,*APT] #a 
,HI/ORY & ,SURREALISM 

#aiggaigg 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM 

,TEXT 3 

#a4 ,HI/ORY & ,SURREALISM 

  
,! ,CRISIS ( ,CULTURE 

  

,SURREALISM BELONGS TO ONE ( ! T]M9AL PHASES 9 ! CRISIS ( CULTURE4 ,9 UNIT>Y REGIMES1 ( :I* MON>*Y BAS$ ON DIV9E RI<T IS ! BE/ KN[N EXAMPLE1 ! 9TEGRATIVE P[] ( MY? CONCEAL$ ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 CULTURE & SOCIAL LIFE4 ,>TI/S1 WRIT]S1 S*OL>S & PHILOSOPH]S1 JU/ LIKE ! PEASANTS1 ! B\RGEOIS1 ! WIELD]S ( P[]1 & EV5 ! ,K+ HIMSELF1 HAD TO LIVE \T !IR CONTRADICTIONS )9 A HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE :I* WAS FROM TOP TO BOTTOM ! WORK ( A ,GOD1 & UN*ANGEABLE 9 ITS V]Y ESS5CE4 

,! GR[? ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS ( M]*ANTS & MANUFACTUR]S MEANT ! MOLD+ ( HUMAN RELATION%IPS TO ! RATIONALITY ( EX*ANGE1 ! IMPOSITION ( ! QUANTIFIABLE P[] ( MONEY ) ME*ANI/IC C]TA9TY AS TO ITS CONCRETE TRU?4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY AN ACCEL]AT+ T5D5CY T[>D SECUL>IZATION :I* DE/ROY$ ! =M]LY IDYLLIC RELATION%IP BETWE5 MA/]S & SLAVES4 ,! REALITY ( CLASS /RUGGLE BROKE UPON HI/ORY ) ! SAME BRUTALITY AS ! REIGN ( ECONOMICS1 :I* HAD SUDD5LY EM]G$ AS ! FOCUS ( ALL PREOCCUPATIONS4 

,ONCE ! DIV9E ,/ATE1 :OSE =M CON/ITUT$ AN OB/ACLE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM1 HAD BE5 DONE AWAY )1 ! EXPLOITATION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! =W>D M>* ( CAPITAL1 & ! LAWS ( ! COMMODITY1 BY EV]Y:]E B5D+ BE+S & ?+S TO !IR WILL1 BECAME CUMB]SOME REALITIES SUSCEPTIBLE NEI!R TO ! AU?ORITY ( A DIV9E PROVID5CE NOR TO 9CORPORATION 9TO ! MY? ( A TRANSC5D5T ORD]3 REALITIES :I* ! RUL+ CLASS1 IF IT WAS NOT TO BE BORNE AWAY BY ! NEXT REVOLUTION>Y WAVE - ALREADY 9CONTE/ABLY =E%AD[$ BY ! ,5RAGES & ,BAB\VI/S - WAS N[ OBLIG$ AT ALL CO/S TO CONCEAL FROM ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! PROLET>IAT4 

,\T ( ! RELICS ( MY?1 :I* W]E ALSO ! RELICS ( ,GOD1 ! B\RGEOISIE S\<T TO CON/RUCT A NEW TRANSC5D5T UNITY CAPABLE ( US+ ! =CE ( ILLUSION TO DISSOLVE ! SEP>ATIONS & CONTRADICTIONS ?AT 9DIVIDUALS DEPRIV$ ( RELIGION 79 ! ETYMOLOGICAL S5SE ( A COLLECTIVE BOND ) ,GOD7 EXP]I5C$ )9 !MSELVES & BETWE5 EA* O!R4 ,9 ! WAKE ( ! ABORTIVE CULTS ( ! ,SUPREME ,BE+ & ! ,GODDESS ( ,REASON1 NATIONALISM 9 ITS MULTIF>I\S GUISES - FROM ,BONAP>TE'S ,CAES>ISM TO ! GAMUT ( NATIONAL SOCIALISMS - CAME TO ! =E AS ! NECESS>Y BUT 9CREAS+LY 9ADEQUATE IDEOLOGY ( ! ,/ATE 7:E!R ! ,/ATE ( PRIVATE & MONOPOLI/IC CAPITALISM OR ! ,/ATE ( CAPITALISM 9 ITS SOCIALIZ$ =M74 

,9DE$1 ! FALL ( ,NAPOLEON M>K$ ! 5D ( ANY PROSPECT ( RE9/ITUT+ A UNIT>Y MY? F\ND$ ON EMPIRE1 ON ! PRE/IGE ( >MS OR ON ! MY/IQUE ( T]RITORIAL P[]4 ,ALL ! SAME1 !RE IS ONE TRAIT COMMON TO ALL ! IDEOLOGIES ?AT EVOLV$ EI!R FROM ! MEMORY ( ! DIV9E MY?1 OR \T ( ! CONTRADICTIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE 7LIB]ALISM71 OR BY WAY ( ! DE=MATION ( REVOLUTION>Y !ORIES 7?AT IS1 !ORIES ?R[N UP BY REAL /RUGGLES :I* FE$ BACK 9TO ?OSE /RUGGLES & HA/5 ! ADV5T ( A CLASSLESS SOCIETY BY REMA9+ NECESS>ILY OPPOS$ TO ALL IDEOLOGY74 ,?AT COMMON TRAIT IS ! SAME DISSIMULATION OR DI/ORTION1 ! SAME DEPRECATION OR MISAPPREH5SION1 ( ! REAL MOVEM5T ?AT >ISES FROM HUMAN PRAXIS4 

,! RADICAL CONSCI\SNESS CANNOT BE RECONCIL$ ) IDEOLOGY1 :OSE ONLY FUNCTION IS TO MY/IFY4 ,:AT ! ACUTE/ EI<TE5?-C5TURY CONSCI\SNESS P]CEIV$ = ! MO/ P>T1 9 ! VOID LEFT BEH9D BY ! EBB TIDE ( DIV9E CONSCI\SNESS1 WAS ! SUFF]+ ( SEP>ATION1 ISOLATION & ALI5ATION4 ,DIS5*ANTM5T 79 ! LIT]AL S5SE ( ! 5D ( ! SPELL CA/ BY A UNIFY+ ,GOD7 ?US W5T H& 9 H& ) AN AW>5ESS ( CONTRADICTIONS ?AT HAD NO *ANCE ( BE+ RESOLV$ OR TRANSC5D$4 

,AS ALL SECTORS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY PROCE$$ TO BREAK AP>T FROM ONE ANO!R1 CULTURE1 JU/ AS MU* AS ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL OR POLITICAL SPH]ES1 BECAME A SEP>ATE REALM1 AN AUTONOM\S 5TITY4 ,& AS ! MA/]S ( ! ECONOMY GRADUALLY BUILT UP !IR HEGEMONY OV] SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 >TI/S1 WRIT]S & ?9K]S W]E LEFT 9 POSSESSION ( ! CONSCI\SNESS ( AN 9DEP5D5T CULTURAL DOMA9 :I* ! IMP]IALISM ( ! ECONOMY W\LD BE V]Y SL[ TO COLONIZE4 ,!Y TURN$ ?IS DOMA9 9TO A CITADEL ( ! GRATUIT\S1 BUT !Y ACT$ AS M]C5>IES ( DOM9ANT IDEAS AS (T5 AS !Y RAIS$ ! FLAG ( REBELLION OR REVOLUTION4 

,VICTIMS ( ! UNHAPPY CONSCI\SNESS1 DESPIS$ BY ?OSE CONC]N$ ) F9ANCE1 TRADE & 9DU/RY1 !SE CREATORS T5D$ 9 ! MA9 TO TURN CULTURE 9TO A REPLACEM5T = MY?1 9TO A NEW TOTALITY1 A RECONSECRAT$ SPACE />KLY OPPOS$ TO ! MAT]IAL SPH]ES ( COMM]CIAL TRANSACTION & PRODUCTION4 ,NATURALLY1 S9CE ! >EA !Y GOV]N$ WAS NO MORE ?AN A FRAGM5T1 IRR$UCIBLE TO ECONOMIC T]MS & CUT (F FROM ! SOCIAL & ! POLITICAL1 !Y C\LD NOT ASPIRE TO ANY G5U9E RESUSCITATION ( ! UNIT>Y MY?3 ALL !Y C\LD DO WAS REPRES5T IT - & 9 ?IS RESPECT 9DE$ !Y W]E NO DIFF]5T FROM ! MORE A/UTE M9DS ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 SEEK+ TO BUILD A NEW MY? BY RESACRALIZ+ ALL ?OSE ZONES :]E ! ECONOMY DID NOT 9T]V5E DIRECTLY 7NO ATTEMPT W\LD BE MADE TO CONSECRATE ! ,/OCK ,EX*ANGE1 = 9/ANCE1 BUT ! CULT ( WORK WAS AN ATTEMPT TO SANCTIFY ! FACTORY74 

,! 0SPECTACLE0 IS ALL ?AT REMA9S ( ! MY? ?AT P]I%$ ALONG ) UNIT>Y SOCIETY3 AN IDEOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION :]EBY ! ACTIONS ( HI/ORY UPON 9DIVIDUALS !MSELVES SEEK+1 :E!R 9 !IR [N NAME OR COLLECTIVELY1 TO ACT UPON HI/ORY1 >E REFLECT$1 CORRUPT$ & TRANS=M$ 9TO !IR OPPOSITE - 9TO AN AUTONOM\S LIFE ( ! NON-LIV$4 

,WE %ALL UND]/& NO?+ ( ,ROMANTICISM1 NOR ( ,SURREALISM1 IF WE LOSE SI<T ( CULTURE'S 5TANGLEM5T ) ! ORGANIZATION ( ! SPECTACLE4 ,TO BEG9 )1 EV]Y?+ NEW ?R[N UP BY !SE MOVEM5TS BORE ! /AMP ( A REJECTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 A REFUSAL ( EV]Y?+ UTILIT>IAN OR FUNCTIONAL4 ,!RE IS NO >TI/ ( ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY :OSE WORK WAS NOT GR\ND$ 9 CONTEMPT = B\RGEOIS & COMM]CIAL VALUES 7:I* ( C\RSE 9 NO WAY PREV5T$ >TI/S FROM BEHAV+ EXACTLY LIKE B\RGEOIS & TAK+ MONEY :]EV] !Y C\LD GET IT - ,FLAUB]T IS A CASE 9 PO9T74 ,ES!TICISM ACQUIR$ IDEOLOGICAL =CE AS ! CONTR>Y ( COMM]CIAL VALUE1 AS ! ?+ :I* C\LD MAKE ! WORLD WOR? LIV+ 91 & :I* ?US HELD ! KEY TO A P>TICUL> /YLE ( LIFE1 A P>TICUL> WAY ( 9VE/+ BE+ ) VALUE ?AT WAS DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO ! CAPITALI/'S R$UCTION ( BE+ TO HAV+4 ,)9 ! SPECTACLE1 IT WAS CULTURE'S TASK TO SUPPLY VALIDAT+ ROLE MODELS ALONG !SE L9ES4 ,GRADUALLY1 AS ECONOMIC RATIONALITY CREAT$ A CULTURAL M>KET1 TRANS=M+ BOOKS1 PICTURES OR SCULPTURE 9TO COMMODITIES1 ! DOM9ANT =MS ( CULTURE BECAME EV] MORE AB/RACT1 EV5TUALLY CALL+ =? ANTI-CULTURAL REACTIONS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! GREAT] ! SWAY ( ! ECONOMY1 & ! MORE WIDELY IT IMPOS$ ITS COMMODITY SY/EM1 ! GREAT] WAS ! B\RGEOISIE'S NE$ TO UPDATE ITS SPECTACUL> IDEOLOGICAL FREE M>KET AS A WAY ( MASK+ AN EXPLOITATION ?AT WAS EV] MORE BRUTAL - & EV] MORE BRUTALLY CONTE/$ BY ! PROLET>IAT4 ,AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 ! COLLAPSE ( ! GREAT IDEOLOGIES & ! EXP&+ CONSUM] M>KET1 ) ITS BOOKS1 RECORDS & CULTURALIZ$ GADGETS1 BR\<T CULTURE TO C5T] /AGE4 ,! POV]TY ( ! M]E SURVIVAL IMPOS$ ON PEOPLE ACC5TUAT$ ?IS DEVELOPM5T BY 5C\RAG+ !M TO LIVE AB/RACTLY1 9 ACCORDANCE ) MODELS :OSE UNIV]SAL FICTIONS1 DOM9AT$ BY /]EOTYPES & IMAGES1 W]E CONT9UALLY 9 NE$ ( R5EWAL4 ,SURREALISM W\LD PAY ! PRICE H]E1 9 ! CO9 ( A CO-OPTATION :I* ITS HE>T1 IF NOT ITS 9TELLECT1 HAD ALWAYS REFUS$4 

