,A ,COMMUNE 9 ,*IAPAS8 
,MEXICO & ! ,ZAPATI/A REBELLION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AUFHEB5 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,9TRODUCTION 

      #b1#e#e#a ,WORDS2 #a#f1#e#i#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #a 3 ,! ,ROOTS ( ! ,MOD]N ,/ATE 

      #a1#h#e#d ,WORDS2 #a#b1#a#g#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #b 3 ,! ,*ANG+ ,FACE ( ! ,9/ITUTIONAL ,REVOLUTION 

      #d1#a#f#h ,WORDS2 #b#g1#d#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,P>T #c 3 ,A ,COMMUNE 9 ,*IAPAS8 

      #a#a1#i#e#h ,WORDS2 #g#f1#e#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,CONCLUSION 

      #$c ,WORDS2 #c1#d#i#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,PO/SCRIPT 

      #gcd ,WORDS2 #d1#e#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,NOTES 

      #b1#e#d ,WORDS2 #a#c1#e#d#b ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,9TRODUCTION 
,S9CE ! OCCUPATION ( ,JANU>Y #a#i#i#d1 MANY HAVE PROJECT$ !IR HOPES ONTO ?IS 'EXOTIC' /RUGGLE AGA9/ 'NEO-LIB]ALISM'4 ,WE EXAM9E ! NATURE ( ! ,ZAPATI/A UPRIS+ BY MOV+ BEYOND ! BLU/] ( ! ,E,Z,L,N COMMUNIQUES1 ON :I* SO MANY BASE !IR ANALYSIS4 

,NOT PROLET>IAN1 YET NOT 5TIRELY PEASANT1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS' POLITICAL IDEAS >E RIV5 ) CONTRADICTIONS4 ,WE REJECT ! ACADEMICS' >GUM5T ( ,ZAPATISMO'S C5TRALITY AS ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT1 JU/ AS WE REJECT ! ASS]TIONS ( ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' ?AT BECAUSE ! ,ZAPATI/AS DO NOT HAVE A COMMUNI/ PROGRAM !Y >E SIMPLY COMPLICIT ) CAPITAL4 ,WE SEE ! ,ZAPATI/AS AS A MOM5T 9 ! /RUGGLE TO REPLACE ! REIFI$ COMMUNITY ( CAPITAL ) ! REAL HUMAN COMMUNITY4 ,!IR BATTLE = L& AGA9/ ! RAN*]OS & LATIFUNDI/AS REM9DS US ( CAPITAL'S 7P]MAN5T7 TRANSITIONS RA!R ?AN ITS APP>5T P]MAN5CE4 

,WE HAVE NOT PREVI\SLY FELT MOV$ TO COMM5T ON ! ,ZAPATI/A UPRIS+1 NOT BECAUSE WE HAVE HAD NO 9T]E/1 BUT BECAUSE WE DI/RU/$ ! WAY 9 :I* SO MANY W]E QUICK TO PROJECT !IR HOPES ONTO ?IS 'EXOTIC' /RUGGLE4 ,EV]YONE FROM AN>*I/S TO ,M>XI/-,L59I/S1 9DIG5\S PEOPLE'S FREAKS TO SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 PRIMITIVI/S TO ',?IRD ,WORLD' DEVELOPM5TALI/S -- ALL SEEM$ ABLE TO SEE :AT !Y WANT$ 9 ! /RUGGLE 9 ,*IAPAS4 

,SUBCOMM&ANTE ,M>COS1 ! %REWD ,E,Z,L,N 7,EJ]CITO ,ZAPATI/A DE ,NACIONAL ,LIB]ACION7 SPOKESMAN1 MAXIMIZ$ ! ATTRACTIV5ESS & IMPACT ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS ON PROGRESSIVE OP9ION BY MA9TA9+ A CONSCI\S AMBIGUITY >\ND !IR POLITICS4 ,= US1 H[EV]1 HIS DEMAGOGIC APPEALS TO 'LIB]TY6 JU/ICE6 DEMOCRACY6' W]E SOME?+ ) :I* WE HAD LITTLE AFF9ITY4 ,IT WAS APP>5T ?AT MAK+ S5SE ( ! UPRIS+ W\LD REQUIRE AN UND]/&+ ( :AT ! ,9DIANS W]E DO+ ON ! GR\ND1 DI/9CT BO? FROM ! WAY !IR SPOKESPEOPLE *OSE TO PORTRAY ! /RUGGLE1 & FROM ! WAY 9 :I* ?IS REPRES5TATION WAS TAK5 UP TO FULFILL ! NE$S ( POLITICAL ACTORS 9 V]Y DIFF]5T SITUATIONS4 

,TWO CURR5TS HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO GO BEYOND ! *E]LEAD+ = ! ,ZAPATI/AS TO PROVIDE A MORE !ORETICAL GRASP ( ?IS MOVEM5T4 ',AUTONOMI/ ,M>XISM'1 N[ L>GELY BAS$ 9 ACADEMIA1 HAS EMBRAC$ ! ,*IAPAS REVOLT1 SEE+ IT AS C5TRAL TO A NEW RECOMPOSITION ( ! WORLD WORK+ CLASS4 ,ON ! O!R H& A MU* MORE CRITICAL RESPONSE CAN BE F\ND 9 A NUMB] ( 'ULTRA LEFT'.<#a.> 9SPIR$ >TICLES4 ,AS BO? T5D5CIES FAVOR AUTONOM\S CLASS /RUGGLE & OPPOSE TRADITIONAL LEFTI/ IDEAS1 :Y SU* DIFF]5T CONCLUSIONS ON ! REBELLION8 

,ON ONE LEVEL WE CAN SEE IT AS A MATT] ( A DIFF]5T !ORETICAL APPROA*4 ,:ILE ! AUTONOMI/S FOCUS ON ! MOVEM5T ( /RUGGLE1 ?9K+ 9 T]MS ( A G5]ALIZATION ( ,ZAPATISMO1 ! 'ULTRA LEFT' LOOK MORE TO ! CONT5T ( ,ZAPATI/A POLITICS -- !IR PROGRAM -- ! LIMITS ( :I* !Y ID5TIFY 9 ! DEMOCRATIC & NATIONALI/ FRAMEWORK 9TO :I* ! ,9DIANS' /RUGGLE HAS BE5 PROJECT$4.<#b.> ,AT ! SAME TIME1 :ILE ! AUTONOMI/S WI% TO MOVE ) ! MOOD ( SOLID>ITY & 9SPIRATION ! UPRIS+ HAS CREAT$1 ! 'ULTRA LEFT' >E DI/URB$ BY ! WAY ?AT ID5TIFICATION ) ! ,E,Z,L,N IS FUNCTION+1 :I* HAS SIMIL>ITIES TO ! ROLE ( ANTI-IMP]IALI/ & ,?IRD ,WORLDI/ IDEOLOGY 9 ! PA/4 ,SUPPORT = EXI/+ /RUGGLE CAN BECOME AN IDEOLOGICAL ID5TIFICATION :I* REPRESSES CRITICISM4 ,H[EV]1 CRITICISM ( /RUGGLE DOES NOT HAVE TO LEAD TO AN IDEOLOGICAL TURN AGA9/ IT4 

,\R 9T]E/ 9 ! /RUGGLE 9 ,MEXICO IS H[ IT EXPRESSES ! UNIV]SAL MOVEM5T T[>DS ! SUP]SESSION ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,ONE NE$S TO AVOID ACT+ AS JUDGE ( EV]Y MANIFE/ATION ( ?IS UNIV]SAL MOVEM5T1 DISMISS+ ?OSE MANIFE/ATIONS :I* DON'T MEASURE UP1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME AVOID+ UNCRITICAL PRO/RATION BE=E SU* EXPRESSIONS4 ,! REAL MOVEM5T MU/ ALWAYS BE OP51 SELF-CRITICAL1 PREP>$ TO ID5TIFY LIMITS TO ITS PRES5T PRACTICE1 & TO OV]COME !M4 ,H]E IT IS UND]/OOD ?AT COMMUNISM 'IS NOT AN IDEAL TO :I* REALITY MU/ ACCOMMODATE ITSELF4' ,\R TASK IS TO UND]/&1 & TO BE CONSCI\SLY P>T ( SOME?+ :I* ALREADY TRULY EXI/S -- ! REAL MOVEM5T ?AT SEEKS TO ABOLI% ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS4 

