#e ,YE>S ( ,9DIG5\S ,RESI/ANCE ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,ANONYM\S ,TEXT 3 ,9TRODUCTION ,?R\<\T ! YE> #a#i#i#b1 ! V>I\S /ATES :I* HAVE PR(IT$ FROM ! COLONIZATION ( ! ,AM]ICAS WILL BE CONDUCT+ LAVI% CELEBRATIONS ( ! 0,DISCOV]Y ( ! ,AM]ICAS04 ,SPA9 HAS SP5T BILLION ( DOLL>S = CELEBRATIONS 9 CONJUNCTION ) ,EXPO '#i#b 9 ,SEVILLE4 ,9 ,COLUMBUS1 ,OHIO1 A @s#a MILLION QU9C5T5NIAL CELEBRATION PLANS ON 5T]TA9+ SEV]AL MILLION T\RI/S4 ,C,E,L,A,M1 ! ASSOCIATION ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA'S ,CA?OLIC BI%OPS1 HAS ORGANIZ$ A GA!R+ TO CELEBRATE ! 0FIF? C5T5>Y ( ! EVANGELIZATION ( ! ,AM]ICAS0 TO BE PRESID$ OV] BY ! ,POPE4 ,AS WELL1 !RE IS A WIDE SELECTION ( MUSEUM EXHIBITS1 FILMS1 ,T,V %[S1 BOOKS & MANY O!R PRODUCTS & ACTIVITIES FOCUS+ ON ,COLUMBUS & ! 0,DISCOV]Y01 ALL PRES5T+ ONE 9T]PRETATION ( ! #e YE>S FOLL[+ #a#d#i#b4 ,! MA9 ?RU/ ( ?IS 9T]PRETATION BE+ ?AT ! COLONIZATION PROCESS -- A PROCESS ( G5OCIDE -- HAS1 ) A FEW 0BAD SPOTS01 BE5 OV]ALL A MUTUALLY B5EFICIAL PROCESS4 ,! 0GREATNESS0 ( ,EUROPEAN RELIGIONS & CULTURES WAS BR\$ ! L&S & AFT] 0ACCID5TALLY0 BE+ 9TRODUC$ TO ,EUROPEAN DISEASE1 SIMPLY DI$ (F & :OSE DESC5DANTS N[ FILL ! URBAN E RECIPI5TS4 ,( C\RSE1 A FEW 0REMNANTS0 ( ,9DIAN CULTURES WAS RETA9$1 & !RE >E EV5 A FEW 0PR(ESSIONAL0 ,9DIAN POLITICIANS RUNN+ >\ND4 ,?AT WAS NO 0,DISCOV]Y0 -- IT WAS AN ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN ,HOLOCAU/6 ,UNTIL REC5TLY1 COMMONLY ACCEPT$ POPULATION LEVELS ( ! 9DIG5\S PEOPLES ON ! EVE ( #adib W]E >\ND #a-#a#e MILLION4 ,?IS NUMB] CONT9UES TO BE ACCEPT$ BY 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS :O SEE #adib AS A 0DISCOV]Y0 9 :I* ONLY A FEW MILLION ,9DIANS DI$ -- & !N MO/LY FROM DISEASES4 ,MORE REC5T DEMOGRAPHIC /UDIES PLACE ! ,9DIG5\S POPULATION AT BETWE5 #g TO #a MILLION PEOPLES1 ) SOME #a MILLION 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 #c MILLION 9 ,MESOAM]ICA1 & >\ND #e TO #g MILLION 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,TODAY1 9 SPITE ( #e YE>S ( A G5OCIDAL COLONIZATION1 !RE IS AN E/IMAT$ #d MILLION ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES 9 ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,9 ,GUATEMALA1 ! ,MAYAN PEOPLES MAKE UP #f4#c P]C5T ( ! POPULATION1 & 9 ,BOLIVIA ,9DIANS COMPRISE OV] #g P]C5T ( ! TOTAL POPULATION4 ,DESPITE ?IS1 !SE ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES LACK ANY CONTROL OV] !IR [N L&S & COMPRISE ! MO/ EXPLOIT$ & OPPRESS$ LAY]S ( ! POPULATION2 *>ACT]I/ICS ?AT >E F\ND ALSO 9 O!R ,9DIG5\S POPULATIONS 9 ! SETTL] /ATES ( ! ,AM]ICAS 7& ?R\<\T ! WORLD74 ,! ,PRE-,COLUMBIAN ,WORLD ,BE=E ! ,EUROPEAN COLONIZATION ( ! ,AM]ICAS1 9 ?AT TIME ( LIFE S*OL>S REF] TO AS 0,PRE-HI/ORY0 OR 0,PRE-,COLUMBIAN01 ! ,WE/]N HEMISPH]E WAS A D5SELY POPULAT$ L&4 ,A L& ) ITS [N PEOPLES & WAYS ( LIFE1 AS V>I$ & DIV]SE AS ANY ( ! O!R L&S 9 ! WORLD4 ,9 FACT1 IT WAS NOT EV5 CALL$ 0,AM]ICA0 BY ?OSE PEOPLES4 ,IF !RE WAS ANY REF]5CE TO ! L& AS A :OLE IT WAS AS ,TURTLE ,ISL&1 OR ,CUSCATLAN1 OR ,ABYA-,YALA4 ,! ,FIR/ ,PEOPLES 9HABIT$ EV]Y REGION ( ! ,AM]ICAS1 LIV+ )9 ! DIV]SITY ( ! L& & DEVELOP+ CULTURAL LIFEWAYS DEP5D5T ON ! L&4 ,!IR NUMB]S APPROA*$ #g-#a MILLION PEOPLES PRIOR TO ! ,EUROPEAN COLONIZATION4 ,G5]ALLY1 ! HUNDR$S ( DIFF]5T NATIONS CAN BE SUMM>IZ$ )9 ! V>I\S GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS !Y LIV$ 94 ,! COMMONALITY ( CULTURES )9 !SE REGIONS IS 9 FACT A NATURAL DEVELOPM5T ( PEOPLE BUILD+ LIFE-WAYS DEP5D5T ON ! L&4 ,AS WELL1 !RE WAS EXT5SIVE 9T]ACTION & 9T]RELATION BETWE5 ! PEOPLE 9 !SE REGIONS1 & !Y ALL KNEW EA* O!R AS NATIONS4 ,9 ! ,>CTIC REGION LIVE7D7 ! ,9UIT & ,ALEUT1 :OSE LIFEWAYS REVOLVE7D7 >\ND ! HUNT+ ( SEA MAMMALS 7,BELUGA :ALES1 WALRUSES1 ETC47 & C>IB\1 SUPPLEM5T$ BY FI%+ & TRAD+ ) ! PEOPLE TO ! S\?4 ,S\? ( ! ,>CTIC1 9 ! ,SUB>CTIC REGION ( :AT IS TODAY ,ALASKA1 ! ,NOR?WE/ ,T]RITORIES1 & ! NOR!RN REGIONS ( ! ,CANADIAN PROV9CES1 LIVE7D7 PR$OM9ANTLY HUNT+ & FI%+ PEOPLES4 ,! V>IATIONS ( !SE L&S RANGE FROM OP5 TUNDRA TO =E/S & LAKES1 RIV]S1 & /REAMS4 ,! ,C]E1 ,*IPEWYAN1 ,KASKA1 ,*ILCOT91 ,+ALIK1 ,BEO?UK1 & MANY O!R NATIONS 9HABIT7$7 ?IS REGION1 HUNT+ BE>1 GOATS1 & DE] 9 ! WE/1 MUSK OX5 & C>IB\ FUR!R NOR?1 OR BUFFALO FUR!R S\? 9 ! PRAIRIES4 ,ALTOGE!R 9 ! ,>CTIC & ,SUB>CTIC REGIONS !RE LIV$ P]HAPS AS MANY AS #a1 PEOPLE4 ,ON ! ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/ COA/1 /RET*+ FROM ! COA/S ( ,ALASKA & ,B,C D[N TO NOR!RN ,CALI=NIA1 LIVE7D7 ! ,TL+IT1 ,HAIDA1 ,TSIM%IAN1 ,KWA-,KWA-,KA'WAKW1 ,NUU-*AH-NUL?1 ,NUXALK1 ,SALI%1 ,YUROK1 & MANY O!RS4 ,!SE PEOPLES DEVELOP$ A LIFEWAY REVOLV+ >\ND FI%+4 ,! PEOPLES ( ?IS REGION NUMB]$ AS MANY AS F\R MILLION4 ,BETWE5 ! ,PACIFIC COA/AL M\NTA9 RANGE & ! C5TRAL PLA9S 9 :AT IS TODAY S\!RN ,B,C1 ,WA%+TON1 ,OREGON1 ,IDAHO & ,MONTANA1 LIVE7D7 ! ,SAHAPT9 7,NEZ ,P]CE71 ,*OPUNNI%1 ,%O%ONE1 ,SIKSIKAS 7,BLACKFEET71 & O!RS4 ,!SE PEOPLES NUMB]$ >\ND #b14 ,TO ! EA/ W]E PEOPLE ( ! PLA9S1 5COMPASS+ A VA/ REGION FROM ,TEXAS UP TO P>TS ( S\!RN ,ALB]TA1 ,SASKAT*EWAN1 & ,MANITOBA1 EA/W>D TO ,NOR? & ,S\? ,DAKOTA1 ,M9NESOTA1 ,WISCONS91 ,MISS\RI1 & ,>KANSAS4 ,H]E1 ! ,LAKOTA 7,SI\X71 ,*EY5NE1 ,>APAHO1 PLA9S ,C]E1 ,SIKSIKAS 7( ! ,BLACKFEET ,CONF$]ACY1 9CLUD+ ! ,BLOOD & ,PEIGAN71 ,CR[1 ,KI[A1 ,%O%ONE1 ,M&AN1 & MANY O!RS1 NUMB]$ UP TO ONE MILLION1 & ! BUFFALO AS MANY AS #h MILLION BE=E !IR SLAUM+ PEOPLES2 ! ,KANI5KEHAKE 7,MOHAWKS71 ,ONEIDA1 ,ONONDAGA1 ,CAYUGA1 ,S5ECA 7!SE FIVE NATIONS =M$ ! ,HAUD5OSAUNEE -- ! ,PEOPLE ( ! ,LON<\SE -- ALSO KN[N AS ! ,IROQUOIS ,CONF$]ACY71 ,OJIBWAY1 ,ALGONK91 ,MICMAC1 ,W5DAT 7,HURON71 ,POT[ATOMI1 ,TUSC>ORA1 & O!RS4 ,9 ?IS WOODL& REGION1 /RET*+ FROM ,ONT>IO1 ,QUEBEC1 & ,NEW ,YORK1 D[N TO ! ,C>OL9AS1 LIV$ UP TO TWO MILLION PEOPLES4 ,S\? ( ?IS >EA1 FROM P>TS ( ! ,VIRG9IAS D[N TO ,FLORIDA1 WE/ ( ! ,GULF ( ,MEXICO 9CLUD+ ,MISSISSIPPI & ,L\ISIANA1 LIVE7D7 ,! ,MUSKOGEE-SPEAK+ ,*OCTAW1 ,CREEK1 & ,*IKASAW1 ! ,*]OKEE1 ,NAT*EZ1 ,TONKAWA1 ,ATAKAPA1 & O!RS4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ F]TILE AGRICULTURAL BELTS 9 ! WORLD1 F>M+ WAS WELL E/ABLI%$ SUPPLEM5T$ BY HUNT+ & FI%+4 ,!SE PEOPLES NUMB]$ BETWE5 TWO & ?REE MILLION4 ,EA/ ( ?IS >EA1 9 ! S\?-WE/]N ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 EXT5D+ D[N TO NOR!RN ,MEXICO & ,CALI=NIA1 LIVE7D7 AGR>IAN & NOMADIC PEOPLES2 ! ,PUEBLO1 ,HOPI1 ,ZUNI1 ! ,YUMUN-SPEAK+ ,HUALAPAI1 ,MOJAVE1 ,YUMA1 & ,COCOPA1 ! ,UTO-,AZTECAN SPEAK+ ,PIMAS & ,PAPAGOS1 & ! ,A?APASCANS CONSI/+ ( ! ,NAVAJO 7,D9E7 & ,APA*E PEOPLES4 ,!SE PEOPLES1 ALTOGE!R1 NUMB]$ AB\T TWO MILLION4 ,9 ! ,MESOAM]ICAN REGION1 9CLUD+ ,MEXICO1 ,GUATEMALA & ,BELIZE1 LIVE7D7 ! NUM]\S AGRICULTURAL PEOPLES1 :OSE PRIM>Y /APLE WAS MAIZE2 ! ,AZTECS1 ,TEXACOCO1 ,TLACOPAN1 & ! ,MAYANS -- 9 ! ,YUCATAN P59SULA4 ,H]E1 L>GE CITY-/ATES ) /ONE & BRICK BUILD+S & PYRAMIDS1 AS WELL AS EXT5SIVE AGR>IAN WAT]WAYS CONSI/+ ( DAMS & CANALS W]E BUILT4 ,WRITT5 LANGUAGES W]E PUBLI%$ 9 BOOKS1 & ! /UDY ( A/RONOMY & MA!MATICS WAS WELL E/ABLI%$4 ,A CAL5D> SY/EM MORE ACCURATE ?AN ANY 9 ,EUROPE DUR+ ! #a#e? C5TURY WAS DEVELOP$4 ,ALTOGE!R1 !SE PEOPLES NUMB]$ >\ND #c-#d MILLION4 ,9 ! ,C>IBBEAN BAS91 9CLUD+ ! COA/AL >EAS ( ,COLUMBIA1 ,V5EZUELA1 ,CO/A ,RICA1 ,HONDURAS1 & ! MANY SMALL ISL&S SU* AS ,CUBA1 ,HISPANIOLA1 ,PU]TO ,RICO ETC41 LIVE7D7 HUNT+1 FI%+1 & AGR>IAN PEOPLES SU* AS ! ,C>IB1 ,>AWAK1 ,W>AO1 ,YUKPA1 ,PAUJANOS1 & O!RS4 ,!SE PEOPLES NUMB]$ >\ND FIVE MILLION4 ,9 ALL ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA !RE W]E AS MANY AS #d-#e MILLION PEOPLES4 ,9 ! ,&EAN HIA4 ,9 ! S\? ( ,*ILI LIVE7D7 ! ,MAPU*E1 & 9 ! L[L& REGIONS -- 9CLUD+ ! ,AMAZON REGION -- LIVE7D7 ! ,YANOMAMI1 ,GAVIOE1 ,TXUKAHAME1 ,KRE51 ,AK>ORE1 & O!RS4 ,S\? ( ! ,AMAZON REGION1 9 ,>G5T9A1 ,P>AGUAY1 & ,URUGUAY1 LIVE7D7 ! ,AYOREO1 ,A*E1 ,MATACO1 ,GU>ANI1 & MANY O!RS4 ,9 ! S\!RNMO/ L&S LIVE7D7 ! ,QAWASG>1 ,SELK'NAM1 ,ONU1 & O!RS4 ,) A FEW EXCEPTIONS1 ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONS W]E CLASSLESS & COMMUNIT>IAN SOCIETIES1 ) /RONG MATRIL9EAL FEATURES4 ,! POLITICAL SPH]E ( ,9DIG5\S LIFE WAS NOT DOM9AT$ BY M51 BUT 9 MANY CASES ! RESPONSIBILITY ( WOM54 ,ELD]S HELD A POSITION ( IMPORTANCE & HONOR = !IR KN[L$GE4 ,!RE W]E NO PRISONS1 = ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONS PEOPLES HAD WELL DEVELOP$ ME?ODS ( RESOLV+ COMMUNITY PROBLEMS1 & !RE WAS -- FROM ! ACC\NTS ( ELD]S -- V]Y LITTLE 9 ANTI-SOCIAL CRIME4 ,COMMUNITY DECISIONS W]E MO/ FREQU5TLY MADE BY CONS5SUS & DISCUSSIONS AMONG ! PEOPLE4 ,BUT ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONS W]E NOT P]FECT1 BE+ HUMANS !Y HAD1 & /ILL HAVE1 !IR 9CONSI/5CIES & PRACTICES ?AT >E NOT POSITIVE4 ,SOME EXAMPLES CAN BE SE5 AS ! >M$ CONFLICTS BETWE5 NATIONS ?R\<\T ! ,AM]ICAS1 & PRACTICES ( SLAV]Y AMONG ! ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/ COA/ PEOPLES & 9 ! ,MESOAM]ICAN REGION4 ,H[EV]1 EV5 H]E ! =MS ( W>F>E REFLECT$ SIMIL> DEVELOPM5TS ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 & 9 ANY CASE NEV] APPROA*$ ! G5OCIDAL ME?ODS DEVELOP$1 9 P>TICUL>1 9 ,EUROPE4 ,W>F>E WAS ! PRACTICE ( EXPLICITLY W>RIOR SOCIETIES4 ,! ACC\NTS ( SLAV]Y1 AL?\< !RE IS NO WAY TO EXPLA9 IT AWAY1 DIFF]$ %>PLY FROM ! ,EUROPEANS 9 ?AT IT WAS NOT BAS$ ON RACISM1 NOR WAS IT A FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT]I/IC :I* =M$ ! ECONOMIC BASIS ( !SE SOCIETIES4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONS MU/ ALWAYS BE ANALYZ$ CRITICALLY2 ?OSE :O TELL US ?AT HI/ORY >E R>ELY EV] ( ! ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES4 ,! ,G5OCIDE ,BEG9S 0,!IR BODIES SWELL$ ) GRE$1 & !IR HUNG] WAS RAV5\S40 -- ,AZTEC TE/IMONIAL ,ON ,OCTOB] #a#b1 #a#d#i#b1 SAIL+ ABO>D ! ,SANTA ,M>IA UND] F9ANCE FROM ! ,SPANI% CR[N1 ,CRI/(ORO ,COLOMBO /UMBL$ UPON ! ISL& ( ,GUANAHANI 7BELIEV$ TO BE ,SAN ,SALVADOR71 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN REGION4 ,9ITIALLY *>T+ A NEW TRADE R\TE TO ,ASIAN M>KETS1 ! \TCOME ( ,COLOMBO'S VOYAGE W\LD QUICKLY PROVE F> MORE LUCRATIVE ?AN ! OP5+ ( NEW TRADE R\TES1 AS F> AS ,EUROPE WAS CONC]N$4 ,IT WAS ON ,GUANAHANI ?AT ,COLOMBO FIR/ 5C\NT]$ ,TA9O ,>AWAKS1 :OM HE TITL$ ',9DIANS'1 BELIEV+ HE HAD 9 FACT REA*$ ,ASIA4 ,= ?IS 9ITIAL 5C\NT]1 ,COLOMBO'S [N LOG /&S AS TE/IMONY TO HIS [N GRE$3 0,NO SOON] HAD WE CONCLUD$ ! =MALITIES ( TAK+ POSSESSION ( ! ISL& ?AN PEOPLE BEGAN TO COME TO ! BEA*444 ,!Y >E FRI5DLY & WELL-DISPOSITION$ PEOPLE :O BE> NO >MS EXCEPT = SMALL SPE>S4 0,!Y \T0 7FROM ,COLOMBO'S LOG1 ,OCTOB] #a#b1 #a#d#i#b74.<#a.> ,TRUE TO HIS WORD1 IF LITTLE ELSE1 ,COLOMBO KIDNAPP$ AB\T #i ,TA9O DUR+ HIS J\RNEY ?R\< ! ,BAHAMAS1 & ANTICIPAT$ EV5 MORE KIDNAP+S & 5SLAVEM5T1 0444!SE PEOPLE >E V]Y UNSKILL$ 9 >MS4 ,Y\R ,HIN \R LANGUAGES ,I %ALL RETURN !M1 UNLESS ,Y\R ,HI ,?R\<\T ,COLOMBO'S LOG ( ?IS FIR/ VOYAGE1 !RE IS CON/ANT REF]5CE TO ! NOTION ?AT ! ,TA9O BELIEVE ! ,EUROPEANS TO BE DESC5D$ FROM HEAV51 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT . ,COLOMBO NOR ANY ( HIS CREW UND]/OOD ,>AWAK4 ,ANO!R CONSI/5CY 9 ,COLOMBO'S LOG IS ! OBSESSION ) GOLD1 TO :I* !RE >E #af REF]5CES 9 ! FIR/ TWO WEEKS ALONE1 #ac 9 ! FOLL[+ MON?1 & #df MORE 9 ! NEXT FIVE WEEKS1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ,COLOMBO F\ND V]Y LITTLE GOLD ON EI!R ,GUANAHANI OR ANY ( ! O!R ISL&S HE L&$ ON4 ,9 A F9AL REF]5CE TO ,COLOMBO'S LOG1 ONE CAN ALSO F9D ! DUAL MISSION ,COLOMBO UND]TOOK1 0444,Y\R ,HIE PRECI\S /ONES & PE>LS1 & AN 9F9ITE QUANTITY ( SPICES0 7,COLOMBO'S LOG1 ,NOVEMB] #a#a1 #a#d#i#b74.<#c.> ,! DUALITY ( ,COLOMBO'S MISSION1 & ! SUBSEQU5T ,EUROPEAN 9VASION ?AT FOLL[$1 WAS ! ,*RI/IANIZATION ( NON-,EUROPEANS & ! EXPROPRIATION ( !IR L&S4 ,! TWO GOALS >E NOT UNCONNECT$2 0,*RI/IANIZATION0 WAS NOT M]ELY A PROGRAM = ,EUROPEAN RELIGI\S 9DOCTR9ATION1 IT WAS AN ATTACK ON NON-,EUROPEAN CULTURE 7ONE B>RI] TO COLONIZATION7 & A LEGALLY & MORALLY SANCTION$ =M ( W> = CONQUE/4 0,EV5 HIS NAME WAS PROPHETIC TO ! WORLD HE 5C\NT]$ -- ,*RI/OPH] ,COLUMBUS TRANSLATES TO ',*RI/-BE>] ,COLONIZ]'04.<#d.> ,/ILL ON HIS FIR/ VOYAGE1 ,COLOMBO ME&]$ >\ND ! ,C>IBBEAN & EV5TUALLY E/ABLI%$ ! FIR/ ,SPANI% SETTLEM5T1 ',NATIVIDAD'1 ON ! ISL& ( ,HISPANIOLA 7TODAY ,HAITI & ! ,DOM9ICAN ,REPUBLIC74 ,LEAV+ AB\T #ce M5 ON ,HISPANIOLA1 ,COLOMBO & HIS CREW RETURN$ TO ,SPA9 TO GA!R ! MAT]IALS & M5 NE$$ = ! COM+ COLONIZATION1 & TO REPORT TO ! CR[N ON HIS J\RNEY4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB]1 #a#d#i#c1 ,COLOMBO RETURN$ TO ,HISPANIOLA ) A FLEET ( #ag %IPS & #a1#b M54 ,! DETA*M5T ?AT HAD BE5 LEFT ON ,HISPANIOLA HAD BE5 DE/ROY$ FOLL[+ \TRAGES BY ! ,SPANI>DS AGA9/ ! ,TA9O4 ,! RESI/ANCE HAD ALREADY BEGUN4 ,COLOMBO W\LD MAKE F\R VOYAGES 9 ALL1 ! REMA9+ TWO 9 #adih & #a#e#b4 ,HIS VOYAGES >\ND ! ,C>IBBEAN BR\IB & ,>AWAK W]E %IPP$ TO ,SPA9 AS SLAVES UND] ,COLOMBO'S GOV]NOR%IP1 #e ALONE FOLL[+ HIS SECOND VOYAGE4 ,9DE$1 ! ABS5CE ( A 0GREAT AM\NT ( GOLD0 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN HAD ,COLOMBO DEVIS+ ANO!R ME?OD ( F9ANC+ ! COLONIZATION3 0,! SAVAGE & CANNIBALI/IC ,C>IB %\LD BE EX*ANG$ AS SLAVES AGA9/ LIVE/OCK TO BE PROVID$ BY M]*ANTS 9 ,SPA940 ,COLOMBO DI$ 9 #a#e#f1 BUT FOLL[+ HIS 9ITIAL VOYAGE TO ! ,AM]ICAS1 WAVE UPON WAVE ( FIR/ ,SPANI%1 !N ,PORTUGUESE1 ,DUT*1 ,FR5* & ,BRITI% EXP$ITIONS FOLL[$1 C>RY+ ) !M CONQUI/ADORS1 M]C5>IES1 M]*ANTS1 & ,*RI/IAN MISSION>IES4 ,HISPANIOLA S]V$ AS ! FIR/ BEA*HEAD1 US$ BY ! ,SPANI% AS A /AG+ GR\ND = >M$ 9CURSIONS & RECONNAISSANCE MISSIONS1 JU/IFI$ ?R\< ! ',*RI/IANIZATION' PROGRAM2 ONE YE> AFT] ,COLOMBO'S FIR/ VOYAGE1 ,POPE ,ALEX&] ,V,I 9 HIS 9T] CET]A DIV9A PAPAL BULL GRANT$ ,SPA9 ALL ! WORLD NOT ALREADY POSSESS$ BY ,*RI/IAN /ATES1 EXCEPT+ ! REGION ( ,BRAZIL1 :I* W5T TO ,PORTUGAL4 ,:ILE ! ,SPANI% LAID ! GR\NDWORK = !IR COLONIZATION PLANS1 O!R ,EUROPEAN NATIONS BEGAN TO S5D !IR [N EXP$ITIONS4 ,9 #a#d#i#g1 ,GIOVANNI ,CABOTO ,MOTECATALUNA 7,JOHN ,CABOT71 F9ANC$ BY ,5GL&1 CROSS$ ! ,ATLANTIC & *>T$ ! ,ATLANTIC COA/ ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,UND] ! COMMISSION ( ,H5RY ,V,I,I TO 0CONQU]1 OCCUPY1 & POSSESS0 ! L&S ( 0HEA!NS & 9FIDELS01 ,CABOT RECONNOIT]$ ! ,NEWF\NDL& COA/ -- KIDNAPP+ ?REE ,MICMACS 9 ! PROCESS4 ,AT >\ND ! SAME TIME1 ,GASP> ,CORTE ,REAL1 F9ANC$ BY ,PORTUGAL1 RECONNOIT]$ ! ,LABRADOR & ,NEWF\NDL& COA/S1 KIDNAPP+ #eg ,BEO?UKS TO BE SOLD AS SLAVES TO (FSET ! CO/ ( ! EXP$ITION4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ,AM]IGO ,VESPUCCI -- = :OM ! ,AM]ICAS W]E NAM$ AFT] -- & ,ALONSO DE ,OJ$O1 ON SEP>ATE MISSIONS = ,SPA91 RECONNOIT]$ ! WE/ ,9DIES & ! ,PACIFIC COA/ ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,OJ$O WAS ACTIVELY C>RY+ \T SLAVE RAIDS1 & WAS KILL$ BY A W>RIOR'S POISON$ >R[ = HIS EF=TS4 ,FROM ! PAPAL BULL ( #adic & A SUBSEQU5T ,TREATY ( ,TORDESILLAS 7#a#d#i#d71 ,PORTUGAL HAD BE5 GIV5 POSSESSION ( ,BRAZIL4 ,9 #a#e1 ! ,PORTUGUESE ADMIRAL ,P$RO ,ALV>ES ,CABRAL =MALLY CLAIM$ ! L& = ! ,PORTUGUESE CR[N4 ,N[ ?AT ! 