HEAD ( ! ,FR5* ,EXP$ITION>Y ,=CE1 >RIV$4 ,HIS MISSION WAS TO 'RE/ORE ORD]1 & TO 'BUILD A /RONG ,9DO*9A )9 ! ,FR5* ,UNION4' ,HE L&$ HIS TROOPS4 ,! COMM&OS ( ! BATTLE%IP ,TRIOMPHANT P>AD$ D[N ! ,RUE ,CAT9AT4 ,! HAT$ ,TRICOLOR AGA9 FLUTT]$ FROM V>I\S W9D[S4 

,! 'NEGOTIATIONS' BETWE5 ! ,VIETM9H & ! ,BRITI% CONT9U$4 ,! ONLY RESULT WAS ?AT ,BRITI% & ,JAPANESE TROOPS W]E ALL[$ 'FREE & UNMOLE/$ PASSAGE' ?R\< ZONES OCCUPI$ BY ! 9SURG5TS4 ,! ,VIETM9H ,COMMITTEE1 CONT9U+ ITS POLICY ( APPEASEM5T T[>DS ! IMP]IALI/ ,ALLIES1 HAD CONSCI\SLY TAK5 ?IS DECISION4 ,! ,GURKHAS & ! ,JAPANESE MOV$ \T FUR!R DETA*M5TS OCCUPY+ /RATEGIC PO9TS ON ! P]IPH]Y ( ,SAIGON4 ,ON #ab ,OCTOB] ,FR5* TROOPS1 SUPPORT$ BY ,GURKHAS1 LAUN*$ A G5]AL ATTACK T[>DS ! NOR?-EA/4 ,! MIS]ABLE PEASANT HUTS BURNT FROM ,?I ,N<E TO ,TAN ,B9H4 ,! 5CIRCLEM5T ( ! T[N BY ! REBELS WAS GRADUALLY BROK51 9 DESP]ATE FI<T+4 

,! LEAD] ( ! ,BAY ,VI5 GR\P ( GU]RILLAS REFUS$ TO UND]TAKE UND]H& POLICE WORK AGA9/ O!R T5D5CIES NOT AFFILIAT$ TO ! ,VIETM9H4 ,HE PROCLAIM$ HIS 9DEP5D5CE 9 RELATION TO ! LATT]4 ,HIS WAS NOT ! ONLY >M$ B& TO REFUSE ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,/AL9I/S4 ,! BIGGE/ ( SU* 'DISSID5T' GR\PS WAS KN[N AS ! ,?IRD ,DIVISION1 DE-TAM-SU-DOAN4 ,IT WAS L$ BY AN ]/:ILE NATIONALI/1 :O HAD = A :ILE PLAC$ HIS FAI? 9 ,JAPAN4 ,A FEW HUNDR$ >M$ M5 ORGANIZ$ SU/A9$ RESI/ANCE TO ! ,FR5*1 9 ! ,PLA9E DES ,JONCS1 BUT !Y SURR5D]$ A FEW MON?S LAT]1 & ! GR\P DISB&$4 

,! ,VIETM9H W\LD NOT TOL]ATE ANY T5D5CY ?AT D>$ =MULATE ! LEA/ CRITICISM ( IT4 ,IT DEALT ) SU* T5D5CIES BY PHYSICALLY LIQUIDAT+ !M4 ,! MILITANTS ( ! ,TROTSKYI/ GR\P ,LA ,LUTTE W]E ! FIR/ VICTIMS ( ! ,/AL9I/ T]ROR1 DESPITE !IR PROCLAMATIONS ( 'CRITICAL SUPPORT TO ! ,VIETM9H GOV]NM5T4' ,GA!R$ 9 A TEMPLE 9 ! ,?U ,DUE >EA1 & :ILE PREP>+ ! >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,FR5* ON ! ,GIA ,D9H FRONT1 !Y W]E SURR\ND$ ONE MORN+ BY ! ,VIETM9H1 >RE/$ & 9T]N$ %ORTLY AFT]W>DS AT ,B5 ,SUE 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,?U ,DAU ,MOT4 ,!RE !Y W]E ALL %OT -- TOGE!R ) SOME #c O!R PRISON]S -- AT ! APPROA* ( ! ,FR5* TROOPS4 ,AMONG ?OSE MURD]$ WAS ,TRAN ,VAN ,?A*1 ONE-TIME MUNICIPAL C\NCILOR = ,SAIGON1 ELECT$ 9 #aicc ON A ,/AL9I/-,TROTSKYI/ LI/1 & A FEW MON?S E>LI] RELEAS$ FROM ! P5AL SETTLEM5T AT ,P\LO ,CONDORE4 ,TA ,?U ,?AU1 ALSO RELEAS$ FROM ,P\LO ,CONDORE1 HAD GONE TO ,TONK9 ,PROV9CE TO HELP ORGANIZE ASSI/ANCE TO ! FAM9E-/RICK5 >EAS4 ,HE WAS MURD]$ BY SUPPORT]S ( ,HO ,*I ,M9H1 ON HIS WAY BACK1 9 C5TRAL ,ANNAM4 