,9TRODUCTION3 ,! ,MEXICAN CONTEXT 

,9 PA/ ISSUES ( ,AUFHEB5 WE HAVE EXAM9$ ! RETREAT BY ! 9T]NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE FROM ! USE ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY AS A =M ( M$IAT+ CLASS /RUGGLE1 & ASK$ :E!R IT MAY REAPPE> FROM FUTURE CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,SO F> WE HAVE FOCUS$ \R ATT5TION ON ,EUROPE & ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,! RETREAT FROM SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS NOT CONF9$ TO !SE >EAS1 H[EV]4 ,CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,MEXICO HAS BE5 DI/ORT$ = DECADES BY A P>TICUL>LY DURABLE /RA9 ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 P]SONIFI$ BY ! ,P>TIDO ,REVOLUCION>IO ,9/ITUCIONAL1 ! ,P>TY ( ! ,9/ITUTIONAL ,REVOLUTION 7,P,R,I74 

,SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IS EV]Y:]E 9 RETREAT 9 ,MEXICO4 ,BUT ! REC5T N9E-MON? /RIKE BY /UD5TS ( ! ,AUTONOM\S ,UNIV]SITY ( ,MEXICO 7,U,N,A,M7 OV] TUITION FEES & ! ELECTRICITY WORK]S' SUCCESSFUL CAMPAIGN AGA9/ PRIVATIZATION ( ! P[] GRID >E BO? 9DICATIONS ( A NEW CLIMATE ( RESI/ANCE TO ! WAVES ( ECONOMIC RATIONALIZATION4 ,M>*+ TOGE!R 9 ,MEXICO ,CITY DEM&+ ! RELEASE ( POLITICAL PRISON]S1 !Y HAVE =MULAT$ ! BEG9N+S ( AN ALT]NATIVE TO SO-CALL$ 'NEOLIB]ALISM'.<#c.> -- AN ALT]NATIVE1 IT MU/ BE SAID1 ?AT AS YET APPE>S UNABLE TO MOVE BEYOND ! CRU%+ WEI<T ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ?AT IS ! H]ITAGE ( ! ,MEXICAN WORK+ CLASS4 

,IF ANY?+ 9 ! REC5T HI/ORY ( CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ?IS GIGANTIC C\NTRY IS ABLE TO LOOK PRACTICALLY BEYOND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 TO ! POSSIBILITY ( ! CON/ITUTION ( HUMAN COMMUNITY OV] ! REIFI$ COMMUNITY ( CAPITAL1 IT IS ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,ZAPATI/A ,9DIANS ( ,*IAPAS4 

,A BRIEF *RONOLOGY .<#d.> 

,! ,ZAPATI/AS FIR/ CAME TO ! ATT5TION ( ,MEXICO1 & ! WORLD1 :5 !Y OCCUPI$ ! ,*IAPAN T[NS ( ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL DE LAS ,CASAS1 ,LAS ,M>G>ITAS1 ,ALTAMIRANO & ,OCOS+O ON ,JANU>Y #a/ #a#i#i#d1 ! DAY ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,FREE ,TRADE ,AGREEM5T 7,N,A,F,T,A7 WAS DUE TO BEG9 OP]ATION4 ,AFT] DE/ROY+ CIVIL RECORDS & READ+ \T !IR PROCLAMATION ( REVOLT FROM ! BALCONY ( ! ,T[N ,HALL1 ! ,E,Z,L,N LAID SIEGE TO ! NE>BY MILIT>Y BASE ( ,RAN*O ,NUEVO1 CAPTUR+ WEAPONS & RELEAS+ PRISON]S FROM ! REGION'S JAILS4 ,! ,MEXICAN >MY RESPOND$ SAVAGELY4 ,! ,ZAPATI/A >MY WAS DISLODG$ RELATIVELY EASILY FROM ! T[NS 7AL?\< !RE WAS QUITE A FI<T 9 ,OCOS+O7 & AIR =CE BOMB]S FOLL[$ ! RETREAT+ 9DIG5\S SOLDI]S BACK 9TO ! HI<L&S1 ,LOS ,ALTOS4 ,JANU>Y #a? SAW A HALF-MILLION /RONG DEMON/RATION = PEACE 9 ,MEXICO ,CITY4 

,)9 DAYS ! ,PRESID5T1 ,C>LOS ,SAL9AS1 UNN]V$ BY ! SYMPA!TIC ATT5TION ! ,9DIANS W]E RECEIV+ & ! JITT]S ( ! /OCK M>KET1 :I* HAD LO/ #f4#b.0 ( ITS VALUE S9CE ! UPRIS+ HAD BEGUN1 CALL$ A HALT TO ! BOMB+S & SUMM>Y EXECUTIONS4 ,FEBRU>Y & ,M>* SAW PEACE NEGOTIATIONS TAKE PLACE 9 ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL1 AT :I* TIME ! POPUL> IMAGE ( ! REBEL ,9DIAN DRESS$ 9 BLACK1 WE>+ A SKI-MASK & TOT+ A GUN BECAME AN >*ETYPE4 ,?IS P]IOD ALSO SAW ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,MEXICAN M$IA'S LOVE AFFAIR ) ,SUBCOMM&ANTE ,M>COS1 ! APP>5T SPOKESMAN ( ! ,E,Z,L,N4 

,DESPITE VISIBLE HEADWAY1 ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! LAD9O 7,EUROPEAN BLOOD7 POLITICIANS & ! 9DIG5\S PEASANT W]E IRRECONCILABLE4 ,! ,P,R,I WI%$ TO LIMIT ! NEGOTIATIONS1 & !RE=E ! UPRIS+ ITSELF1 TO ! /ATUS ( A 'LOCAL DIFFICULTY4' ,! ,9DIANS WANT$ TO 9T]V5E POLITICALLY ON A MU* BROAD] SCALE4 ,ONCE ! NEGOTIATIONS HAD 5D$1 ! ,E,Z,L,N REPRES5TATIVES TOOK ! PROPOSALS BACK TO ! VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES ( ! ,ZAPATI/A HE>TL&S :]E1 AFT] ?REE MON?S ( DISCUSSION1 !Y W]E MASSIVELY REJECT$4 ,A RETURN TO W>1 H[EV]1 WAS LITTLE MORE ?AN SUICIDE4 

,TO OV]COME ?IS B9D1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS DECID$ TO CALL A ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONV5TION 7,C,N,D7 9 !IR JUNGLE BASE ( ! ,LAC&ON4 ,COM+ WEEKS BE=E ! ,PRESID5TIAL ELECTION1 :I* IS HELD EV]Y SIX YE>S 9 ,MEXICO1 ! ,C,N,D W\LD BE AN OPPORTUNITY TO BR+ ALL ! ANTI-,P,R,I ELEM5TS ( 'CIVIL SOCIETY' TOGE!R TO DISCUSS /RATEGY4 ,BUT IF ! ,CONV5TION WAS A SUCCESS 9 T]MS ( ! NUMB]S ATT5D+1 & !RE=E A TIMELY MORALE-BOO/] = ! BESIEG$ ,9DIANS1 NO?+ CONCRETE CAME ( IT4 ,DEF9$ ONLY BY !IR HATR$ ( ! ,P,R,I1 !SE DISP>ATE GR\PS C\LD AGREE ON NO?+3 ! 9SPIRATION !Y TOOK FROM ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,9DIANS DID NOT TRANSLATE 9TO A COMMON POLITICAL PROJECT4.<#e.> ,) ! R\T9E REELECTION ( ! ,P,R,I C&IDATE1 ,]NE/O ,Z$ILLO1 LAT] ?AT MON?1 ! ,E,Z,L,N W5T 9TO CRISIS & /AY$ QUIET AT ! NATIONAL LEVEL = A NUMB] ( MON?S4 