9ITIAL RECONNAISSANCE MISSIONS HAD BE5 COMPLET$1 ! 9VASION 9T5SIFI$ & EXP&$4 ,9 #a#e#a#c1 ,PONCE DE ,LEON1 F9ANC$ BY ,SPA91 ATTEMPT$ TO L& 9 ,FLORIDA1 BUT WAS DRIV5 (F BY #h ,CALUSA W> CANOES4 ,FROM #aeag TO #a#e#b#a1 ! ,SPANI% CONQUI/ADOR ,H]N&O ,CORTES LAID WA/E TO ! ,AZTEC EMPIRE 9 ,MEXICO1 CAPTUR+ ! CAPITAL CITY ( ,T5O*TITLAN & KILL+ MILLIONS 9 A RU?LESS CAMPAIGN = GOLD4 ,%ORTLY AFT]W>DS1 9 #a#e#b#d1 ,P$RO DE ,ALV>ADO 9VAD$ ! REGION ( ,EL ,SALVADOR1 ATTACK+ ! ,CUSCATLAN1 ,PIPELES1 & ,QUI*E PEOPLES4 ,9 ,GUATEMALA ,ALV>ADO CONDUCT$ EIADO'S SOLDI]S W]E REW>D$ BY BE+ ALL[$ TO 5?RALL$ ! SURVIVORS4 ,9 #a#e#c#a1 ! ,SPANI>D ,FRANCISCO ,PIZ>RO 9VAD$ ! REGION ( ! ,9CAS 7N[ ,P]U74 ,TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( AN 9T]NAL /RUGGLE BETWE5 TWO ,9CA FACTIONS L$ BY ! BRO!RS ,HUASC> & ,ATAHUALPA1 ,PIZ>RO SUCCE$$ 9 SUBJUGAT+ ! ,9CAS BY #a#e#c#c4 ,T5 YE>S LAT]1 ,P$RO DE ,VALDIVIA CLAIM$ ,*ILI = ! ,SPANI% CR[N1 AL?\< FI]CE RESI/ANCE BY ! ,MAPU*E NATION RE/RICT$ ! ,SPANI% TO ! NOR!RN & C5TRAL REGIONS4 ,VALDIVIA WAS EV5TUALLY KILL$ 9 BATTLE BY ,MAPU*E W>RIORS4 ,DUR+ ?IS SAME P]IOD1 ,JACQUES ,C>TI]1 F9ANC$ BY ,FRANCE 9 #a#e#c#d1 WAS RECONNOIT]+ ! EA/]N REGIONS ( :AT W\LD BECOME ,CANADA1 & ,SPANI>DS SU* AS ,H]N&O DE ,SOTOS1 ,M>COS DE ,NIZA & O!RS BEGAN P5ETRAT+ 9TO ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 CLAIM+ ! L&S = !IR RESPECTIVE C\NTRIES1 AS WAS !IR CU/OM4 ,EXPANSION1 ,EXPLOITATION1 & ,EXT]M9ATION 0,I AM ,SMALLPOX444 ,I COME FROM F> AWAY444 :]E ! GREAT WAT] IS & !N F> BEYOND IT4 ,I AM A FRI5D ( ! ,BIG ,KNIVES :O HAVE BR\E MY PEOPLE40 -- ,JAMAKE ,HIS ( ! COLONIZATION PROCESS W]E DIRECT$ T[>DS EXPLOIT+ ! L&S & PEOPLES TO ! FULLE/4 ,TO ! ,EUROPEANS1 ! ,AM]ICAS WAS A VA/1 UNSPOIL$ >EA SUITABLE = ECONOMIC EXPANSION & EXPLOITATION4 ,! PRIM>Y ACTIVITY WAS ! ACCUMULATION ( GOLD & SILV]1 !N A =M ( CURR5CY AMONG ! ,EUROPEAN NATIONS4 ,?IS ACCUMULATION WAS FIR/ ACCOMPLI%$ ?R\< ! CRUDE/ =MS ( !FT & PLUND] 7IE4 ,COLOMBO'S & ,CORTES' ME?ODS74 ,EV5TUALLY1 MORE SY/EMATIC =MS W]E DEVELOP$1 9CLUD+ ! 5COMI5DAS -- A =M ( TAXATION IMPOS$ ON ,9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES ?AT HAD BE5 SUBJUGAT$1 & ! USE ( ,9DIG5\S SLAVES TO PAN ! RIV]S & /REAMS4 ,BY ! MID-#a#eS1 ! EXPROPRIATION ( GOLD & SILV] 9VOLV$ 9T5SIVE M9+4 ,5TIRE CITIES & T[NS DEVELOP$ >\ND ! M9ES4 ,MILLIONS ( ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES DI$ WORK+ AS SLAVES 9 ! M9ES AT ,GUANAJUATO & ,ZACATECAS 9 ,MEXICO1 & ,POTOSI 9 ,BOLIVIA4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! #a#eS1 ,POTOSI WAS ONE ( ! L>GE/ CITIES 9 ! WORLD AT #c#e1 9HABITANTS4 ,P]U WAS ALSO ANO!R >EA ( 9T5SIVE M9+4 ,FROM ! TIME ( ! >RIVAL ( ! FIR/ ,EUROPEAN COLONIZ]S UNTIL #a#f#e1 #a#h-#b TONS ( GOLD -- FROM ! ,AM]ICAS -- WAS ADD$ TO ! ,EUROPEAN TREASURY4 ,9 TODAY'S T]MS1 ?AT GOLD W\LD BE WOR? @s#b4#h BILLION4.<#e.> ,DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD1 EIAGUA ALONE1 ! FIR/ T5 YE>S ( 9T5SIVE SLAV+1 BEG9N+ 9 #a#e#b#e1 SAW AN E/IMAT$ #d#e1 ,MISKITU & ,SUMU PEOPLES %IPP$ TO ,EUROPE4 ,T5S ( ?\S&S P]I%$ 9 ! %IPS ?AT TRANSPORT$ !M4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ! SLAVE TRADE W\LD TURN TO ,AFRIKA1 BEG9N+ 9 ! MID-#a#eS :5 ,PORTUGUESE COLONI/S BR\ =E/ >EA = ! CON/RUCTION ( SETTLEM5TS & *UR*ES4 ,AN E/IMAT$ #ae MILLION ,AFRIKAN PEOPLES W\LD BE BR\EAS SU* AS ! HI CANE1 & LAT] GRAPES1 BANANAS1 & C(FEE4 ,BY ! MID-#a#eS1 US+ SLAVE LABOR1 MANY ( !SE CROPS -- P>TICUL>LY :EAT & SUG> CANE -- W]E L>GE-SCALE EXPORTS = ! ,EUROPEAN M>KETS4 ,9 O!R >EAS1 SPRAWL+ H]DS ( CATTLE W]E E/ABLI%$4 ,H]DS :I* R>ELY EXCE$$ #h OR #a1 9 ,SPA9 REA*$ AS MANY AS #h1 9 ,MEXICO4 ,BY #a#e#g#i1 SOME RAN*ES 9 NOR!RN ,MEXICO HAD UP TO #a#e1 HEAD ( CATTLE4.<#f.> ,! EFFECTS ( EXT5SIVE L&-CLE>+ = ! CROPS & RAN*ES & 9T5SIVE M9+ CULM9AT$ 9 9CREAS+ DE=E/ATION & DAMAGE TO ! L&S4 ,MORE IMM$IATELY = ! ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES 9 ! REGION1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE :O LIV$ ON SUBSI/5CE AGRICULTURE1 WAS ! DISMANTL+ ( DE/RUCTION ( AGR>IAN WAYS REPLAC$ BY EXPORT CROPS4 ,9 ORD] TO C>RY \T ?IS EXPANSION & EXPLOITATION1 ! SUBJUGATION ( ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONS WAS A NECESSITY1 & ! TASK ( COLONIZ+ O!R PEOPLES WAS ONE 9 :I* ! ,EUROPEANS HAD HAD PL5TY ( EXP]I5CE4 0,9 A S5SE1 ! FIR/ PEOPLE COLONIZ$ UND] ! PR(IT MOTIVATION BY ! USE ( LABOR444W]E ! ,EUROPEAN & ,5GLI% PEASANTRY4 ,IREL&1 ,BOHEMIA & ,CATALONIA W]E COLONIZ$4 ,! ,MOORI% NATION1 AS WELL AS ! ,JUDAIC ,SEPH>DIC NATION1 W]E PHYSICALLY DEPORT$ BY ! ,CR[N ( ,CA/ILLE FROM ! ,IB]IAN P59SULA444,ALL ! ME?ODS = RELOCATION1 DEPORTATION & EXPROPRIATION1 W]E ALREADY PRACTIC$ IF NOT P]FECT$04.<#g.> ,PRIOR TO ,COLOMBO'S #adib VOYAGE1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( A CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION EM]G+ FROM FEUDALISM HAD DISPOSSESS$ ,EUROPEAN PEASANTS ( 9DEP5D5T PRODUCTION & SUBSI/5CE AGRICULTURE4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 !Y W]E TO 5T] 9TO A RELATION%IP ( =C$ DEP5D5CE TO L&-[N]S & MANUFACTUR]S1 LEAD+ TO P]IODS ( 9T5SE CLASS /RUGGLE1 P>TICUL>LY AS ! ,9DU/RIAL ,REVOLUTION 7FUEL$ BY ! EXPROPRIATION ( MAT]IALS FROM ! ,AM]ICAS & ,AFRIKA7 LOOM$ EV] L>G]4 ,9DE$1 ! MAJORITY ( ,EUROPEANS :O EMIGRAT$ TO ! ,AM]ICAS 9 ! #a#f?1 #a#g?1 & #a#h? C5TURIES W]E IMPOV]I%$ M]*ANTS1 PETIT-B\RGEOIS TRAD]S1 M]C5>IES1 & ,*RI/IAN MISSION>IES ALL HOP+ TO BUILD !IR =TUNES 9 ! ',NEW ,WORLD' & ESCAPE ! DEEP5+ CLASS /RATIFICATION ?AT WAS QUICKLY DEVELOP+4 ,H[EV]1 ! FIR/ P]MAN5T SETTLEM5TS W]E LIMIT$1 !IR MA9 PURPOSE BE+ TO FACILITATE & MA9TA9 >EAS ( EXPLOITATION4 ,DUR+ ! 5TIRE #a#f? C5TURY1 ONLY AN E/IMAT$ #a1 ,EUROPEANS W]E P]MAN5T EMIGRANTS TO ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,!IR EFFECTS1 H[EV]1 W]E OV]:ELM+2 9 ! SAME #a YE> P]IOD1 ! POPULATIONS ( ! ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES DECL9$ FROM #g-#a MILLION TO >\ND #ab MILLION4 ,! ,AZTEC NATION ALONE HAD BE5 R$UC$ FROM >\ND #c MILLION TO #c MILLION 9 ONE #e YE> P]IOD4 ,! ONLY T]M :I* DESCRIBES ?IS DEPOPULATION IS ?AT ( ,G5OCIDE2 AN ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN HOLOCAU/4 ,APOLOGI/S = ! ,G5OCIDE ATTRIBUTE ! MAJORITY ( DEA?S TO ! 9TRODUCTION ( DISEASE EPIDEMICS SU* AS SMALLPOX & MEASLES BY UNKN[+ ,EUROPEANS4 ,:ILE ATTEMPT+ TO DIM9I% ! SCALE & 9T5SITY ( ! ,G5OCIDE 7O!R =MS ( ?IS DIM9I%M5T >E CLAIM+ ! POPULATION ( ! ,AM]ICAS WAS A MU* SMALL] PORTION ?AN G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ DEMOGRAPHIC NUMB]S71 SU* A P]SPECTIVE DISREG>DS ! CONDITIONS 9 :I* !SE DISEASES W]E 9TRODUC$4 ,CONDITIONS SU* AS W>S1 MASSACRES1 SLAV]Y1 SCOR*$ E>? POLICIES & ! SUBSEQU5T DE/RUCTION ( SUBSI/5CE AGRICULTURE & FOOD-/OCKS1 & ! ACCOMPANY+ />VATION1 MALNUTRITION1 & DISMEMB]M5T ( COMMUNALLY-BAS$ CULTURES4 ,!SE CONDITIONS W]E NOT 9TRODUC$ BY 0UNKN[+0 ,EUROPEANS2 !Y W]E P>TS ( A CALCULAT$ CAMPAIGN BAS$ ON EXPLOITATION 9 :I* ! EXT]M9ATION ( ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES WAS A CRUCIAL FACTOR4 ,EUROPEAN DISEASES 9TRODUC$ 9TO !SE CONDITIONS CAME AS AN AFT]EFFECT ( ! 9ITIAL ATTACKS4 ,& !IR EFFECTS W]E DISA/R\S4 ,ONCE ! EFFECTS ( ! EPIDEMICS W]E REALIZ$ H[EV]1 ! USE ( BIOLOGICAL W>F>E WAS ALSO PLANN$ 9 ! =M ( 9FECT$ BLANKETS & O!R TEXTILES SUPPLI$ TO ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES4 ,! ,P5ETRATION ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA ,:ILE ! ,SPANI% W]E DE/ROY+ ! ,C>IBBEAN & ,MESOAM]ICAN REGION1 ! ,PORTUGUESE W]E C>RY+ \T SIMIL> CAMPAIGNS 9 ,BRAZIL4 ,! PATT]NS E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,SPANI% W\LD BE REPEAT$ BY ! ,PORTUGUESE DUR+ ! #a#f? & #a#g? C5TURIES 9 ,BRAZIL1 ,URUGUAY1 & ,P>AGUAY4 ,BY ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#g? C5TURY1 ! ,SPANI% & ,PORTUGUESE HAD P5ETRAT$ VIRTUALLY EV]Y REGION 9 ! S\!RN HEMISPH]E1 E/ABLI%+ NUM]\S SETTLEM5TS FACILITAT$ ) ! HELP ( ,JESUIT & ,FRANCISCAN MISSION>IES1 AS WELL AS M9ES1 RAN*ES1 & PLANTATIONS4 ,DESPITE ALL ?IS1 !RE W]E /ILL L>GE >EAS 9 :I* ,EUROPEAN CLAIMS TO L&S REMA9$ A !ORETICAL PROPOSITION2 !SE >EAS REMA9$ \TSIDE ( ,EUROPEAN CONTROL ) FI]CE ,9DIG5\S RESI/ANCE4 ,?IS WAS P>TICUL>LY SO 9 ! S\!RN REGIONS4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD1 ,FR5*1 ,DUT*1 & ADVANCE ELEM5TS ( ! ,BRITI% ALSO E/ABLI%$ SETTLEM5TS 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN4 ,9 #a#f#d1 ! ,FR5* OCCUPI$ ! ISL& ( ,GUADAL\PE1 FOLL[$ BY ! ISL& ( ,M>T9IQUE & V>I\S SMALL] ISL&S 9 ! ,WE/ ,9DIES4 ,9 #afce !Y OCCUPI$ :AT IS N[ ,FR5* ,GUIANA4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! ,DUT* OCCUPI$ A COA/AL REGION ?AT W\LD EV5TUALLY BECOME ,SUR9AM 7,DUT* ,GUIANA7 AS WELL AS SETTLEM5TS E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,DUT* ,WE/ ,9DIA ,COMPANY 9 ! >EA ( ,BELIZE 7:I* W\LD LAT] BECOME A ,BRITI% COLONY74 ,! ,DUT*1 ,FR5*1 & ,BRITI% W]E RELATIVELY LIMIT$ 9 !IR EXPLOITS 9 ! ,S\? ,AM]ICAS1 & IT W\LD BE 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA :]E !IR MA9 EF=TS W\LD BE DIRECT$4 ,AS HAS ALREADY BE5 NOT$1 ,FR5* EXP$ITIONS HAD P5ETRAT$ ! NOR?-EA/]N REGIONS ( :AT W\LD BECOME ,QUEBEC & ! ,ATLANTIC PROV9CES1 9 ! #a#e#cS4 ,9 #aefb & #a#e#f#d1 ! ,FR5* ATTEMPT$ TO E/ABLI% SETTLEM5TS 9 ,S\? ,C>OL9A & ,FLORIDA1 BUT W]E DRIV5 \T BY ! ,SPANI% 7:O HAD CLAIM$ ,FLORIDA 9 #aeci DUR+ DE ,SOTO'S P]IL\S EXP$ITION74 ,9 #aehe ! ,BRITI% ALSO ATTEMPT$ SETTLEM5TS1 ON ,ROANOKE ,ISL& 9 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A1 & AGA9 9 #a#e#h#f4 ,BO? ATTEMPTS FAIL$ :5 ! SETTL]S-TO-BE W]E UNABLE TO SURVIVE4 ,9 ! P]IOD UP TO #a#f1 MORE RECONNAISSANCE MISSIONS W]E CONDUCT$2 9 #aegf ,M>T9 ,FROBI%] *>T$ ! ,>CTIC COA/S 5C\NT]+ ,9UUK1 & 9 #ae< ,FRANCIS ,DRAKE *>T$ ! COA/ ( ,CALI=NIA4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! ,SPANI% W]E PU%+ 9TO ,NOR? ,AM]ICA FROM !IR BASES 9 S\!RN ,MEXICO1 5C\NT]+ RESI/ANCE FROM ,PUEBLOS & O!RS4 ,9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#fS1 AS ! HORSE SPREAD ?R\<\T ! S\?WE/ & 9TO ! PLA9S1 ,SAMUEL DE ,*AMPLA9 EXP&$ ON ,C>TI]S' E>LI] EXP$ITION1 P5ETRAT+ AS F> WE/ AS ,LAKE ,HURON & ,LAKE ,ONT>IO4 HIS ATTACKS ON ,ONONDAGO COMMUNITIES1 US+ ,W5DAT 7,HURON7 W>RIORS1 W\LD TURN ! ,HAUD5OSAUNEE AGA9/ ! ,FR5*4 ,9 #a#f#f1 ! ,BRITI% F9ALLY SUCCE$$ 9 E/ABLI%+ !IR FIR/ P]MAN5T SETTLEM5T 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA AT ,JAME/[N1 ,VIRG9IA4 ,9 #a#f#b1 ,PILGRIMS 7,5GLI% ,PURITANS7 L&$ ON ! EA/ COA/ ALSO1 E/ABLI%+ ! ,PLYM\? COLONY4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ,BEO?UKS 9 ,NEWF\NDL& HAD RETALIAT$ AGA9/ A ,FR5* ATTACK 9 CLA%ES ?AT FOLL[$ KILL$ #cg ,FR5* SETTL]S4 ,! ,FR5* RESPOND$ BY >M+ ,MICMACS -- TRADITIONAL 5EMIES ( ! ,BEO?UKS -- & (F]+ B\NTIES = ,BEO?UK SCALPS4 ,?IS IS BELIEV$ TO ! ORIG9 ( 'SCALP-TAK+' BY ,NATIVE W>RIORS2 ! /]EO-TYPE ( ,NATIVE 'SAVAG]Y' WAS 9 FACT 9TRODUC$ BY ! ,FR5* &1 LAT]1 ! ,DUT*4 ,! COMB9$ ATTACKS BY ! ,FR5* & ,MICMACS L$ TO ! EV5TUAL EXT]M9ATION ( ! ,BEO?UK NATION4 ,9 #a#f#b#d1 ! ,DUT* E/ABLI%$ ,=T ,ORANGE 7LAT] TO BECOME ,ALBANY1 ,NEW ,YORK7 & CLAIM$ ! >EA AS ,NEW ,NE!RL&4 ,:ILE ! ,ATLANTIC COA/ >EA ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA WAS BECOM+ QUICKLY LITT]$ ) ,BRITI%1 ,FR5* & ,DUT* SETTLEM5TS1 SUB/ANTIAL DIFF]5CES 9 ! L&S & RES\RCES =C$ ! FOCUS ( EXPLOITATION TO DIFF] FROM ! COLONIZATION PROCESS UND]WAY 9 ,MESO- & ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,9 ! ,S\?1 ! L>GE-SCALE EXPROPRIATION ( GOLD & SILV] F9ANC$ MU* ( ! 9VASION4 ,AS WELL1 ! D5SE POPULATIONS ( ! ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES PROVID$ A L>GE SLAVE-LABOR =CE TO WORK 9 ! FIR/ M9ES & PLANTATIONS4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! ,EUROPEANS :O BEGAN COLONIZ+ ,NOR? ,AM]ICA F\ND A L[] POPULATION D5SITY & ! L&S1 ?\< F]TILE = CROPS & ABUNDANT 9 FUR-BE>+ ANIMALS1 CONTA9$ LITTLE 9 PRECI\S METALS ACCESSIBLE TO #a#g? C5TURY ,EUROPEAN TE*NOLOGY4 ,! EXPLOITATION ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA WAS TO REQUIRE LONG-T]M ACTIVITIES :I* C\LD NOT RELY ON ,9DIG5\S OR ,AFRIKAN SLAV]Y BUT 9 FACT :I* REQUIR$ ,9DIG5\S P>TICIPATION4 ,MA9TA9+ COLONIES ?\S&S ( MILES AWAY FROM ,EUROPE & LACK+ ! GOLD :I* F9ANC$ ! ,SPANI% >MADA1 ! COLONIAL =CES 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA W\LD HAVE TO RELY ON ! GRADUAL ACCUMULATION ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS & ! FUR TRADE4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! 9ITIAL SETTLEM5TS RELI$ L>GELY ON ! HOSPITALITY AF=D$ !M BY ! ,NATIVE PEOPLES4 ,E>LI] ATTEMPTS AT ,EUROPEAN SETTLEM5TS HAD FAIL$ = PRECISELY ?IS REASON1 AS ! ,EUROPEANS F\ND !MSELVES ALMO/ COMPLETELY IGNORANT ( ! L&4 ,! GR[+ ,EUROPEAN COLONIES QUICKLY SET AB\T ACQUIR+ ALREADY CLE>$ & CULTIVAT$ L&1 & !IR EXPANSIONI/ POLICIES L$ TO FI]CE COMPETITION BETWE5 ! COLONIES4 ,?IS BITT] /RUGGLE = DOM9ATION ( L& & TRADE FREQU5TLY BEGAN & 5D$ ) ATTACKS AGA9/ ,9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES4 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ ( !SE '/RATEGIC ATTACKS' OCCURR$ 9 #afbb :5 A =CE FROM ! ,PLYM\? COLONY MASSACR$ A GR\P ( ,PEQUOTS4 ,9 RETALIATION1 ,PEQUOTE W>RIORS ATTACK$ A SETTL] VILLAGE AT ,WESSAGUSSET1 :I* WAS !N AB&ON$ & SUBSEQU5TLY ABSORB$ 9TO ! DOM9ION ( ! ,PLYM\? COLONY1 :I* HAD COVET$ ! TRADE & L& 5JOY$ BY ! ,WESSAGUSSET SETTL]S4 ,BY #a#f#c1 ! ,MASSA*USETTS ,BAY COLONY HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$1 & ',NEW ,5GL&'1 ONCE ONLY A VAGUE GEOGRAPHICAL EXPRESSION CAME TO APPLY 9 PRACTICE TO ! COLONIES ( ,NEW ,PLYM\?1 ,SALEM1 ,NANTUCKET1 ,RHODE ,ISL&1 ,CONNECTICUT1 ,NEW ,HAV5 & O!RS4 ,! EXPANSIONI/ DRIVES ( ! ,MASSA*USETTS COLONI/S CONSI/$ ( MASSACRES C>RI$ \T AGA9/ FIR/ ! ,PEQUOT & EV5TUALLY ! ,N>RAGANSETTS BETWE5 #afcd & #a#f#d#h4.<#h.> ,IT WAS 9 ?IS P]IOD ?AT ! TRANSITION BETWE5 ,EUROPEAN DEP5D5CE ON ,NATIVE PEOPLES BEGAN TO BE REV]S$4 ,?R\< ! E/ABLI%M5T & EXPANSION ( ,EUROPEAN COLONIES1 9CREAS$ CONTACT ) ,FIR/ ,NATIONS BR\ AS !Y S]V$ ! PURPOSES ( 9T]SOCIETAL TRADE04.<#i.> ,?US1 TRADE ) ,EUROPEAN 9DU/RY DEVELOP$ A RELATION%IP ( GR[+ DEP5D5CE ON ! ,EUROPEAN COLONI/S4 ,! ITEMS TRAD$ TO ,NATIVES -- METAL POTS1 KNIVES1 & OCCASIONALLY RIFLES -- W]E ( ,EUROPEAN MANUFACTURE & SUPPLY4 ,! TRADE ALSO DISRUPT$ & *ANG$ TRADITIONAL ,NATIVE ME?ODS 9 O!R WAYS1 ) ! 