,P>T #a 
,! ,ROOTS ( ! ,MOD]N ,/ATE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 

,TEXT 3 

,P>T #a3 ,! ,ROOTS ( ! ,MOD]N ,/ATE 

,! ,REVOLUTION IS ! T\*/ONE ( ,MEXICAN POLITICS4 ,! P]IOD SAW ! ,MEXICAN /ATE BEG9 ITS TRANS=MATION FROM AN OLIG>*ICAL-L&[N]S' GOV]NM5T TO ! ONE-P>TY CORPORATI/ MODEL :I* SURVIV$ = SO LONG4 ,! ,REVOLUTION IS ALSO CRUCIAL TO UND]/&+ ! PECULI> SOCIAL BASE FROM :I* ! ,MEXICAN /ATE IS CON/RUCT$1 ) ITS =MAL RECUP]ATION ( WORK] & PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS1 & ITS NE$ TO REGUL>LY EMB>K UPON SPREES ( REVOLUTION>Y RHETORIC4 ,! REVOLUTION WAS DRIV5 =W>D BY ! PEASANTS' ATTACK ON ! LATIFUNDIAS1 OR L>GE E/ATES1 ! DOM9ANT MODE ( ACCUMULATION 9 ,MEXICO AT ! TIME4 ,DESPITE SUBSEQU5T 9DU/RIALIZATION1 ! LATIFUNDIAS HAVE P]SI/$ -- EV5 GR[N -- & HAVE REMA9$ A LOCUS ( CLASS /RUGGLE EV] S9CE1 MO/ REC5TLY 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,TO GRASP ! IMPORTANCE ( L& /RUGGLES 9 ,MEXICO WE NE$ TO UND]/& H[ ! LATIFUNDIAS OP]ATE1 & H[ !Y PLUG 9TO ! CYCLES ( NATIONAL ACCUMULATION4.<#f.> 

,! LATIFUNDIAS 

,! ,PORFIRIATO1 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ,PORFIRIO ,DIAZ1 RUL$ ,MEXICO FROM #ahgf TO #a#i#a4 ,ITS SOCIAL BASE WAS ! LATIFUNDI/AS1 ! L>GE L&[N]S1 & IT WAS !IR CLASS 9T]E/S ?AT W]E TRANSMITT$ ?R\< ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION ?AT ,MEXICO WAS UND]GO+ AT ! TURN ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY WAS CONF9$ TO T9Y >EAS ( ! C\NTRY1 & ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE AS A CLASS W]E TOO WEAK TO MAKE MU* POLITICAL HEADWAY 9 ! ,PORFIRIATO4 ,! L>GE E/ATES ORIG9AT$ FROM ! FALL\T ( ! ,RE=M ,W>1 :I* HAD 5D$ 9 #a#h#f#g4 ,! VICTORI\S ,LIB]AL W+ ( ! OLIG>*Y 9T5D$ TO CREATE A LIMIT$ SY/EM ( SMALL L&HOLD+S ?AT W\LD BE CON/RUCT$ MA9LY FROM CONFISCAT$ ,*UR* PROP]TY & ! EXPROPRIAT$ COMMUNAL L& ( ,9DIANS4 ,BUT ALMO/ AS SOON AS !SE SMALLHOLD+S CAME 9TO EXI/5CE !Y W]E AGGRESSIVELY ACQUIR$ BY A NEW BRE$ ( L&[N] 7! LATIFUNDI/A71 ! SMALLHOLD] G5]ALLY BE+ UNABLE TO EXI/ SOLELY ON HIS L&4 ,!SE SMALLHOLD]S BECAME EI!R POORLY-PAID DAY-LABOR]S 7I4E4 SEASONALLY EMPLOY$7 OR DEBT-PEONS1 LITTLE MORE ?AN SLAVES4 ,9 ! S\!RN & C5TRAL >EAS ( ,MEXICO1 ! LATIFUNDI/AS FUR!R EXP&$ !IR PROP]TY BY VIOL5TLY EVICT+ PEASANTS 7CAMPES9OS7 FROM !IR EJIDOS 7COMMUNAL PRODUCTION UNITS74 ,?IS PROCESS PRODUC$ CONT9UAL CLASS CONFLICT 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! EXPANSION ( ! LATIFUNDIA PROP]TY-=M P5ETRAT$ ! C\NTRYSIDE ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! LOCAL POPULACE C\LD BE SUPPRESS$4 ,FAC$ ) WIDESPREAD RESI/ANCE1 ! L&[N]S ORGANIZ$ ! ,GU>DIAS ,BLANCAS 7,:ITE ,GU>DS1 USUALLY CAMPES9OS-TURN$-B&IT1 9 TURN RECRUIT$ BACK TO ! ,SIDE ( ,ORD]74 ,! FACT ?AT !SE BRUTAL P>AMILIT>Y GR\PS HAVE BE5 A CON/ANT P>T ( RURAL LIFE EV] S9CE 9DICATES ?AT ! PEASANTS HAVE NEV] ADMITT$ DEFEAT 9 ! L& W>1 & ! L&[N]S KN[ IT4 