,?R\<\T #a#i#i#d-#i#e ?\<1 ! ,9DIANS ( EA/]N ,*IAPAS W]E SEIZ+ MORE & MORE L& 7OV] #a1#e PROP]TIES REPRES5T+ MORE ?AN #i1 HECT>ES W]E TAK5 9 ! P]IOD UP TO ,JUNE #a#i#i#e71 EVICT+ L&[N]S & ORGANIZ+ !IR NEW VILLAGES 9TO AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES4 ,PROTECT$ FROM ! VIOL5CE ( ! L&[N]'S PRIVATE >MIES1 ! ,GU>DIAS ,BLANCAS 7,:ITE ,GU>DS7 & O!R ASSORT$ GOONS BY ! IMPLI$ ?REAT ( ,E,Z,L,N GUNS1 !SE MUNICIPALITIES1 ( :I* !RE >E CURR5TLY ?IRTY-TWO1 W]E GR[+ EV] L>G] & ?REAT5$ TO 5CROA* UPON ! VITAL OIL FIELDS ( NOR?-EA/ ,*IAPAS4 ,MEAN:ILE ! >MY TI<T5$ ITS CORDON1 BUILD+ NEW ROADS & BASES4 

,DECEMB] #aiid SAW ! ,E,Z,L,N BREAK ?R\< ! BLOCKADE & SURR\ND ! ,MEXICAN >MY1 BE=E DISAPPE>+ 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,9 ,MEXICO ,CITY1 9VE/M5T FLOOD$ \T ( ! /OCK M>KET AFT] ,Z$ILLO WAS =C$ TO DEVALUE ! PESO DRAMATICALLY1 AN ACTION AS TRADITIONAL = ! ,P,R,I AS !IR R\T9E POLL+ VICTORIES4 ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #aiie ! >MY LAUN*$ A NEW (F5SIVE ) MU* DE/RUCTION ( VILLAGES & CROPS4 ,DEMON/RATIONS W]E IMM$IATE 9 ,MEXICO ,CITY4 ,N[ ! SLOGAN WAS NOT ',PEACE 9 ,*IAPAS' BUT ',WE >E ALL ,ZAPATI/AS'4 ,ONCE AGA9 ! >MY QUICKLY CALL$ (F !IR BLUDGEON+4 

,LAT] ?AT YE> NEW PEACE TALKS BEGAN 9 ! ,ZAPATI/A T[N ( ,SAN ,&RES ,L>RA9Z>4 ,! ,P,R,I W\LD DISCUSS ONLY 9DIG5\S ISSUES1 & REFUS$ TO C\NT5ANCE ANY ,ZAPATI/A CRITICISM ( ,MEXICO'S NEW NEOLIB]AL ECONOMICS4 ,AL?\< AN ,ACCORD ON ,9DIG5\S ,RI<TS & ,CULTURES WAS SIGN$1 :I* ! ,ZAPATI/AS /ILL VIEW AS A GREAT VICTORY1 ! ,P,R,I HAS S9CE REFUS$ TO IMPLEM5T IT ANY:]E4 ,?IS ,ACCORD WAS 9T5D$ TO BE ! FIR/ ( FIVE1 BUT IT WAS BY N[ CLE> ?AT ! ,P,R,I W]E US+ ! PEACE TALKS TO BUY TIME 9 :I* TO FUR!R MILIT>IZE EA/]N ,*IAPAS4 ,! ,E,Z,L,N CANCEL$ ! DISCUSSIONS4 

,JULY #a#i#i#f1 ) ! PEACE PROCESS /ILL O/5SIBLY GO+ =W>D1 SAW ! ',FIR/ ,9T]CONT95TAL ,GA!R+ = ,HUMANITY & AGA9/ ,NEOLIB]ALISM' 7,5CU5TRO74 ,F\R ?\S& DELEGATES FROM MANY DIFF]5T C\NTRIES ATT5D$ ?IS 9AUGURAL CONF]5CE 9 ! ,LAC&ON JUNGLE4 ,TWO HAVE BE5 HELD S9CE1 9 ,SPA9 & ,BRAZIL4 ,SUMM] '#i#f ALSO SAW ! APPE>ANCE ( A NEW GU]RILLA GR\P1 ! ,EJ]CITO ,POPUL> ,REVOLUCION>IO 7,E,P,R7 :I* ATTACK$ ! >MY 9 ITS HOME /ATE ( ,GU]R]O4 ,! ,E,Z,L,N REFUS$ TO DEVELOP L9KS ) ! ,E,P,R1 ACCUS+ !M ( REPRODUC+ A P>TICUL> TYPE ( VANGU>D MODEL ( >M$ /RUGGLE :I* IS SOMETIMES CALL$ FOQUISMO 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA4 ,! LA/ C\PLE ( YE>S HAS1 H[EV]1 SE5 A SPLIT 9 ! ,E,P,R1 FROM :I* ! ,E,P,R-,I 7,E,P,R-,9DIG5\S7 HAS EM]G$4 ,?IS GR\P HAS BAS$ ITSELF ON ! ,ZAPATI/A MODEL & SOME L9KS HAVE BE5 DEVELOP$ ) ! ,E,Z,L,N4 ,H[EV]1 REC5TLY ! /RUCTURE ( ! ,E,P,R-,I HAS BE5 AFFECT$ BY ! CAPTURE & IMPRISONM5T ( SOME ( ITS LEAD]S BY ! /ATE4 

,UNABLE TO REA* ANY ACCOMMODATION ) ! ,P,R,I YET UNABLE TO RE/>T !IR W>1 ! ,E,Z,L,N CONT9UE TO F9D !MSELVES AT AN IMPASSE4 ,! CREATION ( ! ,F,Z,L,N 7,FR5TE ,ZAPATI/A DE ,NACIONAL ,LIB]ACION7 DUR+ #aiif WAS AN ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE A POLITICAL =UM \TSIDE ,*IAPAS = 'CIVIL SOCIETY'4 ,SET UP BY ! ,ZAPATI/AS1 !Y !MSELVES HAVE REFUS$ TO JO91 CLAIM+ ?AT !Y MI<T DOM9ATE PROCE$+S4 ,SUBSEQU5TLY ! ,F,Z,L,N HAS BE5 RIV5 BY ! IDEOLOGICAL AMBITIONS ( ! ,MEXICO ,CITY LEFT1 & IS COMMONLY CONSID]$ A FAILURE4 

,S9CE !N ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE FALL5 BACK UPON NATIONWIDE PUBLICITY DRIVES4 ,!SE HAVE ! DUAL ROLE ( KEEP+ !IR /RUGGLE & ! MILIT>IZATION ( EA/]N ,*IAPAS 9 ! PUBLIC EYE1 :ILE SIMULTANE\SLY BUILD+ SOLID>ITY NETWORKS AS !Y REA* \T ACROSS ,MEXICO4 ,SEPTEMB] #aiig SAW #a1#a#a#a ,ZAPATI/AS1 ONE FROM EA* AUTONOM\S VILLAGE1 M>* FROM ,*IAPAS TO ,MEXICO ,CITY1 PICK+ UP SUPPORT]S ALONG ! WAY4 ,M>* #aiii SAW ,LA ,CONSULTA3 #e MALE & FEMALE ,ZAPATI/AS VISIT$ EV]Y MUNICIPALITY 9 ,MEXICO 9 ORD] TO HOLD A BALLOT ON 9DIG5\S RI<TS & ! MILIT>Y BUILDUP 9 ,*IAPAS4 