,CULTURE1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT A MONOLI?4 ,AS A SEP>ATE SPH]E ( KN[L$GE1 IT 9EVITABLY ATTE/$ TO ! SPLITS ?AT HAD BE5 BR\<T AB\T2 IT REMA9$ ! LOCUS ( P>TIAL =MS ( KN[L$GE ?AT CLAIM$ TO BE ABSOLUTE 9 ! NAME ( ! OLD MY?1 :I*1 ?\< IRREM$IABLY LO/1 WAS =EV] BE+ S\<T AFT]4 ,! CONSCI\SNESS ( CREATORS UND]W5T A CORRESPOND+ EVOLUTION1 AS CULTURE E/ABLI%$ A P>ALLEL M>KET ( ITS [N 7>\ND #a#h#e871 SO GIV+ RISE TO 'UNITS' ( PRE/IGE :I* 9 ! SPECTACUL> SY/EM REPLAC$ PR(IT1 OR REF9$ IT1 & 9 ANY EV5T 9T]ACT$ ) IT4 

,CREATORS :O FAIL$ TO BUR/ ! BUBBLE 9 :I* !Y W]E USUALLY CONT5T TO G5]ATE 5DLESS REFLECTIONS ( !MSELVES RISK$ BECOM+ M]E PRODUC]S ( CULTURAL COMMODITIES OR FUNCTION>IES ( ! IDEOLOGICAL-ES!TIC SPECTACLE4 ,! MAN ( REFUSAL1 SO DEF9$ BY ! SCORN P\R$ UPON HIM BY ! WORLD ( COMM]CE1 C\LD V]Y EASILY BE TRANS=M$ 9TO A BE>] ( FALSE CONSCI\SNESS4 ,:5 REPROA*$ BY ! BUS9ESSMAN = NOT HAV+ HIS FEET ON ! GR\ND1 ! >TI/ T5D$ TO APPEAL TO ! LIFE ( ! M9D4 ,SURREALISM BORE ! TRACES ( ?IS ABSURD ANTAGONISM BETWE5 M]CANTILE 0MAT]IALISM0 ON ! ONE H& & ,M9D 7:E!R 9 ITS REACTION>Y OR ITS REVOLUTION>Y =M7 ON ! O!R4 

,ALL ! SAME1 ! MORE LUCID OR S5SITIVE CREATORS SUCCE$$ 9 ID5TIFY+ !IR [N CONDITION MORE OR LESS CLE>LY ) ?AT ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! RESULT WAS A T5D5CY ?AT MI<T BE CALL$ 0RADICAL ES!TICS0 - EXEMPLIFI$ BY ,N]VAL1 ,/5DHAL1 ,BAUDELAIRE1 ,KEATS1 ,BYRON1 ,NOVALIS1 ,BU*N]1 ,=N]ET1 ,BLAKE1 ETC4 - = :I* ! QUE/ = A NEW UNITY WAS EXPRESS$ ?R\< ! SYMBOLIC DE/RUCTION ( ! OLD WORLD1 ! PROVOCATIVE ESP\SAL ( ! GRATUIT\S1 & ! REJECTION ( COMM]CIAL LOGIC & ! IMM$IATE CONCRETE DIM5SION :I* ?AT LOGIC CONTROLL$ & DEF9$ AS ! ONLY REALITY4 ,HEGEL W\LD COME TO REPRES5T ! HI/ORICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( ?IS ATTITUDE4 

,ANO!R T5D5CY1 EXT5D+ 0RADICAL ES!TICS0 9TO A 0RADICAL E?ICS01 >OSE FROM AN AW>5ESS ( ! SEP>AT$NESS ( CULTURE1 FROM ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ?9K]S & >TI/S1 HI!RTO ALI5AT$ 9 ! PURE IMPOT5CE ( ! M9D1 :O N[ DEVELOP$ CREATIVITY AS A MODE ( AU!NTIC EXI/5CE WELD$ TO ! CRITIQUE ( ! COMMODITY SY/EM & ( ! SURVIVAL IMPOS$ UNIV]SALLY BY ?AT SY/EM4 ,M>X & ,F\RI] W]E ?IS T5D5CY'S MA9 VOICES4 

,LA/LY1 !RE WAS A ?IRD CURR5T :I*1 )\T GR\ND+ ITSELF AS FIRMLY 9 HI/ORY AS ,M>X OR ,F\RI]1 MADE ITS BASIC PR9CIPLE ! ABOLITION ( CULTURE AS A SEP>ATE SPH]E ?R\< ! REALIZATION ( >T & PHILOSOPHY 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,?IS TRADITION RUNS FROM ,MESLI] TO DE ,SADE1 & !NCE1 VIA ,PETRUS ,BOREL1 ,HOLD]L91 ,*>LES ,LASSAILLY1 ,]NE/ ,COEURD]OY1 ,JOSEPH ,DEJACQUE & ,LAUTREAMONT1 TO ,RAVA*OL & ,JULES ,BONNOT4 ,IT IS 9 FACT LESS A TRADITION ?AN A SOME:AT S]5DIPIT\S TRAC]Y ( !ORIES & PRACTICES CON/ITUT+ A K9D ( IDEAL MAP ( RADICAL REFUSAL4 ,?\< ?R[N UP BY HI/ORY1 & RE9S]T+ ITSELF 9TO HI/ORY1 (T5 9 VIOL5T FA%ION1 ?IS WAS A H]ITAGE ) NO CLE> CONSCI\SNESS ( ITS P[] OV] ?AT HI/ORY1 NO EFFECTIVE KN[L$GE ( ITS ACTUAL POT5TIAL4 ,9 ! YE>S BETWE5 #aiae & #a#i#b#e1 H[EV]1 AS HI/ORY TOOK ITS REV5GE UPON ALL ITS IDEOLOGICAL TRAVE/IES1 !SE ISOLAT$ VOICES W]E REVEAL$ AS EM95TLY H>MONI\S1 CALL$ =? AS !Y ALL W]E BY ! PRESSURE = HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 

,DADA EMBODI$ BO? ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! CRUMBL+ ( IDEOLOGY & ! WILL TO DE/ROY IDEOLOGY 9 ! NAME ( AU!NTIC LIFE4 ,BUT ,DADA 9 ITS NIHILISM S\<T TO CON/ITUTE AN ABSOLUTE - & H5CE PURELY AB/RACT-BREAK4 ,NOT ONLY DID IT FAIL TO GR\ND ITSELF 9 ! HI/ORICAL CONDITIONS BY :I* IT HAD ITSELF BE5 PRODUC$1 BUT1 BY DECONSECRAT+ CULTURE1 BY MOCK+ ITS CLAIMS TO BE AN 9DEP5D5T SPH]E1 BY PLAY+ GAMES ) ITS FRAGM5TS1 IT EFFECTIVELY CUT ITSELF (F FROM A TRADITION =G$ BY CREATORS :O 9 FACT %>$ ,DADA'S GOAL1 ! DE/RUCTION ( >T & PHILOSOPHY1 BUT :O PURSU$ ?IS GOAL ) ! 9T5TION ( RE9V5T+ & REALIZ+ >T & PHILOSOPHY - ONCE !Y HAD BE5 LIQUIDAT$ AS IDEOLOGICAL =MS1 AS COMPON5TS ( CULTURE - 9 EV]YONE'S ACTUAL LIFE4 

,AFT] ,DADA'S FAILURE1 ,SURREALISM = ITS P>T R5EW$ TIES ) ! OLD] TRADITION4 ,IT DID SO1 H[EV]1 JU/ AS ?\< ,DADA HAD NEV] EXI/$1 JU/ AS ?\< ,DADA'S DYNAMIT+ ( CULTURE HAD NEV] OCCURR$4 ,IT PROLONG$ ! YE>N+ = TRANSC5D5CE1 AS NURTUR$ FROM DE ,SADE TO ,J>RY1 )\T EV] REALIZ+ ?AT ! TRANSC5D5CE 9 QUE/ION HAD N[ BECOME POSSIBLE4 ,IT CURAT$ & POPUL>IZ$ ! GREAT HUMAN ASPIRATIONS )\T EV] DISCOV]+ ?AT ! PR]EQUISITES = !IR FULFILLM5T W]E ALREADY PRES5T4 ,9 SO DO+1 ,SURREALISM 5D$ UP RE9VIGORAT+ ! SPECTACLE1 :OSE FUNCTION WAS TO CONCEAL FROM ! LA/ CLASS 9 HI/ORY1 ! PROLET>IAT1 BE>] ( TOTAL FRE$OM1 ! HI/ORY ?AT WAS YET TO BE MADE4 ,TO ,SURREALISM'S CR$IT1 ASSUR$LY1 IS ! CREATION ( A S*OOL-=-ALL :I*1 IF IT DID NOT MAKE REVOLUTION1 AT LEA/ POPUL>IZ$ REVOLUTION>Y ?9K]S4 ,! ,SURREALI/S W]E ! FIR/ TO MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE1 9 ,FRANCE1 TO CONFLATE ,M>X & ,BOL%EVISM1 ! FIR/ TO USE ,LAUTREAMONT AS GUNP[D]1 ! FIR/ TO PLANT ! BLACK FLAG ( DE ,SADE 9 ! HE>T ( ,*RI/IAN HUMANISM4 ,!SE >E LEGITIMATE CLAIMS TO GLORY3 TO ?IS EXT5T1 AT ANY RATE1 ,SURREALISM'S FAILURE WAS AN HONORABLE ONE4 

,DADA & ,CULTURE 9 ,QUE/ION 

  

,DADA WAS BORN AT A TURN+-PO9T 9 ! HI/ORY ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES4 ,BY R$UC+ HUMAN BE+S TO CITIZ5S :O KILL & >E KILL$ 9 ! NAME ( A ,/ATE ?AT OPPRESSES !M1 ! MODEL IDEOLOGIES ( IMP]IALISM & NATIONALISM S]V$ TO UND]L9E ! GULF ?AT SEP>AT$ REAL1 UNIV]SAL MAN FROM ! SPECTACUL> IMAGE ( A HUMANITY P]CEIV$ AS AN AB/RACTION2 ! TWO W]E IRREP>ABLY OPPOS$1 = EXAMPLE1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( ,FRANCE1 OR FROM ! /&PO9T ( ,G]MANY4 ,YET AT ! V]Y MOM5T :5 SPECTACUL> ORGANIZATION REA*$ :AT TO M9DS 5AMOR$ ( TRUE FRE$OM APPE>$ TO BE ITS MO/ ,UBUESQUE REPRES5TATIONAL =M1 ?AT ORGANIZATION WAS SUCCESSFULLY ATTRACT+ & 5LI/+ ALMO/ ALL ! 9TELLECTUALS & >TI/S TO BE F\ND 9 ! REALM ( CULTURE4 ,?IS T5D5CY >OSE1 MOREOV]1 9 T&EM ) ! MOVE ( ! PROLET>IAT'S (FICIAL LEAD]%IP 9TO ! MILIT>I/ CAMP4 

,DADA D5\NC$ ! MY/IFICATORY P[] ( CULTURE 9 ITS 5TIRETY AS E>LY AS #a#i#a#e-#a#i#a#h4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ONCE ,DADA HAD PROV$ ITSELF 9CAPABLE ( REALIZ+ >T & PHILOSOPHY 7A PROJECT :I* A SUCCESSFUL ,SP>TACI/ REVOLUTION W\LD NO D\BT HAVE MADE EASI]71 ,SURREALISM WAS CONT5T M]ELY TO CONDEMN ! SP9ELESSNESS ( ! 9TELLIG5TSIA1 TO PO9T ! F+] AT ! *AUV9I/ IDIOCY ( ANYONE1 FROM ,MAURICE ,B>RES TO ,XAVI] ,MONTEHUS1 :O WAS AN 9TELLECTUAL & PR\D ( IT4 

,AS CULTURE & ITS P>TISANS W]E BUSILY DEMON/RAT+ H[ ACTIVELY !Y SUPPORT$ ! ORGANIZATION ( ! SPECTACLE & ! MY/IFICATION ( SOCIAL REALITY1 ,SURREALISM IGNOR$ ! NEGATIVITY EMBODI$ 9 ,DADA2 BE+ NEV]!LESS H>D PUT TO IT TO 9/ITUTE ANY POSITIVE PROJECT1 IT SUCCE$$ ONLY 9 SETT+ 9 MOTION ! OLD IDEOLOGICAL ME*ANISM :]EBY TODAY'S P>TIAL REVOLT IS TURN$ 9TO TOMORR['S (FICIAL CULTURE4 ,! EV5TUAL CO-OPTATION ( LATE ,DADAISM1 ! TRANS=MATION ( ITS RADICALISM 9TO IDEOLOGICAL =M1 W\LD HAVE TO AWAIT ! ADV5T ( ,POP ,>T4 ,9 ! MATT] ( CO-OPTATION1 ,SURREALISM1 ITS PROTE/ATIONS TO ! CONTR>Y NOT)/&+1 WAS QUITE SUFFICI5T UNTO ITSELF4 

,! IGNORANCE ?AT ,SURREALISM FO/]$ ) RESPECT TO ! DISSOLUTION ( >T & PHILOSOPHY IS EV]Y BIT AS APPALL+ AS ! IGNORANCE ,DADA FO/]$ ) RESPECT TO ! OPPOSITE ASPECT ( ! SAME T5D5CY1 NAMELY ! TRANSC5D5CE ( >T & PHILOSOPHY4 