,9 ?IS ATMOSPH]E ( ,VIETM9H T]ROR1 ! WORK]S' MILITIA ( ! ,GO ,VAP TRAMWAY DEPOT1 SOME #f /RONG1 P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! 9SURRECTION1 ON ITS [N 9ITIATIVE4 ,! #d WORK]S & EMPLOYES ( ! ,TRAMWAY ,COMPANY W]E WELL-KN[N = !IR MILITANCY & 9DEP5D5T FRAME ( M9D4 ,UND] ,FR5* IMP]IALI/ RULE !RE HAD BE5 NO TRADE UNION RI<TS4 ,AFT] #i ,M>* #a#i#d#e1 :5 ! ,JAPANESE HAD REPLAC$ ! ,FR5* AT ! HEAD ( ?IS P>TICUL> 5T]PRISE1 ! WORK]S HAD IMM$IATELY CON/ITUT$ !IR [N WORK]S' COMMITTEE & PUT =W>D A S]IES ( DEM&S4 

,JAPANESE SOLDI]Y1 L$ BY ,COLONEL ,KIR9O1 HAD COME TO ?REAT5 !M1 BUT CONFRONT$ BY !IR MILITANT & UNIT$ /&1 HAD EV5TUALLY BE5 OBLIG$ TO GRANT !M A WAGE 9CREASE & EV5 TO RECOGNIZE #aa DELEGATES ELECT$ BY ! #aa CATEGORIES ( WORK]S3 ELECTRICIANS1 C>P5T]S1 METAL WORK]S1 ETC4 

,9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#d#e1 :5 =EIGN TE*NICIANS HAD MOM5T>ILY AB&ON$ ! 5T]PRISE1 ! DEPOT HAD BE5 TAK5 OV] & MANAG$ BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES1 UNTIL ! TIME ( ! 9SURRECTION4 

,ALL ?OSE 9SURG5TS :O DID NOT RALLY IMM$IATELY TO ! ,VIETM9H FLAGS W]E D5\NC$ BY ! ,VIETM9H AS TRAITORS4 ,WORK]S :O DIDN'T ID5TIFY ) ! 'PATRIOTIC CAUSE' W]E CALL$ 'SABOTEURS' & 'REACTION>IES4' ,! S\!RN ,C,G,T WAS PRESID$ OV] BY ! >*-,/AL9I/ ,HOANG ,DON ,VAN4 ,ITS FUNCTION WAS TO CONTROL ! WORK]S ( ! ,SAIGON-,*OLON >EA1 BY NOM9AT+ !IR 'REPRES5TATIVES' = !M1 FROM ABOVE4 

,9 ?IS ATMOSPH]E ( VIOL5T IDEOLOGICAL TOTALIT>IANISM1 ! WORK]S ( ! ,GO ,VAP TRAMWAY DEPOT1 AL?\< AFFILIAT$ TO ! S\!RN ,C,G,T1 REFUS$ ! LABEL ( ,CONG-NHAN CUU-QUOC 7,WORK] ,SAVIORS ( ! ,FA!RL&74 ,!Y 9SI/$ ON REMA9+ A PROLET>IAN MILITIA1 & REJECT$ ! ,VIETM9H FLAG 7YELL[ /> ON R$ BACKGR\ND71 SAY+ !Y W\LD CONT9UE !IR FI<T UND] ! R$ FLAG1 ! FLAG ( !IR [N CLASS EMANCIPATION4 