,DESPITE ! BLOCKADE1 ! ,MEXICAN >MY IS UNABLE TO BREAK ! P[] ( ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES4 ,?IS IS P>TLY BECAUSE ! MEASURES NE$$ TO A*IEVE ?IS W\LD RESULT 9 EA/]N ,*IAPAS BECOM+ A *>NEL H\SE1 & ! ,P,R,I HAS BE5 UNWILL+ TO C\RT ?AT SORT ( 9T]NATIONAL ATT5TION4 ,! >MY = !IR P>T >E RELUCTANT4 ,! G5]ALS KN[ !IR TROOPS COME L>GELY FROM ,MEXICO'S URBAN SLUMS & HAVE NO REAL QU>REL ) ! ,ZAPATI/AS4 ,A PROLONG$ & VICI\S ATTACK C\LD QUICKLY BR+ 9SUBORD9ATION & MUT9Y 9TO ! PICTURE4 ,9DE$1 ACCORD+ TO ONE (FIC] :O HAS S9CE FL$ TO ! ,U,S1 >\ND A HUNDR$ ,MEXICAN SOLDI]S DES]T$ 9 ! OP5+ WEEKS ( ! ,*IAPAS W>4 ,9/EAD1 ! >MY HAVE TAK5 TO TRA9+ P>AMILIT>IES1 = :I* !Y AFT]W>DS CLAIM NO RESPONSIBILITY4 ,! GR\P ,MASC>A ,ROJO 7,R$ ,MASK7 C>RI$ \T ! ,ACTEAL MASSACRE ( ,DECEMB] #a#i#i#g1 ! S+LE WOR/ ATROCITY YET 9 ?IS /RUGGLE1 9 :I* #de ,E,Z,L,N SYMPA?IZ]S1 9CLUD+ WOM5 & *ILDR51 W]E GUNN$ D[N4 ,NATURALLY ! ,P,R,I !N USE SU* MOM5TS TO JU/IFY S5D+ YET MORE TROOPS 9TO ! >EA -- 9 ORD] TO 'CONTROL ! P>AMILIT>IES'4 ,EV5 SO1 ! >MY HAS OCCASIONALLY BE5 LET (F ! LEA%3 ,APRIL TO ,JUNE #aiih SAW ATTACKS ON ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES ( ,FLORES ,MAGON1 ,TI]RA Y ,LIB]TAD & ,SAN ,JUAN DE ,LIB]TAD4 ,AS A RESULT ( !SE & O!R 9CURSIONS1 ! NUMB] ( REFUGEES 9 ,*IAPAS IS N[ OV] #b14 

#aiii SAW BETT] PROSPECTS4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] HUNDR$S ( ,U,N,A,M /RIK]S TRAVEL$ TO ,*IAPAS = MEET+S ) ! ,E,Z4 ,DESP]ATE TO /OP ! TWO SIDES MEET+1 ! >MY & POLICE PULL$ \T ALL ! /OPS ON ! DIRT ROADS LEAD+ TO ! AUTONOM\S COMMUNITIES1 ?\< A FEW GOT ?R\<4 ,! ,U,N,A,M OCCUPATION 9 ,MEXICO ,CITY WAS SMA%$ BY AN 5ORM\S DAWN RAID 9 ,FEBRU>Y #b & HUNDR$S ( /UD5TS 9C>C]AT$ ON LUDICR\S T]RORISM *>GES4 ,! ,U,N,A,M /RIKE1 ! L>GE/ /UD5T MOVEM5T S9CE #a#i#f#h1 C\LD HAVE ALL SORTS ( EFFECTS ON ,MEXICO'S CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,NO D\BT SOME /UD5TS WILL BE RECUP]AT$ BY ! /ATE BUT FUR!R CONTE/ATION SEEMS 9EVITABLE = MANY4 ,! 9DEP5D5T ELECTRICITY WORK]S UNION HAS ALSO S5T DELEGATIONS TO EA/]N ,*IAPAS4 ,9 !IR FI<T AGA9/ PRIVATIZATION ( ! ELECTRICITY GRID !Y HAVE =M$ A ,NATIONAL ,=UM :I* HAS BE5 JO9$ BY OV] TWO HUNDR$ 9DEP5D5T UNION SECTIONS & O!R SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,! ELECTRI/AS APPE> TO HAVE WON !IR BATTLE1 ?\< ! ?REAT HAS BE5 LIFT$ P>TLY BECAUSE PRIVATIZATION REMA9S UNPOPUL> & #b IS AN ELECTION YE>4 ,RATIONALIZATION 9 ! ELECTRICITY 9DU/RY C\LD EASILY BE RESURRECT$ BY ! B\RGEOISIE 9 #ba OR #b#b4 ,! SOIL 9 :I* !SE /RUGGLES >E ROOT$ IS /ILL F]TILE4 ,AS ! ,ZAPATI/A SUPPORT]S 9 ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL SAY ',NOBODY 9 ,MEXICO KN[S :AT WILL HAPP5 NEXT4' 

,! PRES5T >TICLE IS AN ATTEMPT TO ANALYZE ! NATURE ( ! ,ZAPATI/A UPRIS+ BY MOV+ BEYOND ! BLU/] ( ! ,E,Z,L,N COMMUNIQUES1 ON :I* SO MANY BASE !IR ANALYSIS ( ! ,E,Z,L,N4 ,FIR/ H[EV]1 WE MU/ EXAM9E ! ROOTS ( ! MOD]N /ATE -- ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION4 

O ,P>T #a 3 ,! ,ROOTS ( ! ,MOD]N ,/ATE 
,P>T #a3 ,! ,ROOTS ( ! ,MOD]N ,/ATE 

,! ,REVOLUTION IS ! T\*/ONE ( ,MEXICAN POLITICS4 ,! P]IOD SAW ! ,MEXICAN /ATE BEG9 ITS TRANS=MATION FROM AN OLIG>*ICAL-L&[N]S' GOV]NM5T TO ! ONE-P>TY CORPORATI/ MODEL :I* SURVIV$ = SO LONG4 ,! ,REVOLUTION IS ALSO CRUCIAL TO UND]/&+ ! PECULI> SOCIAL BASE FROM :I* ! ,MEXICAN /ATE IS CON/RUCT$1 ) ITS =MAL RECUP]ATION ( WORK] & PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS1 & ITS NE$ TO REGUL>LY EMB>K UPON SPREES ( REVOLUTION>Y RHETORIC4 ,! REVOLUTION WAS DRIV5 =W>D BY ! PEASANTS' ATTACK ON ! LATIFUNDIAS1 OR L>GE E/ATES1 ! DOM9ANT MODE ( ACCUMULATION 9 ,MEXICO AT ! TIME4 ,DESPITE SUBSEQU5T 9DU/RIALIZATION1 ! LATIFUNDIAS HAVE P]SI/$ -- EV5 GR[N -- & HAVE REMA9$ A LOCUS ( CLASS /RUGGLE EV] S9CE1 MO/ REC5TLY 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,TO GRASP ! IMPORTANCE ( L& /RUGGLES 9 ,MEXICO WE NE$ TO UND]/& H[ ! LATIFUNDIAS OP]ATE1 & H[ !Y PLUG 9TO ! CYCLES ( NATIONAL ACCUMULATION4.<#f.> 