,! ?+S ?AT ,DADA UNIFI$ SO VIGOR\SLY 9CLUD$ ,LAUTREAMONT'S DISMANTL+ ( POETIC LANGUAGE1 ! CONDEMNATION ( PHILOSOPHY 9 OPPOS+ YET ID5TICAL WAYS BY ,HEGEL & ,M>X1 ! BR++ ( PA9T+ TO ITS MELT+ PO9T BY ,IMPRESSIONISM1 OR !AT] EMBRAC+ ITS [N P>ODIC SELF-DE/RUCTION 9 ,UBU4 ,:AT PLA9] ILLU/RATIONS C\LD !RE BE H]E ?AN ,MALEVI* ) HIS :ITE SQU>E ON A :ITE GR\ND1 OR ! UR9AL1 5TITL$ ,F\NTA91 :I* ,M>CEL ,DU*AMP S5T TO ! ,NEW ,YORK ,9DEP5D5TS ,EXHIBITION 9 #a#i#a#g1 OR ! FIR/ ,DADAI/ COLLAGE-POEMS MADE FROM WORDS CLIPP$ FROM NEWSPAP]S & !N R&OMLY ASSEMBL$8 ,>?UR ,CRAVAN CONFLAT$ >TI/IC ACTIVITY & %ITT+4 ,EV5 ,VAL]Y GRASP$ :AT ,JOYCE WAS DEMON/RAT+ ) ,F9NEGAN'S ,WAKE3 ! FACT ?AT NOVELS C\LD NO LONG] EXI/4 ,]IK ,SATIE SUPPLI$ ! F9AL IRONIC CODA TO ! JOKE ?AT WAS MUSIC4 ,YET EV5 AS ,DADA WAS D5\NC+ CULTURAL POLLUTION & SPECTACUL> ROT ON EV]Y SIDE1 ,SURREALISM WAS ALREADY ON ! SC5E ) ITS BIG PLANS = CLEANUP & REG5]ATION4 

,:5 >TI/IC PRODUCTION RESUM$1 IT DID SO AGA9/ & )\T ,DADA1 BUT AGA9/ & ) ,SURREALISM4 ,SURREALI/ RE=MISM W\LD DEVIATE FROM RE=MISM'S WELL-TRODD5 PA?S & FOLL[ ITS [N NEW ROADS3 ,BOL%EVISM1 ,TROTSKYISM1 ,GUEV>ISM1 AN>*ISM4 ,JU/ AS ! ECONOMY 9 CRISIS1 :I* DID NOT DISAPPE> BUT WAS 9/EAD TRANS=M$ 9TO A CRISIS ECONOMY1 SO LIKEWISE ! CRISIS ( CULTURE \TLIV$ ITSELF 9 ! %APE ( A CULTURE ( CRISIS4 ,H5CE ,SURREALISM BECAME ! SPECTACUL>IZATION ( EV]Y?+ 9 ! CULTURAL PA/ ?AT REFUS$ SEP>ATIONS1 S\<T TRANSC5D5CE1 OR /RUGGL$ AGA9/ IDEOLOGIES & ! ORGANIZATION ( ! SPECTACLE4 

,! ,BREAK FROM ,DADA 

  

,:5 EXACTLY DID ,SURREALISM EMANCIPATE ITSELF FROM ,DADA8 ,! QUE/ION IS BADLY FRAM$1 BECAUSE IT SUGGE/S ?AT ! ,SURREALI/S W]E RECON/RUCT$ ,DADAI/S1 :I* IS F> FROM C]TA94 ,9DE$1 IF WE LOOK CLOSELY AT ! BEG9N+S ( ! E>LIE/ PROPON5TS ( ,SURREALISM1 WE F9D ?AT !IR WORKS >E ( A P]SONAL K9D1 HO/ILE1 C]TA9LY1 TO ! DOM9ANT TRADITION1 BUT BE>+ SCANT TRACE ( ,DADA'S CORROSIVE SPIRIT4 

,! GOOD RELATIONS MA9TA9$ BY ! E>LY ,SURREALI/S ) ,PI]RE ,REV]DY1 $ITOR ( ! LIT]>Y REVIEW ,NORD-,SUD1 OR ! POEMS ( ,BRETON1 ,B5JAM9 ,PE]T1 ,PAUL ,ELU>D OR ,PHILIPPE ,S\PAULT1 >E QUITE ADEQUATE TE/IMONY TO ! ADH]5CE ( !SE NEW VOICES TO A C]TA9 CONCEPTION ( LIT]ATURE4 ,:AT ! FIR/ ,SURREALI/S KNEW ( ,DADA WAS ABOVE ALL ITS ADULT]AT$ ,P>ISIAN V]SION1 ! ANTICS ( ,TZ>A1 & A FEW CLA%ES BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4 ,) ,GROSZ1 ,HUELS5BECK1 ,S*WITT]S1 ,HAUSSMANN1 ,JUNG OR EV5 ,PICABIA !Y W]E /ILL L>GELY UNACQUA9T$4 

,9 #aiag ! WORD 0SURREALI/0 APPE>$ 9 ! SUBTITLE TO ,APOLL9AIRE'S PLAY ,LES ,MAMELLES DE ,TRESIAS .<,! ,TEATS ( ,TIRESIAS.>4 ,9 #aib ,PAUL ,D]MEE US$ ! T]M 9 ! REVIEW ,L',ESPRIT ,N\VEAU1 & 9 #aibd ,YVAN ,GOLL *OSE IT AS ! TITLE ( A P]IODICAL ?AT LA/$ = ONLY ONE ISSUE4 

,AS E>LY AS #a#i#a#i1 H[EV]1 ! CONCEPT HAD ACQUIR$ LESS VAGUE CONNOTATIONS4 ,9 ?AT YE> ,>AGON PRODUC$ HIS FIR/ AUTOMATIC TEXTS4 ,9 0,5TREE DES M$IUMS0 .<,5T] ! ,M$IUMS.>1 ,BRETON S\<T TO CIRCUMSCRIBE ! NOTION-A TASK ?AT HE W\LD PURSUE FUR!R 9 ! FIR/ ,MANIFE/O ( ,SURREALISM 7#a#i#b#d74 ,FROM ! \TSET 0SURREALISM0 SIGNIFI$ A NEW QUE/2 ! WORD IMM$IATELY BECAME ! LABEL ( A NEW CULTURAL PRODUCT1 CLE>LY REFLECT+ ! WILL TO DI/+UI% ?AT PRODUCT UNEQUIVOCALLY FROM ALL O!RS4 ,! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 A VOLUNT>I/IC RIGOR & ! 9CL9ATION TO COMPROMISE ?AT WAS OBJECTIVELY 5C\RAG$ BY ,SURREALISM'S FRE% EMBRACE ( CULTURE CREAT$ A P]MAN5T PO9T ( /RESS & L$ TO 5DLESS SPLITS 9 ! MOVEM5T 

,! REVIEW ,LITT]ATURE1 F\ND$ 9 #a#i#a#i1 WAS SO NAM$ BY ANTIPHRASIS1 BUT FROM ! BEG9N+ IT RETA9$ NOT A FEW G5U9ELY LIT]>Y ASPECTS2 EV5 9 APPE>ANCE IT RESEMBL$ A TRADITIONAL LIT]>Y MAGAZ9E 9 MANY RESPECTS4 ,?IS WAS ! />T+ PO9T = ! ,SURREALI/ PROJECT ( F\ND+ A NEW WAY ( ?9K+1 FEEL+ & LIV+1 ( CREAT+ A NEW WORLD2 & H]E LAY ! SE$S ( ! P>TICUL> WAY 9 :I* ?IS PROJECT W\LD BE WORK$ \T1 AS ( ! P>TICUL> WAY 9 :I* IT W\LD FAIL4 ,9 ! REGRESSIVE CONJUNCTURE :I* FOLL[$ ! TRIPLE DEFEAT ( ,SP>TACUS1 ( ,DADA & ( ! REVOLUTION ( ! ,SOVIETS 9 ,RUSSIA 7CO-OPT$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS71 ! ,SURREALI/S MADE A PROMISE :I* !Y KEPT3 TO BE ! CAPRICI\S CONSCI\SNESS ( A TIME )\T CONSCI\SNESS1 A WILL-O'-!-WISP 9 ! NI<T ( ,NATIONAL ,SOCIALISM & ,NATIONAL ,BOL%EVISM4 

,! FIR/ FEW ISSUES ( ,LITT]ATURE 9CLUD$ CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ,VAL]Y1 ,GIDE1 ,LEON-,PAUL ,F>GUE1 ,BLAIZE ,C5DR>S1 ,JULES ,ROMA9S1 ,MAX ,JACOB1 ,GEORGES ,AURIC & ,D>IUS ,MILHAUD4 ,! Y\NG ,BRETON ADMIR$ ,VAL]Y1 ,PI]RE ,REV]DY & ,SA9T-,POL-,R\X1 & TO ! LA/ ( !SE HE REMA9$ LOYAL HIS :OLE LIFE LONG2 YET HE ALSO HAD A FASC9ATION = ,>?UR ,CRAVAN & ,JACQUES ,VA*E1 PRIME EXEMPL>S ( ,DADA NIHILISM AU!NTICALLY LIV$ \T4 ,9 A S5SE ,BRETON'S WORK & EV5 ,SURREALISM ITSELF W]E ! PRODUCT ( !SE TWO DIV]G5T ORI5TATIONS4 

,! IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS D\BLE ALLEGIANCE >E CLE> FROM ,BRETON'S REM>KS 9 ! ,SECOND ,MANIFE/O ( ,SURREALISM 7#a#i#c73  
  

,9 SPITE ( ! V>I\S EF=TS PECULI> TO EA* ( ?OSE :O US$ TO CLAIM K9%IP ) ,SURREALISM1 OR :O /ILL DO1 ONE MU/ ULTIMATELY ADMIT ?AT1 MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE1 ,SURREALISM ATTEMPT$ TO PROVOKE1 FROM ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL PO9T ( VIEW1 A CRISIS ( CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MO/ G5]AL & S]I\S K9D1 & ?AT ! EXT5T TO :I* ?IS WAS OR WAS NOT ACCOMPLI%$ ALONE CAN DET]M9E ITS HI/ORICAL SUCCESS OR FAILURE4  
  

,! RE/RICTION H]E TO 0! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL PO9T ( VIEW0 CLE>LY 9DICATES AN ATTA*M5T TO CULTURE AS AN 9DEP5D5T SPH]E1 :ILE 0A CRISIS ( CONSCI\SNESS ( ! MO/ G5]AL & S]I\S K9D0 EVOKES :AT ,SURREALISM W\LD 9H]IT1 ALBEIT SUP]FICIALLY1 ( ! ,DADA SPIRIT4 

,9 FACT ,DADA PRECIPITAT$ ! PURG+ ( ,LITT]ATURE3 IT WAS UND] ,DADA'S 9FLU5CE ?AT QU>RELS BETWE5 LITT]ATEURS METAMORPHOS$ 9TO A G5]AL HO/ILITY T[>DS ! HOMME DE LETTRES P] SE - ?AT ANIMOSITY T[>DS A ,MAX ,JACOB1 AN ,&RE ,GIDE OR A ,JEAN ,COCTEAU CAME TO BE JU/IFI$ 9 T]MS ( CONTEMPT = WRIT+ AS A TRADE OR CRAFT4 

,9 #aib ,LITT]ATURE'S ?IRTE5? ISSUE OP5$ ! DOORS WID] ?AN EV] BE=E TO ! ,DADAI/ 9FLU5CE1 PUBLI%+ TW5TY-?REE ( ! MOVEM5T'S MANIFE/OS4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY1 H[EV]1 ! BREAK BETWE5 ,&RE ,BRETON & ,TRI/AN ,TZ>A WAS 9 ! MAK+4 

,BRETON'S 9TELLIG5CE & DISCRETION UND\BT$LY 5D[$ ,SURREALISM ) A GOOD P>T ( ITS G5IUS4 ,= ,DADA1 UN=TUNATELY1 JU/ ! OPPOSITE OCCURR$3 ALREADY SORELY LACK+ = REVOLUTION>Y !ORI/S1 IT LO/ MU* ( ITS RI* POT5TIAL :5 IT CAME UND] ! ?UMB ( ,TZ>A1 ! POV]TY ( :OSE IDEAS & ! BANALITY ( :OSE IMAG9ATION W]E ONLY RIVAL$ BY HIS LU/ = RECOGNITION1 = CELEBRITY4 

,TZ>A POSSESS$ NO?+ ( ! CRITICAL S5SE & CLE>-M9D$ COMBATIV5ESS NE$$ TO 9CITE >TI/S TO DESPAIR ( >T1 GRASP HOLD ( EV]YDAY LIFE & TRANS=M !MSELVES 9TO ! SUBJECT ( A COLLECTIVE WORK ( REVOLUTION4 ,& ! SAID >TI/S1 9DECISIVE & AT BOTTOM MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO ! TEMPTATION ( AN >TI/IC C>E] ?AN !Y C>$ TO ACKN[L$GE1 QUICKLY DISCOV]$ ?AT REPEAT+ ! FAMILI> JAPES ( ,DADA'S ANTI->T 0%[01 ) ,TZ>A AS *OREOGRAPH] & />1 (F]$ A CONV5I5T WAY ( SURREPTITI\SLY RESUM+ CULTURAL ACTIVITY )\T =MALLY R5\NC+ ! ,DADAI/ CONTEMPT = >T3 !Y M]ELY HAD TO PRET5D TO BELIEVE ?AT ?AT CONTEMPT APPLI$ SOLELY TO ! DOM9ANT =MS ( LIT]ATURE1 ?\<T OR >T4 ,9 A S5SE1 ,SURREALISM ITSELF RESID$ 9 !SE %ORTCOM+S ( ,DADA4 