,! LATIFUNDIAS1 :I* W]E USUALLY C5T]$ ON A LAVI%1 ,EUROPEAN-/YLE HACI5DA1 W]E ! WELLSPR+ ( SURPLUS EXTRACTION 9 ! ECONOMY4 ,SUG>1 C(FEE1 COTTON1 ,9DIA RUBB]3 EXPORT$ ABROAD1 AS WELL AS S]V+ ! NE$S ( ! 9T]NAL M>KET1 !SE W]E ! S\RCES ( WEAL? = ! L&[N+ CLASSES4 ,& IF ! 9T]NATIONAL TRADE CYCLE CONTRACT$1 ! LATIFUNDIA C\LD EASILY )DRAW 9TO LIMIT$1 OR EV5 SUBSI/5CE1 PRODUCTION4 ,! CO/ ( ! REPRODUCTION ( LABOR FELL ALWAYS ON ! VILLAGES \TSIDE ! PROP]TY & NEV] ON ! HACI5DA4 ,:ILE ! ELA/ICITY ( ?IS =M ( ACCUMULATION ACC\NTS = ITS LONGEVITY1 IT WAS 9 MANY WAYS BACKW>D4 ,! COMMODIFICATION ( LABOR-P[] & MONEY RELATIONS HAD SPREAD TO AN EXT5T ?R\<\T ! AGRICULTURAL SECTOR1 BUT W]E BY NO MEANS UNIV]SAL4 ,ON MANY HACI5DAS ! L&[N]S PAID !IR WORK]S 9 PRODUCE1 OR =C$ !M TO PUR*ASE FROM AN EMPLOY]'S %OP4 ,VIA ?IS PAYM5T 9 K9D CAMPES9OS USUALLY 5D$ UP 9 DEBT1 :I* T5D$ TO RISE AT A GREAT] RATE ?AN ! PEASANT WAS ABLE TO PAY IT (F4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS DEP5D5CY1 ! CAMPES9O BECAME A PEON1 TI$ =EV] TO ! HACI5DA4 ,! FACT ?AT DEBTS W]E PASS$ ON FROM FA!R TO SON ONLY HELP$ TO PRES]VE ?IS DI/ORT$ =M ( VALUE EXTRACTION4 ,IF A CAMPES9O ATTEMPT$ TO ESCAPE1 ! ,GU>DIAS ,BLANCAS W\LD FOLL[4 