,! LATIFUNDIAS 

,! ,PORFIRIATO1 ! ADM9I/RATION ( ,PORFIRIO ,DIAZ1 RUL$ ,MEXICO FROM #ahgf TO #a#i#a4 ,ITS SOCIAL BASE WAS ! LATIFUNDI/AS1 ! L>GE L&[N]S1 & IT WAS !IR CLASS 9T]E/S ?AT W]E TRANSMITT$ ?R\< ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION ?AT ,MEXICO WAS UND]GO+ AT ! TURN ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY WAS CONF9$ TO T9Y >EAS ( ! C\NTRY1 & ! 9DU/RIAL B\RGEOISIE AS A CLASS W]E TOO WEAK TO MAKE MU* POLITICAL HEADWAY 9 ! ,PORFIRIATO4 ,! L>GE E/ATES ORIG9AT$ FROM ! FALL\T ( ! ,RE=M ,W>1 :I* HAD 5D$ 9 #a#h#f#g4 ,! VICTORI\S ,LIB]AL W+ ( ! OLIG>*Y 9T5D$ TO CREATE A LIMIT$ SY/EM ( SMALL L&HOLD+S ?AT W\LD BE CON/RUCT$ MA9LY FROM CONFISCAT$ ,*UR* PROP]TY & ! EXPROPRIAT$ COMMUNAL L& ( ,9DIANS4 ,BUT ALMO/ AS SOON AS !SE SMALLHOLD+S CAME 9TO EXI/5CE !Y W]E AGGRESSIVELY ACQUIR$ BY A NEW BRE$ ( L&[N] 7! LATIFUNDI/A71 ! SMALLHOLD] G5]ALLY BE+ UNABLE TO EXI/ SOLELY ON HIS L&4 ,!SE SMALLHOLD]S BECAME EI!R POORLY-PAID DAY-LABOR]S 7I4E4 SEASONALLY EMPLOY$7 OR DEBT-PEONS1 LITTLE MORE ?AN SLAVES4 ,9 ! S\!RN & C5TRAL >EAS ( ,MEXICO1 ! LATIFUNDI/AS FUR!R EXP&$ !IR PROP]TY BY VIOL5TLY EVICT+ PEASANTS 7CAMPES9OS7 FROM !IR EJIDOS 7COMMUNAL PRODUCTION UNITS74 ,?IS PROCESS PRODUC$ CONT9UAL CLASS CONFLICT 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! EXPANSION ( ! LATIFUNDIA PROP]TY-=M P5ETRAT$ ! C\NTRYSIDE ONLY TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! LOCAL POPULACE C\LD BE SUPPRESS$4 ,FAC$ ) WIDESPREAD RESI/ANCE1 ! L&[N]S ORGANIZ$ ! ,GU>DIAS ,BLANCAS 7,:ITE ,GU>DS1 USUALLY CAMPES9OS-TURN$-B&IT1 9 TURN RECRUIT$ BACK TO ! ,SIDE ( ,ORD]74 ,! FACT ?AT !SE BRUTAL P>AMILIT>Y GR\PS HAVE BE5 A CON/ANT P>T ( RURAL LIFE EV] S9CE 9DICATES ?AT ! PEASANTS HAVE NEV] ADMITT$ DEFEAT 9 ! L& W>1 & ! L&[N]S KN[ IT4 

,! LATIFUNDIAS1 :I* W]E USUALLY C5T]$ ON A LAVI%1 ,EUROPEAN-/YLE HACI5DA1 W]E ! WELLSPR+ ( SURPLUS EXTRACTION 9 ! ECONOMY4 ,SUG>1 C(FEE1 COTTON1 ,9DIA RUBB]3 EXPORT$ ABROAD1 AS WELL AS S]V+ ! NE$S ( ! 9T]NAL M>KET1 !SE W]E ! S\RCES ( WEAL? = ! L&[N+ CLASSES4 ,& IF ! 9T]NATIONAL TRADE CYCLE CONTRACT$1 ! LATIFUNDIA C\LD EASILY )DRAW 9TO LIMIT$1 OR EV5 SUBSI/5CE1 PRODUCTION4 ,! CO/ ( ! REPRODUCTION ( LABOR FELL ALWAYS ON ! VILLAGES \TSIDE ! PROP]TY & NEV] ON ! HACI5DA4 ,:ILE ! ELA/ICITY ( ?IS =M ( ACCUMULATION ACC\NTS = ITS LONGEVITY1 IT WAS 9 MANY WAYS BACKW>D4 ,! COMMODIFICATION ( LABOR-P[] & MONEY RELATIONS HAD SPREAD TO AN EXT5T ?R\<\T ! AGRICULTURAL SECTOR1 BUT W]E BY NO MEANS UNIV]SAL4 ,ON MANY HACI5DAS ! L&[N]S PAID !IR WORK]S 9 PRODUCE1 OR =C$ !M TO PUR*ASE FROM AN EMPLOY]'S %OP4 ,VIA ?IS PAYM5T 9 K9D CAMPES9OS USUALLY 5D$ UP 9 DEBT1 :I* T5D$ TO RISE AT A GREAT] RATE ?AN ! PEASANT WAS ABLE TO PAY IT (F4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS DEP5D5CY1 ! CAMPES9O BECAME A PEON1 TI$ =EV] TO ! HACI5DA4 ,! FACT ?AT DEBTS W]E PASS$ ON FROM FA!R TO SON ONLY HELP$ TO PRES]VE ?IS DI/ORT$ =M ( VALUE EXTRACTION4 ,IF A CAMPES9O ATTEMPT$ TO ESCAPE1 ! ,GU>DIAS ,BLANCAS W\LD FOLL[4 

,ZAPATISMO & ! ,AYALA ,PLAN 

,BY #a#i#a#a1 REVOLT WAS BREAK+ \T 9 ! NOR? & C5T] ( ,MEXICO1 TRIGG]$ BY ! CORRUPTION ( ! ,PORFIRIATO & ! VIOL5CE ( ! L&[N]S4 ,9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ! PEASANT UPRIS+ TOOK ! =M ( L& SEIZURES4 ,IT IS ! SCALE ( ! ATTACK ON ! LATIFUNDIAS ?AT IS ! DEF9+ *>ACT]I/IC ( ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,) ! ABS5CE ( FULLY-DEVELOP$ WAGE-RELATIONS1 EXPLOITATION WAS MORE IMM$IATE3 ! CAMPES9OS W]E ABLE TO P]SONALLY ID5TIFY !IR CLASS 5EMIES & EXACT VIOL5T REV5GE4 ,! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T WAS ! HI<PO9T ( !SE YE>S4 ,! CAMPES9OS ( ,MORELOS & ,PUEBLA CON/RUCT$ NOT ONLY A REVOLUTION>Y >MY1 !Y ALSO PRODUC$1 9 ! ,AYALA ,PLAN1 A COH]5T POLITICAL PROGRAM ?AT ASS]T$ !IR NE$S AGA9/ ?OSE ( CAPITAL4 ,! ,AYALA ,PLAN SPELL$ \T 9 DETAIL ! ,ZAPATI/A PROGRAM ( L& R$I/RIBUTION3 BROADLY1 EXPROPRIATION ( PRIVATE L& = PUBLIC UTILITY1 DISPOSSESS$ 9DIVIDUALS & COMMUNITIES1 ) A GU>ANTEE ( PROTECTION = SMALL L&HOLD+S4 ,! ,PLAN WAS BO? A CODIFICATION ( :AT WAS ALREADY HAPP5+ & A FILLIP TO FUR!R L& TAKEOV]S4 ,L&LORDS1 ,MEXICAN & =EIGN1 W]E FLEE+ 9 !IR ?\S&S4 

,) ! L&[N]S *AS$ \T ( ,MORELOS1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS ATTEMPT$ TO PLACE LIMITS ON ! FUTURE POSSIBILITY ( PETTY-B\RGEOIS ACCUMULATION4 ,ONE EXAMPLE IS ! PROPOSAL = AGRICULTURAL BANKS1 A CONFUS$ ATTEMPT1 BUT AN ATTEMPT NEV]!LESS1 TO TEMP] ! P[] ( MONEY 9 FAVOR ( SOCIAL NE$S4 ,( C\RSE1 HAD ! L& R$I/RIBUTION PROJECT BE5 ALL[$ TO ?RIVE ) ! CONT9UATION ( MONEY RELATIONS AS A :OLE1 A NEW G5]ATION ( L&[N]S W\LD EV5TUALLY HAVE DEVELOP$ FROM ! RANKS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS4 ,9 ! ,AYALA ,PLAN WE F9D A COMMUNI/ T5D5CY T[>DS COMMUNAL L&2 AT ! SAME TIME A V]Y UNCOMMUNI/ TOL]ANCE ( SMALL F>M]S1 P]FECTLY 9 KEEP+ ) :AT ,TEODOR ,%AN9 CALLS ! 'DIFF]5T WORLD' ( ! PEASANTRY1.<#g.> & :I* WE %ALL EXAM9E LAT]4 