,LITT]ATURE'S SURVEY BAS$ ON ! QUE/ION 0,:Y DO Y\ WRITE80 WAS NOT SO RADICAL AS ONE MI<T JU/IFIABLY HAVE SUPPOS$ AT FIR/ GLANCE4 ,TRUE1 IT CLE>LY EXPOS$ ! G5]AL VULG>ITY ( 9T5T & LACK ( IMAG9ATION ( ! MAK]S ( NOVELS1 ! AS99ITY ( V]SIFI]S & ACADEMIC ?9K]S1 YET AT ! SAME TIME IT LAID ! GR\NDWORK = ! 0DISCOV]Y0 ( PR(\ND] JU/IFICATIONS = A NEW >T ( WRIT+1 FEEL+1 OR PA9T+ & AU?ORIZ$ A NEW =M ( EXPRESSION ) CLAIMS TO BE+ AU!NTIC & TOTAL4 

,SU* A =M ( EXPRESSION ALREADY EXI/$ EXP]IM5TALLY4 ,AS ,BRETON RECALLS 9 ,5TRETI5S .<,CONV]SATIONS 7#a#i#e#b7.>1 09 #a#i#a#i1 ,I BEGAN PAY+ ATT5TION TO ?OSE MORE OR LESS COMPLETE S5T5CES :I*1 :5 ONE WAS 5TIRELY ALONE1 AS SLEEP CAME ON1 W\LD BECOME P]CEPTIBLE TO ! M9D )\T IT BE+ POSSIBLE TO F9D ANY PREEXI/+ REASON = !M40 

,! PRACTICAL RESULTS APPE>$ 9 A JO9T WORK BY ,BRETON & ,S\PAULT1 ,! ,MAGNETIC ,FIELDS 7#a#i#b71 SUPPOS$LY WRITT5 UND] ! DIRECT DICTATES ( ! UNCONSCI\S4 ,! BOOK =E%AD[$ ! LAT] EXP]IM5TAL 0SLEEP+0 BY MEANS ( :I* ,ROB]T ,DESNOS1 ,B5JAM9 ,PE]T & ,]NE ,CREVEL S\<T TO EXPRESS !MSELVES )\T ANY M$IATION BY ! CONSCI\S M9D4 

,BY ! TIME ,BRETON TOOK OV] AS $ITOR ( A NEW S]IES ( ,LITT]ATURE 9 ,M>* #a#i#b#b1 & EV5-H&$LY REJECT$ BO? ,DADAISM & ! LIT]>Y BRIGADE 7,GIDE1 ,VAL]Y & ,CO471 HE ALREADY HAD A CLE> AG5DA1 9 ! =M ( A POSITIVE PROJECT4 

,! COM+ BREAK ) ,DADA WAS HA/5$ 9 #aiba BY A PUBLIC EV5T ORGANIZ$ BY ,>AGON & ,BRETON3 ! 09DICTM5T & TRIAL ( ,MAURICE ,B>RES04 ,B>RES WAS A LIT]>Y AN>*I/ ( ! 0CULT ( ! ,EGO0 V>IETY :O SANG ! PRAISES ( NATIONALISM 9 DULCET TONES4 ,HE WAS1 9 %ORT1 ! P]FECT SYMBOL ( A F9-DE-SIECLE 9TELLIG5TSIA ?AT N[ PRACTIC$ ! POETRY ( ! BUGLE-CALL1 ?US BY !IR NEGATIVE EXAMPLE JU/IFY+ ! PROPON5TS ( A CULTURE FREE ( 09TELLECTUAL BLOOD/A9S04 

,! TRIAL WAS HELD ON #ac ,MAY4 ,! ACCUS$ WAS REPRES5T$ BY A C>NIVAL MANNEQU92 ,BRETON PRESID$1 ,GEORGES ,RIBEMONT-,DESSAIGNES TOOK ! ROLE ( PUBLIC PROSECUTOR1 & ,S\PAULT & ,>AGON1 :O HAD EV]Y A PRIORI REASON TO LIKE ,B>RES1 W]E HIS DEF5D]S4 

,NO EF=T WAS SP>$ 9 ! ATTEMPT TO 5SURE ?AT ! EV5T W\LD PROVOKE LEGAL ACTION & SP>K A CONFRONTATION :I* W\LD RATIFY ,DADA'S S$ITI\SNESS 9 ! EYES ( REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS4 ,%ORT ( SU* AN \TCOME1 9DE$1 !RE WAS NO HOPE ( SAV+ ,DADA4 

,B5JAM9 ,PE]T1 :OSE 5TIRE LIFE WAS 9=M$ BY AN UNWAV]+ & 9TRANSIG5T RADICALISM1 TE/IFI$ TO GREAT EFFECT AT ! ,B>RES TRIAL1 SPEAK+ 9 ,G]MAN & PLAY+ 0,! ,UNKN[N ,SOLDI]04 ,ALL ! WITNESSES1 MOREOV]1 WAX$ ELOQU5T UPON ! EXCREM5TAL *>ACT] ( VET]ANS1 ( ,B>RES & ( EV]Y?+ HAV+ TO DO ) ! NATION & ITS TRAITS4 ,VICTOR ,CRA/RE IS RI<T1 H[EV]1 :5 HE 9SI/S 9 HIS BOOK ,LE ,DRAME DU SURREALISME .<,! ,TRAG$Y ( ,SURREALISM.> ?AT ! ,B>RES TRIAL WAS A FAILURE3 

,! ABS5CE ( ANY REACTION FROM ! RI<T1 C\PL$ ) ! SIL5CE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES1 MEANT ?AT ! TRIAL HAD FAIL$4 ,?IS FAILURE WAS E*O$ BY A REGRESSION TO ES!TICISM1 9 ! %APE ( ! ,SALON ,DADA ?AT OP5$ AT ! ,GAL]IE ,MONTAIGNE ON ! #f? ( ,JUNE #a#i#b#b1 & ITS M$IOCRE TRIUMPH4 ,9 ?IS CONNECTION ,BRETON WROTE3 0,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ! SPONSOR%IP ( A S]IES ( UTT]LY FUTILE ',DADA' ACTIONS IS ON ! PO9T ( V]Y S]I\SLY COMPROMIS+ AN UND]TAK+ TO :I* ,I REMA9 ATTA*$40 ,?IS ATTA*M5T W\LD OBLIGE ,BRETON TO TRY & SAVE ,DADA FROM ! /]ILITY ?AT WAS N[ ?REAT5+ IT4 ,HE DECID$ TO CONV5E A CONGRESS 9 ORD] TO CLE> MATT]S UP3 ! 0,P>IS ,CONGRESS = ! ,ORI5TATION & ,DEF5SE ( ! ,MOD]N ,SPIRIT04 ,?IS WAS AN AMBITI\S PROJECT1 AIM+ AS IT DID TO GET POETRY & >T BACK ONTO FIRM] GR\ND ?AN ! %IFT+ S&S 9 :I* !Y HAD BE5 CAU<T4 ,& IT DID NOT SUCCE$4 ,WRIT]S & >TI/S :O HAD MADE SMALL REPUTATIONS = !MSELVES 9 & ?R\< ,DADA SAW LITTLE REASON TO ?R[ EV]Y?+ AWAY = ! SAKE ( A V5TURE :I* SEEM$ TO !M TO HAVE NO FUTURE1 = !Y HAD NO?+ BUT MI/RU/ = ! 0SPIRIT0 9 :OSE NAME ! ,CONGRESS WAS BE+ CALL$4 

,AFT] ?IS SETBACK ,BRETON & HIS FRI5DS SCAL$ D[N !IR AMBITIONS1 BE+ 9CL9$ TO EXPLORE ! DEP?S :ILE CA/+ !IR NET LESS WIDELY4 ,!Y REFUS$ ALL ALLIANCES4 ,&1 N[ MU* R$UC$ 9 NUMB]S1 ! GR\P )DREW 9TO ITSELF4 

,IT IS NOTABLE ?AT ,PICABIA1 ! MO/ CONSI/5T NIHILI/ ( ! ,DADAI/ GR\P1 L5T HIS SUPPORT TO ! PROJECT$ ,CONGRESS4 ,BY CONTRA/ ,TZ>A OPPOS$ ! IDEA1 CLAIM+ ?AT SU* A PROJECT WAS ESS5TIALLY CON/RUCTIVE1 :]EAS ,DADA WAS BY DEF9ITION PURE NEGATION6 

,! ,SPECIFICITY ( ,SURREALISM 

  

,! BREAK ) ,DADA BECAME UTT]LY F9AL 9 #a#i#b#c1 :51 AT A P]=MANCE ( ,TZ>A'S ,COEUR A GAZ .<,! ,GAS ,HE>T.>1 ! AU?OR CALL$ ! POLICE & S\<T TO HAVE ,ELU>D1 ,BRETON & ,PE]T ?R[N \T AS TR\BLEMAK]S4 

,>\ND A H>D CORE MADE UP 9ITIALLY ( ,BRETON1 ,>AGON & ,S\PAULT1 !RE N[ REVOLV$ AN (T5 DISP>ATE GR\P ( P]SONALITIES1 AMONG !M ,ELU>D1 ,PE]T1 ,ROB]T ,DESNOS1 ,ROG] ,VITRAC1 ,MAX ,MORISE1 ,GEORGES ,LIMB\R1 ,JOSEPH ,DELTEIL1 ,JACQUES ,B>ON1 ,]NE ,CREVEL1 ,MAN ,RAY1 ,M>CEL ,DU*AMP1 & ,MAX ,]N/4 #aibd & #aibe W]E TO BE ! PIVOTAL YE>S ( ,SURREALISM3 UNTIL !N1 ! MOVEM5T WAS DETA*+ ITSELF FROM A ,DADAI/ SPIRIT :I* IT HAD ALWAYS ESP\S$ ONLY ) RETIC5CE2 AFT]W>DS1 ! ,SURREALI/S BEGAN TO SEEK AGREEM5T ) COMMUNI/S ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R1 FROM ! SOME:AT M>G9AL ,L59I/S ( ,CL>TE TO ! H>D-L9E ,/AL9I/S ( ! ,FR5* ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 

,?IS FRUITFUL P]IOD SAW ! CONCEPTION & PUBLICATION ( ,BRETON'S ,MANIFE/O ( ,SURREALISM1 ! APPE>ANCE ( A REVIEW1 ,LA ,REVOLUTION ,SURREALI/E1 & ! CREATION ( A 0,BUREAU = ,SURREALI/ ,RESE>*04 ,! ,SURREALI/S' 9T]E/ 9 DREAMS & AUTOMATIC WRIT+1 ! ATT5TION !Y PAID TO ,FREUD1 !IR 9V5TION ( GAMES1 !IR CULTIVATION ( ! D]IVE & ( *ANCE 5C\NT]S1 & !IR EXP]IM5TS ) SPIRITUALISM-ALL !SE TOGE!R CON/ITUT$ A UNIFI$ SET ( PREOCCUPATIONS CAPABLE ( %$D+ CLE> NEW LI<T ON HUMAN POSSIBILITIES4 ,9DE$ ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,LA ,REVOLUTION ,SURREALI/E PROCLAIM$ ! NE$ = 0A NEW DECL>ATION ( ! RI<TS ( MAN04 

,! GR\P WAS SOON JO9$ BY ,&RE ,MASSON1 ,MA?IAS ,LUBECK1 ,GEORGES ,MALK9E1 ,PI]RE ,NAVILLE1 ,RAYMOND ,QU5EAU1 ,ANTON9 ,>TAUD1 ,JACQUES ,PREV]T1 ,M>CEL ,DUHAMEL & ,PI]RE ,BRASSEUR1 :ILE 9 ,YUGOSLAVIA A ,SURREALI/ MOVEM5T EM]G$ :OSE PRIME MOV] WAS ,M>CO ,RI/IT*4 

,AT ?IS TIME1 TOO1 ,SURREALISM CREAT$ A PIQUANT G5EALOGY = ITSELF :I* 9CLUD$ FIGURES :OSE WORK CRI$ \T = DIALECTICAL SUP]SESSION ON ! PLANE ( REAL LIFE 7DE ,SADE1 ,LAUTREAMONT1 ,F\RI]1 ,M>X1 ETC471 GREAT DREAM]S 7,N]VAL1 ,NOVALIS1 ,A*IM VON ,>NIM71 AL*EMI/S 7,P>ACELSUS1 ,BASIL ,VAL5T9E71 A MOTLEY ( IMPASSION$1 ECC5TRIC & FANTA/IC =EBE>S1 POETS ( BLACK HUMOR1 & SO ON-9 %ORT1 A :OLE PAN!ON ?AT WAS CONT9UALLY BE+ ADD$ TO 7& OCCASIONALLY R$UC$1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ,PE1 :O WAS 9DUCT$ AT FIR/1 ONLY TO BE EXPELL$ SUBSEQU5TLY ON ACC\NT ( HIS CONTRIBUTION TO ! SCI5CE ( POLICE WORK74 ,MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL1 ! GR\P APPROPRIAT$ ! ,DADAI/ TE*NIQUE ( SC&AL-MAK+ & TURN$ IT EFFECTIVELY AGA9/ ! REPRES5TATIVES ( (FICIAL CULTURE4 ,TWO SC&ALS 9 P>TICUL> MAY BE SAID TO HAVE ?OR\<LY %AK5 UP ! CONV5TIONAL WISDOM ( ! TIME4 ,!SE W]E ! PUBLICATION ( ! PAMPHLET ,A ,CORPSE1 HAIL+ ! BURIAL ( ,ANATOLE ,FRANCE1 & ! EV5TS SURR\ND+ ! ,SA9T-,POL-,R\X BANQUET4 ,ANATOLE ,FRANCE1 AS ,BRETON EXPLA9S 9 ,5TRETI5S1  
  