9TRODUCTION ( ALCOHOL & EXT]M9ATIONI/ =MS ( W>F>E -- 9CLUD+ TORTURE -- UND] ! DIRECTION ( ! COLONIALI/S1 AS WELL AS AN OV]ALL ESCALATION 9 W>F>E 9 ! COMPETITION-DRIV5 FUR TRADE & 9TRODUCTION ( ,EUROPEAN RIFLES4 ,:ILE DISEASE EPIDEMICS BEGAN TO SPREAD ?R\<\T ! ,ATLANTIC COA/AL >EA1 ! COLONIALI/S ALSO RELI$ TO A L>GE EXT5T ON EXPLOIT+ & EXAGG]AT+ ALREADY EXI/+ HO/ILITIES BETWE5 ,FIR/ ,NATIONS1 AS ! ,SPANI% & ,PORTUGUESE HAD ALSO DONE 9 !IR CAMPAIGNS1 0,! GRIM EPICS ( ,CORTES & ,PIZ>RO1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ,COLUMBUS HIMSELF1 TE/IFY TO ! MILIT>Y ABILITIES ( ,SPANI% SOLDI]Y1 BUT !SE NE$ TO BE COMP>$ AS WELL ) ! GREAT FAILURES ( ,N>VAEZ1 ,CORONADO & DE ,SOTO444 7,! CONQUI/ADORS7 DID NOT CONQU] ,MEXICO & ,P]U UNAID$4 ,NATIVE ALLIES W]E 9DISP5SABLE444 ,NOR? ( ,NEW ,SPA91 9VASION />T$ LAT]1 SO ,FR5*M51 ,DUT*M51 & ,5GLI%M5 F\ND NATIVE COMMUNITIES444ALREADY R$UC$ BY EPIDEMIC FROM BASE POPULATIONS ?AT NEV] APPROA*$ ! SIZE ( ,MEXICO04.<#a.> ,IT WAS AT ?IS TIME ?AT ! CONCEPT ( TREATY MAK+ BEGAN TO TAKE HOLD4 ,9 KEEP+ ) ! ,5GLI% COLONI/S E>LY PLANS ( KEEP+ SOME LEVEL ( PEACE ) ! ,NATIVES1 AS 9 #aff :5 0! ,VIRG9IA ,COMPANY ( ,LONDON 9/RUCT$ ITS COLONI/S TO BUY A /OCK ( CORN FROM ! 'NATURALS' BE=E ! ,5GLI% 9T5TION TO SETTLE P]MAN5TLY %\LD BECOME EVID5T4 ,! ,COMPANY'S *IEFS W]E SURE ?AT 'Y\ CANNOT C>RY Y\RSELVES SO T[>DS !M BUT !Y WILL GR[ DISCONT5T$ ) Y\R HABITATION'04.<#a#a.> ,! 9ITIAL ,5GLI% 7& ,DUT*7 SETTL]S BEGAN ! PROCESS ( PUR*AS+ L&1 SUPPLEM5T$ AS ALWAYS ) >M$ =CE AGA9/ VULN]ABLE ,9DIG5\S NATIONS 7SU* AS ?OSE DECIMAT$ BY DISEASE OR ALREADY 5GAG$ 9 W>S ) MORE P[]FUL ,FIR/ ,NATIONS74 ,IT REMA9S UNCLE> AS TO :AT ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONS UND]/OOD ( ! LOCAL PUR*AS+ PROCESS1 BUT SOME PO9TS >E CLE>2 !RE WAS NO PRACTICE ( PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L&1 NOR ( SELL+ L&1 AMONG OR BETWE5 ! ,PEOPLES PRIOR TO ! >RIVAL ( ! COLONIALI/S2 !RE W]E H[EV] AGREEM5TS & PACTS BETWE5 ,FIR/ ,NATIONS 9 REG>DS TO ACCESS TO HUNT+ OR FI%+ >EAS4 ,?IS W\LD 9DICATE TREATIES W]E MO/ LIKELY UND]/OOD AS AGREEM5TS BETWE5 ,FIR/ ,NATIONS & SETTL] COMMUNITIES OV] USE ( C]TA9 >EAS ( L&1 AS WELL AS NON-AGGRESSIV5ESS PACTS4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 :]E ,FIR/ ,NATIONS REMA9$ P[]FUL 5\< TO DET] 9ITIAL SETTL] \TRAGES ! TREATIES W]E ( LITTLE EFFECT IF !Y TURN$ \T TO BE LESS ?AN HONORABLE1 & !RE WAS 5\< DUPLICITY1 FRAUD1 & !FT CONTA9$ 9 ! TREATIES ?AT !Y C\LD NOT BE CONSID]$ B9D+4 ,PRACTICES SU* AS ORALLY TRANSLAT+ ONE V]SION ( A TREATY & SIGN+ ANO!R ON PAP] W]E FREQU5T1 AS WAS TAK+ ,EUROPEAN PROPOSALS 9 NEGOTIATIONS & CLAIM+ ?AT !SE HAD BE5 AGRE$ UPON BY ALL -- :5 9 FACT !Y W]E BE+ NEGOTIAT$4 ,AS WELL1 VIOLATIONS ( TREATY AGREEM5TS BY SETTL]S WAS COMMONPLACE1 P>TICUL>LY AS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,VIRG9IA COLONY DISCOV]$ ! PR(ITABILITY ( GR[+ TOBACCO 79TRODUC$ TO ! SETTL]S BY ,NATIVE PEOPLES7 & BEGAN EXP&+ ON !IR 9ITIAL L& BASE4 ,GRADUALLY1 ,FIR/ ,NATIONS ALONG ! ,ATLANTIC F\ND !MSELVES DISPOSSESS$ ( !IR L&S & VICTIMS ( SETTL] DEPR$ATIONS4 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ CONFLICTS ?AT S]I\SLY ?REAT5$ TO DRIVE ! COLONIALI/ =CES BACK 9TO ! SEA BROKE \T 9 #a#f#b#b1 :5 ! ,PO:ATAN ,CONF$]ACY1 L$ BY ,OPE*ANCAN\<1 ATTACK$ ! ,JAME/[N COLONY4 ,CLA%ES CONT9U$ UNTIL #a#f#d#d1 :5 ,OPE*ANCAN\< WAS CAPTUR$ & KILL$4 ,BY ! MID-#a#fS1 CLA%ES BETWE5 ,NATIVES & SETTL]S BEGAN TO 9CREASE4 ,T5SIONS GREW AS ! ,EUROPEANS BECAME MORE OBTUSE & DOM9E]+ 9 !IR RELATION%IP ) ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONS4 ,9 #afee = EXAMPLE1 ! SO-CALL$ ',PEA* ,W>S' ]UPT$ BETWE5 COLONIALI/S ( ,NEW ,NE!RL&S & ! ,DELAW>E ,NATION :5 A ,DUT*MAN KILL$ A ,DELAW>E WOMAN = PICK+ A PEA* TREE ON ! COLONIES 'PROP]TY'4 ,! SETTL] WAS SUBSEQU5TLY KILL$ & ,DELAW>E W>RIORS ATTACK$ SEV]AL ,DUT* SETTLEM5TS4 ,! FIE NATION 9TO SUBMISSION BY KIDNAPP+ ,DELAW>E *ILDR5 AS HO/AGES4 ,9 #afge ! ,N>RAGANSETTS1 ,NIPMUCS1 & ,WAPANOAGS1 L$ 9 P>T BY ,METACOM 7ALSO KN[N AS ,K+ ,PHILIP BY ! ,EUROPEANS7 REBELL$ AGA9/ ! COLONIES ( ,NEW ,5GL& FOLL[+ ! ,5GLI% >RE/ & EXECUTION ( ?REE ,WAPANOAGS = ! ALLEG$ KILL+ ( A ,*RI/IANIZ$ ,NATIVE1 BELIEV$ TO BE A TRAITOR4 ,! W> 5D$ 9 #afgf AFT] ! ,5GLI% COLONIALI/S -- MAK+ USE ( ,NATIVE ALLIES & 9=M]S -- W]E ABLE TO DEFEAT ! REBELLION4 ,METACOM WAS KILL$1 & HIS FAMILY & HUNDR$S ( O!RS SOLD TO SLAV]S 9 ! ,WE/ ,9DIES4 ,! MILIT>Y CAMPAIGN C>RI$ \T BY ! COLONIAL =CES DECIMAT$ ! ,N>RAGANSETT1 ,NIPMUC1 & ,WAPANOAG NATIONS4 ,MEAN:ILE 9 #a#f#h1 A ,PUEBLO UPRIS+ L$ 9 P>T BY ! ,TEWA ,M$IC9E MAN ,POPE SUCCE$$ 9 DRIV+ \T ! ,SPANI% FROM ,NEW ,MEXICO4 ,BY #a#f#h#i1 ,SPANI% =CES W]E ABLE TO ONCE AGA9 SUBJUGATE ! ,PUEBLOS4 ,BY ! LATE #a#fS1 ! COMPETITION BETWE5 ,EUROPEAN /ATES W\LD DOM9ATE ! COLONIZATION PROCESS 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,! ,EUROPEAN ,/RUGGLE = ,HEGEMONY ,AL?\< COLONIAL W>S HAD BE5 F\ P]IOD WAS TO BE A TIME ( BITT] /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,EUROPEANS = DOM9ATION4 ,?IS P]IOD ( ,EUROPEAN W>S WAS TO BE PLAY$ \T ALSO 9 ! ,AM]ICAS1 0,TO A GREAT EXT5T1 ! BATTLE = COLONIES & ! WEAL? !Y PRODUC$ WAS ! ULTIMATE BATTLEFIELD = /ATE P[] 9 ,EUROPE04.<#a#b.> ,BEG9N+ 9 #afhi ) ,K+ ,WILLIAM'S ,W> BETWE5 ! ,FR5* & ! ,5GLI%1 :I* EVOLV$ 9TO ,QUE5 ,ANNE'S ,W> 7#a#g#b-#a#c71 TO ,K+ ,GEORGE'S ,W> 7#a#g#d#d-#d#h7 & CULM9AT+ 9 ! SO-CALL$ ',FR5* & ,9DIAN ,W>' 7#a#g#e#d-#f#c71 ! BATTLES = COLONIAL POSSESSIONS 9 ! ,AM]ICAS MIRROR$ ?OSE RAG+ ACROSS ,EUROPE 9 ! SAME P]IOD1 EXCEPT ?AT 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN & 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN1 ! ,EUROPEAN /RUGGLE = HEGEMONY 9 ! EM]G+ WORLD TRADE M>KET W\LD EMPLOY HEAVY CONC5TRATIONS ( ,NATIVE W>RIORS4 ,:ILE ! ,BRITI% EM]G$ VICTORI\S FROM ! ',GREAT ,W> = ,EMPIRE'1 & ! ,FR5* DEFEAT$ C$+ ,HUDSON ,BAY1 ,ACADIA1 ,NEW ,FRANCE & O!R T]RITORIES 9 A S]IES ( TREATIES1 ?OSE :O W]E MO/ AFFECT$ BY ! ,EUROPEAN /RUGGLES W]E ! ,NATIVE PEOPLES ( ! ,ATLANTIC REGIONS4 ,! FALL\T FROM ?OSE W>S WAS ! VIRTUAL EXT]M9ATION ( SOME ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES1 9CLUD+ ! ,APALA*EES 9 ,FLORIDA1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( COLONIAL MILIT>Y G>RISONS & \TPO/S1 A G5]AL MILIT>IZATION ( ! REGION ) HEAVI] >MAM5TS & COMBAT VET]ANS1 & ! SUBSEQU5T EXPANSION ( COLONIAL SETTLEM5TS1 EXT5D+ !IR FRONTI]S & PU%+ MANY ,FIR/ ,NATIONS FUR!R WE/4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! COLONIAL W>S1 ,9DIG5\S RESI/ANCE DID NOT 5D1 NOR WAS IT LIMIT$ TO AID+ !IR RESPECTIVE 'ALLIES'4 ,9 #a#g#a#a1 ! ,TUSC>ORAS ATTACK$ ! ,5GLI% 9 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A & F\S1 UNTIL ! ,5GLI% C\NT]-9SURG5CY CAMPAIGN LEFT HUNDR$S DEAD & SOME #d SOLD 9TO SLAV]Y4 ,! ,TUSC>ORAS FL$ NOR?1 SETTL+ AMONG ! ,HAUD5OSAUNEE & BECOM+ ! ,SIX? ,NATION 9 #a#g#b#b4 ,9 #a#g#a#e1 ! ,YAMASEE NATION ROSE UP AGA9/ ! ,5GLI% 9 ,S\? ,C>OL9A1 BUT W]E VIRTUALLY EXT]M9AT$ 9 A RU?LESS ,5GLI% CAMPAIGN4 ,9 #a#g#b1 ! ,*ICKASAW NATION W>R$ AGA9/ ,FR5* OCCUPATION1 UNTIL ,FRANCE'S CAPITULATION TO ,5GL& 9 #a#g#f#c4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,FOX RESI/ANCE TO ,FR5* COLONIALISM CONT9U$ FROM #aib TO >\ND #a#g#c#e4 ,9 #a#g#b#i1 ! ,NAT*EZ NATION BEGAN ATTACK+ ,FR5* SETTL]S 9 ,L\ISIANA AFT] GOV]NOR ,SIEUR ,*EP>T ORD]$ !IR MA9 VILLAGE CLE>$ = HIS PLANTATIONS4 ,9 ! 5SU+ BATTLES1 ,*EP>T WAS KILL$ & ! ,FR5* C\NT]-9SURG5CY CAMPAIGN LEFT ! ,NAT*EZ DECIMAT$1 AL?\< GU]RILLA /RUGGLE WAS TO CONT9UE ALONG ! ,MISSISSIPPI ,RIV]4 ,9 #agf ! ,*]OKEE NATION BEGAN !IR [N GU]RILLA W> AGA9/ !IR 'ALLIES' ! ,5GLI%1 9 ,VIRG9IA & ,C>OL9A4 ,L$ BY ,OCONO/OTA1 ! ,*]OKEE F\S1 EV5TUALLY AGREE+ TO A PEACE TREATY :I* SAW P>TITIONS ( !IR L& C$$ AFT] ! ,5GLI% COLONIAL =CES HAD RAZ$ ,*]OKEE VILLAGES & CROPS4 ,9 #a#g#f#a1 ,ALEUTS 9 ,ALASKA ATTACK$ ,RUSSIAN TRAD]S FOLL[+ DEPR$ATIONS ON ,ALEUT COMMUNITIES (F ! COA/ ( ,ALASKA 7! ,RUSSIAN COLONIZ]S EV5TUALLY MOV$ 9TO ! ,PRIBIL( & ,ALEUTIAN ISL&S 9 #a#g#i#g1 RELOCAT+ ,ALEUTS & VIRTUALLY 5SLAV+ !M 9 ! SEAL HUNT74 ,AGA9/ ,BRITI% COLONIZATION1 ! ,OTTAWA LEAD] ,PONTIAC L$ AN ALLIANCE ( ,OTTAWAS1 ,ALGONQU9S1 ,S5ECAS1 ,M+OS1 & ,WY&OTS 9 #a#g#f#c4 ,! (F5SIVE CAPTUR$ N9E ( TWELVE ,5GLI% G>RISONS & LAID SIEGE TO ,DETROIT = SIX MON?S4 ,UNABLE TO EXP& ! 9SURG5CY OR DRAW 9 PROMIS$ ,FR5* ASSI/ANCE1 ,PONTIAC EV5TUALLY NEGOTIAT$ AN 5D TO ! CONFLICT 9 #a#g#f#f4 ,ADD$ TO ?IS P]IOD ( W>F>E WAS ! CONT9U+ SPREAD ( DISEASE EPIDEMICS4 ,9 #agdf 9 ,NOVA ,SCOTIA ALONE1 #d1 ,MICMACS HAD DI$ ( DISEASE4 ,) ! DEFEAT ( ,FRANCE1 ! ,BRITI% HAD ACQUIR$ VA/ REGIONS ( =M]LY ,FR5* T]RITORY1 UNBEKN[N/ TO ! MANY ,FIR/ ,NATIONS :O LIV$ ON ?OSE L&S1 & ) :OM ! ,FR5* NEV] NEGOTIAT$ ANY L& TREATIES NOR RECOGNIZ$ ANY =M ( ,NATIVE TITLE4 ,AT ?IS TIME1 0444! ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T SEIZ$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO CONSOLIDATE ITS IMP]IAL POSITION BY /RUCTUR+ =MAL1 CON/ITUTIONAL RELATIONS )444NATIVES4 ,9 ! ,PROCLAMATION ( #a#g#f#c1 IT ANN\NC$ ITS 9T5TION ( CONCILIAT+ ?OSE DISGRUNTL$ TRIBES BY RECOGNIZ+ !IR L& RI ,! ,ROYAL ,PROCLAMATION ( #agfc PROVID$ = A SEP>ATE ',9DIAN ,T]RITORY' WE/ ( ! ,APPALA*IANS & ! ORIG9AL ,?IRTE5 ,COLONIES4 ,)9 ?IS T]RITORY !RE WAS TO BE NO PUR*AS+ ( L& O!R ?AN BY ! CR[N4 ,9 ! COLONIES N[ UND] ,BRITI% CONTROL1 9CLUD+ ,NEWF\NDL&1 ,LABRADOR1 ,QUEBEC1 ,NOVA ,SCOTIA1 AS WELL AS ! ,?IRTE5 ,COLONIES1 SETTL]S OCCUPY+ UNC$$ ,NATIVE L&S W]E TO BE REMOV$1 & PRIVATE PUR*ASES ( L&S OCCUPI$ BY OR RES]V$ = ,NATIVES WAS PROHIBIT$ -- !SE L&S C\LD ONLY BE PUR*AS$ BY ! CR[N 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONS4 ,AS GR& AS !SE /ATEM5TS W]E1 !Y W]E R\T9ELY VIOLAT$ BY COLONIALI/S & R>ELY 5=C$4 ,9DE$1 ONE YE> FOLL[+ ! PROCLAMATION1 ,LORD ,DUNMORE -- ! GOV]NOR ( ! ,VIRG9IA COLONY -- HAD ALREADY BREA*$ ! DEM>CATION L9E BY GRANT+ TO VET]ANS ( ! ',FR5* & ,9DIAN ,W>' :O HAD S]V$ UND] HIM L&S :I* W]E P>T ( ! ,%AWNEE NATION4 ,! ,%AWNEE RETALIATION WAS NOT %ORT 9 COM+1 BUT ,DUNMORE'S *ALL5GE TO ,BRITI% CONTROL WAS TO PRECIPITATE 9 =M & SUB/ANCE ANO!R P]IOD ( CONFLICT ?AT W\LD SEE ! COLONIZATION PROCESS EXP& WE/W>D4 ,& ?AT P]IOD ( CONFLICT W\LD UND]L9E ! REAL 9T5T ( ! ,ROYAL ,PROCLAMATION AS A /RATEGIC DOCUM5T 9 ! DEF5SE ( ,BRITI% COLONIAL 9T]E/S 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,TRAG$Y3 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS ,CREAT$ ,) ! DOM9ANCE ( ,BRITI% P[] ON A WORLD SCALE1 ! ,EUROPEAN /RUGGLE = HEGEMONY 9 ! ,AM]ICAS WAS NE>+ ITS 5D4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY1 ! #a#h? & #a#i? C5TURIES W]E TO BE A P]IOD ( W>S = 9DEP5D5CE ?AT W\LD =CE ! ,EUROPEAN /ATES \T ( ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,=EMO/ AMONG !SE W>S WAS ! 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLE ?AT W\LD LEAD TO ! BIR? ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,EM]G+ FROM ! ',GREAT ,W> = ,EMPIRE'1 ,BRITA9 F\ND ITSELF VICTORI\S BUT ALSO HEAVILY 9 DEBT4 ,TO DEFRAY ! CO/ ( MA9TA9+ & DEF5D+ ! COLONIES1 ,BRITA9 SUB/ANTIALLY *ANG$ ITS COLONIAL POLICIES4 ,L>GE PORTIONS ( ! F9ANCIAL CO/S ( ! COLONIES W]E PLAC$ DIRECTLY ON ! COLONIES !MSELVES ?R\< A S]IES ( TAXES4 ,! IMPOSITION ( ! TAXES 9CIT$ ! SETTL]S TO DEM& TAXES BE IMPOS$ ONLY ) !IR CONS5T4 ,9 FACT1 ! QUE/ION ( TAXES WAS P>T ( A WID] DEBATE2 :O %\LD CONTROL & PR(IT FROM COLONIALISM1 ! COLONIES OR ! COLONIAL C5T]S4 ,BY #a#g#g#e1 SETTL] PROTE/S & REVOLTS HAD CULM9AT$ 9TO A G5]AL W> = 9DEP5D5CE ?AT CONT9U$ UNTIL #a#g#h#c1 :5 ! ,BRITI% CAPITULAT$ & C$$ L>GE PORTIONS ( ITS T]RITORIES ALONG ! ,ATLANTIC4 ,?AT ! ,BRITI% COLONIAL =CES DID NOT LOSE MORE T]RITORY CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ MU* TO ! P>TICIPATION ( NUM]\S ,FIR/ ,NATIONS ON ! SIDE ( ! ,BRITI%2 ! ,ROYAL ,PROCLAMATION WAS ?US A /RATEGY TO DAMP5 ,NATIVE RESI/ANCE TO ,BRITI% COLONIALISM 7AS 9 ! ]UPTION ( ,K+ ,GEORGE'S ,W> 9 #agdd :5 ,MICMACS ALLI$ !MSELVES ) ! ,FR5* &1 FOLL[+ ! ,TREATY ( ,AIX-LA-,*APELLE 9 #a#g#d#h1 CONT9U$ FIY ALLIANCES ) ,FIR/ ,NATIONS1 IF NOT AT LEA/ !IR NEUTRALITY 9 ,EUROPEAN CONFLICTS4 ,AS 9 PREVI\S ,EUROPEAN /RUGGLES1 ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES W]E US$ AS EXP5DABLE TROOPS1 & ! EXT5SIVE MILIT>IZATION FUR!R CONSOLIDAT$ SETTL] CONTROL1 0,! 5D ( ! W> SAW ?\S&S ( ,:ITES1 ,UNIT$ ,EMPIRE ,LOYALI/S1 FLOCK TO ,NOVA ,SCOTIA4 ,!Y CAME 9 SU* NUMB]S & SPREAD SO WIDELY OV] ! ,M>ITIME REGION ?AT IT WAS CONSID]$ NECESS>Y TO DIVIDE ,NOVA ,SCOTIA 9TO ?REE PROV9CES TO EASE ADM9I/RATIVE PROBLEMS2 ,NEW ,BRUNSWICK1 ,CAPE ,BRETON1 ,NOVA ,SCOTIA444& ,ILE ,/4-,JEAN1 SOON TO BE R5AM$ ,PR9CE ,$W>D ,ISL&04.<#a#d.> ,TO ! S\?1 ! REBELLI\S SETTL]S W]E E/ABLI%+ !IR NEWLY-CREAT$ ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,= ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONS 9 ?IS REGION1 ! W> HAD BE5 P>TICUL>LY DE/RUCTIVE2 ! COLONIAL REBELS HAD C>RI$ \T SCOR*$-E>? CAMPAIGNS AGA9/ ! ,%AWNEE1 ,DELAW>E1 ,*]OKEE1 & ! ,HAUD5OSAUNEE 7:I* HAD SUFF]$ A SPLIT ) ! ,ONEIDAS & ,TUSC>ORAS ALLY+ !MSELVES ) ! REVOLUTION>IES74 ,H]E AGA9 ! ,ROYAL ,PROCLAMATION REMA9$ A USEFUL TOOL 9 RE9=C+ ! ,BRITI% COLONIAL FRONTI] & RETA9+ ,NATIVE ALLIES1 0,ADH]5CE TO ! PR9CIPLES ( !444,PROCLAMATION444REMA9$ ! BASIS ( ,BRITA9'S ,9DIAN POLICY = MORE ?AN HALF A C5TURY1 & EXPLA9S ! SUCCESS ( ! ,BRITI% 9 MA9TA9+ ! ,9DIANS AS ALLIES 9 ,BRITA9'S W>S 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA444 ,EV5 :5 ,BRITA9 LO/ MU* ( ITS ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN T]RITORY AFT] #a#g#h#a1 & ITS ,9DIAN ALLIES LO/ !IR TRADITIONAL L&S AS A RESULT ( !IR ,BRITI% ALLIANCE1 ! ,CR[N PUR*AS$ L& FROM ! ,9DIANS LIV+ )9 ,BRITI% T]RITORY & GAVE IT TO !IR ALLIES :O MOV$ NOR?44404.<#a#e.> ,HAV+ CONSOLIDAT$ ! ,?IRTE5 ,COLONIES ALONG ! ,ATLANTIC SEABO>D1 ! 9DEP5D5T ,UNIT$ ,/ATES QUICKLY SET AB\T EXP&+ WE/W>D1 LAUN*+ MILIT>Y CAMPAIGNS TO EXT5D ! FRONTI]S ( SETTLEM5T4 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ ( !SE CAMPAIGNS BEGAN 9 #agi UND] ! ORD] ( ,PRESID5T ,GEORGE ,WA%+TON4 ,CONSI/+ ( AB\T #a1#a ,P5NSYLVANIA1 ,VIRG9IA1 & ,K5TUCKY MILITIAM5 L$ BY ,BRIGADI] ,G5]AL ,JOSIAH ,H>M>1 ! =CE WAS QUICKLY DEFEAT$ BY A CONF$]ACY ( ,MIAMI1 ,%AWNEE1 ,OJIBWAY1 ,DELAW>E1 ,POTAWATOMI1 & ,OTTAWA W>RIORS L$ BY ! ,MIAMI *IEF ,MI*IK9IKWA 7,LITTLE ,TURTLE74 ,A SECOND =CE WAS DISPAT*$ & DEFEAT$ 9 ,NOVEMB]1 #a#g#i#a4 ,F9ALLY1 9 #a#g#i#d1 A L>GE =CE L$ BY ,G5]AL ,AN?ONY ,WAYNE DEFEAT$ ! CONF$]ACY1 N[ L$ BY ,TURKEY ,FOOT1 NE> ! %ORES ( ,LAKE ,]IE4 ,W>RIORS :O SURVIV$ MADE !IR WAY TO ! ,BRITI% ,=T ,MIAMI G>RISON4 ,BUT ! ,BRITI% -- =M] ALLIES ( MANY ( ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONS 9 ! CONF$]ACY DUR+ ! REVOLUTION>Y W> -- REFUS$ !M %ELT]1 & HUNDR$S W]E SLAUM$ RESI/ANCE UP TO #a#h#d4 ,! ',9DIAN ,W>S' LAUN*$ BY ! ,U,S CONT9U$ = ! NEXT #a YE>S1 FOLL[+ AN EXT]M9ATIONI/ POLICY ?AT WAS AIM$ AT DE/ROY+ ,NATIVE NATIONS & SECUR+ ?OSE REMNANTS :O SURVIV$ 9 7:AT WAS !N BELIEV$7 B>R5 & DESOLATE RES]VES4 ,ONCE ! ,PEOPLE W]E CONTA9$ 9 !SE ,BANTU/ANS1 ! NEXT /EP WAS ! DE/RUCTION ( ,NATIVE CULTURE UND] ! AUSPICES ( !N-EM]G+ GOV]NM5TAL AG5CIES4 ,AS ! ,U,S MOV$ TO A HI<] LEVEL ( W> AGA9/ ,FIR/ ,NATIONS1 IT ALSO BEGAN MOV+ AGA9/ COMPET+ ,EUROPEAN P[]S /ILL PRES5T 9 ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,9 #a#h#a#b1 US+ ! PRETEXT ( ,NATIVE RAIDS ALONG ITS NOR!RN FRONTI] FROM ,BRITI% T]RITORIES1 ,U,S =CES ATTEMPT$ TO 9VADE ,BRITI% ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,H]E AGA91 ,BRITA9'S COLONIAL POLICIES PROV$ EFFECTIVE2 AN ALLIANCE ( ,NATIVE NATIONS 7:O HAD !IR [N 9T]E/S 9 FULL IMPLEM5TATION ( ! #agfc ,PROCLAMATION7 & ,EUROPEAN SETTL]S SUCCE$$ 9 REPULS+ ! ,U,S EXPANSION4 ,AMONG ?OSE :O F\GU$ ?AT NO ONE 9DIVIDUAL OR GR\P+ C\LD SELL ! L&S1 AS IT BELONG$ TO ALL ! ,NATIVE PEOPLES72 ,BLACK ,HAWK -- A LEAD] ( ! ,SAUK :O W\LD ALSO LEAD FUTURE ,NATIVE 9SURG5CIES2 & ,JOSEPH ,BRANT -- A LEAD] 9 ! ,HAUD5OSAUNEE :O WAS REW>D$ ) A L>GE T]RITORY BY ! ,BRITI% & PROMPTLY BEGAN SELL+ (F P>TITIONS TO ,EUROPEAN SETTL]S 79 HI/ORY1 HE IS REG>D$ AS A 0H]O0 BY ,EURO-,AM]ICANS BUT A TRAITOR BY HIS PEOPLE74 ,TECUMSEH WAS KILL$ 9 BATTLE 9 ! ,BATTLE ( ,MORAVIANT[N 9 ,ONT>IO 9 #a#h#a#c4 ,9 #a#h#a#e1 HO/ILITIES BETWE5 ,BRITA9 & ! ,U,S W]E =MALLY 5D$ 9 ! ,TREATY ( ,<5T1 ?