,! TRAMWAY M5 !N ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES 9TO COMBAT GR\PS ( #aa M5 UND] ELECT$ LEAD]S -- & UND] ! OV]ALL COMM& ( ,TRAN ,D9H ,M9H1 A Y\NG ,TROTSKYI/ FROM ! NOR? :O HAD PUBLI%$ A SOCIAL NOVEL 9 ,HANOI1 UND] ! PSEUDONYM ( ,NGUY5 ,HAI ,AU1 & :O HAD COME S\? TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! /RUGGLE4 

,AT ?IS /AGE ! LOCAL ,/AL9I/S1 UND] ! COMM& ( ,NGUY5 ,D9H ,?AU1 SEEM$ F> MORE CONC]N$ AT >RE/+ & %OOT+ !IR LEFT CRITICS -- & 9 FACT ALL :OM !Y SAW AS POT5TIAL RIVALS = ! LEAD]%IP ( ! MOVEM5T -- ?AN AT PROSECUT+ ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,FR5*4 ,T]RORI/ ACTS BECAME ! RULE4 ,!Y LEFT A DEEP IMPR9T ON ! '/ATE-9-EMBRYO' :I* ! MAQUIS WAS SOON TO BECOME4 ,! EM]G5CE ( ! ,VIETM9H AS ! DOM9ANT =CE1 9 ! YE>S TO COME1 WAS ONLY POSSIBLE AFT] A LOT ( WORK+ CLASS & PEASANT BLOOD HAD BE5 %$4 

,REFUS+ TO ACCEPT ! AU?ORITY ( ,NGUY5 ,D9H ,?AU1 ! TRAMWAYM5'S MILITIA S\<T TO REGR\P 9 ! ,PLA9E DES ,JONCS1 T[>DS :I* IT HAD OP5$ A WAY1 FI<T+ MEAN:ILE AGA9/ ! ,GURKHAS & ! ,FR5* AT ,LOC ,GIANG1 ,?OT ,NOT & ,MY ,HANH4 

,9 ! ,PLA9E DES ,JONCS ! TRAMWAYM5 E/ABLI%$ CONTACT ) ! POOR PEASANTS4 ,& IT WAS H]E ?AT1 9 A FI<T AGA9/ ! IMP]IALI/ =CES1 ,TRAN ,D9H ,M9H WAS KILL$1 ON #ac ,JANU>Y #a#i#d#f4 ,SOME #b O!R TRAMWAY WORK]S HAD ALREADY LO/ !IR LIVES 9 ! C\RSE ( BATTLES WAG$ ON ! WAY4 

,! 9TOL]ANCE ( ! ,VIETM9H 9 RELATION TO ALL 9DEP5D5T T5D5CIES1 ! ACCUSATIONS ( TREA*]Y COMB9$ ) ?REATS ( MURD] & ! NUM]ICAL WEAKNESS ( ! TRAMWAYM5'S MILITIA EV5TUALLY =C$ ITS MEMB]S TO DISP]SE4 ,?REE ( !M1 ,LE ,NGOC1 ,KY & ,HUONG1 A Y\NG WORK] ( #a#d1 W]E /ABB$ TO DEA? BY ,VIETM9H B&S4 

,! ,SAIGON EXPLOSION REV]B]AT$ 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE & 9TO ! MORE DI/ANT PROV9CES4 ,! PEASANTS SEIZ$ ! LOCAL (FICIALS :O HAD MO/ DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES BY !IR CRUELTY OR !IR EXTORTIONS1 & MANY W]E PUT TO DEA?4 ,BUT 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 AS 9 ! T[NS1 ! PRETEXT ( POPUL> ANG] AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT]S WAS EV]Y:]E US$ BY ! ,VIETM9H TO SETTLE ACC\NTS ) POLITICAL DISS5T]S4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bba 3 #a#i#d#e3 ,! ,SAIGON ,COMMUNE -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 #a#i#d#e3 ,! ,SAIGON ,COMMUNE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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