WAS ! PROTOTYPE ( EV]Y?+ WE HELD 9 CONTEMPT4 ,9 \R EYES1 IF EV] !RE WAS AN UNDES]V$ REPUTATION1 IT WAS HIS4 ,! SUPPOS$ TRANSP>5CY ( HIS /YLE LEFT US COLD1 & HIS MU* VAUNT$ SKEPTICISM WE F\ND REPUGNANT4 ,IT WAS HE :O HAD SAID ?AT 0,RIMBAUD'S SONNET ',VOYELLES' .<,V[ELS.> DEFIES COMMON S5SE01 EV5 IF ITS V]SES W]E 0AMUS+04 ,ON ! HUMAN LEVEL1 WE F\ND HIS ATTITUDE AS S9I/] & DESPICABLE AS C\LD BE3 HE HAD DONE :ATEV] ONE HAD TO DO TO G>N] ! SUPPORT ( ,RI<T & ,LEFT ALIKE4 ,HE WAS SO PUFF$ UP ) HIS HONORS & HIS [N SELF-IMPORTANCE ?AT WE FELT NO COMPUNCTION :ATSOEV]4 

,?IS W9DBAG HAS S9CE BE5 SO ?OR\<LY DEFLAT$ ?AT IT IS H>D TODAY TO IMAG9E ! RAGE ?AT ?OSE F\R PAGES1 CONTA9+ TEXTS BY ,>AGON1 ,DELTEIL1 ,DRIEU LA ,RO*ELLE & ME1 W]E CAPABLE ( UNLEA%+4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,CAMILLE ,MAUCLAIR1 ,>AGON & ,I W]E NO?+ BUT 0RAV+ MANIACS01 & HE ADD$ ?AT 0,!SE >E ! MANN]S NOT ( UP/>TS & RUFFIANS BUT ( JACKALS44404 ,O!RS W5T FUR!R1 CALL+ = LEGAL SANCTIONS AGA9/ US4  
  

,9 ,JULY #a#i#b#e1 A BANQUET 9 HONOR ( ,SA9T-,POL-,R\X1 :O WAS AN IDOL TO ,BRETON & SEV]AL O!R ,SURREALI/S1 (F]$ ! P]FECT OPPORTUNITY TO GET RID ( ! LIT]>Y TRA% ONCE & = ALL4 ,! ,FR5* AMBASSADOR1 ,PAUL ,CLAUDEL1 HAD DECL>$ TO AN ,ITALIAN NEWSPAP] ?AT ,SURREALISM1 JU/ LIKE ,DADAISM1 HAD 0ONE MEAN+ ONLY-A P$]A/IC ONE04 ,! ,SURREALI/S' RIPO/E CAME 9 ! =M ( AN 0,OP5 ,LETT]0 PR9T$ ON SANG-DE-BOEUF PAP] & SLIPP$ UND] EA* PLATE AT ! ,CLOS]IE DES ,LILAS1 :]E ! BANQUET TOOK PLACE4 ,BRETON'S AMUS$ ACC\NT ( :AT 5SU$ IS WELL KN[N3  
  

,BY ! TIME A RA!R SAD 0HAKE 9 :ITE SAUCE0 WAS BE+ S]V$1 A NUMB] ( US W]E /&+ ON ! TABLES4 ,?+S FELL COMPLETELY AP>T :5 ?REE ( ! GUE/S W5T (F & CAME BACK SOON AFT]W>DS ) ! POLICE 9 T[4 ,BUT1 AS HUMOR W\LD HAVE IT1 IT WAS ,MME ,RA*ILDE1 BY ?IS TIME AT A HI< PIT* ( AGITATION1 :O 9 ! G5]AL *AOS 5D$ UP GETT+ >RE/$4  
  

,ON ?IS OCCASION1 TOO1 ,MI*EL ,LEIRIS WAS NE>LY LYN*$ = %\T+ S$ITI\S SLOGANS FROM ! RE/AURANT W9D[ AT A PASS+ VET]ANS' P>ADE3 0,LONG LIVE ,G]MANY6 ,LONG LIVE ,*9A6 ,LONG LIVE ,ABD-EL-,KRIM60 

,AN>*O-,DADAISM WAS /ILL A LIVELY /R& 9 ! ,SURREALISM ( ?IS P]IOD4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! COV] ( ! FIR/ NUMB] ( ,LA ,REVOLUTION ,SURREALI/E %[$ A PHOTOGRAPH ( ! AN>*I/ ,G]MA9E ,B]TON AMONG MEMB]S ( ! GR\P4 ,BUT !RE WAS MORE PROVOCATION H]E ?AN COMMITM5T1 = NEI!R ,BONNOT NOR ,RAVA*OL W]E MEMB]S ( ! ,SURREALI/ PAN!ON2 :AT IS WORSE1 ,MECISLAS ,*>RI] W\LD BE GUILLOT9$ BY ,PO9C>E )\T SO MU* AS A PEEP \T ( ,BRETON & HIS FRI5DS4 ,ALL ! SAME1 IT WAS ! F]M5T ( REVOLT ?AT !Y KEPT ON ! BOIL1 & ! PRECISION ) :I* !Y CONT9U$ TO D5\NCE ! P]MAN5T \TRAGE\SNESS ( ! PREVAIL+ ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY 7A PRECISION /ILL V]Y MU* 9 EVID5CE 9 ! 9T]V5TION 9 FAVOR ( ,VIOLETTE ,NOZI]ES7 ?AT W\LD PREV5T ! BE/ ,SURREALI/S FROM R$UC+ !IR DREAM ( A GLOBAL REVOLUTION1 NO MATT] H[ CONFUS$ IT WAS1 TO ! M$IOCRE LEVEL ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,IT WAS !SE1 TOGE!R ) ! CULT ( ! PASSIONS1 & ESPECIALLY ( LOVE1 ?AT SAV$ ! MOVEM5T FROM ANY \TRI<T COMPROMISE ) 9FAMY4 7,SURREALISM'S PASS+ ALLIANCE ) ,TROTSKY1 ! BUT*] ( ,KRON/ADT 9 #a#i#b#a1 MAY BE PUT D[N TO IGNORANCE47 

,9 ! ,%AD[ ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 

  

,BEG9N+ 9 #aibd & #a#i#b#e1 ! FEEL+ GRADUALLY CAME TO PREVAIL 9 ! MOVEM5T ?AT ITS ES!TIC CRITIQUE NE$$ POLITICAL RE9=CEM5T4 ,MEET+S W]E HELD BETWE5 ! ,SURREALI/S & MEMB]S ( ,CL>TE1 AMONG !M ,VICTOR ,CRA/RE1 ,M>CEL ,F\RI] & JEAN ,B]NI]4 ,?IS WAS A GR\P ( AVANT-G>DE 9TELLECTUALS ON ! LEFT ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY :O OPPOS$ ! CON=MISM ( ,H5RI ,B>BUSSE1 !N LIT]>Y $ITOR ( ! ,P>TY NEWSPAP] ,L',HUMANITE4 

,!RE W]E MANY ,SURREALI/S :O FELT ?AT 5SUR+ ! SUPPORT1 OR AT ANY RATE ! B5EVOL5CE ( ! ,P>TY WAS A MORE DECISIVE WAY ( BREAK+ ) ! LITT]ATEURS ?AN M]ELY PLAY+ ! B>B>IANS HAMM]+ AT ! GATES ( CULTURE1 A PLOY :I* 9 ANY CASE RAN ! RISK ?AT ONE DAY ?OSE GATES W\LD GIVE WAY1 ALL[+ ! B>B>IANS TO PIT* !IR T5TS )9 ! CITADEL1 & ?US BE COOPT$4 ,= ?OSE :O FELT ?IS WAY1 & = A FEW O!RS TOO1 ! IMAGE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ) A KNIFE BETWE5 HIS TEE?1 MU* EXPLOIT$ BY ! ,RI<T1 CONT9U$ TO BE V]Y S$UCTIVE4 ,:AT !Y DID NOT KN[ WAS ?AT ! FRE%E/ BLOOD ON ?AT KNIFE1 FRE%] ?AN ?AT ( ! ,:ITES1 WAS ?AT ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S & ! LEFT OPPOSITION1 & ?AT BE=E LONG IT W\LD BE PUT TO WORK SETTL+ ALL ( ,/AL9'S V5DETTAS4 

,ONLY ,>TAUD1 EV] S5SITIVE TO ! M]E/ H9T ( OPPRESSION1 N[ DI/ANC$ HIMSELF 9 CLE> AW>5ESS ( :AT WAS AT /AKE4 ,AS HIS FRI5DS MOV$ CLOS] & CLOS] TO ,CL>TE1 HE /OOD MORE & MORE ALO(1 & EV5TUALLY )DREW ALTOGE!R4 ,S\PAULT1 ,VITRAC1 ,B>ON & A FEW O!RS OPT$ /RAI<T=W>DLY = LIT]>Y C>E]S AT ?IS PO9T2 !Y ?US MADE !IR EXITS BY ! OPPOSITE DOOR TO ,>TAUD1 DULY RECEIV+ ,BRETON'S F>EWELL 9 ! ,SECOND ,MANIFE/O AS !Y DEP>T$4 

,9 #aibf IT WAS RESOLV$ ?AT A NEW P]IODICAL 5TITL$ ,LA ,GU]RE ,CIVILE W\LD BE LAUN*$ 9 CONJUNCTION ) ,CL>TE4 ,?AT ?IS PLAN CAME TO NAU<T BESPEAKS ! FACT ?AT IT WAS N[ TOO LATE = TWO AUTONOM\S SPH]ES1 ?AT ( A SPECIALIZ$ POLITICS & ?AT ( A SPECIALIZ$ REANIMAT$ >T1 TO FUZE 9TO ONE4 

,SURREALI/ ACTIVITY HAD NONE!LESS NEV] BE=E REA*$ SU* HEI<TS4 ,! SPIRIT ( ! MOVEM5T WAS SPREAD+ 9T]NATIONALLY4 ,9 ,BELGIUM1 ,]NE ,MAGRITTE1 ,PAUL ,N\GE & ,L\IS ,SCUT5AIRE F\ND$ A ,SURREALI/ GR\P :OSE 9V5TIV5ESS1 /YLE & VIOL5CE W\LD C>RY IT A V]Y LONG WAY BE=E - MU* LAT] ON - IT COLLAPS$ 9TO A SOPHOMORIC HUMOR PUNCTUAT$ BY ,/AL9I/ PR(ESSIONS ( FAI?4 

,! GAME ( 0,EXQUISITE ,CORPSE01 9 :I* A POEM OR PICTURE IS CREAT$ COLLECTIVELY BY PLAY]S :O >E UNAW>E1 EXCEPT = ! FIR/ ELEM5T1 ( :AT ! O!RS WRITE OR DRAW1 WAS A SUCCESSFUL REVIVAL1 ) 9CREAS$ EMPHASIS ON LANGUAGE1 ( ! SPIRIT ( ,DADAI/ COLLAGE1 ( ! NOTION ( A POETRY MADE BY ALL1 ( ! IDEA ( OBJECTIVE *ANCE4 ,?IS PA/IME SUPPLI$ ,SURREALISM ) ONE ( ITS BE/ & MO/ 9T]E/+ WAYS ( SATISFY+ ITS PROP5SITY = PLAYFULNESS4 

,9 #aibg ,&RE ,BRETON JO9$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,ASSIGN$ TO ! 0GAS WORK]S' CELL01 HE SET \T ) A DIS>M+ WILL+NESS TO DO HIS BIT1 BUT HE WAS EXASP]AT$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/S' BUREAUCRATIC T5D5CIES 7:I* = ! TIME BE+ W]E NOT SO MU* S9I/] AS RIDICUL\S71 & BE=E LONG HE LEFT ! ,P>TY MILITANTS TO !IR ILLUSIONS4 