\< NEI!R ! ,U,S W> ON ,NATIVES1 OR ,NATIVE RESI/ANCE1 SUBSID$4 ,REVOLUTIONS 9 ! ',NEW ,WORLD' ,FOLL[+ ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION1 MOVEM5TS = 9DEP5D5CE BEGAN BREAK+ \T 9 ,S\? & ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA4 ,DESPITE ! SEEM+LY MONOLI?IC APPE>ANCE ( ,SPANI% OR ,PORTUGUESE COLONIALISM 9 ! FIR/ ?REE C5TURIES FOLL[+ ! ,EUROPEAN 9VASION1 & DESPITE ! G5OCIDAL POLICIES ( ! CONQUI/ADORS1 ,NATIVE RESI/ANCE CONT9U$4 ,P>TICUL>LY 91 = EXAMPLE1 ! 9T]IOR REGION ( ! ,YUCATAN ,P59SULA1 ! L[L& =E/S ( ,P]U1 ! ,AMAZON REGION1 & EV5 9 ! ,&EAN HI ,! 5D+ ( ! 9ITIAL REVOLT IS RECOGNIZ$ AS ! EXECUTION ( ANO!R LEAD]1 ,TUPAC ,AM>U ,I 9 #a#e#g#b4 ,O!R MAJOR 9SURG5CIES ALSO BROKE \T 9 ,ECUADOR 9 #a#e#g#h1 #a#e#i#i1 & #a#f#a#e4 ,! ,ITZA ( ,TAYASAL 9 ! ,YUCATAN ,P59SULA REMA9$ UNSUBJUGAT$ UNTIL #a#f#i#g4 0,EUROPEANS F\ND IT P>TICUL>LY DIFFICULT TO E/ABLI% EFFECTIVE TRANSPORTATION & COMMUNICATION FACILITIES 9 ! =E/ L[L&S ( ! ,MAYA >EA444 ,?\< ! ,SPANI>DS A*IEV$ =MAL SOV]EIGNTY OV] ,YUCATAN ) RELATIVE EASE1 MANY LOCAL ,MAYA GR\PS SUCCESSFULLY RESI/$ EFFECTIVE DOM9ATION444= C5TURIES04.<#a#g.> ,KEEP+ PACE ) COLONIAL DEVELOPM5TS 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ! ,SPANI% 9TRODUC$ A S]IES ( LAWS 9 ! #a#g? C5TURY KN[N AS ! ,LEYES DE ,9DIAS4 ,SIMIL> TO ! LAT] #agfc ,PROCLAMATION 9TRODUC$ 9 ,BRITI% ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ! LAWS P>TITION$ ! ,&EAN REGION 9TO A ',REPUBLIC ( ,SPA9' & A ',REPUBLIC ( ,9DIANS' -- EA* ) ITS [N SEP>ATE C\RTS1 LAWS & RI ,DESPITE ITS SEEM+ 0LIB]ALISM01 =C$ LABOR ACCOMPANI$ BY TAX LAWS REMA9$ 9 PLACE1 & ! REGULATION WAS NEV] FULLY 5=C$4 ,9 #a#g#d#b1 ,JUAN ,SANTOS ,ATAHUALPA L$ AN ,9DIG5\S RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T 9 ,P]U COMPRIS$ L>GELY ( ,YANE%A 7,AMUE%A7 & ,A%AN9KA 7,CAMPA7 PEOPLES ?AT F\U4 0,MU* HAS BE5 WRITT5 AB\T ! #a< ,9DIAN REBELLION L$ BY ,JOSE ,GABRIEL ,TUPAQ ,AM>U & HIS SUCCESSORS2 LESS IS KN[N AB\T ! ,*AYANTA & ,SIKASIKA REVOLTS :I* OCCURR$ AT ! SAME TIME1 ! LATT] L$ BY ,JULIAN ,APASA ,TUPAQ ,KAT>I4 ,= MORE ?AN HALF A C5TURY1 COLONIAL TAX LAWS HAD PROVOK$ A GR\NDSWELL ( PROTE/444 ,9 MID-#a#g#h1 AN APP>5TLY SPONTANE\S REVOLT BROKE \T 9 ,MA*A1 9 ! PROV9CE ( ,*AYANTA1 TO FREE AN ,9DIAN CACIQUE1 ,TOMAS ,KAT>I1 JAIL$ AFT] A DISPUTE ) LOCAL ME/IZO AU?ORITIES444 ,!N 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#g#h1 ,JOSE ,GABRIEL ,TUPAQ ,AM>U L$ A WELL-ORGANIZ$ REBELLION 9 ,TUNGASUCA1 NE> ,CUZCO4 ,JULIAN ,APASA ,TUPAQ ,KAT>I1 AN ,9DIAN COMMON] FROM ,SULLKAW 7,SIKASIKA7 ROSE UP & LAID SIEGE TO ,LA ,PAZ FROM ,M>* TO ,OCTOB] #aU 9 ,CUZCO1 ! REBELLION %IFT$ TO ,AZANG>O1 :]E HIS RELATIVES ,&RES & ,DIEGO ,CRI/OBAL L$ ! /RUGGLE4 ,&RES SUCCESSFULLY LAID SIEGE TO ,SORATA 9 ,AUGU/ ( ?AT YE>1 BUT BY ,NOVEMB] HE & ,DIEGO ,CRI/OBAL W]E =C$ TO SURR5D] TO ! ,SPANI% AU?ORITIES4 ,! REBELLION WAS CRU%$ BY ! BEG9N+ ( #a#g#h#b04.<#a#i.> ,! LEAD]S1 P]CEIV$ OR REAL1 W]E CAPTUR$ & EXECUT$2 !Y W]E QU>T]$1 DECAPITAT$1 OR BURN$ ALIVE4 ,:ILE ,9DIG5\S RESI/ANCE CONT9U$ & FREQU5TLY S5T %OCK-WAVES ?R\<\T ! RANKS ( ! COLONIALI/S -- 9CLUD+ ,SPANI>DS & ,CREOLES 7DESC5DANTS ( ,SPANI% SETTL]S 9 ! ,AM]ICAS7 -- ! COLONIES !MSELVES BEGAN TO EXP]I5CE MOVEM5TS = 9DEP5D5CE COMPRIS$ ( ,CREOLES & ,ME/IZOS4 ,! BACKGR\NDS TO ! MOVEM5TS = 9DEP5D5CE -- LIKE 9 ! ,U,S -- >E F\ND 9 ! OPPRESSIVE TAXATION & MONOPOLI/IC TRADE LAWS IMPOS$ BY ! COLONIAL C5T]S1 BO? ( :I* CON/RA9$ ! ECONOMIC GR[? ( ! COLONIES4 ,AS WELL1 ,CREOLES W]E G5]ALLY BY-PASS$ = COLONIAL POSITIONS :I* W5T TO AG5TS BORN 9 ,SPA94 ,! FIR/ MAJOR SETTL] REVOLT WAS 9 #ahi 9 ! COLONY ( ,UPP] ,P]U 7,BOLIVIA71 :I* SUCCE$$ 9 TEMPOR>ILY OV]?R[+ ,SPANI% AU?ORITIES4 ,9 #aha ,COLOMBIA DECL>$ ITS 9DEP5D5CE1 FOLL[$ ONE YE> LAT] BY ,V5EZUELA4 ,9 #a#h#a#f1 ,>G5T9A DECL>$ ITS 9DEP5D5CE1 & ! NEXT YE> ,G5]AL ,JOSE DE ,SAN ,M>T9 L$ TROOPS ACROSS ! ,&ES TO 0LIB]ATE ,*ILI & ,P]U FROM ! ,ROYALI/ =CES04 ,W>S = 9DEP5D5CE SPREAD QUICKLY1 & ,SPANI% ROYALI/ =CES LO/ ONE COLONY AFT] ANO!R 9 DECISIVE CONFLICTS1 CULM9AT+ 9 ! ,BATTLE ( ,AYACU*O 9 #ahbd 9 ,P]U1 :I* EFFECTIVELY DIM9I%$ ,SPA9'S DOM9ATION 9 ! ,AM]ICAS 7:I* WAS ALREADY DAMP5$ BY ,NAPOLEON'S 9VASION ( ,SPA9 9 ! SAME P]IOD74 ,AL?\< ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5TS SUCCE$$ 9 OV]?R[+ ,SPANI% & ,PORTUGUESE =CES1 !Y W]E L$ BY1 & 9 ! 9T]E/S (1 ,CREOLE ELITES -- ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( L&-[N]S & M]*ANTS1 0444! REVOLUTIONS = 9DEP5D5T /ATE =MATION 9 ! ,AM]ICAS 9 ! LATE #a#h? & E>LY #a#i? C5TURIES MU/ BE SE5 AS BE+ 9 ! MODE ( ,EUROPEAN NATION-/ATE =MATION = ! PURPOSE ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,AL?\< !Y W]E ANTI-'MO!R C\NTRY'1 !Y W]E NOT ANTI-COLONIAL 7JU/ AS ! =MATION ( ,RHODESIA & ,S\? ,AFRICA AS /ATES W]E NOT ANTI-COLONIAL EV5TS704.<#b.> ,! PRES5T-DAY ,CONF$]ATION ( ,9DIG5\S ,NATIONALITIES ( ,ECUADOR 7,C,O,N,A,I,E7 DESCRIBES ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ,ECUADOR1 = EXAMPLE1 AS 0NOT MEAN7+7 ANY *ANGE 9 \R LIV+ CONDITIONS2 IT WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN ! PASSAGE ( P[] FROM ! H&S ( ! ,SPANI>DS TO ! H&S ( ! ,CREOLES04.<#b#a.> ,AS 9 ! ,U,S EXAMPLE1 ! NEWLY-9DEP5D5T /ATES QUICKLY SET AB\T CONSOLIDAT+ !IR POSITIONS POLITICALLY & MILIT>ILY & PURSU+ ECONOMIC EXPANSION4 ,! RESULT WAS AN ]UPTION ( W>S BETWE5 ! 9DEP5D5T /ATES OV] BORD]S1 TRADE1 & ULTIMATELY = RES\RCES4 ,9 #ahhd ! ,W> ( ! ,PACIFIC BEGAN1 9VOLV+ ,BOLIVIA1 ,*ILI1 & ,P]U 9 A DISPUTE OV] ACCESS TO NITRATE RES\RCE4 ,FROM #a#h#f#e-#g1 ,>G5T9A1 ,BRAZIL1 & ,URUGUAY ALLI$ !MSELVES AGA9/ ,P>AGUAY 9 ! BLOODY ,W> ( ! ,TRIPLE ,ALLIANCE -- A W> 9 :I* ,P>AGUAY LO/ A L>GE AM\NT ( ITS MALE POPULATION -- PRIM>ILY ,GU>ANI4 ,AS 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 !SE & O!R CONFLICTS MO/ ADV]SELY AFFECT$ ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONS PEOPLES4 ,! MAJORITY ( ?OSE :O DI$ 9 ! ,W> ( ! ,TRIPLE ,ALLIANCE W]E ,NATIVE4 ,AS WELL1 ! MILIT>IZATION ?AT OCCURR$ CREAT$ L>GE RES]VES ( WELL-EQUIPP$1 COMBAT-EXP]I5C$ TROOPS4 ,9 ,>G5T9A & ,*ILI1 !SE MILIT>Y RES]VES W]E DIRECT$ AGA9/ 9VAD+ !N UNSUBJUGAT$ REGIONS :]E ,MAPU*E RESI/ANCE HAD P]SI/$ = C5TURIES4 ,BETWE5 #ahfe & #a#h#h#e1 A MILIT>IZ$ FRONTI] EXI/$ FROM :I* ATTACKS AGA9/ ! ,MAPU*E W]E CONDUCT$4 ,T5S ( ?\S&S ( ,MAPU*E W]E KILL$1 ! SURVIVORS DISP]S$ TO RES]VATION >EAS4 ,9 ! #a#h#gS1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( VULCANIZATION 9 ,EUROPE L$ TO AN 9VASION ( ! ,UPP] ,AMAZON REGIONS ( ,BRAZIL1 ,COLOMBIA1 ,ECUADOR1 ,P]U1 & ,BOLIVIA -- :]E RUBB] TREES W\LD EV5TUALLY SUPPLY ! WORLD M>KET4 ,9 ! ,PUTUMAYO RIV] REGION ( NOR!RN ,P]U & ,COLOMBIA ALONE1 #d1 ,NATIVES W]E KILL$ BETWE5 #ahhf & #aiai 7BY #a#i#b1 IT'S E/IMAT$ ?AT ! DEPOPULATION ( ! RUBB] >EAS HAD REA*$ #i#e.0 9 SOME >EAS74.<#b#b.> ,IT WAS 9 ?IS PO/-9DEP5D5CE P]IOD ?AT -- >IS+ FROM ! COMPLETE TRANSITION FROM ,FEUDALISM TO CAPITALISM 9 ,EUROPE -- NEW =MS ( ,EUROPEAN DOM9ATION W]E BE+ 9TRODUC$4 ,BRIEFLY1 ?IS CONSI/$ ( ! 9TRODUCTION ( BANK LOANS DIRECT$ PRIM>ILY AT DEVELOP+ 9FRA/RUCTURES = ! EXPORT ( RAW & MANUFACTUR$ MAT]IALS3 ROADS1 RAILWAYS1 & PORTS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! M9+ & AGRICULTURAL 9DU/RIES4 ,9 ! #a#h#bS1 ,5GLI% BANKS LOAN$ OV] #ba MILLION P\NDS TO =M] ,SPANI% COLONIES4 ,?R\< ! DEBTS1 & ! SUBSEQU5T IMPORT ( ,EUROPEAN TE*NOLOGY & MA*9]Y NECESS>Y = L>GE-SCALE M9+ & AGRIBUS9ESS -- NECESS>Y TO BEG9 REPAYM5T ( ! LOANS -- DEP5D5CE WAS GRADUALLY E/ABLI%$ 7& CONT9UES TODAY 9 ! =M ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND & ! ,WORLD ,BANK1 CONTROLL$ BY ! ,G-#g.<#b#c.>74 ,DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD1 ! ,U,S WAS ALSO SETT+ FOO?OLDS 9 ! REGION4 ,9 #a#h#e#c1 FIVE YE>S AFT] GOLD WAS DISCOV]$ 9 PREVI\SLY UNKN[N >EAS 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA1 ,U,S M>9ES 9VAD$ ,NIC>AGUA4 ,9 #a#h#i#h1 FOLL[+ ! ,SPANI%-,AM]ICAN ,W>1 ,PU]TO ,RICO & ,CUBA W]E ANNEX$ TO ! ,U,S 7,PU]TO ,RICO REMA9S TODAY AS ! LA/ ,U,S COLONIAL NATION74 ,AS WELL1 ,U,S =CES OCCUPI$ ! ,PHILIPP9ES -- C>RY+ \T MASSACRES ( M51 WOM51 & *ILDR5 -- & ,HAWAII CAME UND] ,U,S CONTROL 9 #a#h#i#c4 ,) !SE ACTIONS ! ,U,S E/ABLI%$ ITSELF AS AN EM]G+ CAPITALI/ P[]1 & ! EV5TUAL EXT5T ( ,U,S IMP]IALISM WAS BEG9N+ TO TAKE %APE4 ,ON A GLOBAL SCALE1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( IMP]IALISM HAD N[ E/ABLI%$ ITSELF 9T]NATIONALLY2 ! FULL DIVISION ( ! WORLD BETWE5 PR$OM9ANTLY ,EUROPEAN P[]S & ! ,U,S WAS COMPLETE 7& W\LD SUBSEQU5TLY LEAD TO TWO WORLD W>S74 ,MANIFE/ ,DE/9Y & ! ,U,S ',9DIAN ,W>S' ,:ILE ! ,U,S WAS 9 ! PROCESS ( E/ABLI%+ ITSELF AS AN IMP]IALI/ WORLD P[]1 IT WAS /ILL /RUGGL+ TO CONSOLIDATE ITSELF AS A CONT95TAL BASE & C\NT]+ >M$ RESI/ANCE BY ,FIR/ ,NATIONS4 ,PRIOR TO ! ,U,S-,BRITI% ,W> ( #a#h#a#b1 ,L\ISIANA WAS PUR*AS$ FROM ,FRANCE1 9 #a#h#c1 & ,SPA9 HAD C$$ ,FLORIDA 9 #a#h#a#i4 ,BY #a#h#b#d1 ! ,BUREAU ( ,9DIAN ,AFFAIRS WAS ORGANIZ$ AS P>T ( ! ,W> ,DEP>TM5T4 ,MILIT>Y CAMPAIGNS W]E LAUN*$ AGA9/ ,FIR/ ,NATIONS1 FROM ! ,%AWNEE ( ! ,MISSISSIPPI ,VALLEY TO ! ,SEM9OLE 9 ,FLORIDA4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! LEGALI/IC 9/RUM5TS = OCCUPATION W]E BE+ 9TRODUC$4 ,9 #ahc ! ,9DIAN ,REMOVAL ,ACT WAS IMPLEM5T$1 & 9 #ahcd ,CONGRESS REORGANIZ$ ! V>I\S DEP>TM5TS DEAL+ ) ,9DIAN REPRESSION BY CREAT+ ! ,U,S ,DEP>TM5T ( ,9DIAN ,AFFAIRS1 & ! ,9DIAN ,TRADE & ,9T]C\RSE ,ACT :I* R$EF9$ ! ',9DIAN ,T]RITORY' & ',P]MAN5T ,9DIAN ,FRONTI]'4 ,! ',9DIAN ,T]RITORY' HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY DEF9$ 9 #ahbe AS L&S WE/ ( ! ,MISSISSIPPI4 ,FOLL[+ ! =MATION ( ! T]RITORIES ( ,WISCONS9 & ,I[A1 ! FRONTI] WAS EXT5D$ FROM ! ,MISSISSIPPI TO ! #i#e? M]IDIAN4 ,! ,9DIAN ,REMOVAL ,ACT WAS DIRECT$ AT =C$ RELOCATION ( ,NATIVES EA/ ( ! #i#e? M]IDIAN TO ! WE/ ( IT4 ,9 #a#h#c#h1 ,U,S TROOPS =C$ ?\S&S ( ,*]OKEE 9TO CONC5TRATION CAMPS1 FROM :I* !Y W]E =C$ WE/W>D ON ! ,TRAIL ( ,TE>S4 ,9 ! MID/ ( W9T]1 ONE \T ( EV]Y F\R ,*]OKEES DI$ FROM COLD1 HUNG]1 OR DISEASES4 ,MANY O!R NATIONS W]E =CIBLY RELOCAT$3 ! ,*OCTAWS1 ,*ICKASAWS1 ,CREEKS1 ,%AWNEES1 ,MIAMIS1 ,OTTAWAS1 ,W5DATS & ,DELAW>ES4 ,! ',P]MAN5T ,9DIAN ,FRONTI]' WAS A MILIT>IZ$ L9E ( ,U,S G>RISONS1 SIMIL> TO ?AT 9 ,>G5T9A & ,*ILI DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD4 ,BUT ! ',9DIAN ,FRONTI]' WAS NOT TO HOLD4 ,LIKE ! ,BRITI% ,ROYAL ,PROCLAMATION ( #a#g#f#c1 ! RE/RICTIONS ON ,EUROPEANS SETTL+ OR TRAD+ 9 !SE REGIONS W]E R\T9ELY IGNOR$4 ,) ! ,U,S ANNEXATION ( NOR!RN ,MEXICO 9 #a#h#d#h1 ! ,U,S ACQUIR$ ! T]RITORIES ( ,TEXAS1 ,CALI=NIA1 ,NEW ,MEXICO1 ,>IZONA1 ,UTAH & ,COLORADO4 ,! SAME YE>1 GOLD WAS DISCOV]$ 9 ,CALI=NIA4 ,) !SE TWO EV5TS1 ! L>GE-SCALE 9VASION ( ! ',9DIAN ,T]RITORY' WAS UND]WAY4 ,UND] ! IDEOLOGY ( ,MANIFE/ ,DE/9Y1 ! ,U,S WAS TO LAUN* A R5EW$ P]IOD ( G5OCIDAL W> AGA9/ ?OSE REGIONS & ,FIR/ ,NATIONS :I* REMA9$ UNSUBJUGAT$4 ,! !AT] ( W> EXT5D$ FROM ! ,GREAT ,LAKES REGION >\ND ,M9NESOTA1 S\? ( ! ,RIO ,GR&E1 & WE/ TO ,CALI=NIA1 EXT5D+ NOR? TO ,WA%+TON /ATE4 ,IT WAS A P]IOD ( W> :I* 9VOLV$ MANY ,FIR/ ,NATIONS3 ! ,LAKOTA1 ,*EY5NE1 ,COMMAN*E1 ,KI[A1 ,YAKIMA1 ,NEZ ,P]CE1 ,WALLAH ,WALLAH1 ,CAYUSE1 ,>APAHO1 ,APA*E1 ,NAVAJO1 ,%O%ONE1 ,KICKAPOOS1 & MANY O!RS4 ,IT WAS ALSO A W> FROM :I* MANY ,NATIVE LEAD]S W\LD LEAVE A LEGACY ( /RUGGLE ?AT1 LIKE ?OSE /RUGGLES 9 ,S\? & ,MESOAM]ICA1 W\LD REMA9 AS SYMBOLS ( RESI/ANCE TO ! ,EUROPEAN COLONIZATION3 ,CRAZY ,HORSE1 ,TATANKA ,YOTANKA 7,SITT+ ,BULL71 ,T5 ,BE>S1 ,VICTORIO1 ,G]ONIMO1 ,QUANAH ,P>K]1 ,WOVOKA1 ,BLACK ,KETTLE1 ,R$ ,CL\D1 ,*IEF ,JOSEPH1 & SO MANY O!RS4 ,AL?\< ! ',9DIAN ,W>S' ( ?IS P]IOD W]E BY NO MEANS ONE-SID$ -- ! ,U,S =CES SUFF]$ MANY DEFEATS -- ! ,U,S COLONIAL =CES SUCCE$$ 9 GRADUALLY & RU?LESSLY GA9+ DOM9ANCE4 ,V>I\S FACTORS CONTRIBUT$ TO ?IS1 FOLL[+ ! PATT]NS ( PREVI\S CAMPAIGNS AGA9/ ,NATIVE PEOPLES3 ! CONT9U+ SPREAD ( DISEASES SU* AS MEASLES1 SMALLPOX1 & *OL]A 7BETWE5 #a#h#c#g-#g1 AT LEA/ F\R MAJOR SMALLPOX EPIDEMICS SWEPT ?R\< ! WE/]N PLA9S1 & BETWE5 #a#h#e-#f A *OL]A EPIDEMIC HIT ! ,GREAT ,BAS9 & S\!RN PLA9S72 ! USE ( 9=M]S & TRAITORS2 & ! OV]:ELM+ /R5G? ( ,U,S =CES 9 BO? WEAPONRY & NUMB]S ( SOLDI]S4 ,COMB9$ ) \TRI4 ,AFRIKAN ,SLAV]Y1 ,AFRIKAN ,REBELLION1 & ! ,U,S ,CIVIL ,W> ,O/5SIBLY A MORAL CRUSADE TO 0ABOLI% SLAV]Y01 ! ,U,S ,CIVIL ,W> ( #a#h#f#a-#f#e WAS 9 REALITY A CONFLICT BETWE5 ! COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,NOR? AGA9/ ! AGR>IAN /AGNATION BAS$ ON ,AFRIKAN PEOPLES' SLAVE-LABOR ( ! ,S\?4 ,BY ! #a#i? C5TURY1 #a TO #ae MILLION ,AFRIKAN PEOPLES HAD BE5 RELOCAT$ TO ! ,AM]ICAS BY FIR/ ,PORTUGUESE1 !N ,5GLI%1 ,SPANI%1 & ,U,S COLONIALI/S4 ,!SE PEOPLES CAME FROM ALL REGIONS ( ,AFRIKA3 ,S5EGAL1 ! ,IVORY ,COA/1 ,ANGOLA1 ,MOZAMBIQUE1 ETC4 -- & FROM MANY ,AFRIKAN ,NATIONS3 ! ,YORUBA1 ,KISSI1 ,S5EFU1 ,F\LAH1 ,FONS1 ,ADJAS1 & MANY O!RS4 ,5SLAV$1 !SE PEOPLES W]E =C$ TO LABOR 9 ! M9ES1 TEXTILE MILLS1 FACTORIES1 & PLANTATIONS ?AT S]V$ FIR/ ! ,EUROPEAN M>KETS &1 AFT] ! W>S = 9DEP5D5CE1 ! NEWLY-CREAT$ NATION-/ATES ( ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,! SLAVE-TRADE 9 BO? ,AM]ICAN & ,AFRIKAN ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES WAS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = ! ,EUROPEAN COLONIZATION ( ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,! =C$ RELOCATION ( MILLIONS ( ,AFRIKAN PEOPLES ALSO 9TRODUC$ NEW DYNAMICS 9TO ! COLONIZATION PROCESS2 NOT ONLY 9 ! ECONOMICS ( ,EUROPEAN OCCUPATION1 BUT ALSO 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,AFRIKAN PEOPLES' RESI/ANCE4 ,AS E>LY AS #a#e#b#f1 ,AFRIKAN SLAVES HAD REBELL$ 9 A %ORT-LIV$ ,SPANI% COLONY 9 ,S\? ,C>OL9A1 & AFT] !IR ESCAPE TOOK REFUGE AMONG ,FIR/ ,NATIONS PEOPLES4 ,9 ! ,C>IBBEAN & ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 :]E ,AFRIKAN SLAV]Y WAS FIR/ C5T]$1 L>GE REVOLTS FREQU5TLY BROKE \T & ESCAP$ ,AFRIKAN SLAVES TOOK REFUGE AMONG ,C>IBS & ,>AWAKS4 ,9 ,NOR!A/ ,BRAZIL1 AN ,AFRIKAN REBELLION SUCCE$$ 9 ORGANIZ+ ! T]RITORY ( ,PALM>ES -- :I* GREW TO ONE-?IRD ! SIZE ( ,PORTUGAL4 ,PROBABLY ONE ( ! MO/ FAM\S ,AFRIKAN & ,NATIVE ALLIANCES WAS ! EXAMPLE ( ! ESCAP$ ,AFRIKAN SLAVES & ! ,SEM9OLE 9 ,FLORIDA4 ,! ESCAP$ ,AFRIKANS HAD 0=M$ LIB]AT$ ,AFRIKAN COMMUNITIES AS A SEMI-AUTONOM\S P>T ( ! %ELT]+ ,SEM9OLE ,NATION04.