,ZAPATISMO & ! ,AYALA ,PLAN 

,BY #a#i#a#a1 REVOLT WAS BREAK+ \T 9 ! NOR? & C5T] ( ,MEXICO1 TRIGG]$ BY ! CORRUPTION ( ! ,PORFIRIATO & ! VIOL5CE ( ! L&[N]S4 ,9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ! PEASANT UPRIS+ TOOK ! =M ( L& SEIZURES4 ,IT IS ! SCALE ( ! ATTACK ON ! LATIFUNDIAS ?AT IS ! DEF9+ *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,) ! ABS5CE ( FULLY-DEVELOP$ WAGE-RELATIONS1 EXPLOITATION WAS MORE IMM$IATE3 ! CAMPES9OS W]E ABLE TO P]SONALLY ID5TIFY !IR CLASS 5EMIES & EXACT VIOL5T REV5GE4 ,! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T WAS ! HI<PO9T ( !SE YE>S4 ,! CAMPES9OS ( ,MORELOS & ,PUEBLA CON/RUCT$ NOT ONLY A REVOLUTION>Y >MY1 !Y ALSO PRODUC$1 9 ! ,AYALA ,PLAN1 A COH]5T POLITICAL PROGRAM ?AT ASS]T$ !IR NE$S AGA9/ ?OSE ( CAPITAL4 ,! ,AYALA ,PLAN SPELL$ \T 9 DETAIL ! ,ZAPATI/A PROGRAM ( L& R$I/RIBUTION3 BROADLY1 EXPROPRIATION ( PRIVATE L& = PUBLIC UTILITY1 DISPOSSESS$ 9DIVIDUALS & COMMUNITIES1 ) A GU>ANTEE ( PROTECTION = SMALL L&HOLD+S4 ,! ,PLAN WAS BO? A CODIFICATION ( :AT WAS ALREADY HAPP5+ & A FILLIP TO FUR!R L& TAKEOV]S4 ,L&LORDS1 ,MEXICAN & =EIGN1 W]E FLEE+ 9 !IR ?\S&S4 

,) ! L&[N]S *AS$ \T ( ,MORELOS1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS ATTEMPT$ TO PLACE LIMITS ON ! FUTURE POSSIBILITY ( PETTY-B\RGEOIS ACCUMULATION4 ,ONE EXAMPLE IS ! PROPOSAL = AGRICULTURAL BANKS1 A CONFUS$ ATTEMPT1 BUT AN ATTEMPT NEV]!LESS1 TO TEMP] ! P[] ( MONEY 9 FAVOR ( SOCIAL NE$S4 ,( C\RSE1 HAD ! L& R$I/RIBUTION PROJECT BE5 ALL[$ TO ?RIVE ) ! CONT9UATION ( MONEY RELATIONS AS A :OLE1 A NEW G5]ATION ( L&[N]S W\LD EV5TUALLY HAVE DEVELOP$ FROM ! RANKS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS4 ,9 ! ,AYALA ,PLAN WE F9D A COMMUNI/ T5D5CY T[>DS COMMUNAL L&2 AT ! SAME TIME A V]Y UNCOMMUNI/ TOL]ANCE ( SMALL F>M]S1 P]FECTLY 9 KEEP+ ) :AT ,TEODOR ,%AN9 CALLS ! 'DIFF]5T WORLD' ( ! PEASANTRY1.<#g.> & :I* WE %ALL EXAM9E LAT]4 