,! 5D ( ! ,MORELOS ,COMMUNE 

,IF ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAD1 AT LEA/ 9 ! %ORT T]M1 RESOLV$ ! CONTRADICTION ( !IR CLASS POSITION BY FAVOR+ ! COMMUNAL OV] ! 9CIPI5T B\RGEOIS1 9 %>$ L& RA!R ?AN PRIVATE PROP]TY1 !Y W]E UNABLE TO RESOLVE A FUR!R CONTRADICTION1 & ONE :I* L$ ULTIMATELY TO ! SMA%+ ( !IR /RON<OLD1 ! ,MORELOS ,COMMUNE1 BY ! RECON/ITUT$ P[] ( ! /ATE4 ,:ILE ! REVOLUTION>Y CAMPES9O WAS 7ALMO/ LIT]ALLY7 EV]Y:]E1 !Y W]E UNABLE AS A CLASS TO MOVE BEYOND !IR LOCALI/ P]SPECTIVE4 ,! ,AYALA ,PLAN WAS ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ ATTEMPT TO 9T]V5E ON A NATIONAL LEVEL -- YET IT TALK$ AB\T ! L& & NO?+ ELSE4 ,UNLIKE ! REVOLUTION>Y PROLET>IAT1 SEP>AT$ =EV] FROM ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 !Y DID NOT SEE ! NE$ TO TRANSC5D !IR CLASS1 & ) IT ALL CLASSES4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y WORK+ CLASS NE$S TO TALK AB\T EV]Y?+ 9 ITS ATTEMPTS TO G5]ALIZE ITS /RUGGLES2 ! PEASANTRY BELIEVES IT NE$S ONLY TO TALK AB\T ! L&4 ,! CAMPES9OS ( ?IS P]IOD HAD /RUGGL$ >\ND !IR NE$S1 HAD L>GELY SUCCE$$1 & N[ F\ND !MSELVES UNABLE TO DEVELOP FUR!R4 

,! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS :O 9 ,DECEMB] #aiad OCCUPI$ ,MEXICO ,CITY W]E UND\BT$LY ONE ( ! HI<E/ EXPRESSIONS ( CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! WORLD AT ?AT TIME4 ,! WORK]S ( ,EUROPE W]E DR[N+ 9 !IR [N BLOOD & ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS /ILL ?REE YE>S AWAY4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! :OLE ( ,MEXICO WAS AT ! PEASANTS' FEET4 ,! NATIONAL P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE WAS SMA%$ & ITS SURVIVORS HAD RETREAT$ TO ! EA/]N PORT ( ,V]ACRUZ4 ,YET IT WAS AT PRECISELY ?IS MOM5T ?AT ! TRADITIONAL PEASANT DEF]5CE1 :I* IS ROOT$ 9 ! CONTRADICTORY NATURE ( PEASANT EXI/5CE & ! CULTURAL BAGGAGE ?AT ACCOMPANIES IT1 ASS]T$ ITSELF4 ,REFUS+ A POLITICAL SOLUTION FROM )9 !MSELVES1 & TRU/+ ?AT MILIT>Y /R5G? ALONE W\LD PREVAIL1 !Y 9ADV]T5TLY LEFT ! DOOR OP5 TO A WEAK BUT RECON/ITUT+ /ATE P[]4 ,?IS 9ABILITY TO F9D A WID] SOCIAL P]SPECTIVE IS AT LEA/ SOME?+ ! PRES5T DAY ,ZAPATI/AS1 ) ALL !IR LIMITATIONS1 HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO OV]COME1 :ILE MANY ( !IR CAMPES9O BRO!RS & SI/]S 9 ! WE/ ( ,*IAPAS >E /ILL UNABLE TO MAKE ! JUMP FROM ATOMIZ$ DEF]5CE TO COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION4 

,! PREAMBLE TO ! ,AYALA ,PLAN HAD RUL$ \T ANY COMPROMISES ) ! B\RGEOIS LEAD] ,MAD]O & O!R 'DICTATORIAL ASSOCIATES4' ,YET ! ,ZAPATI/AS W]E *RONICALLY UNABLE TO SEE BEYOND !IR [N BACKY>D4 ,?IS BL9DNESS TO ! ?REAT ( ! /ATE WAS ! HI<E/ CONTRADICTION ( ! EXEMPL>Y PEASANT MOVEM5T ( ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,! WORK+ CLASS 

,9DIVIDUALLY1 MANY M9]S1 RAILWAYM5 & TEXTILE WORK]S JO9$ ! PEASANT ,NOR!RN ,DIVISION1 :I* HAD 5T]$ 9TO A DE FACTO ALLIANCE ) ! ,ZAPATI/A ,S\!RN ,LIB]ATION ,>MY4 ,AS A CLASS1 H[EV]1 & DESPITE A HUGE /RIKE WAVE 9 #aif 1 !Y REMA9$ QUIET UNTIL #a#i#a#e4 

,! PEASANT >MIES :I* HAD OCCUPI$ ,MEXICO ,CITY HAD FAIL$ TO 9SPIRE WORK+ CLASS SUPPORT1 OR 9DE$ RELATE TO !M 9 ANY WAY4 ,AS A RESULT1 9 EX*ANGE = UNION CONCESSIONS FROM ! REVOLUTION>Y B\RGEOISIE1 ! RE=MI/ F$]ATION ( UNIONS1 ! ,CASA DEL ,OBR]A ,MUNDIAL 7,C,O,M7 AGRE$ TO =M ',R$ ,BATTALIONS' TO FI<T ! ,NOR!RN ,DIVISION & ! ,ZAPATISATAS4 ,AL?\< ?IS DECISION DID NOT GO UNOPPOS$ -- ! ELECTRICIANS' UNION REFUS$ TO ABIDE BY ! PACT -- ! ,R$ ,BATTALIONS F\<T ALONGSIDE :AT W]E KN[N AS ! ,CON/ITUTIONALI/ >MIES ?R\<\T #a#i#a#e4 ,YET ONLY A YE> LAT] ! WORK+ CLASS WAS PAY+ ! PRICE = ?IS COMPLICITY4 ,! NEW B\RGEOISIE1 HAV+ BEAT5 (F ! ?REAT FROM ! PEASANTS1 NO LONG] NE$$ ! UNIONS4 ,C,O,M HEADQU>T]S WAS /ORM$ BY TROOPS & UNIONI/S ACROSS ! C\NTRY >RE/$4 ,! FOLL[+ YE>1 #aiaf 1 ! FIR/ G5]AL /RIKE 9 ,MEXICAN HI/ORY WAS CRU%$4 ,DESPITE ?IS1 H[EV]1 ! P[] ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS REMA9$ =MIDABLE4 

,! #aiag ,CON/ITUTION 

,JU/ LIKE ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! #aiag ,CON/ITUTION IS A VITAL T\*/ONE 9 ,MEXICAN LIFE1 A DOCUM5T ?AT CAME 9TO EXI/5CE AS A RESULT ( PROLONG$ /RUGGLE1 & IS /ILL HELD 9 HI< REG>D TODAY BY MANY SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS & PEASANTRY4 ,! B\RGEOISIE CLE>LY 9T5D$ ! NEW SET ( /ATE RULES TO BE A SIGNAL ?AT ! YE>S ( *AOS & CIVIL W> W]E OV] & A NEW CYCLE ( ACCUMULATION C\LD BEG94 