<#b#d.> ,TOGE!R1 !SE TWO PEOPLES W\LD C>RY \T ONE ( ! /RONGE/ RESI/ANCE /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! ,U,S4 ,! SO-CALL$ ,SEM9OLE ,W>S BEGAN 9 #ahab :5 ,GEORGIA VIGILANTES ATTEMPT$ TO RECAPTURE ,AFRIKANS = 5SLAVEM5T1 & CONT9U$ = ?IRTY YE>S UND] ! ,U,S CAMPAIGN ( RELOCATIONS4 ,! ,SEM9OLE ,W>S1 UND] ! FANATICAL DIRECTION ( ,PRESID5T ,JACKSON1 W]E ! MO/ CO/LY ( ! ,U,S ',9DIAN ,W>S'2 OV] #a1#f ,U,S SOLDI]S W]E KILL$ & ?\S&S W\ND$ AT ! CO/ ( SOME @s#c MILLION4 ,EV5 AFT] ?IS1 ! ,SEM9OLE-,AFRIKAN GU]RILLAS REMA9$ UNSUBJUGAT$4 ,! SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ! ,AFRIKANS & ! ,SEM9OLES IS MO/ CLE> 9 ! SECOND ,SEM9OLE ,W> ( #a#h#c#e4 ,! ,SEM9OLES1 UND] ,OSCEOLA1 REFUS$ TO ACCEPT RELOCATION TO ,OKLAHOMA -- ONE ( ! KEY DISAGREEM5TS ALSO BE+ ! ,U,S 9SI/5CE ON SEP>ATION ( ! ,AFRIKANS FROM !IR ,SEM9OLE BRO!RS & SI/]S4 ,! ,U,S =CES RELAUN*$ !IR W>1 & W]E NEV] ABLE TO A*IEVE A CLE> VICTORY4 ,BY ! MID-#a#hS1 SLAV]Y WAS VIEW$ BY SOME P>TS ( ! ,U,S RUL+ CLASS AS AN OB/ACLE TO ECONOMIC GR[? & EXPANSION4 ,! ANTI-SLAV]Y CAMPAIGN1 L$ BY ! ,NOR?1 WAS A PRACTICAL EF=T TO FREE L& & LABOR FROM ! LIMITATIONS ( ! CLOS$ SY/EM ( PLANTATION AGRICULTURE BAS$ ON SLAVE LABOR2 0,SLAV]Y HAD BECOME AN OB/ACLE TO BO? ! CONT9U$ GR[? ( SETTL] SOCIETY & ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,EURO-,AM]IKAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,IT WAS NOT ?AT SLAV]Y WAS UNPR(ITABLE ITSELF4 ,IT WAS1 WORK] = WORK]1 MU* MORE PR(ITABLE ?AN :ITE WAGE-LABOR4 ,AFRIKAN SLAVES 9 9DU/RY CO/ ! CAPITALI/S LESS ?AN ONE-?IRD ! WAGES ( :ITE WORK+M5444 ,BUT ! ,AM]ICAN CAPITALI/S NE$$ TO GREATLY EXP& !IR LABOR =CE4 ,:ILE ! PLANT]S BELIEV$ ?AT IMPORT+ NEW MILLIONS ( ,AFRIKAN SLAVES W\LD MO/ PR(ITABLY MEET ?IS NE$1 IT WAS CLE> ?AT ?IS W\LD ONLY ADD FUEL TO ! FIRES ( ! ALREADY 9SURRECTION>Y ,AFRIKAN COLONY4 ,PR(IT HAD TO BE SE5 NOT ONLY 9 ! SQUEEZ+ ( A FEW MORE DOLL>S ON A %ORT-T]M1 9DIVIDUAL BASIS1 BUT 9 T]MS ( ! NE$S ( AN 5TIRE ,EMPIRE & ITS FUTURE4 ,& IT WAS NOT JU/ ! DEM& = LABOR ALONE ?AT \TMOD$ ! SLAVE SY/EM4 ,CAPITALISM NE$$ GIANT >MIES ( SETTL]S1 WAVES & WAVES ( NEW ,EUROPEAN %OCK-TROOPS TO HELP CONQU] & HOLD NEW T]RITORY1 TO DEVELOP IT = ! B\RGEOISIE & G>RISON IT AGA9/ ! OPPRESS$04.<#b#e.> ,! 09SURRECTION>Y FIRES0 HAD ALREADY DEALT ! OCCUPATION =CES A %OCK+ BL[ 9 #agia 9 ! ,HAITIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,AFRIKAN SLAVES1 L$ 9 P>T BY ,T\SSA9T ,L',\V]TURE1 REBELL$ & DEFEAT$ ,SPANI%1 ,5GLI%1 & ,FR5* =CES1 E/ABLI%+ ! ,HAITIAN ,REPUBLIC ?AT (F]$ CITIZ5%IP TO ANY ,NATIVE OR ,AFRIKAN PEOPLES :O WANT$ IT4 ,!RE W]E ALSO 9CREAS+ REVOLTS )9 ! ,U,S1 9CLUD+ ! #ah REVOLT 9 ,VIRG9IA L$ BY ,GABRIEL ,PROSS]1 & ,NAT ,TURN]'S REVOLT 9 #ahca :I* KILL$ SIXTY SETTL]S4 0,! SITUATION BECAME MORE ACUTE AS ! DEVELOP+ CAPITALI/ ECONOMY CREAT$ TR5DS ( URBANIZATION & 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,9 ! E>LY #a#hS ! ,AFRIKAN POPULATION ( MANY CITIES WAS RIS+ FA/] ?AN ?AT ( ,EURO-,AM]ICANS04.<#b#f.> ,! REVOLTS L$ BY ,GABRIEL & ,TURN] HAD CAUS$ DISCUSSIONS 9 ! ,VIRG9IA LEGISLATURE ON 5D+ SLAV]Y1 & PUBLIC RALLIES HAD BE5 HELD 9 ,WE/]N ,VIRG9IA DEM&+ AN ALL-:ITE ,VIRG9IA4 ,COMB9$1 !SE FACTORS L$ ! ,NOR? TO AGITATE = AN 5D TO SLAV]Y AS ONE SPECIFIC =M ( EXPLOITATION4 ,9 TURN1 ! ,S\!RN /ATES1 L$ BY PLANTATION [N]S & SLAV]S1 ?REAT5$ TO SEC$E FROM ! ,UNION4 ,! ,CIVIL ,W> BEGAN4 ,BLACK ,RECON/RUCTION & ,DECON/RUCTION ,! BEG9N+ ( ! ,U,S ,CIVIL ,W> 9 #ahfa POS$ V>I\S PROBLEMS = ! NOR!RN ,UNION RUL+ CLASS4 ,NOT ONLY WAS ! W> = ! PRES]VATION ( AN EXP&+ CONT95TAL EMPIRE1 BUT IT ALSO OP5$ UP A SECOND FRONT3 ?AT ( A LIB]ATION /RUGGLE BY 5SLAV$ ,AFRIKAN PEOPLES4 ,) A POPULATION ( F\R MILLION1 ! RIS+ ( !SE ,AFRIKANS 9 ! ,S\? PROV$ CRUCIAL 9 ! DEFEAT ( ! ,CONF$]ACY4 ,BY ! T5S ( ?\S&S1 ,AFRIKAN SLAVES ESCAP$ FROM ! SLAV]S & 5LI/$ 9 ! ,UNION =CES4 ,?IS MASSIVE )DRAWAL ( SLAVE-LABOR HIT ! ,S\!RN ECONOMY H>D1 & ! ,NOR!RN =CES W]E BOL/]$ BY ! ?\S&S4 ,T[>DS ! 5D ( ! ,W> 9 #a#h#f#e1 ?OSE ,AFRIKANS :O DID NOT ESCAPE BEGAN A L>GE-SCALE /RIKE FOLL[+ ! DEFEAT ( ! ,CONF$]ACY4 ,!Y CLAIM$ ! L&S ?AT !Y HAD LABOR$ ON1 & BEGAN >M+ !MSELVES -- NOT ONLY AGA9/ ! ,S\!RN PLANT]S BUT ALSO AGA9/ ! ,UNION >MY4 ,WIDESPREAD CONC]NS AB\T ?IS 'DANG]\S POSITION' ( ,AFRIKANS 9 ! ,S\? L$ TO ',BLACK ,RECON/RUCTION'2 ,AFRIKANS W]E PROMIS$ 0DEMOCRACY1 HUMAN RI [N]%IP ( ! L&04 ,9 REALITY1 IT WAS A /RATEGY = RETURN+ ,EURO-,AM]ICAN DOM9ANCE 9VOLV+3 0#a4 ,! MILIT>Y REPRESSION ( ! MO/ ORGANIZ$ & MILITANT ,AFRIKAN COMMUNITIES4 #b4 ,PACIFY+ ! ,AFRIKAN PEOPLES BY NEOCOLONIALISM1 US+ ELEM5TS ( ! ,AFRIKAN PETIT-B\RGEOISIE TO L$ !IR PEOPLE 9TO EMBRAC+ ,U,S CITIZ5%IP AS ! ANSW] TO ALL PROBLEMS4 ,9/EAD ( NATIONHOOD & LIB]ATION1 ! NEO-COLONIAL AG5TS TOLD ! MASSES ?AT !IR DEMOCRATIC DEM&S C\LD BE MET BY FOLL[+ ! ,NOR!RN SETTL] CAPITALI/S44404.<#b#g.> ,FOLL[+ ?IS /RATEGY1 ,UNION >MY =CES ATTACK$ ,AFRIKAN COMMUNITIES :O W]E OCCUPY+ L&1 =C+ T5S ( ?\S&S (F COLLECTIVELY HELD L& & >RE/+ ! 0LEAD]S04 ,AFRIKAN TROOPS :O HAD F\MY W]E QUICKLY DIS>M$ & DISP]S$1 OR S5T TO FIS04 ,:ITE SUPREMACI/ T]RORI/ ORGANIZATIONS =M$1 ONE ( ! MO/ 9FAM\S -- BUT NOT ! ONLY -- BE+ ! ,KU ,KLUX ,KLAN4 ,UND] ! #a#d? ,AM5DM5T TO ! ,U,S ,CON/ITUTION1 ,AFRIKANS BECAME ,U,S CITIZ5S1 9CLUD+ ! RIE ( ! ,AFRIKANS AS !Y WI%$4 ,:ILE ! GU>D$ REMNANTS ( ,RECON/RUCTION HELD \T H]E & !RE = SOME YE>S 7,AFRIKAN ,CONGRESSM5 W]E ELECT$ FROM ! ,S\? UNTIL #a#h#i#e71 ! CRITICAL YE> ( #ahgg M>K$ !IR CONCLUSIVE DEFEAT04.<#b#h.> ,NOT 9SIGNIFICANTLY DUR+ ?IS SAME P]IOD1 ,NOR!RN WORK+ CLASS ,:ITES W]E 5GAG$ 9 A VICI\S CLASS /RUGGLE = AN #h H\R WORK DAY1 EV5 AS ,AFRIKANS W]E UND] ATTACK BY ! ,K,K,K & O!R RACI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,&1 AT ! SAME TIME1 LITTLE NOTICE WAS MADE ( ! MILIT>Y EXT]M9ATION CAMPAIGNS BE+ C>RI$ \T AGA9/ ,NATIVE PEOPLES4 ,DUR+ ! ,W>1 MANY ,FIR/ ,NATIONS ATTEMPT$ TO REMA9 0NEUTRAL0 9 ! ,S\?1 AL?\< SOME PROMISES BY ! ,CONF$]ACY = L& /IMULAT$ SOME ,FIR/ ,NATIONS TO SIDE ) ! ,S\?4 ,BUT 0NEUTRALITY0 IS NOT ! SAME AS PASSIVE2 ,NATIVE PEOPLES CONT9U$ !IR [N RESI/ANCE TO COLONIZATION4 ,FROM #a#h#f#a-#f#c ! ,APA*ES L$ BY ,CO*ISE & ,MANGAS ,COLORADO F\Y FROM #a#h#f#b-#f#c L$ BY ,LITTLE ,CR[4 ,9 #a#h#f#c-#f#d1 ?IS W> W\LD %IFT TO ,NOR? ,DAKOTA UND] ! ,TETON4 ,9 #a#h#f#c1 ! ,WE/]N ,%O%ONE F\Y PATROLS & SUPPLY R\TES 9 ,UTAH & ,IDAHO4 ,?AT SAME YE>1 ! ,NAVAJO REBELL$ 9 ,NEW ,MEXICO & ,>IZONA4 ,) ! COMPLETION ( ! TRANSCONT95TAL RAILROAD 9 #a#h#f#i1 SETTLEM5T ( ! ,WE/ 9CREAS$ RAPIDLY4 ,! MILIT>IZATION FROM ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 & ! ABILITY TO SUPPLY & FACILITATE L>GE-SCALE MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS1 OP5$ UP ! F9AL P]IOD 9 ! 0,9DIAN ,W>S04 ,9 ! PO/-,CIVIL ,W> P]IOD1 ! G5OCIDAL PROCESS ( COLONIZATION WAS TO 5T] A NEW PHASE1 EV5 AT ! PRICE ( ?\S&S ( ,U,S TROOPS DEAD & W\ND$1 & EA* DEAD ,9DIAN COM+ AT ! PRICE ( @s#a MILLION4 ,BY #a#h#h#e1 ! LA/ GREAT H]D ( BUFFALO W\LD BE SLAUT ( ! C\NT]-9SURG5CY /RATEGY ( DEPRIV+ ! ,PLA9S ,9DIANS ( !IR PRIM>Y FOOD S\RCE4 ,FIVE YE>S LAT]1 #ce ,LAKOTAS W\LD BE MASSACR$ AT ,*ANKPE ,OPI ,WAKPALA1 ! CREEK CALL$ ,W\ND$ ,KNEE4 ,! ,COLONIZATION ( ,CANADA ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,U,S CAMPAIGN ( EXT]M9ATION1 ! COLONIZATION PROCESS 9 ,CANADA LACK$ ! L>GE-SCALE MILIT>Y CONFLICTS ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ ! ,U,S 0,9DIAN ,W>S04 ,AL?\< MANY ,EURO-,CANADIANS.<#b#i.> W\LD LIKE TO BELIEVE ?AT !SE DIFF]5CES 9 COLONIZATION LIE 9 FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T VALUES1 CULTURES1 ETC41 !Y >E NO MORE ?AN ! RESULT ( DIFF]5CES 9 COLONIAL PRACTICES ROOT$ 9 BASIC ECONOMIC NE$S & /RATEGIES4 ,AS CAN BE SE5 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,U,S ,W> = ,9DEP5D5CE1 !RE FOLL[$ A P]IOD ( RAPID EXPANSION & SETTLEM5T4 ,FOLL[+ ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! 0#a#c ,BRITI% COLONIES ALONG ! ,NOR? ,ATLANTIC1 & >M$ ) A PRE-IMP]IALI/ ?RU/ 7! ,MONROE ,DOCTR9E & ! IDEOLOGY ( 'MANIFE/ DE/9Y'71 ! 5TREPR5EURS CONTROLL+ ! NEW /ATE MA*9]Y DISPAT*$ !IR MILIT>Y =CES RAPIDLY ACROSS ,NOR? ,AM]ICA04.<#c.> ,CANADA1 ON ! O!R H&1 DID NOT FI = 9DEP5D5CE & REMA9$ FIRMLY A P>T ( ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE4 ,AS PREVI\SLY DISCUSS$1 ! FIR/ MAJOR COLONIZATION ( :AT W\LD BECOME EA/]N 0,CANADA0 WAS C>RI$ \T BY ,FRANCE4 ,BETWE5 #afh & #a#g#e#f1 SOME #a1 ,FR5* SETTL]S HAD >RIV$ 9 ,CANADA4 ,! 0,FR5* & ,9DIAN ,W>S0 ( ! #a#h? C5TURY RESULT$ 9 ! DEFEAT ( ! ,FR5* =CES2 ! SUBSEQU5T ,TREATY ( #agfc E/ABLI%$ ,BRITI% RULE OV] ,NEW ,FRANCE 7N[ ,QUEBEC74 ,) ! ,QUEBEC ,ACT ( #a#g#g#d1 ! PROV9CE ( ,QUEBEC WAS EXP&$1 ,BRITI% CRIM9AL LAW E/ABLI%$1 & ! FEUDAL ADM9I/RATION IMPLEM5T$ BY ,FRANCE REMA9$ L>GELY UN*ANG$4 ,CONFLICTS RELAT$ TO CIVIL MATT]S & PROP]TY REMA9$ REGULAT$ UND] ,FR5* CIVIL LAW4 ,! SEIGNEURIAL SY/EM1 A FEUDAL SY/EM 9 :I* ! L& ( ! PROV9CE WAS GIV5 9 GRANT FROM ! ,K+ TO SEIGNEURS 7USUALLY L[] NOBILITY & FROM ! ,*UR*71 :O1 9 TURN1 R5T$ ! L& TO PEASANTS 9 RETURN = AN ANNUAL R5T 7CALL$ TI!S1 PAYABLE 9 GOODS ( PRODUCTS RAIS$ ON ! L&71 WAS CONT9U$4 ,AS ) ! #agfc ,ROYAL ,PROCLAMATION1 ! ,QUEBEC ACT SECUR$ ! LOYALTY ( ! ,FR5* CL]GY & >I/OCRACY 9 ! ,U,S ,W> = ,9DEP5D5CE4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! W>S ( ! #a#h? C5TURY1 ,FR5* SETTLEM5T HAD GR[N TO #f1 AS SOLDI]S EMPLOY$ BY ,FRANCE SWELL$ ! ,FR5* POPULATION4 ,! EXPANSION ( ! PROV9CE UND] ! ,QUEBEC ,ACT HAD SEIZ$ A L>GE PORTION ( ! 0,9DIAN T]RITORY0 & PLAC$ IT UND] ,CR[N JURISDICTION4 ,FOLL[+ ! ,U,S ,W> = ,9DEP5D5CE1 SOME #d1 LOYALI/S FL$ ! =M] ,BRITI% COLONIES & SETTL$ 9 ,CANADA1 OCCUPY+ MORE ,NATIVE L&S -- P>TICUL>LY ?AT ( ! ,HAUD5OSAUNEE4 ,BRITI% COLONIAL AU?ORITIES W5T TO SOME L5G?S TO ACQUIRE L& :ILE PLACAT+ ! /ILL GEO-MILIT>ILY IMPORTANT ,9DIANS4.<#c#a.> ,:ILE ! COLONIALI/S W]E BUSY CONSOLIDAT+ ! ADM9I/RATION ( 0,BRITI% ,NOR? ,AM]ICA01 ! ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/ WAS COM+ UND] 9CREAS$ RECONNAISSANCE4 ,BEG9N+ 9 #a#g#g#d1 ! FIR/ RECORD$ COLONIZ]S 9TO ! >EA ( ,BRITI% ,COLUMBIA CAME ABO>D ! ,SPANI% %IP ,SANTIAGO4 ,F\R YE>S LAT]1 AN EXP$ITION L$ BY ,JAMES ,COOK DESC5D$ UPON ! >EA1 LEAD+ TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A L>GE & PR(ITABLE FUR TRADE4 ,! DOM9ANCE ( ! FUR TRADE W\LD LA/ UNTIL >\ND #ah$ :5 ,EUROPEAN SETTLEM5T BEGAN TO 9CREASE RAPIDLY ALONG ) ! M9+ & LOGG+ 9DU/RIES4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! E>LY DOM9ANCE ( ! FUR TRADE1 :I* RELI$ ON ,NATIVE COLLABORATION1 ,BRITI% COLONIZ]S CURTAIL$ !IR MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 CONFLICTS DID ]UPT1 PRIM>ILY AGA9/ ,BRITI% DEPR$ATIONS4 ,AS MORE %IPS FREQU5T$ ! >EA1 CLA%ES SPREAD ) ATTACKS ON COLONIAL VESSELS & ! %ELL+ ( ,NATIVE VILLAGES4 ,EV5 BE=E ,EUROPEAN SETTLEM5T 9 ,B,C1 ! IMPACT ( ! TRAD]S WAS DISA/R\S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 FROM #ahce :5 ! FIR/ C5SUS WAS TAK5 ( ! ,KWAKWAKA-WAKW NATION1 TO #a#h#h#e1 !RE WAS BETWE5 A #g TO #i P]C5T R$UCTION 9 POPULATION 7FROM >\ND #a1#g TO #c174.<#c#b.> ,9 AN ALL TOO FAMILI> PATT]N1 ! 9TRUSION ( ,EUROPEAN TRAD]S HAD SET 9TO MOTION DISEASE EPIDEMICS1 EV5 AS E>LY AS ! #a#g#hS & '#iS4 ,9 #a#h#c#f1 A SMALLPOX EPIDEMIC HIT ! NOR!RN COA/1 & ! FUR TRADE WAS 0DEPRESS$ ALL ?AT W9T] & ! FOLL[+ SPR+04.<#c#c.> ,FOLL[+ AN 9VASION ( GOLD HUNT]S 9TO ! REGION 9 #a#h#e#h1 ONE ( ! MO/ DEVA/AT+ EPIDEMICS /RUCK 9 #a#h#f#b1 KILL+ AT LEA/ #b1 ,9DIANS4.<#c#d.> ,MEAN:ILE1 9 ,BRITI% ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ! GEO-MILIT>Y IMPORTANCE ( ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONS WAS QUICKLY BE+ ]OD$4 ,) ! 9FLUX ( LOYALI/S AFT] ! ,U,S ,W> = ,9DEP5D5CE1 ! ,EUROPEAN POPULATION HAD GR[N & WAS /RATEGICALLY G>RISON$ 9 KEY MILIT>Y >EAS -- CONFLICTS ) ! ,U,S W]E PR$ICT$4 ,AS WELL AS FUR!R 9CREAS+ ! ,EUROPEAN POPULATION 9 ! REGION1 ! ,W> ( #ahab & ,U,S POLICIES ( MOV+ ,NATIVES FROM ! NOR!RN FRONTI] HAD BROK5 UP CONF$]ACIES & GREATLY DIM9I%$ ! P[] ( ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONS 9 ! >EA4 ,AFT] ?IS1 ,BRITI% COLONIAL POLICIES *ANG$ FROM ESS5TIALLY =M+ MILIT>Y ALLIANCES TO A HI<] LEVEL ( COLONIZATION ?R\< POLICIES ( BREAK+ D[N ! COLLECTIVE P[] ( ,FIR/ ,NATIONS4 ,*RI/IANIZATION & AN OV]ALL ,EUROPEANIZATION ( ,NATIVE PEOPLES WAS DEVELOP$ AS (FICIAL POLICY4 ,BY ! #a#h#eS1 AN 9/RUM5T HAD BE5 CREAT$ TO ?IS 5D3 0,! ,GRADUAL ,CIVILIZATION ,ACT ( #a#h#e#g04 0,! ,ACT WAS BAS$ UPON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! FULL CIVILIZATION ( ! TRIBES C\LD BE A*IEV$ ONLY :5 ,9DIANS W]E BR\D ( EXAM9]S TO BE $UCAT$1 FREE FROM DEBT1 & ( GOOD MORAL *>ACT] C\LD ON APPLICATION BE AW>D$ TW5TY HECT>ES ( L&44404.<#c#e.> ,H]E1 ! 0CIVILIZATION ( ! TRIBES0 %\LD BE READ AS ! ELIM9ATION ( ! BASIS ( ,NATIVE CULTURES & DE FACTO ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONS AS NATIONS4 ,! TW5TY HECT>ES ( L& WAS TO BE TAK5 FROM ! RES]VE L& BASE1 SUBSEQU5TLY BREAK+ UP ! COLLECTIVE & COMMUNIT>IAN L& PRACTICES ( ,NATIVE PEOPLES & REPLAC+ !SE ) 9DIVIDUAL P>CELS ( L&2 ALL ! EASI]1 FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( ! COLONIZ]1 TO A*IEVE ! LONG-T]M GOAL ( COMPLETELY ELIM9AT+ ,FIR/ ,NATIONS AS NATIONS & LEAV+ NO?+ BUT DISP]S$1 ACCULTURAT$1 PEOPLES TO BE ASSIMILAT$ 9TO ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY4 ,! PATRI>*AL DIM5SIONS ( =C$-ASSIMILATION W]E ALSO CLE>3 ONLY MALES C\LD BE SO 5FRAN*IS$4.<#c#f.> ,A ,COMMISSION ( ,9QUIRY HAD FUR!R RECOMM5D$ ?AT RES]VE L&S BE RE/RICT$ TO A MAXIMUM ( #be ACRES P] FAMILY1 & ?AT ,NATIVE ORGANIZATION BE GRADUALLY REPLAC$ ) A MUNICIPAL =M ( GOV]NM5T4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 NEW ME?ODS 9 ACQUIR+ L& W]E DEVELOP$4 ,BEG9N+ ON #ahe & CONT9U+ 9TO ! #b? C5TURY1 A S]IES ( TREATIES W]E 0NEGOTIAT$0 9 :I* ,NATIVE NATIONS C$$ IMM5SE TRACTS ( L& 9 RETURN = RES]VE L&1 HUNT+ & FI%+ RIE1 & ! PAYM5T ( ANNUITIES4 ,! FIR/ SU* TREATIES W]E ! ,ROB9SON TREATIES1 :I* W\LD BE R5EGOTIAT$ 9 #ahga AS ,TREATIES ,NO4 #a & ,NO4 #b4 0,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! IMM$IATE REQUIREM5TS ( ! 9T]NAL IMP]IALI/ EXPANSION & ! TREATIES IS REM>KABLE4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE TREATIES WAS S\TS ( ! ,NOR?WE/ ,T]RITORIES WAS NEGOTIAT$ IMM$IATELY UPON ! DISCOV]Y ( OIL 9 ! ,MACK5ZIE ,VALLEY04.