,ON ! ,>TAUD SIDE ( ?+S1 MEAN:ILE1 ?\< )\T ANY DIRECT 9PUT FROM ,>TAUD1 A T5D5CY EM]G$ 9 ,SURREALISM :I* W\LD BECOME PREPOND]ANT AFT] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,! VOICE ( ?IS T5D5CY WAS ,]NE ,DAUMAL & ,ROG]-,GILB]T ,LECOMTE'S REVIEW ,LE ,GR& ,JEU1 :OSE FIR/ ISSUE APPE>$ 9 #a#i#b#h4 ,! POSSIBILITY ( A CONV]G5CE BETWE5 ?IS GR\P & ,BRETON'S WAS EXPLOR$1 BUT PROV$ IMPOSSIBLE4 ,DAUMAL & ,LECOMTE HAD LITTLE TA/E = ! K9D ( DISCIPL9E ,BRETON IMPOS$4 ,FUR!RMORE1 !Y HAD A C]TA9 CONTEMPT = POLITICS1 ?IS AT A TIME :5 ! MA9/REAM ,SURREALI/S W]E HA/ILY BECOM+ POLITICIZ$1 & :5EV] !Y W]E REPROA*$ ON !SE GR\NDS1 :I* WAS (T51 !Y W\LD RESPOND BY W>N+ ( ! DANG] ( ,SURREALISM'S CO-OPTATION4 ,! TWO GR\PS HAD A COMMON 9T]E/ 9 UNION1 BUT NEI!R SIDE FELT PASSIONATELY 5\< AB\T ITS NECESSITY = IT TO COME AB\T1 & AS SOON AS A PRETEXT PRES5T$ ITSELF1 !Y W5T !IR SEP>ATE WAYS4 ,?AT PRETEXT WAS AN APOLOGIA = ! ,PREFECT ( ,POLICE1 ,*IAPPE1 WRITT5 = A NEWSPAP] BY ,ROG] ,VAILL&1 A MEMB] ( ! ,GR& ,JEU GR\P4 ,DAUMAL & ,LECOMTE REBUK$ ,VAILL& = ?IS 9 ! WEAKE/ ( T]MS2 ,BRETON WAS NOT ACCU/OM$ TO TOL]AT+ ! ABS5CE ( A VIOL5T REACTION TO A FAIL+ ( ?IS K9D4 7,SUBSEQU5TLY ,DAUMAL MOV$ CLOS] & CLOS] TO A ,GURDJIEFFIAN POSITION1 SO MU* SO ?AT 9 #aicc HE BROKE ) ,LECOMTE47 

,! ,SECOND ,MANIFE/O1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#c1 BECAME 9 EFFECT A G5]AL SETTL+ ( ACC\NTS4 ,AMONG ?OSE EXPELL$ W]E ,JACQUES ,B>ON1 ,GEORGES ,LIMB\R1 ,&RE ,MASSON1 ,ROG] ,VITRAC1 ,DESNOS1 ,PREV]T & ,RAYMOND ,QU5EAU4 ,IT WAS ,>TAUD ABOVE ALL1 H[EV]1 :O CAME UND] ATTACK4 ,ADMITT$LY1 HE HAD BR\<T ANA!MA UPON HIMSELF BY CALL+ ! POLICE ON HIS FRI5DS :5 !Y TRI$ TO DISRUPT A P]=MANCE AT ! ,ALFR$ ,J>RY ,!AT]2 YET ,TZ>A1 AFT] ALL1 HAD PO9T$ ,BRETON & ,ELU>D \T TO ! POLICE 9 #a#i#b#c1 & ,BRETON WAS N[ RECONCIL$ ) HIM4 

,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ! ,SURREALI/ GR\P WAS RE9=C$ BY ! >RIVAL ( ,LUIS ,BUNUEL1 ,SALVADOR ,DALI & ,]NE ,*>4 ,9 ,PRAGUE ! MOVEM5T WAS RID+ HI< ?ANKS TO ,VITEZLAV ,NEZVAL1 ,J9DRI* ,/YRSKY1 ,K>EL ,TEIGE & ,TOY54 ,9 #aibi ,JACQUES ,RIGAUT1 LIKE ,CRAVAN & ,VA*E A GREAT LIV+ EXEMPL> ( ,DADAI/ NIHILISM1 KILL$ HIMSELF4 

,ON ! SC&AL FRONT1 ! PSY*IATRI/S GOT UP 9 >MS OV] ! CALLS TO MURD] CONTA9$ 9 ,BRETON'S ,NADJA1 :I* W]E 9DE$ DIRECT$ AT !M P]SONALLY4 ,A NEW P]IODICAL1 ,LE ,SURREALISME AU ,S]VICE DE LA ,REVOLUTION .<,SURREALISM AT ! ,S]VICE ( ! ,REVOLUTION.>1 WAS LAUN*$ ) AN APPROPRIATE AGGRESSIV5ESS1 ?\< ! TITLE SUGGE/$ A M>K$ RETREAT AS COMP>$ ) ?AT ( ! E>LI] ,LA ,REVOLUTION ,SURREALI/E4 ,IF ,SURREALISM WAS TO BE 9 ! TRA9 ( A REVOLUTION :OSE ONLY POSSIBLE MOTOR WAS ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ! FATE ( POETRY - NOT TO M5TION ?AT ( ! REVOLUTION>IES - WAS SURELY SEAL$4 ,HAPPILY1 ! CONT5T ( ! NEW P]IODICAL T5D$ TO BELIE ITS TITLE4 ,CREVEL1 SUMM>IZ+ ! /ATE ( PLAY 9 ! ?IRD ISSUE1 WAS ABLE TO WRITE3  
  

,SURREALISM3 NOT A S*OOL BUT A MOVEM5T2 DOES NOT !RE=E SPEAK EX CA!DRA BUT GOES TO SEE1 GOES 9 SE>* ( KN[L$GE1 ( KN[L$GE APPLI$ TO ! ,REVOLUTION 7VIA A POETICR\TE74 ,LAUTREAMONT HAD SAID3 POETRY MU/ BE MADE BY ALL1 NOT BY ONE4 ,ELU>D'S COMM5T ON ?IS3 POETRY WILL PURIFY ALL M54 ,ALL IVORY T[]S WILL BE DEMOLI%$4  
  

,& ,CREVEL ADDS3 0,/>T+ \T FROM ,HEGEL1 LIKE ,M>X & ,5GELS BUT FOLL[+ A DIFF]5T PA?1 ,SURREALISM 5DS UP AT DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM40 ,TRU? TO TELL1 ,HEGEL WAS DISCOV]$ V]Y BELAT$LY BY ! ,SURREALI/S1 &1 EV5 MORE IMPORTANT1 !Y MADE B>ELY ANY PRACTICAL USE ( HIM-NOT EV5 AS A TOOL = DISCRIM9AT+ BETWE5 ! DIALECTIC & ! ?9K+ ( A ,MAURICE ,?OREZ4 ,!IR TA/E = LIFE MADE A MU* GREAT] CONTRIBUTION1 & ! BE/ ( ,SURREALI/ ?\<T UNQUE/IONABLY >OSE FROM !IR ANALYZES ( LIV$ MOM5TS1 :I* REVEAL$ ! DIALECTIC F> BETT] ?AN QUOTATIONS FROM ,HEGEL & CREAT$ POETRY F> MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AN ANY POEM4 

,9 RESPONSE TO ,BRETON'S DIATRIBES 9 ! ,SECOND ,MANIFE/O1 ! EXCLUDEES ISSU$ A VIOL5T PAMPHLET :I* EMULAT$ ! TONE & BORR[$ ! TITLE ( ! COMP5DIUM ( 9SULTS E>LI] DIRECT$ AT ,ANATOLE ,FRANCE3 ,UN ,CADAVRE .<,A ,CORPSE.>4 ,! 0,B> ,MALDOROR0 - A PREMATURE ATTEMPT AT COMM]CIAL CO-OPTATION WAS SACK$ BY ,BRETON & HIS FRI5DS4 ,BUNUEL'S FILM ,L',AGE D'OR R\S$ ! IRE ( W> VET]ANS & ( ! ,RI<T4 ,ONE P>TICUL>LY F9E EXPRESSION ( ANG]1 AN OP5 LETT] TO ! TOP /UD5T APPLICANT ( ! YE> ADMITT$ TO ! ,SA9T-,CYR ,MILIT>Y ,ACADEMY1 EXPOS$ ,GEORGES ,SAD\L1 ONE ( ! SIGNATORIES1 TO A ?REE-YE> PRISON T]M4 ,& A CRITIC AT ,LA ,LIB]TE CALL$ = ,PE]T TO BE %OT = HAV+ WRITT5 ! POEM 0,VIE DE L'ASSASS9 ,FO*0 .<,LIFE ( ! ,MURD]] ,FO*.>1 :I* DEALT ) ITS SUBJECT 9 TONES ( UNP>ALLEL$ EXECRATION4 

,AT ?IS TIME TOO1 ,MAURICE ,HE9E PUBLI%$ HIS ADMIRABLE PREFACE TO DE ,SADE'S ,JU/9E4 ,HE9E EX]T$ A MU* GREAT] 9FLU5CE ON ! ,SURREALI/ MOVEM5T ?AN HIS NATURAL DISCRETION1 & ?AT ( HIS FRI5DS1 MI<T LEAD ONE TO SUPPOSE4 

,9 #aica ,SURREALISM'S DALLIANCE ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY TOOK A MILITANT TURN4 ,! GR\P SIGN$ UP ) ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,WRIT]S & ,>TI/S1 :I* WAS CONTROLL$ BY ! ,P>TY4 ,WAS IT P]HAPS BY WAY ( A C\NT]WEI<T ?AT AT ?IS SAME TIME RESE>* 9TO 0MAGICAL0 WORKS 9T5SIFI$1 SPURR$ ON BY ! REVELATION ( ,ALB]TO ,GIACOMETTI'S 0OBJECTS ) SYMBOLIC FUNCTIONS08 ,AT ALL EV5TS1 ! L9KS BETWE5 AL*EMY & CREATIVE PA?S TO NEW & SACROSANCT RELATION%IPS WAS V]Y MU* 9 ! =EFRONT ( ,SURREALI/ M$ITATIONS EV5 AS ! 0,>AGON AFFAIR0 WAS BUBBL+ UP4 

,?IS AFFAIR BEGAN :5 ,BRETON & HIS FRI5DS1 ?\< APPROV+ ( NEI!R ITS SPIRIT NOR ITS =M1 NEV]!LESS TOOK UP ! DEF5SE ( ,>AGON'S LONG POEM 0,FRONT R\GE0 .<,R$ ,FRONT.>1 WRITT5 DUR+ A VISIT TO ! ,U,S,S,R4 ,! EMB>RASSM5T ,BRETON EXP]I5C$ AT ?US HAV+ TO /& BEH9D ,>AGON1 :OSE TEXT ALREADY CONTA9$ ! SE$S ( ! PEANS TO ! FA!RL& ?AT W]E TO FOLL[1 IS QUITE TANGIBLE 9 HIS ,MIS]E DE LA POESIE .<,! ,POV]TY ( ,POETRY.>4 

,9 ! MEANTIME1 ,>AGON WAS S5D+ V]Y OPTIMI/IC REPORTS BACK FROM ,MOSC[ CONC]N+ ! PROSPECT ( ! ,SURREALI/S REA*+ AGREEM5T ) ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,SAD\L1 ,>AGON'S TRAVEL+ COMPANION 9 ,RUSSIA1 RETURN$ TO ,P>IS AHEAD ( ,>AGON HIMSELF1 :O /OPP$ (F 9 ,BRUSSELS = A FEW DAYS4 ,H]E IS ,BRETON'S ACC\NT 9 ,5TRETI5S ( ! CONV]SATION HE HAD ) ,SAD\L ON ! LATT]'S RETURN3  
  

,YES1 EV]Y?+ HAD GONE WELL2 YES1 ! OBJECTIVES WE HAD DECID$ TO SET \RSELVES HAD BE5 MET1 BUT4444 ,!RE WAS 9DE$ A V]Y L>GE 0BUT04 ,AN H\R OR TWO BE=E !IR DEP>TURE1 !Y HAD BE5 ASK$ TO SIGN A DECL>ATION ?AT IMPLI$ ! AB&ONM5T1 NOT TO SAY ! EXPLICIT REJECTION1 ( PRACTICALLY EV]Y POSITION WE HAD HELD UP UNTIL !N4 ,!Y W]E EXPECT$ TO R5\NCE ! ,SECOND ,MANIFE/O 09ASMU*0 - ,I QUOTE WORD = WORD - 0AS IT IS CONTR>Y TO DIALECTICAL MAT]IALISM04 ,!Y W]E SUPPOS$ TO D5\NCE ,FREUDIANISM AS 0AN IDEALI/ IDEOLOGY0 & ,TROTSKYISM AS 0A SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC & C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY04 ,F9ALLY1 !Y W\LD UND]TAKE TO SUBMIT !IR LIT]>Y ACTIVITY 0TO ! DISCIPL9E & CONTROL ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY04 0,& SO801 ,I ASK$ ,SAD\L BRUSQUELY4 ,&1 GETT+ NO REPLY1 0,I TAKE IT Y\ REFUS$80 0,NO10 HE REPLI$1 0,>AGON FELT ?AT WE-?AT IS1 Y\ AS WELL AS US-W\LD HAVE TO GO ALONG IF WE WANT$ TO WORK 9 ! ,P>TY'S CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS40 ,?AT WAS ! FIR/ TIME 9 MY LIFE ?AT ,I SAW A *ASM OP5+ UP BE=E MY V]Y EYES1 A *ASM ?AT HAS S9CE WID5$ DIZZY+LY1 9 PROPORTION TO ! REL5TLESS HEADWAY MADE BY ! \TRAGE\S IDEA ?AT TRU? %\LD B[ D[N BE=E EFFICACITY1 ?AT NEI!R CONSCI5CE NOR 9DIVIDUAL P]SONALITY >E WOR? HE$+ - 9 %ORT1 ?AT ! 5D JU/IFIES ! MEANS4  
  

,9 #aicb ,>AGON RALLI$ TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY4 ,! SAME YE> SAW ! PUBLICATION ( ,BRETON'S ,COMMUNICAT+ ,VESSELS & ONE ( ,]NE ,CREVEL'S F9E/ TEXTS1 ,LE ,CLAVEC9 DE ,DID]OT .<,DID]OT'S ,H>PSI*ORD.>4 