,! 5D ( ! ,MORELOS ,COMMUNE 

,IF ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAD1 AT LEA/ 9 ! %ORT T]M1 RESOLV$ ! CONTRADICTION ( !IR CLASS POSITION BY FAVOR+ ! COMMUNAL OV] ! 9CIPI5T B\RGEOIS1 9 %>$ L& RA!R ?AN PRIVATE PROP]TY1 !Y W]E UNABLE TO RESOLVE A FUR!R CONTRADICTION1 & ONE :I* L$ ULTIMATELY TO ! SMA%+ ( !IR /RON<OLD1 ! ,MORELOS ,COMMUNE1 BY ! RECON/ITUT$ P[] ( ! /ATE4 ,:ILE ! REVOLUTION>Y CAMPES9O WAS 7ALMO/ LIT]ALLY7 EV]Y:]E1 !Y W]E UNABLE AS A CLASS TO MOVE BEYOND !IR LOCALI/ P]SPECTIVE4 ,! ,AYALA ,PLAN WAS ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ ATTEMPT TO 9T]V5E ON A NATIONAL LEVEL -- YET IT TALK$ AB\T ! L& & NO?+ ELSE4 ,UNLIKE ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT1 SEP>AT$ =EV] FROM ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 !Y DID NOT SEE ! NE$ TO TRANSC5D !IR CLASS1 & ) IT ALL CLASSES4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS NE$S TO TALK AB\T EV]Y?+ 9 ITS ATTEMPTS TO G5]ALIZE ITS /RUGGLES2 ! PEASANTRY BELIEVES IT NE$S ONLY TO TALK AB\T ! L&4 ,! CAMPES9OS ( ?IS P]IOD HAD /RUGGL$ >\ND !IR NE$S1 HAD L>GELY SUCCE$$1 & N[ F\ND !MSELVES UNABLE TO DEVELOP FUR!R4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS :O 9 ,DECEMB] #aiad OCCUPI$ ,MEXICO ,CITY W]E UND\BT$LY ONE ( ! HI<E/ EXPRESSIONS ( CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! WORLD AT ?AT TIME4 ,! WORK]S ( ,EUROPE W]E DR[N+ 9 !IR [N BLOOD & ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS /ILL ?REE YE>S AWAY4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! :OLE ( ,MEXICO WAS AT ! PEASANTS' FEET4 ,! NATIONAL P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE WAS SMA%$ & ITS SURVIVORS HAD RETREAT$ TO ! EA/]N PORT ( ,V]ACRUZ4 ,YET IT WAS AT PRECISELY ?IS MOM5T ?AT ! TRADITIONAL PEASANT DEF]5CE1 :I* IS ROOT$ 9 ! CONTRADICTORY NATURE ( PEASANT EXI/5CE & ! CULTURAL BAGGAGE ?AT ACCOMPANIES IT1 ASS]T$ ITSELF4 ,REFUS+ A POLITICAL SOLUTION FROM )9 !MSELVES1 & TRU/+ ?AT MILIT>Y /R5G? ALONE W\LD PREVAIL1 !Y 9ADV]T5TLY LEFT ! DOOR OP5 TO A WEAK BUT RECON/ITUT+ /ATE P[]4 ,?IS 9ABILITY TO F9D A WID] SOCIAL P]SPECTIVE IS AT LEA/ SOME?+ ! PRES5T DAY ,ZAPATI/AS1 ) ALL !IR LIMITATIONS1 HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO OV]COME1 :ILE MANY ( !IR CAMPES9O BRO!RS & SI/]S 9 ! WE/ ( ,*IAPAS >E /ILL UNABLE TO MAKE ! JUMP FROM ATOMIZ$ DEF]5CE TO COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION4 

,! PREAMBLE TO ! ,AYALA ,PLAN HAD RUL$ \T ANY COMPROMISES ) ! B\RGEOIS LEAD] ,MAD]O & O!R 'DICTATORIAL ASSOCIATES4' ,YET ! ,ZAPATI/AS W]E *RONICALLY UNABLE TO SEE BEYOND !IR [N BACKY>D4 ,?IS BL9DNESS TO ! ?REAT ( ! /ATE WAS ! HI<E/ CONTRADICTION ( ! EXEMPL>Y PEASANT MOVEM5T ( ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,! WORK+ CLASS 

,9DIVIDUALLY1 MANY M9]S1 RAILWAYM5 & TEXTILE WORK]S JO9$ ! PEASANT ,NOR!RN ,DIVISION1 :I* HAD 5T]$ 9TO A DE FACTO ALLIANCE ) ! ,ZAPATI/A ,S\!RN ,LIB]ATION ,>MY4 ,AS A CLASS1 H[EV]1 & DESPITE A HUGE /RIKE WAVE 9 #aif 1 !Y REMA9$ QUIET UNTIL #a#i#a#e4 