<#c#g.> ,:ILE ! COLONIZ]S KNEW :AT !Y WANT$ 9 PROPOS+ ! TREATIES1 ,NATIVE PEOPLES W]E UNPREP>$ = ! DUPLICITY & DI%ONOR ( ! TREATY-SEEK]S4 ,:5 A COMMISSION J\RNEY$ TO ! ,NOR?WE/ ,T]RITORIES TO 9VE/IGATE UNFULFILL$ PROVISIONS ( ,TREATIES #h & #a#a1 !Y F\ND ?AT 0,AT A NUMB] ( MEET+S1 ,9DIANS :O CLAIM$ TO HAVE BE5 PRES5T AT ! TIME :5 ! ,TREATIES W]E SIGN$ /AT$ ?AT !Y DEF9ITELY DID NOT RECALL HE>+ AB\T ! L& 5TITLEM5T 9 ! ,TREATIES4 ,!Y EXPLA9$ ?AT POOR 9T]PRET]S W]E US$ & !IR *IEFS & HEAD M5 HAD SIGN$ EV5 ?\< !Y DID NOT KN[ :AT ! ,TREATIES CONTA9$04.<#c#h.> ,! TREATIES W]E IMPORTANT ASPECTS ( ! PLAN = ! EXPANSION ( ,CANADA WE/W>D & ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T BAS$ ON RES\RCE EXTRACTION & AGRICULTURE4 ,9DE$1 ! ,CONF$]ATION ( ,CANADA 9 ! ,BRITI% ,NOR? ,AM]ICA ,ACT ( #ahfg WAS AIM$ PRIM>ILY AT CONSOLIDAT+ ! !N-EXI/+ EA/]N PROV9CES & FACILITAT+ 9 ?IS WE/W>D EXPANSION2 ! PRIM>Y 9/RUM5TS SE5 AS A TRANS-,CANADA RAILWAY1 TELEGRAPH L9ES1 & ROADS4 ,EXPANSION AS SE5 NOT ONLY AS ECONOMICALLY NECESS>Y BUT ALSO POLITICALLY URG5T AS ! ,U,S WAS EXP&+ WE/W>D AT ! SAME TIME4 ,! 9VASION ( ! PRAIRIE REGIONS WAS NOT )\T CONFLICT4 ,! MO/ SIGNIFICANT RESI/ANCE 9 ?IS P]IOD WAS ?AT ( ! ,METIS PEOPLES -- DESC5DANTS ( PRIM>ILY ,FR5* & ,SCOTTI% SETTL]S & ,C]E -- 9 :AT W\LD BECOME ,MANITOBA4 ,! ,R$ ,RIV] ,REBELLION1 ALSO KN[N AS ! ,FIR/ ,RIEL REBELLION AFT] ,L\IS ,RIEL1 A ,METIS LEAD]1 ]UPT$ FOLL[+ AN 9FLUX ( ,EURO-,CANADIAN SETTL]S & ! PUR*ASE ( ! T]RITORY FROM ! CONTROLL+ ,HUDSONS ,BAY ,COMPANY1 BY ! GOV]NM5T ( ,CANADA4 ,! REBELLION WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ANNEXATION ( ! T]RITORY OV] ! ,METIS -- :O NUMB]$ SOME #a1 9 ! REGION4 ,A =CE ( #d >M$ ,METIS SEIZ$ A SMALL G>RISON & DEM&$ DEMOCRATIC RI ! ,MANITOBA ,ACT MADE ! T]RITORY A PROV9CE4 ,H[EV]1 FIFTE5 YE>S LAT] 9 #ahhe ! ,METIS ALONG ) HUNDR$S ( ,C]E W>RIORS UND] ! *IEFS ,BIG ,BE> & ,OPETECAHANAWAYW9 7,P\NDMAK]7 W]E AGA9 5GAG$ 9 WIDESPREAD >M$ RESI/ANCE AGA9/ COLONIZATION4 ,= ALMO/ F\R MON?S ! RESI/ANCE CONT9U$ AGA9/ ?\S&S ( GOV]NM5T TROOPS :I*1 UNLIKE 9 #a#h#g1 W]E NO TRANSPORT$ QUICKLY & 5 MASSE ON ! NEW ,CANADIAN ,PACIFIC RAILWAY4 ,AFT] SEV]AL CLA%ES ! ,METIS & ,C]E W>RIORS W]E EV5TUALLY DEFEAT$2 ! ,C]E & ,METIS GU]RILLAS IMPRISON$1 KILL$ 9 BATTLES OR EXECUT$4 ,ANO!R ,METIS LEAD]1 ,GABRIEL ,DUMONT1 ESCAP$ TO ! ,U,S4 ,! ,METIS & ,C]E RESI/ANCE ( #ahhe WAS ! F9AL *APT] ( >M$ RESI/ANCE 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,H[EV]1 ! USE ( MILIT>Y =CE 9 CONTROLL+ ,NATIVE PEOPLES WAS ALREADY BE+ BYPASS$ BY ! ,9DIAN ,ACT ( #a#h#g#f1 ITSELF A REAFFIRMATION & EXPANSION ON PREVI\S LEGISLATION CONC]N+ ,NATIVE PEOPLES4 ,?IS ,ACT1 ) SUBSEQU5T ADDITIONS & *ANGES1 REMA9S ! BASIS ( ,NATIVE LEGISLATION 9 ,CANADA TODAY4 ,UND] ! ,9DIAN ,ACT1 ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T ?R\< ITS ,DEP>TM5T ( ,9DIAN ,AFFAIRS IS GIV5 COMPLETE CONTROL OV] ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & POLITICAL AFFAIRS ( ,NATIVE COMMUNITIES4 ,MORE ?AN JU/ A LEGISLATIVE 9/RUM5T TO ADM9I/] 0,9DIAN AFFAIRS01 ! ,9DIAN ,ACT WAS & IS AN ATTACK ON ! V]Y F\NDATIONS ( ! ,FIR/ ,NATIONS AS NATIONS4 ,BESIDES RE/RICT+ HUNT+ & FI%+1 CRIM9ALIZ+ 9DEP5D5T ECONOMIC LIVELIHOOD 7IE4 9 #ahha ! ,ACT MADE IT ILLEGAL = ,NATIVES TO 0SELL1 B>T] OR TRAFFIC FI%071 ! ,ACT ALSO DECL>$ :O WAS & :O WAS NOT AN ,9DIAN1 IT REMOV$ 0,9DIAN /ATUS0 FROM ,NATIVE WOM5 :O M>RI$ A NON-,NATIVE1 & CRIM9ALIZ$ VITAL ASPECTS ( ,NATIVE ORGANIZATION & CULTURE SU* AS ! POTLAT*1 ! SUN-DANCE1 & P[-W[4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT =M$ ! POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & ECONOMIC BASES ( ,NATIVE SOCIETIES WAS RE/RICT$2 ! CULTURE WAS ATTACK$ BECAUSE IT /OOD AS ! F9AL B>RI] ( RESI/ANCE TO ,EUROPEAN COLONIZATION4 ,9 ! >EA ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 0,! ,9DIAN ,ACT 7( #a#h#h7 CREAT$ A NEW BRAN* ( ! CIVIL S]VICE ?AT WAS TO BE CALL$ ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,9DIAN ,AFFAIRS4 ,IT ONCE AGA9 EMP[]$ ! SUP]9T5D5T G5]AL TO IMPOSE ! ELECTIVE SY/EM ( B& GOV]NM5T444 ,9 ADDITION1 ?IS NEW LEGISLATION ALL[$ ! SUP]9T5D$ G5]AL TO DEPRIVE ! TRADITIONAL LEAD]S ( RECOGNITION BY /AT+ ?AT ! ONLY SPOKESM5 ( ! B& W]E ?OSE M5 ELECT$ ACCORD+ TO444! ,9DIAN ,ACT04.<#c#i.> ,9 #a#h#i#d1 AM5DM5TS TO ! ,ACT AU?ORIZ$ ! =C$ RELOCATION ( ,NATIVE *ILDR5 TO RESID5TIAL BO>D+ S*OOLS1 :I* W]E SE5 AS SUP]IOR TO S*OOLS ON ! RES]VES BECAUSE IT REMOV$ ! *ILDR5 FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,NATIVE COMMUNITY4 ,ISOLAT$ *ILDR5 9 ! TOTAL CONTROL ( ,EUROPEANS W]E EASI] TO BREAK2 ,NATIVE LANGUAGES W]E =BIDD5 & ALL CU/OMS1 VALUES1 RELIGI\S TRADITIONS & EV5 CLO?+ W]E TO BE REPLAC$ BY ,EUROPEAN =MS4 ,SEXUAL & PHYSICAL ABUSE W]E COMMON *>ACT]I/ICS ( !SE S*OOLS1 & !IR EFFECTS HAVE BE5 DEVA/AT+LY EFFECTIVE 9 P>TIALLY ACCULTURAT+ G5]ATIONS ( ,NATIVE PEOPLES4 ,! ,9DIAN ,ACT FOLL[$ E>LI] LEGISLATION 9 ?AT ! LONG-T]M OBJECTIVE WAS ! ASSIMILATION ( ,*RI/IANIZ$ ,NATIVES1 GRADUALLY REMOV+ ANY 0SPECIAL /ATUS0 = ,NATIVE PEOPLES & ELIM9AT+ RES]VES & TREATY RIT ( ?IS /RATEGY ( CONTA9+ & REPRESS+ ,NATIVE PEOPLES :O DID NOT ASSIMILATE1 & :O W]E ?US AN OB/ACLE TO ! FULL EXPANSION ( ,CANADA1 ! ,9DIAN ,ACT ALSO D5I$ ! RI IF NOT ! =]UNN] TO ! ,PASS ,LAWS 9 ! ,BANTU/ANS ( ,S\? ,AFRICA 7IT %\LD ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT ,ASIAN PEOPLES W]E D5I$ ! RILY #a#iS1 ! POPULATION ( ,NATIVE PEOPLES 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA HAD REA*$ !IR L[E/ PO9T4 ,9 ! ,U,S ALONE ?IS POPULATION HAD DECL9$ TO SOME #b#e14 ,AS 9 ,CANADA1 ,NATIVE PEOPLES HAD BE5 CONSIGN$ TO L>GELY DESOLATE L& >EAS & ! PROCESS ( ASSIMILATION BEGAN ?R\< GOV]NM5T AG5CIES SU* AS ! ,BUREAU ( ,9DIAN ,AFFAIRS4 ,H]E TOO1 RESID5TIAL S*OOLS1 CRIM9ALIZATION ( ,NATIVE CULTURES1 & CONTROL ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SY/EMS W]E ! 9/RUM5TS US$4 ,NATIVE PEOPLES1 LIKE ?OSE 9 ,CANADA1 W]E VIEW$ AS OB/ACLES TO BE CRU%$ 9 ! DRIVE = PR(ITS4 ,9 BO? C\NTRIES1 RESI/ANCE TO ?IS ASSIMILATION CONT9U$ 9 V>I\S =MS3 POTLAT*ES & SUN-DANCES W]E CONT9U$ 9 CL&E/9ITY & ! ELECT$ B& C\NCILS OPPOS$4 ,AS WELL1 ,NATIVE PEOPLES BEGAN =M+ ORGANIZATIONS TO WORK AGA9/ GOV]NM5T POLICES4 ,9 #a#i#a#b1 ! ,ALASKA ,NATIVE ,BRO!RHOOD WAS =M$ BY ! ,TL+IT & ,TSIM%IAN AT ,SIKTA4 ,?AT SAME YE>1 ! ,NI%GA ,L& ,CLAIMS ,PETITION WAS PRES5T$ TO ! ,CANADIAN GOV]NM5T CONC]N+ ! RECOGNITION ( ABORIG9AL TITLE2 NO TREATIES HAD OR HAVE BE5 SIGN$ ) ,FIR/ ,NATIONS 9 ,B,C -- ) ! EXCEPTION ( A NOR?-EA/]N CORN] ( ,B,C 9CLUD$ 9 ,TREATY ,NO4 #h & SOME M9OR TREATIES ON ,VANC\V] ,ISL&4 ,YET ,NATIVES 9 ,B,C HAD F\ND !MSELVES DISPOSSESS$ ( !IR T]RITORY & SUBJECT$ TO ! ,9DIAN ,ACT4 ,9 #aiaf ! ,NI%GA JO9$ ) ! 9T]IOR ,SALI% & =M$ ANO!R 9T]-TRIBAL ORGANIZATION1 ! ,ALLI$ ,TRIBES ( ,B,C4 ,FUNDS W]E RAIS$1 MEET+S HELD1 & PETITIONS S5T TO ,OTTAWA4 ,9 #a#i#b#g1 A SPECIAL ,JO9T ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,S5ATE & ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS F\ND ?AT ,NATIVES HAD 0NOT E/ABLI%$ ANY CLAIM TO ! L&S ( ,B,C BAS$ ON ABORIG9AL OR O!R TITLE04.<#d.> ,?AT SAME YE> ,SECTION #ada WAS ADD$ TO ! ,9DIAN ,ACT PROHIBIT+ 0RAIS+ MONEY & PROSECUT+ CLAIMS TO L& OR RETA9+ A LAWY]04 ,:ILE ! ,EUROPEAN NATIONS W\LD LEAD ! WORLD 9TO TWO GREAT W>S = HEGEMONY1 POLITICAL 9/ABILITY & ECONOMIC DEPR$ATIONS =M$ ! G5]AL PATT]N 9 ,S\? & ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA4 ,MILIT>Y REGIMES BACK$ BY ,U,S & ,BRITI% IMP]IALISM C>RI$ \T G5OCIDAL POLICIES & SEV]E REPRESSION AGA9/ ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES4 ,AS 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES W]E CONSIGN$ TO DESOLATE RES]VE L&S :]E ! /ATE OR MISSION>IES RETA9$ CONTROL OV] POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL & CULTURAL SY/EMS4 ,H[EV]1 9 CONTRA/ TO ! COLONIZATION ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 :]E ,NATIVE PEOPLES W]E VIEW$ AS IRRELEVANT TO ECONOMIC EXPANSION1 ! ,9DIANS ( ,S\? & ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA REMA9$ AS SUB/ANTIAL S\RCES ( EXPLOIT$ LABOR4 ,) ! L>GE-SCALE 9VE/M5TS FROM ! IMP]IALI/ C5T]S 9 ! =M ( LOANS1 ! EXPORT ( PRIM>Y RES\RCES TOOK PRIORITY4 ,! 0RUBB] BOOM0 WAS ONE EXAMPLE1 :]E T5S ( ?\S&S ( ,9DIANS DI$ 9 =C$ LABOR1 RELOCATIONS1 & MASSACRES C>RI$ \T BY L>GE 0L& [N]S01 COMPANIES1 & HIR$ DEA? SQUADS4 0,9 ! WAKE ( ! RUBB] BOOM1 ,COLOMBIA1 ,ECUADOR & ,P]U BECAME BATTLEGR\NDS = A W> BETWE5 OIL COMPANIES4 ,SUBSIDI>IES ( ,%ELL & ,EXXON F\ BETWE5 ,ECUADOR & ,P]U 9 #a#i#d#a444 ,9 ,BRAZIL444#h#g ,9DIAN GR\PS W]E WIP$ \T 9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! #b? C5TURY FROM CONTACT ) EXP&+ COLONIAL FRONTI]S -- ESPECIALLY RUBB] & M9+ 9 ! NOR?WE/1 CATTLE 9 ! NOR!A/1 AGRICULTURE 9 ! S\? & EA/1 & FROM ROAD BUILD+ ?R\<\T ALL REGIONS04.<#d#a.> ,:ILE POLICIES ( =C$ ASSIMILATION W]E OCCASIONALLY >TICULAT$1 MILIT>Y & P>AMILIT>Y =CES W]E TO REMA9 AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( CONTROLL+ ,NATIVE COMMUNITIES & OP5+ UP T]RITORIES TO EXPLOITATION4 ,! MO/ VIOL5T MANIFE/ATION ( ?IS REPRESSION CAME 9 ,EL ,SALVADOR 9 #a#i#c#b1 :]E AS MANY AS #c1 PEOPLE1 PRIM>ILY ,9DIAN PEASANTS1 W]E MASSACR$ FOLL[+ AN UPRIS+ AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP ?AT TOOK P[] ! YE> PRIOR4 ,:ILE ! MASSACRES W]E C>RI$ \T UND] ! GUISE ( 0ANTI-COMMUNISM01 ,U,S & ,CANADIAN NAVAL VESSELS /OOD (F%ORE1 & ,U,S ,M>9ES 9 ,NIC>AGUA W]E PUT ON AL]T4 ,H[EV]1 0,IT WAS F\ND UNNECESS>Y = ! ,U,S444& ,BRITI% =CES TO L&0 ! ,U,S ,*IEF ( ,NAVAL ,OP]ATIONS W\LD TE/IFY BE=E ,CONGRESS1 0AS ! ,SALVADORAN GOV]NM5T HAD ! SITUATION 9 H&04.<#d#b.> ,DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD 9 ,COLOMBIA1 ! ,9DIAN LEAD] ,QU9T9 ,LAME HELP$ 9ITIATE /RUGGLES = L& & DEVELOP$ AN ,9DIG5\S PHILOSOPHY ( RESI/ANCE2 9 ! E>LY #a#i#hS1 HIS LEGACY W\LD LIVE ON 9 ! ,9DIAN GU]RILLA GR\P 0,COMM&O ,QU9T9 ,LAME04 ,GONZALO ,SAN*EZ WAS ANO!R LEAD] :O HELP$ ORGANIZE ! ,SUPREME ,C\NCIL ( ,9DIANS 9 ,NATAGAIMA1 ,COLOMBIA1 9 #a#i#b4 ,AFT] ,WORLD ,W> #b1 SIGNIFICANT *ANGES 9 ! WORLD CAPITALI/ ECONOMY W\LD SEE 9CREAS$ P5ETRATION ( ! ,AMAZON & O!R L[L& =E/ REGIONS 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA4 ,9 ! PO/-,W> P]IOD1 ! ,U,S EM]G$ 9 A DOM9ANT POSITION 9 ! WORLD ECONOMY & W\LD SUBSEQU5TLY MOVE TO OP5 UP M>KETS = ECONOMIC EXPANSION4 ,9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & ,JAPAN1 AS P>T ( ! ,M>%ALL ,PLAN1 SOME @s#c BILLION 9 LOANS & AID WAS PUMP$ 9TO ! ECONOMIES TO REBUILD !SE C\NTRIES AS ,U,S M>KETS &1 NOT 9SIGNIFICANTLY1 AS A BASE ( CONTA9M5T AGA9/ ! ,U,S,S,R 7MILIT>Y ALLIANCES W]E ALSO CREAT$ ?R\< ,N,A,T,O & ,S,E,A,T,O1 POSITION$ AGA9/ ! ,EA/ ,BLOC74 ,S\? & ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA W]E TO BE BR\LY #a#iS AS ! ,U,S MOV$ TO REPLACE ,BRITA9 AS ! DOM9ANT IMP]IALI/ NATION 9 ! REGION1 EV5 PAY+ (F DEBTS [N$ TO ,BRITA94 ,AS P>T ( ! ,U,S PO/-,W> PLANS1 ,S\? & ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA W\LD ALSO RECEIVE BILLIONS ( DOLL>S 9 DIRECT F9ANCIAL AID FROM ! ,U,S & FROM PRIVATE TRANSNATIONAL BANKS4 ,?IS AID ALL[$ ! 0UND]DEVELOP$0 C\NTRIES TO 9DU/RIALIZE BY IMPORT+ MOD]N TE*NOLOGY FROM ! ,U,S 79 FACT1 AS P>T ( ,U,S F9ANCIAL AID1 ! LOANS HAD TO BE SP5T 9 ! ,U,S74 ,! 5ORM\S DEBTS 9CURR$ 9 ?IS PROCESS GU>ANTE$ DEP5D5CE & OP5$ UP !SE C\NTRIES TO MULT9ATIONAL CORPORATIONS4 ,AS WELL1 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ! ,WORLD ,BANK1 ,9T]NATIONAL ,BANK = ,RECON/RUCTION & ,DEVELOPM5T1 & ! ,AG5CY = ,9T]NATIONAL ,DEVELOPM5T 7,A,I,D7 W]E =M$ TO PROVIDE MULTILAT]AL FUND+ AIM$ L>GELY AT ! AGRO-EXPORT SECTORS1 RES\RCE EXTRACTION1 HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECTS & 9FRA/RUCTURE 7ROADS1 COMMUNICATIONS1 ETC47 NECESS>Y = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ?OSE 9DU/RIES4 ,L9K$ TO ?IS 0AID0 S*EME IS ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND1 :I* DOESN'T FUND SPECIFIC PROJECTS BUT 9/EAD /EPS 9 ) BALANCE ( PAYM5TS SUPPORT :5 A C\NTRY IS UNABLE TO PAY ITS DEBTS4 ,!SE PROJECTS & ! OV]ALL 9DU/RIALIZATION OP5$ UP >EAS = FUR!R EXPLOITATION2 P5ETRATION ( >EAS SU* AS ! ,AMAZON & L>GE-SCALE EXPROPRIATIONS ACCEL]AT$ 9 ! #a#i#fS1 FUR!R DEVA/AT+ ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES & LEAD+ TO R5EW$ CAMPAIGNS ( EXT]M9ATION4 ,( C\RSE1 ALL ?IS ECONOMIC RE/RUCTUR+ DID NOT OCCUR )\T GR[+ RESI/ANCE4 ,) GR[+ MOVEM5TS AGA9/ IMP]IALISM1 9CLUD+ PEASANT UNIONS1 /UD5TS1 WORK]S1 GU]RILLAS & ,9DIANS1 A SUB/ANTIAL P>T ( ! 0AID0 9CLUD$ MILIT>Y TRA9+1 WEAPONS1 & EQUIPM5T4 ,U,S ,SPECIAL ,=CES TROOP]S W]E NOT ONLY 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 !Y W]E ALSO QUITE BUSY 9 ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA1 TRA9+ DEA? SQUADS & DIRECT+ MASSACRES4 ,AS P>T ( AN OV]ALL C\NT]-9SURG5CY CAMPAIGN1 ! MILIT>IZATION ALONE PRECIPITAT$ AN UPW>D SPIRAL ( VIOL5CE4 ,9 ,GUATEMALA ALONE1 BETWE5 #a#i#f#f-#f#h1 SOME #h1 PEOPLE W]E SLAUAMILIT>Y GR\PS_/DEA? SQUADS HUNT$ D[N 0SUBV]SIVES0 9 COLLABORATION ) ! GOV]NM5T1 MILIT>Y1 MULT9ATIONALS1 & L&-[N]S4.<#d#c.> ,! MA9 T>GETS ( ?IS CAMPAIGN1 DUBB$ 0,OP]ATION ,GUATEMALA01 W]E ! ,MAYAN PEOPLES4 ,ANO!R ASPECT ( ! C\NT]-9SURG5CY PLANS WAS ?AT ( POPULATION CONTROL4 ,PRIM>ILY ! FOCUS ( ,U,S /ATE-FUND+1 ! ,AG5CY = ,9T]NATIONAL ,DEVELOPM5T 7,A,I,D7 WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 #a#i#f#a4 ,US+ ! FALSE PRETEXT ( AN 0OV]-POPULATION PROBLEM0 BE+ ! CAUSE ( MASS POV]TY & />VATION -- 9/EAD ( IMP]IALISM -- POPULATION CONTROL CAME TO BE *AMPION$ AS ! MO/ IMPORTANT DILEMMA FAC+ ! 0MOD]N WORLD04 ,UND] ! GUISE ( 0FAMILY PLANN+01 ,A,I,D BEGAN FUND+ = A WIDE-RANGE ( PUBLIC & PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS1 F\NDATIONS1 & *UR*ES :O PROVID$ TRA9+1 EQUIPM5T1 & CL9ICS = BIR? CONTROL PROGRAMS4 ,BETWE5 #aifh & #a#i#g#b1 0FUNDS E>M>K$ = POPULATION PROGRAMS ?R\< LEGISLATION & OBLIGAT$ BY ,A,I,D AM\NT$ TO MORE ?AN @s#b#e MILLION04.<#d#d.> ,S\? ,AM]ICA RECEIV$ ! L>GE/ P]C5TAGE ( ?IS FUND+4 ,BESIDES $UCATIONAL MAT]IAL1 BIR? CONTROL PILLS1 ,I,U,DS1 & O!R PH>MACEUTICALS DEVELOP$ BY A PR(ITABLE G5E & BIOTE*NOLOGY 9DU/RY 9 ! IMP]IALI/ C5T]S1 ! MA9 ?RU/ ( POPULATION CONTROL REMA9S /]ILIZATION4 ,BETWE5 #a#i#f#e-#g#a1 AN E/IMAT$ #a MILLION WOM5 9 ,BRAZIL HAD BE5 /]ILIZ$4.<#d#e.> ,9 ,PU]TO ,RICO1 #c#d.0 ( ALL WOM5 ( *ILD-BE>+ AGE HAD BE5 /]ILIZ$ BY #a#i#f#e4.<#d#f.> ,BETWE5 #a#i#f#c-#f#e1 MORE ?AN #d1 WOM5 9 ,COLOMBIA HAD BE5 /]ILIZ$4.<#d#g.> ,9 CONTRA/ TO !SE PROGRAMS 9 ! 