,! ,BREAK ) ! ,SO-,CALL$ ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 

  

,BRETON WAS SADD5$ BY ,>AGON'S LACK ( SP9E2 HIS FRI5DS1 \TRAG$1 REACT$ ACCORD+ TO ! TRADITION4 ,SEV]AL ( !M PRODUC$ TEXTS LAMBA/+ ! AU?OR ( 0,R$ ,FRONT04 ,ELU>D1 NOTABLY1 DID NOT HESITATE TO WRITE3  
  

,:AT WAS 9CONSI/5CY HAS BECOME CALCULATION2 :AT WAS SUBTLETY HAS BECOME 9TRIGUE4 ,>AGON HAS BECOME O!R1 & HIS MEMORY H5CE=W>D CANNOT ATTA* ITSELF TO ME4 ,TO DEF5D MYSELF ,I HAVE A S5T5CE :I* BETWE5 HIM & ME CAN NO LONG] HAVE ! EX*ANGE VALUE ,I SO LONG ACCORD$ IT1 A S5T5CE :I* HAS NEV] LO/ ITS MEAN+ & EFFECTIVELY PASSES JUDGM5T ON ,>AGON AS ON SO MANY O!RS3 ,ALL ! WAT] 9 ! SEA C\LD NOT WA% AWAY A S+LE 9TELLECTUAL BLOOD/A9 7,LAUTREAMONT74  
  

,?IS TURN$ \T1 H[EV]1 TO BE A CASE ( ! POT CALL+ ! KETTLE BLACK4 ,A FEW YE>S LAT]1 ,ELU>D1 H& 9 H& ) ,>AGON1 W\LD BE A FA%IONABLE FIGURE 9 ! ,/AL9I/ /> SY/EM1 EV] READY TO CLAIM ?AT ! WORDS P>TY1 FA!RL& & FRE$OM RHYM$ TO P]FECTION4 ,& 9 #a#i#e1 :5 ,BRETON IMPLOR$ HIM TO 9T]V5E ON BEHALF ( AN OLD MUTUAL FRI5D ( !IRS1 ,ZAVIS ,KAL&RA1 CONDEMN$ TO DEA? 9 ,PRAGUE1 ,ELU>D 7?\< HE =GOT TO QUOTE HIS FAVORITE S5T5CE7 HAD ?IS TO SAY3 0,I AM TOO BUSY ) 9NOC5TS PROCLAIM+ !IR 9NOC5CE TO BO!R ) PEOPLE :O >E GUILTY PROCLAIM+ !IR GUILT40 ,KAL&RA WAS EXECUT$4 

,9 #aicc ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,REVOLUTION>Y ,WRIT]S & ,>TI/S ANN\NC$ ITS FIR/ EXPULSION3 ,&RE ,BRETON4 ,AS ,BRETON RECALL$ LAT] 9 ,5TRETI5S3  
  

,! REASON = ?IS EXPULSION WAS ?AT ,NUMB] #e ( ,LE ,SURREALISME AU ,S]VICE DE LA ,REVOLUTION CONTA9$ A LETT] ADDRESS$ TO ME BY ,F]D9& ,ALQUIE1 A LETT] WRITT5 9 A LIB]T>IAN SPIRIT1 9DE$ A MO/ MOV+ LETT]1 9 :I* ! WRIT] TOOK VIOL5T EXCEPTION TO ! CIVIC & MORAL TONE 9=M+ ! ,RUSSIAN FILM ,! ,ROAD TO ,LIFE4 ,REG>DLESS ( ! OP9IONS ,ALQUIE EXPRESS$1 NOT ALL ( :I* ,I AGRE$ )1 ! 9T5SITY ( LIFE & REVOLT DI/ILL$ 9TO HIS LETT] SEEM$ TO CRY \T = ITS PUBLICATION4 ,!RE WAS !RE=E NO *ANCE AT ALL ( MY UTT]+ ! RETRACTION ?AT WAS BE+ DEM&$ ( ME4  
  

,! FOLL[+ YE> A ,SURREALI/ GR\P APPE>$ 9 ,EGYPT1 ) ,GEORGES ,H5E9 AS ITS PRIME MOV]4 ,9 ,BRUSSELS1 ,DOCUM5TS #cd PUBLI%$ A SPECIAL ISSUE ON 0,SURREALI/ ,9T]V5TION0 :I* 9CLUD$ A NUMB] ( CONTRIBUTIONS REM>KABLE = !IR VIOL5CE & UNCOMPROMIS+ ATTITUDE4 #aicd WAS ABOVE ALL ! YE> ( ! ,SURREALI/S' HOMAGE TO ,VIOLETTE ,NOZI]ES4 ,9 ?IS Y\NG P>RICIDE1 :O HAD BE5 CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 ! ,SURREALI/S SALUT$ A SYMBOL ( ACTIVE RESI/ANCE TO OPPRESSION BY ! FAMILY4 ,IT IS H>D1 ?\<1 TO EXPLA9 ! FAILURE ( ! GR\P TO RAISE A SIMIL> CRY 9 SUPPORT ( ! ,PAP9 SI/]S1 S]VANTS :O >\ND ! SAME TIME ILLU/RAT$ ,SWIFT'S ,DIRECTIONS TO ,S]VANTS AFT] !IR [N FA%ION BY MURD]+ !IR MI/RESS & H] DAU<T]4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT BY ?IS TIME POLITICAL EV5TS W]E FA/ GA!R+ MOM5TUM4 

,RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,SURREALI/S & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY LEAD]%IP GREW EV] MORE HO/ILE4 ,AN 9CID5T 9 #aice WAS TO BR+ !SE RELATIONS TO AN 5D ONCE & = ALL4 ,AB\T T5 O'CLOCK ONE NI<T1 %ORTLY BE=E ! OP5+ ( ! ,CONGRESS ( ,WRIT]S = ! ,DEF5SE ( ,CULTURE1 A ,/AL9I/-RUN EV5T1 ,BRETON RAN 9TO ,ILYA ,EHR5BURG ON ! ,B\LEV>D DU ,MONTP>NASSE4 ,ONCE AGA9 WE MAY RELY ON ,BRETON'S ACC\NT 9 ,5TRETI5S3  
  

,!RE WAS A PASSAGE ,I WAS NOT READY TO =GET 9 A BOOK ( ,EHR5BURG'S1 ,VUS P> UN ECRIVA9 DE L',U,R4,S4,S4 .<,OBS]VATIONS ( A ,SOVIET ,WRIT].>1 :I* HAD APPE>$ A FEW MON?S E>LI]4 ,AMONG HIS REM>KS !RE9 W]E ! FOLL[+3 0,! ,SURREALI/S >E ALL = ,HEGEL1 ALL = ,M>X1 ALL = ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,:AT !Y >E ABSOLUTELY AGA9/1 H[EV]1 IS WORK4 ,NOT ?AT !Y DO NOT HAVE !IR OCCUPATIONS4 ,!Y /UDY P$]A/Y & DREAMS1 = EXAMPLE4444 ,!Y KEEP !MSELVES BUSY CONSUM+ !IR 9H]ITANCES & D[RIES44440 ,& SO ON4 ,SO1 AFT] ID5TIFY+ MYSELF1 ,I SLAPP$ HIM SEV]AL TIMES1 :ILE HE TRI$ PA!TICALLY TO PALAV] ) ME )\T SO MU* AS RAIS+ HIS H& TO PROTECT HIS FACE4 ,I FAIL TO SEE :AT O!R REV5GE ,I C\LD HAVE TAK5 ON ?IS CONFIRM$ SL&]]4444  
  

,ON ! EVE ( ! ,CONGRESS1 AFT] EXHAU/+ DISCUSSIONS ) ! ORGANIZ]S OV] !IR REFUSAL TO LET ,BRETON ADDRESS ! GA!R+1 ,]NE ,CREVEL TOOK HIS [N LIFE4 ,?IS GE/URE1 JU/ LIKE ,>TAUD'S SOLIPSISM1 CON/ITUTES AN IMM$IATE1 SPONTANE\S1 NEGATIVE RESPONSE TO ! PROBLEM ?AT ,SURREALISM HAD POS$ - A FALSE PROBLEM1 9 FACT1 BECAUSE ITS BASIC ASSUMPTIONS W]E FALSE4 ,= H[ WAS IT CONCEIVABLE1 ON ! BASIS ( 9DEP5D5T SECTORS ALREADY OBJECTIVELY /RIPP$ ( ALL HUMAN VALUES BY ! DEPR$ATIONS ( ! SPECTACUL>-COMMODITY SY/EM1 ON ! BASIS ( ACTIVITIES :I*1 ?\< 9 FACT P>TIAL1 W]E PROMOT$ AS TOTALITIES 7AS >T1 POLITICS1 ?\<T1 ! UNCONSCI\S1 SURVIVAL1 ETC47 & PRES5T$ AS POSITIVE - H[ WAS IT CONCEIVABLE ?AT ON SU* BASES ANY UNITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 EI!R )9 HIMSELF OR ) RESPECT TO O!RS1 MI<T BE A*IEV$ ,H[ C\LD ,SURREALISM1 :ILE IGNOR+ ! ,DADAI/ QUE/ = TOTAL NEGATIVITY1 EXPECT TO PROVIDE ANY HI/ORICAL F\NDATION = ! POSITIVITY & GLOBAL TRANSC5D5CE TO :I* IT ASPIR$8 

,! ,SURREALI/S D5\NC$ ! ,MOSC[ TRIALS4 ,!Y MOV$ CLOS] TO ,GEORGES ,BATAILLE1 :OSE ,CONTRE-,ATTAQUE MOVEM5T DEF9$ ITSELF AS 0A COMBAT GR\P ( REVOLUTION>Y 9TELLECTUALS OPPOS$ TO FASCISM04 ,9 ,TOKYO A ,SURREALI/ REVIEW WAS />T$ BY ,YAMANAKA4 ,9 ,LONDON ,ROL& ,P5ROSE M\NT$ A MAJOR EXHIBITION4 ,B5JAM9 ,PE]T PUBLI%$ ,JE NE MANGE PAS DE CE PA9-LA .<,I'D ,RA!R ,/>VE.> - POETRY G5U9ELY SE>*+ = ADEQUATE PRACTICAL EXPRESSION ) ITS CALL = ! LIQUIDATION ( >MY1 POLICE1 PRIE/S1 BOSSES1 MONEY1 WORK & ALL O!R =CES ( BRUTALIZATION4 ,PE]T1 :O HAD ! C\RAGE ( HIS CONVICTIONS1 5LI/$ ) ! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,HE WAS ! ONLY ,SURREALI/ TO P>TICIPATE DIRECTLY 9 ?AT /RUGGLE2 ALL ! O!RS SUPPORT$ ! CAUSE 5?USIA/ICALLY1 BUT FROM AF>4 

,PICTORIAL CONC]NS1 :I* SEEM$ TO COME BACK TO ! =E AFT] ! BREAK ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 DID NOT OV]RIDE ! ,SURREALI/S' CONT9U+ EMBRACE ( A LESS]-EVIL APPROA* TO POLITICS1 & BE=E LONG !Y RALLI$ TO ,TROTSKY & ! ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL3 ON A VISIT TO ,MEXICO 9 #a#i#c#h1 ,BRETON PUBLI%$ ! MANIFE/O 0,= AN ,9DEP5D5T ,REVOLUTION>Y ,>T0 9 COLLABORATION ) ,DIEGO ,RIV]A & ! AU?OR ( ,! ,CRIMES ( ,/AL94 

,DALI'S IMBECILIC GAMES HAD F9ALLY PALL$1 & HE WAS EXPELL$ FROM ! GR\P 9 #a#i#c#i4 ,HE WAS ?US COMPLETELY FREE TO DEVELOP A 0TE*NIQUE01 BL5D+ OBSCURANTISM ) ! SYMPTOMS ( DEM5TIA PRECOX1 :I* TO ?IS DAY CONT9UES TO PROVIDE F]TILE SOIL = ! AVANT-G>DI/S ( ! ADV]TIS+ WORLD4 ,DESPITE ! ANAGRAMMATIC NICKNAME ( 0,AVIDA ,DOLL>S01 US$ BY ,BRETON TO CA/IGATE HIM1 ,DALI AT LEA/ HAD ! M]IT1 9 HIS %AMELESS PURSUIT ( MONEY1 CONTRACTS & HONORS1 ( OP5LY TREAT+ >T WORKS AS COMMODITIES1 SOME?+ :I* ! ,]N/S1 ! ,MIROS1 ! ,PICASSOS & ALL ! O!R ,SURREALI/ >TI/S1 :E!R !Y W]E TAL5T$ OR NOT1 DID ONLY %AMEFAC$LY4 