,! PEASANT >MIES :I* HAD OCCUPI$ ,MEXICO ,CITY HAD FAIL$ TO 9SPIRE WORK+ CLASS SUPPORT1 OR 9DE$ RELATE TO !M 9 ANY WAY4 ,AS A RESULT1 9 EX*ANGE = UNION CONCESSIONS FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE1 ! RE=MI/ F$]ATION ( UNIONS1 ! ,CASA DEL ,OBR]A ,MUNDIAL 7,C,O,M7 AGRE$ TO =M ',R$ ,BATTALIONS' TO FI<T ! ,NOR!RN ,DIVISION & ! ,ZAPATISATAS4 ,AL?\< ?IS DECISION DID NOT GO UNOPPOS$ -- ! ELECTRICIANS' UNION REFUS$ TO ABIDE BY ! PACT -- ! ,R$ ,BATTALIONS F\<T ALONGSIDE :AT W]E KN[N AS ! ,CON/ITUTIONALI/ >MIES ?R\<\T #a#i#a#e4 ,YET ONLY A YE> LAT] ! WORK+ CLASS WAS PAY+ ! PRICE = ?IS COMPLICITY4 ,! NEW B\RGEOISIE1 HAV+ BEAT5 (F ! ?REAT FROM ! PEASANTS1 NO LONG] NE$$ ! UNIONS4 ,C,O,M HEADQU>T]S WAS /ORM$ BY TROOPS & UNIONI/S ACROSS ! C\NTRY >RE/$4 ,! FOLL[+ YE>1 #aiaf 1 ! FIR/ G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,MEXICAN HI/ORY WAS CRU%$4 ,DESPITE ?IS1 H[EV]1 ! P[] ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS REMA9$ =MIDABLE4 

,! #aiag ,CON/ITUTION 

,JU/ LIKE ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! #aiag ,CON/ITUTION IS A VITAL T\*/ONE 9 ,MEXICAN LIFE1 A DOCUM5T ?AT CAME 9TO EXI/5CE AS A RESULT ( PROLONG$ /RUGGLE1 & IS /ILL HELD 9 HI< REG>D TODAY BY MANY SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY4 ,! B\RGEOISIE CLE>LY 9T5D$ ! NEW SET ( /ATE RULES TO BE A SIGNAL ?AT ! YE>S ( *AOS & CIVIL W> W]E OV] & A NEW CYCLE ( ACCUMULATION C\LD BEG94 

,KN[+ ! ]OSION ( ! GA9S ( ! ,REVOLUTION W\LD ONLY BE TOL]AT$ TO A DEGREE BY ! PEASANTS & ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! NEW B\RGEOISIE 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ ITSELF AS ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY-/ATE1 M>G9ALIZ+ COMPET+ CURR5TS )9 ITS [N CLASS BY MOBILIZ+ POPUL> OP9ION4 ,IT IS ! EVOLUTION ( ?IS P>TY-/ATE ?AT ACC\NTS = ! LACK ( P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY 9 ,MEXICO1 & EXPLA9S ! CONC5TRATION ( P[] 9 ! H&S ( ONE MAN1 ! ,PRESID5T4 ,DESPITE MANY KNOCKS ?IS SPECIFIC =MATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE HAS SURVIV$ -- JU/ -- ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,9 ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 ! ILLUSION ( ALT]NATIVES ?R\< DEMOCRACY IS AT ! C5T] ( ! REPRODUCTION & EXPANSION ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,DEMOCRACY M$IATES BETWE5 COMPET+ 9T]E/S )9 ! RUL+ CLASS1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME C\NT]+ T5D5CIES T[>DS CORRUPTION 9 ! RELATION BETWE5 /ATE & CAPITAL4 ,9 ,MEXICO1 !RE IS A HOLE :]E ?IS M$IATION MI<T EXI/ -- A HOLE ?AT IS 9/EAD PLUGG$ BY ! EXTRAORD9>Y WAY 9 :I* WORK]S' & PEASANTS' ORGANIZATIONS HAVE BE5 =MALLY CO-OPT$ BY ! /ATE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,P>T #a -- ,ADD$4 

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