0,?IRD ,WORLD01 ! IMP]IALI/ C5T]S SEE RE/RICTIONS ON ABORTION & /RUGGLES = WOM5'S REPRODUCTIVE *OICE4 ,BUT EV5 H]E !RE IS A D\BLE /&>D = NON-,EUROPEAN WOM53 0,LEE ,BRI+ AGE & #a.0 ( ! M5444HAVE BE5 /]ILIZ$444 ,! FIR/ (FICIAL 9QUIRY 9TO ! /]ILIZATION ( ,NATIVE WOM5444BY ,DR4 ,CONNIE ,URI444REPORT$ ?AT #b#e1 ,9DIAN WOM5 HAD BE5 P]MAN5TLY /]ILIZ$ )9 ,9DIAN ,HEAL? ,S]VICES FACILITIES ALONE ?R\< #a#i#g#e444 0,ACCORD+ TO A #aig F]TILIZATION /UDY1 #b.0 ( M>RI$ ,BLACK WOM5 HAD BE5 /]ILIZ$1 ALMO/ ?REE TIMES ! P]C5TAGE ( :ITE M>RI$ WOM54 ,!RE WAS A #a#h.0 RISE 9 ! NUMB] ( /]ILIZATIONS P]=M$ DUR+ #a#i#g#b-#g#c 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY MUNICIPAL HOSPITALS :I* S]VE PR$OM9ANTLY ,PU]TO ,RICAN NEI ,SIMIL> RESULTS W]E F\ND 9 ,9UIT COMMUNITIES 9 ! ,NOR?WE/ ,T]RITORIES4 ,CLE>LY1 0OV]POPULATION0 IS NOT AN ISSUE 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 NOR IS IT 9 ,S\? OR ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA4 ,RA!R1 IT IS A ME?OD = R$UC+ SPECIFIC PORTIONS ( ! POPULATION :O W\LD ORGANIZE AGA9/ !IR OPPRESSION & :O HAVE NO PLACE 9 ! S*EMES ( CAPITAL4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 0,IT IS MORE EFFECTIVE TO KILL GU]RILLAS 9 ! WOMB04 ,( ALL ! ,S\? ,AM]ICAN C\NTRIES ?AT UND]W5T MASSIVE 9DU/RIALIZATION AFT] ,WORLD ,W> #b1 ,BRAZIL IS PROBABLY ! MO/ WELL KN[N4 ,FOLL[+ A #aifd C\P BACK$ BY ! ,U,S1 ,I,M,F & MULT9ATIONALS1 =EIGN 9VE/M5T ROSE /EADILY4 ,BETWE5 #a#i#f#d-#g#a1 OV] @s#d BILLION HAD BE5 PUMP$ 9TO ,BRAZIL ?R\< ! ,WORLD ,BANK1 ,A,I,D1 ,I,D,B1 & O!RS4.<#d#i.> ,BETWE5 #a#i-#e#g1 ! ,9DIG5\S POPULATION ( ,BRAZIL HAD DECL9$ FROM OV] #a MILLION TO LESS ?AN #b11.<#e.> ?R\< ! RUBB] BOOM1 RAN*+1 & M9+ 9DU/RIES4 ,FOLL[+ ! #aifd C\P & ! RISE 9 =EIGN 9VE/M5T1 ! P5ETRATION ( ! ,AMAZON REGION 9 P>TICUL> WAS 9CREAS$4 ,AS !SE 9DU/RIES 9VAD$ EV5 MORE ,9DIAN L&S1 A R5EW$ CAMPAIGN ( EXT]M9ATION ACCOMPANI$ !M4 ,9DIANS W]E HUNT$ D[N BY DEA? SQUADS1 !IR COMMUNITIES BOMB$ & MASSACR$1 & DISEASE EPIDEMICS PURPOSELY SPREAD ?R\< 9JECTIONS & 9FECT$ BLANKETS4 ,9 ! #a#i#fS ALONE1 0,( ! #a#i1 ,MONDUCURUS BELIEV$ TO HAVE EXI/$ 9 ! #cS1 ONLY #ab W]E LEFT4 ,! /R5G? ( ! ,GU>ANIS HAD BE5 R$UC$ FROM #e1 TO #c4 ,!RE W]E #d ,C>AJAS LEFT \T ( #d14 ,( ! ,C9TAS ,L>GAS1 :O HAD BE5 ATTACK$ FROM ! AIR & DRIV5 9TO ! M\NTA9S1 POSSIBLY #e HAD SURVIV$ \T ( #a1444 ,SOME LIKE ! ,TAPAIUNAS -- 9 ?IS CASE FROM A GIFT ( SUG> LAC$ ) >S5IC -- HAD DISAPPE>$ ALTOGE!R04.<#e#a.> ,ALL !SE ATROCITIES W]E P>T ( A 0PACIFICATION0 CAMPAIGN AIM$ AT ELIM9AT+ ! ,9DIANS1 :O H]E TOO W]E SE5 AS OB/ACLES TO 0DEVELOPM5T04 ,! GOV]NM5T AG5CIES RESPONSIBLE = 0,9DIAN AFFAIRS0 W]E SOME ( ! WOR/ AG5TS 9 ?IS CAMPAIGN1 SO MU* SO ?AT ! POORLY-NAM$ ,9DIAN ,PROTECTION ,S]VICE HAD TO BE DISB&$ & REPLAC$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,9DIAN ,F\NDATION 7,F,U,N,A,I74 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ! ONLY REAL *ANGES W]E 9 ! NAMES4 ,BY #a#i#g1 PLANS = BUILD+ AN EXT5SIVE ROAD SY/EM = ALL ! 9DU/RIES ?AT HAD REC5TLY 9VAD$ ! ,AMAZON W]E ANN\NC$4 ,! FOLL[+ YE>1 ! PRESID5T ( ,F,U,N,A,I SIGN$ A DECREE :I* READ 0,ASSI/ANCE TO ! ,9DIAN WILL BE AS COMPLETE AS POSSIBLE1 BUT CANNOT OB/RUCT NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T NOR BLOCK ! V>I\S AXES ( P5ETRATION 9TO ! ,AMAZON REGION04.<#e#b.> ,! ,TRANS-,AMAZONIC ROAD SY/EM RESULT$ 9 ! =C$ RELOCATION ( SOME #be ,9DIAN NATIONS & ?\S&S ( DEA?S4 ,! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ROADS CONT9UES TODAY4 ,BRAZIL IS ONLY ONE EXAMPLE2 SIMIL> DEVELOPM5TS RESULT$ 9 O!R ,S\? ,AM]ICAN C\NTRIES4 ,SEEM+LY 9 CONTRA/ TO !SE EXT]M9ATION CAMPAIGNS1 ,CANADA APPE>$ TO BE MOV+ T[>DS A MU* MORE 0LIB]AL0 EPO*2 :Y1 ,NATIVES HAD EV5 BE5 GIV5 ! 0RI SPECTACLES = ! 5JOYM5T ( ,EURO-,CANADIANS SIMIL> TO RODEO %[S4 ,BY #a#i#f#i1 ! GOV]NM5T W5T SO F> AS TO >TICULATE ITS GOALS 9 ! APTLY-NAM$ 0,:ITE ,PAP]02 ! 9T5T WAS TO 5D ! SPECIAL LEGAL & CON/ITUTIONAL /ATUS ( ,NATIVES1 & TO D5Y ! RELEVANCY ( TREATY RITM5T ( ,9DIAN ,AFFAIRS OV] A FIVE YE> P]IOD4 ,9 ! D5IAL ( TREATY RIE SO G5]AL & UNDEF9$ ?AT IT IS NOT REALI/IC TO ?9K ( !M AS SPECIFIC CLAIMS CAPABLE ( REM$Y EXCEPT ?R\< A POLICY & PROGRAM ?AT WILL 5D 9JU/ICE TO ,9DIANS AS MEMB]S ( ! ,CANADIAN COMMUNITY04.<#e#c.> ,DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD1 ,CANADA WAS MOV+ T[>DS 9CREAS$ RES\RCE EXTRACTION4 ,?IS HAD BEGUN 9 ! #a#i#eS ESPECIALLY 9 ! M9+ ( URANIUM = NUCLE> 5]GY & AS EXPORT = ! ,U,S NUCLE> 5]GY & WEAPONS 9DU/RY4 ,URANIUM M9+ WAS C5T]$ PRIM>ILY 9 ,SASKAT*EWAN & 9 ! ,U,S S\?WE/4 ,AS WELL1 !RE WAS 9CREAS$ OIL & GAS EXPLORATION 9 ! ,NOR? & ! DEVELOPM5T ( HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECTS4 ,:AT BETT] WAY TO PU% ?R\< !SE DANG]\S & DAMAG+ PROJECTS ?AN BY ACCEL]AT+ ! GOV]NM5T'S LONG-T]M ASSIMILATION POLICY & D5Y+ ,NATIVE L& TITLE8 ,CLE>LY1 EXT]M9ATION CAMPAIGNS 9 ,BRAZIL & ASSIMILATION POLICIES 9 ,CANADA >E TWO SIDES ( ! SAME CO93 DE/ROY+ ,NATIVE NATIONS & OP5+ UP ! L&S TO FUR!R EXPLORATION4 ,:AT !SE GOV]NM5TS DIDN'T C\NT ON WAS ! CONT9U$ RESI/ANCE ( ,NATIVE PEOPLES4 ,! ,PEOPLE ,AIM = ,FRE$OM ,ALONG ) AN EXPLOSION ( 9T]NATIONAL /RUGGLES 9 ! #a#i#fS1 9CLUD+ NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS 9 ,AFRIKA1 ,ASIA1 & 9 ! ,AM]ICAS1 !RE WAS AN UPSURGE 9 ,NATIVE PEOPLE'S RESI/ANCE4 ,?IS UPSURGE F\ND ITS BACKGR\ND 9 ! CONT9U$ /RUGGLES ( ,NATIVE PEOPLES & ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ CONT9U$ RES\RCE EXTRACTION ?R\<\T ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,9 ,S\? & ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA ,NATIVE RESI/ANCE GREW ALONGSIDE ! /UD5T1 WORK]1 WOM5'S & GU]RILLA MOVEM5TS1 :I* W]E COMPRIS$ L>GELY ( ,ME/IZOS 9 ! URBAN C5T]S4 ,9 ,ECUADOR1 ! ,%U> NATION HAD =M$ A F$]ATION BAS$ ON REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS ( ,%U> COMMUNITIES 9 #a#i#f#d1 & WAS 9FLU5TIAL 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( O!R ,9DIG5\S ORGANIZATIONS2 IT W\LD ALSO BE ! FOCUS ( GOV]NM5T REPRESSION AS 9 #aifi :5 ITS MA9 (FICES W]E BURNT D[N & ITS LEAD]S ATTACK$ & IMPRISON$4 ,9 #a#i#g#a1 ! ,9DIG5\S ,REGIONAL ,C\NCIL ( ,CAUCA 7,C,R,I,C7 WAS =M$ 9 ,COLOMBIA BY #b1 ,9DIANS FROM #a COMMUNITIES4 ,C,R,I,C QUICKLY 9ITIAT$ A CAMPAIGN = RECUP]AT+ /OL5 RES]VE L&S4 ,9 ,BOLIVIA1 TWO ,AYM>AN ORGANIZATIONS W]E =M$3 ! ,M9K'A & ! ,MOVIMI5TO ,TUPAC ,KAT>I4 ,NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL CONF]5CES W]E HELD 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES1 & BY #aigd A CONF]5CE 9 ,P>AGUAY DREW DELEGATES FROM EV]Y C\NTRY 9 ,S\? & ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA FROM A L>GE NUMB] ( ,9DIAN NATIONS4 ,A PRIM>Y FOCUS ( !SE ,9DIG5\S MOVEM5TS WAS RECUP]AT+ /OL5 L&S1 & WIDESPREAD OCCUPATIONS1 PROTE/S1 & ROAD BLOCKADES W]E ORGANIZ$4 ,9 ,*ILI1 ,MAPU*ES BEGAN 0F5CE-RUNN+0 -- MOV+ F5CES :I* SEP>AT$ RES]VE L&S FROM F>M L&S & EXT5D+ ! RES]VE T]RITORY4 ,9 ,MEXICO1 ,9DIG5\S PEASANTS C>RI$ \T L>GE-SCALE OCCUPATIONS3 BY #aige !RE W]E #gf OCCUPATIONS 9 ,S9ALOA ALONE1 & SOME #b#e1 ACRES ( L& OCCUPI$ 9 ,S9ALOA & ,SONORA4 ,BY ,DECEMB] ( #a#i#g#f1 T5S ( ?\S&S OCCUPI$ L& 9 ,SONORA1 ,S9ALOA1 ,DURANGO1 & ,COAHUILA4.<#e#d.> ,( C\RSE1 !SE & MANY O!R OCCUPATIONS & PROTE/S DID NOT OCCUR )\T SEV]E REPRESSION4 ,ASSASS9ATIONS1 MASSACRES1 DE/RUCTION ( COMMUNITIES1 & SCOR*$ E>? POLICIES W]E DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ,9DIG5\S MOVEM5TS4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! RECLAIM+ ( TRADITIONAL ,9DIAN L&S WAS ALSO A PRIM>Y FOCUS ( /RUGGLE 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ ( !SE OCCUPATIONS 9 ?IS P]IOD WAS ! SEIZ+ ( ! ,SEAWAY ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIDGE 9 ,ONT>IO BY ,MOHAWKS1 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#f#h4 ,! ACTION WAS TO PROTE/ ! ,CANADIAN /ATE'S DECISION TO LEVY CU/OMS DUTIES ON GOODS C>RI$ ACROSS ! 9T]NATIONAL BORD] BY ,MOHAWKS1 DESPITE A TREATY :I* /IPULAT$ ?IS RIEA WAS ON ,MOHAWK L&4 ,! OCCUPATION 5D$ :5 ,R,C,M,P & ,ONT>IO ,PROV9CIAL ,POLICE /ORM$ ! BRIDGE & >RE/$ #dh ,MOHAWKS4 ,H[EV]1 ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,MOHAWKS WAS WAS TO PRECIPITATE OCCUPATIONS :I* W]E TO FOLL[ AS A 0,R$ ,NATIONALISM_/,R$ ,P[]0 MOVEM5T SWEPT ACROSS BO? ,CANADA & ! ,U,S1 ALONGSIDE ,BLACK1 ,*ICANO1 & ,PU]TO ,RICAN LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS4 ,9 #a#i#f#h1 ! ,AM]ICAN ,9DIAN ,MOVEM5T 7,A,I,M7 WAS =M$ 9 ,M9NEAPOLIS-,/4 ,PAUL4 ,AT FIR/ AN ORGANIZATION MODEL$ AFT] ,EURO-,AM]ICAN ,LEFT GR\PS & 9SPIR$ 9 P>T BY ! ,CIVIL ,RIEAS4 ,AL?\< ,A,I,M MEMB]S W\LD BE 9VOLV$ 9 MANY ( ! /RUGGLES ?AT W\LD DEVELOP -- P>TLY BECAUSE ,A,I,M WAS AN 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T & NOT REGIONAL -- ,A,I,M ITSELF WAS ONLY ONE P>T ( ! 0,R$ ,NATIONALI/0 MOVEM5T4 ,9 #a#i#f#h1 ! ,NATIONAL ,ALLIANCE = ,R$ ,P[] HAD =M$ ON ! ,WE/ ,COA/1 & ! FOLL[+ YE> ,9DIANS OCCUPI$ ,ALCATRAZ ,ISL& 9 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO H>BOR1 CLAIM+ !Y HAD 0DISCOV]$0 IT2 ! OCCUPATION W\LD LA/ #ai MON?S & W\LD BECOME KN[N AS ! FIR/ MAJOR EV5T 9 ! /RUGGLE = 0,R$ ,P[]04 ,ANO!R ASPECT ( ?IS P]IOD WAS ! CONT9U+ LOCAL & REGIONAL DAILY /RUGGLES1 9DEP5D5T ?\< NOT TOTALLY UNRELAT$ FROM ! EM]G+ ,NATIVE LIB]ATION MOVEM5T1 9 COMMUNITIES FIT ,C5T] AT ,LAC ,LA ,BI*E1 PROTE/+ AGA9/ ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T'S CANCELLATION ( ! PROGRAM4 ,?AT SAME YE>1 ,A,I,M P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! OCCUPATION ( ,PLYM\? ,ROCK & ! ,MAYFL[] %IP REPLICA ON 0,?ANKSGIV+ ,DAY01 AS WELL AS ORGANIZ+ PROTE/S & ACTIONS AGA9/ ! ,B,I,A .<,BUREAU ( ,9DIAN ,AFFAIRS -- ,S,I,S,I,S $4.>4 ,9 ,S\? ,DAKOTA1 A PROTE/ AT ! ,CU/] ,C\R?\SE WAS ATTACK$ BY POLICE1 LEAD+ TO A RIOT 9 :I* ! C\RT & SEV]AL BUILD+S W]E BURN$ D[N4 ,9 #a#i#g#b1 ,A,I,M ORGANIZ$ ! 0,TRAIL ( ,BROK5 ,TREATIES ,C>AVAN01 & PREP>$ A #b PO9T POSITION PAP] CONC]N+ ! G5]AL CONDITIONS ( ,NATIVE PEOPLES 9 ! ,U,S4 ,! ,TRAIL 5D$ 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C1 :]E DEMON/RATORS OCCUPI$ & DE/ROY$ ! (FICES ( ! ,B,I,A4 ,! FOLL[+ YE>1 TRADITIONALI/S 9 ! ,P9E ,RIDGE RES]VATION 9 ,S\? ,DAKOTA REQUE/$ ,A,I,M SUPPORT AFT] A CAMPAIGN ( T]ROR L$ BY ,TRIBAL ,PRESID5T ,DICK ,WILSON & ,B,I,A ?UGS4 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #b#g1 A C>AVAN ( PEOPLE W5T TO ,W\ND$ ,KNEE = A C\NCIL -- ! SITE ( ! #ahi MASSACRE4 ,! >EA WAS ALMO/ IMM$IATELY SURR\ND$ BY POLICE1 & A ONE DAY MEET+ TURN$ 9TO A #ga DAY >M$ OCCUPATION 9 :I* #c PEOPLE RESI/$ A L>GE MILIT>Y & P>AMILIT>Y =CE CONSI/+ ( ,F,B,I AG5TS1 ,B,I,A POLICE1 LOCAL & /ATE POLICE1 & MILIT>Y P]SONNEL4 ,TWO ,NATIVES W]E %OT DEAD1 TWO W\ND$1 & ONE ,F$]AL ,AG5T W\ND$4 ,?REE WEEKS 9TO ! LIB]ATION ( ,W\ND$ ,KNEE1 ! ,9DEP5D5T ,OGLALA ,NATION WAS E/ABLI%$4 0,! ,9DEP5D5T ,OGLALA ,NATION WAS MORE ?AN JU/ A BRAVE GE/URE BY A B& ( BESIEG$ ,9DIANS4 ,IT REPRES5T$ ! GRAVE/ ?REAT 9 MORE ?AN A C5TURY TO ! PLANS ( ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T TO SUBDUE ! ,NATIVE PEOPLE ( ! ,U,S & TO DEPRIVE !M ( !IR L&S = ! EXPLOITATION & PR(IT ( :ITE 9T]E/S04.<#e#e.> ,AS SUPPLI$ DW9DL$ & ! MILIT>Y PREP>$ = A F9AL ASSAULT1 ! DEF5D]S DECID$ TO )DRAW4 ,ON ,MAY #g1 AB\T HALF ! PEOPLE FILT]$ ?R\< ! 5EMY L9ES1 & ! FOLL[+ DAY AB\T #ae :O REMA9$ LAID D[N !IR >MS4 ,9 ! P]IOD FOLL[+1 ! ,F,B,I1 ,B,I,A1 & ,WILSON'S REGIME CONDUCT$ A CAMPAIGN ( T]ROR2 BY #aigf AS MANY AS #be PEOPLE 9 & >\ND ,P9E ,RIDGE W]E DEAD1 9CLUD+ #e MEMB]S ( ,A,I,M4 ,%OOT+S1 FIREBOMB+S1 ASSAULTS1 & ASSASS9ATIONS W]E C>RI$ \T BY ,WILSON'S GOONS & 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! ,F,B,I'S ,C\NT]-,9TELLIG5CE ,PROGRAM 7,C,O,9,T,E,L,P,R,O74 ,ON ,JUNE #b#f1 #a#i#g#e1 AN ,F,B,I RAID ON AN ,A,I,M 5CAMPM5T RESULT$ 9 A FIRE-FID ,PELTI] W\LD BE CONVICT$ ( ! KILL+S 9 A TRIAL ?AT %[$ NO?+ MORE ?AN ?AT ! ,F,B,I HAD FABRICAT$ EVID5CE & TE/IMONY4 ,9 ! SAME YE> AS ! LIB]ATION ( ,W\ND$ ,KNEE1 ,A,I,M WAS ALSO E/ABLI%$ 9 ,CANADA FOLL[+ ! ,CA*E ,CREEK HIBY ,NATIVE RES]VE4 ,9 ,NOVEMB] ( ?AT YE>1 ! ,9DIAN ,AFFAIRS (FICE 9 ,K5ORA1 ,ONT>IO WAS OCCUPI$ = ONE DAY BY ,OJIBWAYS4 ,! FOLL[+ YE>1 MEMB]S ( ! ,OJIBWAY ,W>RIOR'S ,SOCIETY & ,A,I,M 9ITIAT$ AN >M$ OCCUPATION ( ,ANIC9ABE ,P>K1 NE> ,K5ORA1 FROM ,JULY #bb TO ,AUGU/ #h4 ,TWO MON?S E>LI]1 ,MOHAWKS FROM ,AKWESASNE & ,KAHNAWAKE HAD OCCUPI$ ,MOSS ,LAKE 9 UPP] /ATE ,NEW ,YORK1 RECLAIM+ & R5AM+ ! >EA ,GANI5KEH -- ,L& ( ! ,FL9T1 ! TRADITIONAL NAME = ! ,KANI5KEHAKE1 ,PEOPLE ( ! ,FL9T4 ,AFT] A %OOT+ 9CID5T BETWE5 ,:ITE VIGILANTES & ,MOHAWKS1 POLICE 9SI/$ ON 5T]+ ,GANI5KEH TO 9VE/IGATE BUT W]E REFUS$ 5TRY4 ,AS ! ?REAT ( A POLICE RAID 9CREAS$1 ,NATIVES1 9CLUD+ SOME VET]ANS FROM ,W\ND$ ,KNEE1 RU%$ TO ,GANI5KEH4 ,BUNK]S W]E BUILT & DEF5SIVE L9ES E/ABLI%$4 ,9 ! 5D1 POLICE )DREW 79 #a#i#g#g1 ! ,MOHAWKS AGRE$ TO LEAVE ,MOSS ,LAKE 9 EX*ANGE = L& 9 ,CL9TON ,C\NTY1 :I* IS CLOS] TO ,KAHNAWAKE & ,AKWESASNE74 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#d1 #a#i#g#d1 ! 0,NATIVE ,PEOPLE'S ,C>AVAN0 LEFT ,VANC\V]1 9ITIAT$ BY ,NATIVES :O HAD P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,ANIC9ABE ,P>K OCCUPATION4 ,SIMIL> TO ! ,TRAIL ( ,BROK5 ,TREATIES1 ! ,C>AVAN DEM&$ RECOGNITION & RESPECT = TREATY & ABORIG9AL RIAVAN HAD BR\\ND #h-#i ,NATIVES TO ,P>LIAM5T ,HILL 9 ,OTTAWA4 ,9/EAD ( A MEET+ ) P>LIAM5T1 ! PROTE/ FAC$ RIOT POLICE & B>RICADES4 ,AS POLICE ATTACK$ ! DEMON/RATION1 CLA%ES BROKE \T1 LEAV+ DOZ5S ( ,NATIVES & N9E POLICE 9JUR$4 ,9 #a#i#g#f1 ! 0,TRAIL ( ,SELF-,DET]M9ATION0 LEFT ! WE/ COA/ ( ! ,U,S AS ONE ( MANY ANTI-,BIC5T5NIAL PROTE/S ORGANIZ$ BY ,NATIVE PEOPLES4 ,ITS PURPOSE WAS TO GET ! GOV]NM5T'S ANSW] TO ! PO9TS RAIS$ BY ! #aigb C>AVAN4 ,AS 9 ?AT PROTE/1 GOV]NM5T (FICIALS REFUS$ TO MEET ) ! PEOPLE & #dg DEMON/RATORS W]E >RE/$ AT ! ,B,I,A (FICES 9 ,WA%+TON1 ,D,C4 ,IT WAS ALSO DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ?AT ,NATIVE PEOPLES BEGAN ORGANIZ+ >\ND 9T]NATIONAL BODIES4 ,9 ! ,U,S1 MEMB]S ( ,A,I,M & NUM]\S TRADITIONAL LEAD]S & ELD]S =M$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,9DIAN ,TREATY ,CONF]5CE1 9 #a#i#g#d4 0,! ?RU/ ( ! ,TREATY ,CONF]5CE IS = RECOGNITION ( TREATIES BY ! ,U,S AS A MEANS ( RE/OR+ SOV]EIGN RELATIONS BETWE5 ! NATIVE NATIONS & ?AT C\NTRY4 ,!N1 !RE WILL BE MOVES TO CONTROL EXPLOITATION1 RETURN CONTROL ( NATIVE L&S TO444! NATIVE NATION1 & A RETURN ( =MS ( GOV]NM5T APPROPRIATE TO EA* NATION04.<#e#f.> ,! ,I,I,T,C WAS ! FIR/ ,9DIAN ORGANIZATION TO APPLY = & RECEIVE ,U,N ,NON-,GOV]NM5TAL /ATUS4 ,DELEGATES FROM ! ,I,I,T,C1 ,C,R,I,C1 & O!R ,S\? & ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICAN ,9DIG5\S ORGANIZATIONS =M$ ! BASIS = DEVELOP+ LEGALI/IC FRAMEWORKS BAS$ ON 9T]NATIONAL LAWS AIM$ AT RE/OR+ SOV]EIGN NATION /ATUS = ,FIR/ ,NATIONS4 ,CONF]5CES SU* AS ! #aigg ,U,N-SPONSOR$ ,N,G,O MEET+ ON 0PROBLEMS ( ,WE/]N ,HEMISPH]E ,9DIG5\S ,PEOPLES0 OR ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL ,RUSSELL ,TRIBUNAL 9 #aih W]E ORGANIZ$ TO EXAM9E & DOCUM5T ! CONT9UATION ( G5OCIDAL PRACTICES1 & TO DEVELOP POLICIES CONC]N+ !SE ISSUES_/ ,! 