,BRETON N[ MADE UP ) BO? ,>TAUD & ,PREV]T4 ,NO?+1 REALLY1 %\LD EV] HAVE 9DUC$ !M TO P>T COMPANY4 ,PREV]T & ,PE]T W]E CUT FROM ! SAME CLO?1 & 9 ,BRETON1 ALBEIT /RICTLY CONTROLL$1 !RE WAS A GOOD DEAL ( ,>TAUD4 ,!SE F\R WAG$ UNCEAS+ W> ON ,SURREALISM AS IDEOLOGY1 ON ! GR[+ CO-OPTATION ( ! MOVEM5T4 ,UN=TUNATELY ,SURREALISM HAD BE5 AN IDEOLOGY 9 ! PR(\NDE/ S5SE FROM ! BEG9N+2 IT WAS ALWAYS DOOM$ TO BE P>T ( ! GAME ( OLD & NEW 9 ! CULTURAL SPH]E-& C\LD HAVE AVOID$ ?IS DE/9Y ONLY IF1 SAY1 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION HAD TRIUMPH$ OV] BO? ! ,/AL9I/S & ! FASCI/S & H5CE MADE POSSIBLE A TRANS=MATION ( ,SURREALISM 9TO REVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,UNAW>E ( ?IS1 OR REFUS+ TO ACCEPT IT1 ,>TAUD1 ,BRETON1 ,PE]T & ,PREV]T F\<T TO ! GLORI\S /RA9S ( :AT S\ND$ V]Y MU* LIKE A SONG ( DEFEAT4 ,!Y W]E ! LA/ =MATION ( F\R1 &1 HAV+ NO?+ MORE TO LOSE1 !Y NEV] SURR5D]$4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ,SALVADOR ,DALI ADOPT$ ,SURREALISM AT ITS MO/ IDEOLOGICAL ON A FULL-TIME 7& FULL-SPACE7 BASIS4 ,HE ESP\S$ FASCISM1 ,CA?OLICISM OR ,FRANCO JU/ AS ,>AGON HAD ESP\S$ ,/AL9ISM4 ,ELU>D TOOK ! SAME ROAD AS ,>AGON4 ,AS ,BRETON RECALLS 9 ,5TRETI5S3  
  

,:5 ,I LE>N$1 9 ,MEXICO ,CITY1 ?AT POEMS ( ,ELU>D'S HAD JU/ APPE>$ 9 ,COMMUNE1 :I* WAS ! MAGAZ9E ( ! 0,MAISON DE LA ,CULTURE01 ,I NATURALLY HA/5$ TO 9=M HIM AB\T ! UNSPEAKABLE ME?ODS ?OSE PEOPLE HAD US$ AGA9/ ME1 NOR DID ,I D\BT = A SECOND ?AT HE W\LD IMM$IATELY DI/ANCE HIMSELF FROM !M4 ,BUT ,I HAD NO REPLY FROM ,ELU>D1 & UPON MY RETURN ,I WAS /UPEFI$ TO HE> HIM CLAIM ?AT A COLLABORATION ( ?IS K9D 9 NO WAY IMPLI$ ANY P>TICUL> COMMITM5T ON HIS P>T1 & 9DE$ ?AT 9 ! LA/ FEW MON?S HE HAD CONTRIBUT$1 JU/ AS WILL+LY AS TO ,COMMUNE1 TO V>I\S FASCI/ PUBLICATIONS 7!SE >E HIS WORDS1 NOT M9E7 9 ,G]MANY & ,ITALY4 ,I CONF9$ MYSELF TO ! OBS]VATION ?AT ?IS ATTITUDE ( HIS AM\NT$ TO A REJECTION ( ANY K9D ( AGREEM5T ?AT WE HAD EV] REA*$ BETWE5 US & MADE ANY FUR!R MEET+ PO9TLESS4  
  

,9 #aid ! DEA?S ( ,PAUL ,KLEE1 ,MAURICE ,HE9E & ,SA9T-,POL-,R\X - ?REE NON-,SURREALI/S :O NEV]!LESS LEFT A DEEP IMPRESSION ON ! MOVEM5T - 9 A WAY M>K$ ! 5D ( ,SURREALISM'S GREAT P]IOD4 ,BRETON1 IT IS TRUE1 W\LD /ILL HAVE MU* TO SAY1 AS W\LD ,PE]T1 BUT FROM N[ ON !SE TWO W\LD BE VIRTUALLY ALONE AS !Y /ROVE TO KEEP ?+S GO+4 ,9 ! SUMM] ( #aida ,BRETON DISEMB>K$ 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 SOON TO BE JO9$ BY ,]N/ & ,MASSON4 ,PE]T *OSE ,MEXICO4 

,! ONLY ,SURREALISM KN[N 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS ! 0,AVIDA ,DOLL>S0 V]SION4 ,) HELP FROM ,M>CEL ,DU*AMP1 ,BRETON CONTRIV$ TO PRODUCE A REVIEW1 ,V,V,V1 9 :I* HE PUBLI%$ 0,PROLEGOM5A TO A ,?IRD ,SURREALI/ ,MANIFE/O OR ,NOT0 7#a#i#d#b74 

,PO/-,W> ,YE>S 

  

,AFT] #aide ,SURREALISM BEGAN FIR+ ITS LA/ SALVOES4 ,IT LIV$ ON )\T A*IEV+ CLE>] DEF9ITION4 ,! MOVEM5T TURN$ ITS ATT5TION 9 A MORE DET]M9$ MANN] T[>DS MY/ICISM & AL*EMY1 :ILE ITS POLITICAL EFFUSIONS BETRAY$ GR[+ CONFUSION & VAPIDITY4 ,9 #aidf ! PAMPHLET ,LIB]TE E/ UN MOT VIETNAMI5 .<,LIB]TY ,IS A ,VIETNAMESE ,WORD.> PROTE/$ AGA9/ ,FR5* REPRESSION 9 ,9DO*9A4 ,9AUGURAL ,BREAK 7#a#i#d#g7 WAS A D5UNCIATION ( ,/AL9ISM - ?\< 9 #aief ! ,SURREALI/S W\LD EXPRESS ! HOPE ?AT AFT] ! ,KHRU%*EV SPEE* AT ! ,TW5TIE? ,CONGRESS ( ! ,SOVIET ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY A NEW BROOM W\LD BE APPLI$ TO ! P>TY APP>ATUS4 ,NO SOON] HAD !Y DISP5S$ ?IS CONSID]ATE ADVICE1 H[EV]1 ?AN !Y F\ND !MSELVES OBLIG$ TO HAIL ! ,HUNG>IAN UPRIS+ 9 ,HONGRIE1 SOLEIL LEVANT .<,HUNG>Y3 ,! ,SUN ,RISES.>4 

,9 #aif ,SURREALI/S W]E ! 9ITIATORS ( ! 0,DECL>ATION ON ! ,RI<T ( ,CONSCI5TI\S ,OBJECTION 9 ! ,ALG]IAN ,W>0 - ! SO-CALL$ 0,DECL>ATION ( ! #a#b#a04 ,EI<T YE>S LAT]1 :ATEV] RESIDUE /ILL W5T BY ! NAME 0,SURREALI/0 WAS S++ ! PRAISES ( ,CUBA6 

,ALONG ! WAY ! ,SURREALI/S WORK$ ) ! AN>*I/S ( ,LE ,LIB]TAIRE1 & = A TIME SUPPORT$ ,G>RY ,DAVIS'S ,CITIZ5S ( ! ,WORLD MOVEM5T4 

,BE=E ! W> ! REVIEW ,M9OTAURE HAD BE5 ! LA/ REAL MELT+ POT ( ,SURREALI/ IDEAS4 ,ITS SUCCESSORS 9 ! PO/W> WORLD1 ,NEON 7#a#i#d#h-#d#i71 ,M$IUM 7#a#i#e#c-#e#e71 ,LE ,SURREALISME1 MEME 7#a#i#e#f-#e#i71 ,LA ,BRECBE 7#a#i#f#a-#f#e71 ,BIEF 7#a#i#e#h-#f71 & ,L',>*IBRAS 7#a#i#f#g-#f#i7 BE> 9CREAS+LY BRUTAL WITNESS TO ! DECAY ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,IMPORTANT ,SURREALI/ WORKS DID APPE> 9 ! PO/W> YE>S2 UN=TUNATELY !Y W]E OV]%AD[$ BY ! FA%IONABLE BUT DISMAL ELUCUBRATIONS ( ! LIKES ( ,S>TRE1 ,CAMUS OR ,SA9T-,EXUP]Y4 ,!SE WORKS 9CLUD$ ,BRETON'S ,AN?OLOGIE DE L'HUMOR NOIR .<,AN?OLOGY ( ,BLACK ,HUMOR.>1 BANN$ BY ! ,VI*Y GOV]NM5T 9 #aida & B>ELY NOTIC$ 9 #a#i#d#e2 ,LE ,DE%ONNEUR DES POETES 7#a#i#d#d71 9 :I* ,PE]T HAUL$ ,>AGON1 ,ELU>D & ! O!R PATRIOT-POETS OV] ! COALS2 ,BRETON'S ,>CANUM #ag 7#a#i#d#e71 A LYRICAL M$ITATION ON S5SIBILITY1 LOVE & POETRY1 HIS V]Y BEAUTIFUL ,ODE TO ,*>LES ,F\RI] 7#a#i#d#g71 & HIS ,FLAGRANT ,DELIT .<,CAU<T ,R$-,H&$.>1 :I* EXPOS$ A FRAUDUL5T ATTRIBUTION ( POEMS TO ,RIMBAUD1 CONDEMN$ ! IMBECILITY ( LIT]>Y CRITICS 9 G5]AL1 & HEAP$ SCORN ON ,MAURICE ,NADEAU1 AU?OR ( A ,HI/ORY ( ,SURREALISM2 ,PE]T'S ,AN?OLOGIE DE L'AM\R SUBLIME1 ) ITS EXTRAORD9>Y PR(USION ( L+UI/IC FIREWORKS2 ! NOVELS ( ,JULI5 ,GRACQ & ,MAURICE ,F\RRE2 ,MALCOLM DE ,*AZAL'S ,S5S PLA/IQUE2 & ,JEAN ,M>KALE & ,LANCELOT ,L5GYEL'S /UDIES ON ,CELTIC >T4 

,AP>T FROM SU* P]SONAL WORKS1 H[EV]1 ,SURREALISM N[ DISPLAY$ A GREAT TOL]ANCE = REHA%ES1 = M]E IMITATION ( ! MA/]S1 = SORRY EXPRESSIONS ( MUTUAL ADMIRATION4 ,MANY ,SURREALI/S MADE !IR PEACE ) ! 9COH]5CE ( ! DOM9ANT SY/EM4 ,O!RS FELL SIL5T4 ,YET O!RS FOLL[$ ! EXAMPLE ( ,CREVEL & COMMITT$ SUICIDE2 9DE$1 ! DECL9E ( ,SURREALISM1 ! LA/ MOVEM5T TO HAVE HELD A G5U9E BELIEF 9 ! PURITY ( >T1 IS PEPP]$ ) SUICIDES1 AMONG !M ?OSE ( ! PA9T] ,>%ILE ,GORKY 7#a#i#d#h71 ! PA9T] ,OSC> ,DOM+UEZ 7#a#i#e#g71 ! POET ,JEAN-,PI]RE ,DUPREY 7#a#i#e#i71 ! PA9T] ,WOLFGANG ,PAAL5 7#a#i#e#i71 AS WELL AS ?AT ( ,K>EL ,TEIGE1 :O KILL$ HIMSELF 9 ,PRAGUE AS ! POLICE W]E COM+ TO >RE/ HIM4 

,A PAMPHLET PUBLI%$ ON #g ,JUNE #aidg BY ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SURREALI/S1 A DISSID5T ,BELGIAN GR\P1 HAD ISSU$ A SALUT>Y W>N+ TO ! MOVEM5T AS A :OLE4 ,SIGN$ BY ,PAUL ,B\RGOIGNIE1 ,A*ILLE ,*AVRE1 ,*RI/IAN ,DOTREMONT1 ,M>CEL ,HAVR5NE1 ,]NE ,MAGRITTE1 ,M>CEL ,M>I51 ,PAUL ,N\GE & ,L\IS ,SCUT5AIRE1 IT DECL>$3  
  

,L&LORDS1 CROOKS1 ,DRUIDS1 POSEURS1 ALL Y\R EF=TS HAVE BE5 9 VA93 WE P]SI/ 9 RELY+ ON ,S,U,R,R,E,A,L,I,S,M 9 \R QUE/ TO BR+ ! UNIV]SE & DESIRE ,9,T,O ,A,L,I,G,N,M,5,T444 ,FIR/ & =EMO/1 WE GU>ANTEE ?AT ,SURREALISM WILL NO LONG] S]VE AS A /&>D = ! VA+LORI\S1 NOR AS A SPR+BO>D = ! DEVI\S1 NOR AS A ,DELPHIC ORACLE2 IT WILL NO LONG] BE ! PHILOSOPH]'S /ONE ( ! DI/RACT$1 ! BATTLEGR\ND ( ! TIMID1 ! PA/IME ( ! LAZY1 ! 9TELLECTUALISM ( ! IMPOT5T1 ! DRAFT ( BLOOD ( ! 0POET0 OR ! DRAFT ( W9E ( ! LITT]ATEUR4  
  

,BUT1 AS ?\< TO GIVE ! TRUE MEASURE ( !IR PROTE/1 & C]TA9LY EXEMPLIFY+ ! GROTESQU]IE :I* W\LD !NCE=W>D DOG ,SURREALISM 9 ITS DOTAGE1 ! A=ESAID SIGNATORIES DECL>$ )\T FUR!R ADO ?AT !Y PLAC$ !IR 5TIRE FAI? 9 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY6 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigf 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#f1 #bb 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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