,KN[+ ! ]OSION ( ! GA9S ( ! ,REVOLUTION W\LD ONLY BE TOL]AT$ TO A DEGREE BY ! PEASANTS & ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! NEW B\RGEOISIE 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ ITSELF AS ! REVOLUTION>Y P>TY-/ATE1 M>G9ALIZ+ COMPET+ CURR5TS )9 ITS [N CLASS BY MOBILIZ+ POPUL> OP9ION4 ,IT IS ! EVOLUTION ( ?IS P>TY-/ATE ?AT ACC\NTS = ! LACK ( P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY 9 ,MEXICO1 & EXPLA9S ! CONC5TRATION ( P[] 9 ! H&S ( ONE MAN1 ! ,PRESID5T4 ,DESPITE MANY KNOCKS ?IS SPECIFIC =MATION ( ! B\RGEOISIE HAS SURVIV$ -- JU/ -- ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,9 ! ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES1 ! ILLUSION ( ALT]NATIVES ?R\< DEMOCRACY IS AT ! C5T] ( ! REPRODUCTION & EXPANSION ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,DEMOCRACY M$IATES BETWE5 COMPET+ 9T]E/S )9 ! RUL+ CLASS1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME C\NT]+ T5D5CIES T[>DS CORRUPTION 9 ! RELATION BETWE5 /ATE & CAPITAL4 ,9 ,MEXICO1 !RE IS A HOLE :]E ?IS M$IATION MI<T EXI/ -- A HOLE ?AT IS 9/EAD PLUGG$ BY ! EXTRAORD9>Y WAY 9 :I* WORK]S' & PEASANTS' ORGANIZATIONS HAVE BE5 =MALLY CO-OPT$ BY ! /ATE4 

O ,P>T #b 3 ,! ,*ANG+ ,FACE ( ! ,9/ITUTIONAL ,REVOLUTION 
,P>T #b3 ,! ,*ANG+ ,FACE ( ! ,9/ITUTIONAL ,REVOLUTION 

,RADICAL SOCIAL DEMOCRACY TO ! RESCUE 

,IT WAS NOT UNTIL #aica ?AT LABOR'S REPRES5TATIVES W]E FULLY 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! /ATE4 ,?IS ACCEPTANCE ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS ! WORK+ CLASS1 AS A POT5TIALLY ANTAGONI/IC CLASS :O MU/ BE BR\<T 9TO ! FOLD TO NEUTRALIZE !IR REVOLUTION>Y IMPULSES1 IS ! BASIS ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRACY ! ,MEXICAN B\RGEOISIE UTILIZ$ = DECADES4 7,AS LATE AS #a#i#h#h1 ,PRESID5T ,SAL9AS C\LD /ILL TRUMPET ! '9DE/RUCTIBLE PACT BETWE5 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T & ! WORK+ CLASS4'7 

,) ITS PROXIMITY TO1 & 9TEGRATION )1 ,U,S CAPITAL1 ,MEXICO WAS PR(\NDLY AFFECT$ BY ! ,WALL ,/REET ,CRA%4 ,BY #aicd ! B\RGEOISIE HAD COMPREH5SIVELY FAIL$ TO RE/ORE /ABLE CLASS RELATIONS = ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL4 ,EXAC]BAT$ BY ! ,DEPRESSION & ! MILITANT RECOMPOSITION ( BO? ! PEASANTRY & ! PROLET>IAT1 REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE FROM BEL[ WAS ONCE MORE ON ! AG5DA4 ,IF ,AM]ICAN CAPITAL-9-G5]AL WAS N[ RELUCTANTLY GO+ ALONG ) ! ,NEW ,DEAL1 ! SOLUTION TO ! CRISIS 9 ,MEXICO HAD TO BE F> MORE RADICAL4 ,MO/ 9DIVIDUAL ,MEXICAN CAPITALS RECOGNIZ$ ! OBJECTIVELY HI<] LEVEL ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! NI<TM>E ( #aiad HAUNT$ !M MORE ?AN EV]4 ,AS SU* ! ,MEXICAN RUL+ CLASS'S RADICAL SOLUTION TO ! CRISIS OP5$ UP ! POSSIBILITY ( FO/]+ A MOVEM5T ?AT W\LD NOT GO HOME :5 IT WAS TOLD TO1 ?AT C\LD DEVELOP 9 ITS [N DIRECTION & RUPTURE =EV] ! FABRIC ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 

,?IS RADICALIZ$ =M ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY CAME ?R\< ! CONDUIT ( ,LAZ>O ,C>D5AS1 ,PRESID5T FROM #a#i#c#d-#d4 ,HIS FIR/ & MO/ IMPORTANT TASK WAS TO SIGN A PACT ) ! NEW ,C,G,O,C,M 7,CONF$]ATION ( ,WORK]S & ,PEASANTS74 ,BY #aice HALF ( ALL ,MEXICO'S ORGANIZ$ WORK]S W]E 9 ,C,G,O,C,M & /RIKES W]E GO+ ?R\< ! RO(4 ,C>D5AS IMM$IATELY RECOGNIZ$ ! RI<T TO /RIKE1 P\R$ MONEY 9TO ,C,G,O,C,M PATRONAGE & %IFT$ ! SYMPA?Y ( ! /ATE'S LABOR RELATIONS BO>DS AWAY FROM ! EMPLOY] & T[>DS ! WORK+ CLASS AS REPRES5T$ BY ! UNIONS4 ,9 #aicf ,C,G,O,C,M WAS R5AM$ ! ,C,T,M 7,CONF$]ATION ( ,MEXICAN ,WORK]S7 & RECOGNIZ$ AS ! (FICIAL NATIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! HI<PO9T ( ! RADICAL SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PROJECT CAME 9 #a#i#c#h1 ) ,C>D5AS'S NATIONALIZATION ( ! L>GELY ,U,S-[N$ OIL 9DU/RY4 ,C>D5AS MANIPULAT$ ! 5?USIASM = ?IS MEASURE TO G5]ATE A SPIRIT ( 'NATIONAL UNITY'1 :I* HE !N US$ TO CRU% ! 9SURG5T WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 

,IT WAS NOT ONLY ! CITIES ! RADICAL P>TY-/ATE HAD TO ATT5D TO 9 ORD] TO PREV5T SOCIAL REVOLUTION BREAK+ \T4 ,! C\NTRYSIDE HAD IGNIT$ & SU/A9$ ! ,REVOLUTION1 & C\LD DO SO AGA94 ,C>D5AS'S SOLUTION WAS A MASSIVE R$I/RIBUTION ( L& ! LIKE ( :I* SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 9 ,MEXICO HAS NOT BE5 COMPELL$ TO REPEAT4 ,NATURALLY ONLY ! WOR/ L& WAS P>CEL$ \T -- ! PROP]TY & 9T]E/S ( ! HAC5DADOS LEFT 9TACT4 ,:ILE ! ,C>D5AS RE=MS APPE>$ IMPRESSIVE1 !Y NOT ONLY PRES]V$ SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 ! RURAL >EAS1 !Y BOL/]$ & EXP&$ COMMODITY RELATIONS BY CREAT+ A NEW CLASS ( SMALL L&[N]S4 ,= ! VA/ MAJORITY A SMALL PAT* WAS UNSU/A9ABLE & SEASONAL WAGE-LABOR UNAVOIDABLE4 ,! ULTIMATE RESULT ( ! L& RE=MS WAS M>G9ALIZATION = ! MANY1 A NEW NETWORK ( SMALL COMPETITIVE F>M+ = SOME1 & ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! LUMB]+ LATIFUNDIAS4 

,9 FACT ,C>D5AS HAD MOBILIZ$ ! WORK+ CLASS 9 P>T TO DISCIPL9E ?OSE RECALCITRANT SECTIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE :O NE$$ TO BE SAV$ FROM !MSELVES4 ,AFT] #aid ! B\RGEOISIE AS A :OLE ACCEPT$ ! NECESSITY ( /ATE 9T]V5TION4 ,EV5 MORE CRUCIALLY1 ANY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T FROM BEL[ C\LD BE M$IAT$ ?R\< ! N[-RELIABLE ,C,T,M OR ! NEW ,C,N,C 7,NATIONAL ,CAMPES9O ,CONF$]ATION74 ,AS P>T ( ! P>TY-/ATE1 !SE ORGANIZATIONS C\LD DELIV] C]TA9 CONCESSIONS1 DEFUZE PROLET>IAN & PEASANT ANG] ?R\< NATIONALI/ *ANNELS & TURN A BL9D EYE TO REPRESSION IF IT WAS NE$$4 ,! /ATE HAD SOLV$ ! CRISIS IT HAD BE5 MIR$ 9 S9CE ! FALL ( ! ,PORFIRIATO1 & IT HAS FOLL[$ ! SAME MODEL UNTIL V]Y REC5TLY3 ONE P>TY GU>ANTEE+ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY 7PEACE BETWE5 ! (FICIALLY-RECOGNIZ$ ANTAGONI/IC CLASSES74 ,UNLIKE ! WE/1 IT HAS NOT NE$$ ! %IELD ( =MAL B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY TO DO SO4 