5D RESULT ( !SE CONF]5CES APPE>S TO BE A =UM = DOCUM5T+ G5OCIDE1 &1 AT BE/1 EX]T+ SOME LEVEL ( 9T]NATIONAL PRESSURE ON P>TICUL> C\NTRIES4 ,AS ,A,I,M MEMB] ,RUSSELL ,MEANS HAS /AT$1 0,IT APPE>S USELESS TO APPEAL TO ! ,U,S OR ITS LEGAL SY/EM TO RE/ORE ITS HONOR BY HONOR+ ITS TREATIES04.<#e#g.> ,9 LI1 & ITS REC5T REPEAL ( ! CONDEMNATION ( ,ZIONISM AS RACISM1 ! ,U,N ITSELF SEEMS USELESS4 ,! ,/RUGGLE = ,L& ,AS PREVI\SLY DISCUSS$1 ! WORLD ECONOMIC SY/EM UND]W5T PR(\ND *ANGES FOLL[+ & AS A RESULT ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,9 ! PO/-,W> ECONOMIC BOOM1 PLANS = NEW 5]GY POLICIES BEGAN TO BE =MULAT$ 9 ! ,U,S & ,CANADA4 ,AS ALREADY NOT$1 ONE ASPECT ( !SE PLANS WAS BAS$ ON URANIUM M9+ & ITS APPLICATION 9 NUCLE> 5]GY & WEAPONS SY/EMS4 ,AS WELL1 PLANS = DIV]T+ WAT] &_/OR HYDRO-ELECTRIC P[] FROM ,CANADA TO ! ,U,S W]E ALSO =MULAT$ 9 #aifd ?R\< ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,WAT] & ,P[] ,ALLIANCE 7,N,A,W,A,P,A74 ,FOLL[+ ! #aigc 0,OIL ,CRISIS01 PLANS = DEVELOP+ 09T]NAL0 5]GY S\RCES W]E 9T5SIFI$4 ,9 ! ,U,S1 ?IS 5]GY POLICY WAS DUBB$ 0,PROJECT ,9DEP5D5CE04 0,IT SEEMS CLE> ?AT ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T HAS ANTICIPAT$ ?AT ,AM]ICAN NATIVES -- LIKE ?OSE ( O!R COLONIZ$ >EAS ( ! WORLD :O HAVE TRI$ TO RESI/ ! !FT ( !IR NATURAL RES\RCES -- MIHIS SEEMS ! MO/ LOGICAL CONCLUSION TO DRAW FROM ,S5ATE ,BILL #h#b#f1 AN EXPANSION ( ! ,F$]AL ,5]GY ,ACT ( #aigd 9TO A ,U,S C5T]$ 'COMPREH5SIVE 5]GY POLICY'4 ,SECTION #faf ( ?IS ,BILL PROPOSES ?AT ! ,5]GY ,ADM9I/RATOR 'IS AU?ORIZ$ TO PROVIDE = P>TICIPATION ( MILIT>Y P]SONNEL 9 ! P]=MANCE ( HIS FUNCTIONS' & ?AT >M$ =CES P]SONNEL SO ASSIGN$ WILL BE1 9 EFFECT1 AN 9DEP5D5T '5]GY->MY'1 UND] ! DIRECT CONTROL ( ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,5]GY04.<#e#h.> ,AS WELL1 9 #aiga A GR\P ( ELECTRICAL P[] G5]ATION COMPANIES & GOV]NM5T RES\RCES BUREAUCRATS ISSU$ ! ,NOR? ,C5TRAL ,P[] ,/UDY1 0:I* PROPOS$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( COAL /RIP M9+ 9 ,MONTANA1 ,WYOM+1 & ! ,DAKOTAS44404.<#e#i.> ,9 ,CANADA1 !SE PLANS CAN BE SE5 9 ! HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECTS BUILT 9 ,MANITOBA & 9 ,JAMES ,BAY1 NOR!RN ,QUEBEC4 ,!RE WAS ALSO ! P5ETRATION ( ! ,CANADIAN NOR? ) OIL & GAS EXPLORATION1 ! ,MACK5ZIE ,VALLEY PIPEL9E1 URANIUM M9+ 9 ,SASKAT*EWAN1 ETC4 ,9 ! ,U,S1 ! NEW 5]GY POLICIES PRECIPITAT$ V>I\S ATTACKS ON ,NATIVE NATIONS4 ,9 #a#i#g#d1 ,PUBLIC ,LAW #i#c-#e#c#a WAS PASS$ AU?ORIZ+ ! P>TITION ( JO9T ,HOPI & ,NAVAJO L&S 9 NOR!RN ,>IZONA & ! =C$ RELOCATION ( SOME #a#c1 PEOPLE4 ,! PURPOSE ( ! RELOCATION WAS O/5SIBLY TO RESOLVE A FALSE 0,HOPI-,NAVAJO L& DISPUTE04 ,9 FACT1 !RE IS SOME #ai BILLION TONS ( COAL 9 ?IS L&4 ,ANO!R EXAMPLE IS ?AT ( ,W\ND$ ,KNEE4 ,DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> #b1 A NOR?-WE/]N PORTION ( ! ,P9E ,RIDGE RES]VATION WAS 0BORR[$0 BY ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T = USE AS AN A]IAL GUNN]Y RANGE4 ,IT WAS TO BE RETURN$ :5 ! W> 5D$4 0,WELL1 ! W> 5D$ 9 #aide & ALONG AB\T #a#i#g1 SOME ( ! TRADITIONAL PEOPLE ONE ! RES]VE />T$ ASK+ ',:]E IS \R L&8 ,WE WANT IT BACK'4 ,:AT HAD HAPP5$ WAS ?AT A C]TA9 AG5CY444,N,A,S,A1 HAD CIRCL$ A SATELLITE & ?AT SATELLITE WAS CIRCL$ 9 COOP]ATION )444! ,NATIONAL ,URANIUM ,RESE>* & ,EVALUATIONS ,9/ITUTE444 ,:AT !Y DISCOV]$ WAS ?AT !RE WAS A P>TICUL>LY RI* URANIUM DEPOSIT )9444! GUNN]Y RANGE04.<#f.> ,DICK ,WILSON WAS PUT 9 PLACE AS ,TRIBAL ,C\NCIL ,PRESID5T1 F9ANC$1 SUPPLI$ & BACK$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 ) ! PURPOSE ( HAV+ HIM SIGN OV] ! GUNN]Y RANGE L&S TO ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T4 ,ON ,JUNE #b#f1 #a#i#g#e1 ,DICK ,WILSON SIGN$ ?IS #a P] C5T ( ! ,P9E ,RIDGE RES]VE L& TO ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T2 ! SAME DAY ?AT ! ,F,B,I RAID$ ! ,A,I,M 5CAMPM5T4 0,9 A P]IOD B>ELY EXCE$+ #b YE>S1 ! #a.0 ( ! T]RITORY :I* WAS 9 ,9DIG5\S H&S 9 #a#f1 WAS R$UC$ TO #a.0 & OV] ! NEXT #a YE>S TO #c.04 ,WE RETA9 NOM9AL RIE R5EWABLE RES\RCES & WAT] RIID WE/04.<#f#a.> ,SIMIL> COMP>ISONS CAN BE F\ND 9 ,CANADA & ! C\NTRIES ( ,S\? & ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA4 ,) MASSIVE *ANGES 9 9DU/RIALIZATION & 9 5]GY DEM&S1 ALONG ) NEW TE*NOLOGIES 9 LOCAT+ & EXTRACT+ RES\RCES1 ! COLONIZATION PROCESS HAS1 S9CE ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 5T]$ A NEW PHASE4 ,ALONG ) !SE FLA%PO9TS >IS+ FROM ! 0,LA/ ,9DIAN ,W>3 ,= ,5]GY01 !RE IS ! DAILY DEM&S ( CAPITAL 9 O!R 9DU/RIES SU* AS =E/RY1 FI%+1 RUBB]1 AGRICULTURE1 RAN*+1 ETC4 & 9 L& = MILIT>Y WEAPONS TE/+1 TRA9+1 ETC4 ,TAK+ !SE DEVELOPM5TS S9CE ,WORLD ,W> #b1 & ! COLONIZATION PROCESS PRIOR T ?IS1 AN UND]/&+ ( ! HI/ORY ( ,9DIG5\S RESI/ANCE BECOMES CLE>]4 ,MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 H[EV]1 IS UND]/&+ ?AT ?IS RESI/ANCE CONT9UES TODAY4 ,9 ,TOTAL ,RESI/ANCE 0,N[ ?AT W> IS BE+ =C$ UPON US1 WE WILL TURN \R HE>TS & M9DS TO W> & IT TOO WE WILL WAGE ) ALL \R MIE /RONG4 ,WE >E TOGE!R AT LA/ ) \RSELVES & ! WORLD ( \R ANCE/ORS2 WE >E PR\D BE=E \R *ILDR5 & \R G5]ATIONS UNBORN444 ,WE >E FREE4 ,NO YOKE ( :ITE GOV]NM5T OPPRESSION CAN CONTA9 US4 ,WE >E FREE0 -- ,MOHAWK ,NATION ,(FICE1 ,AUGU/ #b#g1 #a#i#i4 ,9 ,M>* #a#i#i1 ! ,MOHAWKS ( ,KANESATAKE OCCUPI$ ! ,P9ES -- TRADITIONAL L&S :I* ALSO CONTA9 ! PEOPLES CEMET]Y & A LACROSSE FIELD -- AGA9/ ! ,MUNICIPALITY ( ,OKA'S PLANS TO EXP& AN ADJAC5T GOLF C\RSE OV] ! ,P9ES4 ,! GOLF C\RSE EXPANSION WAS P>T ( ,OKA'S PLANS TO EXP& A LUCRATIVE T\RI/ 9DU/RY4 ,ON ,JULY #a#a1 OV] #a MEMB]S ( ! ,QUEBEC ,PROV9CIAL ,POLICE 7,S,Q7 ATTACK$ ! B>RICADES1 OP5+ FIRE ON MO/LY WOM5 & *ILDR5 & FIR+ TE>-GAS & CONCUSSION GR5ADES4 ,MEMB]S ( ! ,KAHNAWAKE ,W>RIOR'S ,SOCIETY & W>RIORS FROM ,KANESATAKE RETURN$ FIRE4 ,9 ! EX*ANGE ( FIRE1 ONE ,S,Q (FIC] WAS KILL$4 ,FOLL[+ ! FIRE-FIRIORS FROM ,KAHNAWAKE SEIZ$ ! ,M]CI] ,BRIDGE -- A MAJOR COMMUT] BRIDGE 9TO ,MONTREAL -- TO DET] A SECOND ,S,Q ATTACK4 ,MORE B>RICADES W]E ]ECT$ ON ROADS & HI\ND BO? ,KANESATAKE & ,KAHNAWAKE BY HUNDR$S ( ,MOHAWK WOM5 & M5 -- SETT+ 9TO MOTION ONE ( ! LONGE/ >M$ /&-(FS 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA 9 REC5T HI/ORY4 ,! /&-(F1 :I* SAW HUNDR$S ( POLICE & OV] #d1 TROOPS FROM ! ,CANADIAN ,>M$ ,=CES DEPLOY$1 9ITIAT$ WIDESPREAD SOLID>ITY FROM ,NATIVE PEOPLES ACROSS ,CANADA2 ROAD & RAILWAY BLOCKADES W]E ]ECT$1 ,9DIAN ,AFFAIRS (FICES OCCUPI$1 DEMON/RATIONS HELD1 & SABOTAGE C>RI$ \T AGA9/ RAILWAY BRIDGES & ELECTRICAL P[] L9ES4 ,! VULN]ABILITY ( SU* 9FRA/RUCTURE WAS WELL KN[1 & 9 FACT ?IS POSSIBILITY ( AN ESCALATION ( ,NATIVE RESI/ANCE WAS A MA9 P>T ( :Y !RE WAS NO MASSACRE C>RI$ \T AGA9/ ! ,NATIVES & SUPPORT]S :O HELD \T 9 ! ,TREATM5T ,C5T]4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#f1 ! LA/ REMA9+ DEF5D]S MADE ! COLLECTIVE DECISION TO DIS5GAGE -- NOT SURR5D] -- & BEGAN TO MOVE \T ( ! >EA4 ,!Y W]E1 9 !ORY1 WALK+ HOME1 REFUS+ TO SURR5D] = !Y HAD COMMITT$ NO 0CRIMES0 9 DEF5D+ SOV]EIGN ,MOHAWK L&4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! COLONIALI/ OCCUPATION =CES DISAGRE$ & CAPTUR$ ! DEF5D]S1 SUBJECT+ SOME ( ! ,W>RIORS TO TORTURE 9CLUD+ BEAT+S & MOCK EXECUTIONS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 MEMB]S ( ! ,PEIGAN ,LONEFIRE/$ = FIR+ TWO W>N+ %OTS 9TO ! AIR4 ,HE HAS S9CE BE5 S5T5C$ TO #ah MON?S4 ,AS WELL1 ! ,LIL'WAT NATION 9 ,B,C ]ECT$ ROAD BLOCKADES ON !IR TRADITIONAL L& 9 AN ASS]TION ( !IR SOV]EIGNTY AS WELL AS P>T ( ! SOLID>ITY CAMPAIGN ) ! ,MOHAWKS4 ,F\R MON?S LAT] ! ,R,C,M,P W\LD RAID ! BLOCKADE & >RE/ SOME #e ,LIL'WAT & SUPPORT]S1 ON ,NOVEMB] #f4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #b#d1 A LOGG+ OP]ATION ON ,LUBICON ,C]E L& 9 NOR!RN ,ALB]TA WAS ATTACK$ & SOME @s#b1 DAMAGE 9FLICT$ ON VEHICLES & EQUIPM5T4 ,?IRTE5 ,LUBICON ,C]E 9CLUD+ ,*IEF ,B]N>D ,OM9AYAK W]E SUBSEQU5TLY *>G$ ) ! ACTION BUT HAVE YET TO BE PUT ON TRIAL2 A TRIAL !Y HAVE REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE AS HAV+ ANY JURISDICTION ON ,LUBICON ,C]E L&4 ,DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD1 ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA W]E C>RY+ =W>D !IR /RUGGLES4 ,9 ,BOLIVIA 9 ,OCTOB] 1 #a#i#i1 SOME #h ,9DIANS FROM ! ,AMAZON REGION -- ,MOX5OS1 ,YURAC>ES1 ,*IMANES & ,GU>ANIES -- WALK$ #cc MILES FROM ! NOR!RN CITY ( ,TR9IDAD TO ,LA ,PAZ 9 A MON?-LONG 0,M>* = ,L& & ,DIGNITY04 ,:5 ! M>* REA*$ ! M\NTA9 PASS ?AT SEP>ATES ! HIAS1 ,QUE*UAS & ,URUS FROM ACROSS ! ,BOLIVIAN HI* WAS AGA9/ LOGG+ OP]ATIONS AS WELL AS CATTLE RAN*+ ON ,9DIAN L&4 ,9 ,ECUADOR1 FROM ,JUNE #d? TO #h?1 #a#i#i1 A WIDESPREAD ,9DIG5\S UPRIS+ P>ALYZ$ ! C\NTRY4 ,NE>LY ALL MAJOR ROADS & HIY REPRESSION4 ,DEMON/RATIONS W]E ATTACK$1 PROTE/]S BEAT51 TE>-GASS$ & %OT4 ,?R\< ! COORD9ATION ( ,C,O,N,A,I,E 7,CONF$]ACION DE ,NACIONALIDADES DEL ,ECUADOR7 -- A NATIONAL ,9DIAN ORGANIZATION =M$ 9 #aihf -- A #af PO9T 0,M&ATE = ! ,DEF5SE1 ,LIFE1 & ,RII\S GOV]NM5T-CONTROLL$ PSEUDO-,9DIAN ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! GOV]NM5T AGRE$ TO NEGOTIATIONS ON ! DEM&S2 ! UPRIS+ HAD RE/RICT$ FOOD SUPPLIES TO ! URBAN >EAS1 DISRUPT$ WAT] & ELECTRICITY SUPPLY1 CLOS$ D[N S*OOLS1 & OCCUPI$ OIL WELLS1 AIRPORTS1 & RADIO /ATIONS4 ,! ,9DIG5\S UPRIS+ HAD EFFECTIVELY %UT D[N ! C\NTRY4 ,9 ! #e YE>S S9CE ! ,G5OCIDE FIR/ L&$ 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN1 IT'S CLE> ?AT ! COLONIZATION PROCESS CONT9UES2 ! KILL+S1 !FTS1 & DE/RUCTION ( NATURAL LIFE CONT9UES4 ,! ORIG9AL CONQUI/ADORS HAVE BE5 REPLAC$ BY MILIT>Y =CES & DEA? SQUADS 9 ! ,S\?1 & BY MILIT>Y & POLICE =CES 9 ! ,NOR?4 ,EUROPEAN DISEASE EPIDEMICS CONT9UE1 N[ JO9$ BY DEADLY PE/ICIDES & 9DU/RIAL POLLUTANTS4 ,SLAV]Y IS GONE1 SO WE >E TOLD1 BUT 9 ANY CASE ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES1 ,BLACKS1 & POOR ,ME/IZOS FILL ! PRISONS 9 DISPROPORTIONATE NUMB]S4 ,& SOME ?+S HAV5'T REALLY *ANG$ AT ALL3 ! ORIG9AL PEOPLES /ILL EXI/ 9 CONDITIONS ( POV]TY1 SUICIDES1 & ! DESPAIR ( ALCOHOLISM -- CONDITIONS 9TRODUC$ #e YE>S AGO4 ,BUT SOME?+ ELSE HAS ALSO REMA9$3 ! SPIRIT ( RESI/ANCE & ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! COLONIZ]S4 ,! RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ?IS G5OCIDE HAS BE5 CONT9U\S & %[S ?AT ! PEOPLE HAVE NEI!R BE5 DEFEAT$ NOR CONQU]$4 ,9 ?IS WAY1 ! ,CAMPAIGN = #e ,YE>S ( ,9DIG5\S ,RESI/ANCE 9 #aiib =MS AN IMPORTANT PO9T 9 ?IS HI/ORY3 0,9 \R CONT95T1 HI/ORY CAN BE DIVID$ 9TO #c PHASES2 BE=E ! >RIVAL ( ! 9VAD]S2 !SE FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S2 & ?AT P]IOD1 BEG9N+ TODAY1 :I* WE MU/ DEF9E & BUILD0 7,CAMPAIGN #e ,YE>S ( ,RESI/ANCE & ,POPUL> ,RESI/ANCE74 ,9 ! ,SPIRIT ( ,CRAZY ,HORSE1 ,9 ! ,SPIRIT ( ,TUPAC ,KAT>I1 ,9 ,TOTAL ,RESI/ANCE4 "9 "9 "9 "9 "9 ,S\RCES = ! POPULATION ( ,9DIG5\S PEOPLES PRIOR TO #adib 9CLUDE3 ,H5RY ,F4 ,DOBYNS1 ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN ,HI/ORICAL ,DEMOGRAPHY3 ,A ,CRITICAL ,BIBLIOGRAPHY1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,9DIANA ,PRESS #a#i#g#f2 0,E/IMAT+ ,ABORIG9AL ,POPULATION3 ,AN ,APPRAISAL ( ,TE*NIQUES ) A ,NEW ,HEMISPH]IC ,E/IMATE01 ,CURR5T ,AN?ROPOLOGY1 NO4 #g1 #a#i#f#f4 ,PI]RE ,*ANU1 ,CONQUETE ET ,EXPLOITATION DE ,N\VEAUX ,MONDES 7,X,V,IE ,SIECLE71 ,P>IS #aifi 7E/IMATES POPULATION AT #h-#a MILLION74 ,WILLIAM ,R4 ,JACOBS1 0,! ,TIP ( AN ,ICEB]G2 ,REVISIONISM01 9 ,WILLIAM & ,M>Y ,QU>T]LY1 ,NO4 #c#a1 #aigd 7E/IMATES POPULATION AT #e-#a MILLION74 ,WOODR[ ,WILSON ,BORAH1 0,AM]ICA AS ,MODEL3 ,! ,DEMOGRAPHIC ,IMPACT ( ,EUROPEAN ,EXPANSION ,UPON ! ,NON-,EUROPEAN ,WORLD01 9 ,ACTAS Y ,MEMORIAS ,X,X,X,V ,CONGRESO ,9T]NACIONAL DE ,AM]ICANI/AS1 ,MEXICO #aifb 7E/IMATES POPULATION AT #a MILLION74 ,S\RCE3 ,ROXANNE ,DUNB> ,ORTIZ1 ,9DIANS ( ! ,AM]ICAS4 .<#a.> ,ROB]T ,H4 ,FUSON1 ,! ,LOG ( ,*RI/OPH] ,COLOMBUS1 ,9T]NATIONAL ,M>9E ,PUBLI%+ ,CO41 ,MA9E #a#i#h#g1 PG4 #g#f4 .<#b.> ,IBID1 PG4 #h4 ,COLOMBO WAS 9CONSI/5T ON ! ACTUAL NUMB] ( ,TA9O HE KIDNAPP$4 .<#c.> ,IBID1 PG4 #a#g4 .<#d.> ,AKWESASNE ,NOTES1 ,VOL4 #i1 ,NO4 #d4 .<#e.> ,JACK ,WEA!R=D1 ,9DIAN ,GIV]S1 ,BALLANT9E ,BOOKS1 ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#h#h4 .<#f.> ,ALFR$ ,W4 ,CROSBY1 0,! ,BIOLOGICAL ,CONSEQU5CES ( #a#d#i#b01 ,REPORT ON ! ,AM]ICAS1 ,VOL4 ,X,X,V ,NO4 #b1 PG4 #a#a4 #g4 .<#g.> ,ROXANNE ,DUNB> ,ORTIZ1 ,9DIANS ( ! ,AM]ICAS1 ,PRAEG] ,PUBLI%]S1 ,NEW ,YORK #a#i#h#d4 .<#h.> ,FRANCIS ,J5N+S1 ,! ,9VASION ( ,AM]ICA3 ,9DIANS1 ,COLONIALISM1 & ! ,CANT ( ,CONQUE/1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,NOR? ,C>OL9A ,PRESS4 ,J5N+S DOCUM5TS ! ACTIVITIES ( !SE FIR/ COLONIES1 FREQU5TLY RELY+ ON P]IOD MANUSCRIPTS4 .<#i.> ,IBID1 PG4 #h#e4 .<#a.> ,IBID1 PG4 #c#c4 .<#a#a.> ,IBID1 PG4 #g#f4 .<#a#b.> ,ORTIZ1 OP4 CIT4 .<#a#c.> ,JOHN ,S4 ,MILLOY1 0,! ,E>LY ,9DIAN ,ACTS3 ,DEVELOPM5TAL ,/RATEGY & ,CON/ITUTIONAL ,*ANGE01 ,AS ,LONG ,AS ,! ,SUN ,%9ES & ,WAT] ,FL[S1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,B,C ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#c1 PG4 #e#f4 .<#a#d.> ,GEORGE ,F4 ,G4 ,/ANLEY1 0,AS ,LONG AS ! ,SUN ,%9ES & ! ,WAT] ,FL[S3 ,AN ,HI/ORICAL ,COMM5T01 IBID4 PG4 #e-#f4 .<#a#e.> ,JOHN ,L4 ,TOBIAS1 0,PROTECTION1 ,CIVILIZATION1 ,ASSIMILATION3 ,AN ,\TL9E ,HI/ORY ( ,CANADA'S ,9DIAN ,POLICY01 IBID4 PG4 #d4 .<#a#f.> ,SILVIA ,RIV]A ,CUSICANQUI1 0,AYM>A ,PA/1 ,AYM>A ,FUTURE01 ,REPORT ON ! ,AM]ICAS1 ,VOL4 ,X,X,V ,NO4 #c1 PG4 #b4 #a#g4 .<#a#g.> ,JOHN ,S4 ,H5D]SON1 ,! ,WORLD ( ! ,ANCI5T ,MAYA1 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#a1 PG4 #c#b4 .<#a#h.> ,SYLVIA ,RIV]A ,CUSICANQUI1 OP4 CIT4 .<#a#i.> ,IBID4 PG4 #b#a4 .<#b.> ,ROXANNE ,DUNB> ,ORTIZ1 OP4 CIT4 .<#b#a.> ,QUOT$ 9 ,LES ,FIELD1 0,ECUADOR'S ,PAN-,9DIAN ,UPRIS+01 ,REPORT ON ! ,AM]ICAS1 ,VOL4 ,X,X,V ,NO4 #c1 PG4 #d#a4 .<#b#b.> ,&REW ,GRAY1 ,! ,AM]9DIANS ( ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 ,M9ORITY ,RI ,G-#g3 ! GR\P+ ( ! SEV5 MO/ ADVANC$ 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRIES CONSI/+ ( ,BRITA91 ,CANADA1 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 ,G]MANY1 ,JAPAN1 & ! ,U,S,A4 ,! ,G-#g MEET ANNUALLY TO DET]M9E WORLD ECONOMIC POLICIES2 TOGE!R !Y HOLD DOM9ANT POSITIONS 9 ! WORLD ECONOMIC ORD]4 .<#b#d.> ,J4 ,SAKAI1 ,SETTL]S3 ,! ,MY? ( ! ,:ITE ,PROLET>IAT1 ,MORN+/> ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#i1 PG4 #b#g4 .<#b#e.> ,IBID1 PG4 #b#e4 .<#b#f.> ,IBID1 PG4 #c#a4 .<#b#g.> ,IBID1 PG4 #c#i4 .<#b#h.> ,IBID1 PG4 #d#a4 .<#b#i.> ,EURO-,CANADIAN3 A T]M US$ TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 DESC5DANTS ( ,EUROPEANS 9 ! ,U,S & ?OSE 9 ,CANADA4 .<#c.> ,ORTIZ1 OP4 CIT4 .<#c#a.> ,NEGOTIATIONS ) ! ,MISSISSAUGAS ( S\!RN ,ONT>IO W]E CONDUCT$ AS E>LY AS #a#g#h#a1 PROVID+ L& = COMMUNITIES FROM ! ,HAUD5OSAUNEE1 :OSE L&S W]E SUPPLI$ TO ,BRITI% LOYALI/S 9 A /RATEGIC DEF5SIVE L9E ALONG ! ,U,S BORD]4 ,BETWE5 #aM EQUIPM5T -- 9 L9E ) *ANG+ COLONIAL PRACTICES4 0,?IS WAS !N FOLL[$ BY ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! 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