,! ,ECONOMY AFT] #aid 

,! ,AM]ICAN ,=DI/ MODEL ( ACCUMULATION1 :]EBY 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY PAYS = HI<] WAGES1 :I* 9 TURN BOO/S DEM&1 C\LD NOT BE FOLL[$ 9 ,MEXICO4 ,! NATIVE B\RGEOISIE WAS TOO WEAK TO 9NOVATE & HAD ALWAYS RELI$ ON ,AM]ICA = HEAVY 9DU/RIAL 9VE/M5T4 ,! AGRICULTURAL SECTOR /ILL LAGG$ F> BEH9D ?AT ( ,AM]ICA4 ,:ILE ,U,S CAPITAL MAY NOT CONSCI\SLY HAVE WANT$ TO KEEP ,MEXICO UND]DEVELOP$1 IT SAW IT G5]ALLY AS FIT ONLY = NATURAL RES\RCE & LABOR-P[] EXPLOITATION4 

,MEXICO DID1 ?\<1 9DU/RIALIZE RAPIDLY AFT] #a#i#d4 ,! MODEL WAS /ATE-L$ CAPITALISM ) ITS [N ,MEXICAN PECULI>ITIES4 ,9VE/M5T 9 9FRA/RUCTURE WAS ! PROV9CE ( ! /ATE4 ,PETROLEUM1 RAIL & COMMUNICATIONS SECTORS W]E ALL UND] /ATE CONTROL1 & ! /ATE G5]ALLY C>RI$ \T ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T :I* ! PRIVATE SECTOR ?\<T TOO RISKY4 ,! RES\RCES ( ! /ATE W]E AUGM5T$ BY HUGE =EIGN 9VE/M5T4 ,MEXICO HAS ALWAYS BE5 A NATURAL FIR/ /OP = ,AM]ICA'S =EIGN-B\ND SURPLUS VALUE2 N[ IT FLOOD$ OV] ! BORD] AS A RESULT ( ! PO/W> BOOM4 

,BY ! #a#i#fS1 ,MEXICO HAD BE5 5JOY+ ITS ECONOMIC 'MIRACLE' = SOME TIME4 ,G,D,P HAD RIS5 ON AV]AGE #f-#g.0 ANNUALLY4 ,PR(IT FL[$ 9TO /ATE C(F]S1 PAY+ = AN UN(FICIAL WELF>E /ATE ( SORTS4 ,H[EV] SOCIAL 9EQUALITY WAS REA*+ NEW EXTREMES4 ,BY #aifi ! PROPORTION ( NATIONAL 9COME GO+ TO ! POORE/ HALF ( ! POPULATION WAS ONLY #a#e.04 ,9 RURAL >EAS1 AS AGRICULTURAL ME*ANIZATION 9CREAS$ & PRODUCTIVE L& WAS CONC5TRAT$1 ! NUMB] ( UN- OR UND]EMPLOY$ WAS GO+ UP4 ,SOME1 SEEK+ TO REFUSE PROLET>IANIZATION1 MOV$ AWAY FROM ! AGRICULTURAL HE>TL&S & ATTEMPT$ TO *IP \T A LIV+ FROM B>ELY CULTIVATABLE L& -- ?IS BE+ ! OPTION MANY ,*IAPAN ,9DIANS TOOK2 MANY MOV$ TO ! CITIES TO JO9 ! RES]VE >MY & EFFECTIVELY KEPT FACTORY & WORK%OP WAGES D[N2 SOME BECAME MIGRANT WORK]S FOLL[+ ! H>VE/S ?R\< ,MORELOS1 ,OAXACA1 ,SAN ,LUIS ,POTOSI & ,V]ACRUZ4 ,/ILL O!RS CROSS$ ! BORD] 9TO ! ,U,S4.<#h.> 

,9 ! T[NS & CITIES EV5 ! ORGANIZ$ 9DU/RIAL PROLET>IAT SUFF]$ FROM L[ WAGES4 ,:ILE !Y W]E RELATIVELY WELL (F COMP>$ TO ?OSE 9 SMALL WORK%OPS OR ! UNEMPLOY$1 /RUGGL+ TO SURVIVE 9 ANY WAY ?AT !Y C\LD1 !IR WAGES W]E A FRACTION ( !IR ,U,S C\NT]P>TS'4 ,!IR UNION ORGANIZATION MILITAT$ = HI<] WAGES1 YET ?IS WAS (FSET BY ! ABSOLUTE CORRUPTION ( ! *>ROS 7UNION BUREAUCRATS71 :O W\LD (T5 SWIPE !IR MEMB]S' DUES4 ,MORE ?AN ANY?+ BE+ 9 A /RONG UNION MEANT A GU>ANTEE ( A JOB1 A BUTTRESS AGA9/ UNEMPLOYM5T4 

,H[EV]1 = ! 'PILL>S ( SOCIETY'1 ?OSE SECTIONS ( ! POPULATION 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! P>TY-/ATE1 ! CO/S ( ! REPRODUCTION ( LABOR W]E PAID1 AFT] A FA%ION -- BY ! ',P,R,I WELF>E /ATE'4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO QUANTIFY1 BUT ! F>-REA*+ WEB ( ! ,P,R,I GU>ANTE$AN EXI/5CE = ?OSE SECTIONS ( SOCIETY IT NE$$ TO P]PETUATE ITSELF4 ,:E!R IT BE (FICIAL 7WAGE RISES7 OR UN(FICIAL 7BACKH&]S1 PROTECTION OR ! ELIM9ATION ( A RIVAL71 IT ALL HAD TO BE PAID =4 ,! CORRUPTION ( ! ,P,R,I WELF>E /ATE HAS C]TA9LY RET>D$ ! EFFICI5CY ( ,MEXICAN 9DU/RY1 PROMPT+ MANY MEMB]S ( ! B\RGEOISIE TO DEFECT TO ! ,P,A,N 7,NATIONAL ,ACTION ,P>TY71 ! PRO-BUS9ESS ,CA?OLIC P>TY SET UP 9 ! #a#i#cS TO OPPOSE ! ,C>D5I/ RE=MS4 

,! #aiei ,MOVEM5TS 

#a#i#e#h-#e#i SAW A SU/A9$ (F5SIVE BY ! PROLET>IAT OV] BO? WAGE LEVELS & ! CONTROL ( UNION *>ROS4.<#i.> ,IT IS DIFFICULT TO KN[ TO :AT EXT5T WORK+ CLASS SELF-ACTIVITY WAS M$IAT$2 C]TA9LY ! RAILWAYM5'S1 ELECTRICIANS' & TEA*]S' /RIKES W]E L$ BY ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & ALL ! IDEOLOGICAL DRAG ( ,/AL9ISM WAS PRES5T4 ,DISSID5T ,M>XI/ LEAD]S W]E ALSO PROM95T1 BUT PRESUMABLY !IR BELIEFS W]E V>IATIONS ON A !ME4 ,H[EV]1 ! FACT ?AT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS PROSCRIB$ FROM #aidf TO #aigg MEANT ?AT FOLL[+ !M L$ TO AN IMM$IATE *ALL5GE TO ! LAW ( ! L&3 ! #aiei MOVEM5TS L$ FREQU5TLY TO VIOL5T CONFRONTATION ) ! /ATE4 

,CAPITAL ALSO REACT$ TO #a#i#e#i4 ,W>Y ( ! WORK+ CLASS'S PROV5 P[] OV] ! RAILWAYS1 MU* 9VE/M5T N[ %IFT$ 9TO AIR FREI<T & AUTOMOBILE PRODUCTION TO BEG9 A NEW R\ND ( ACCUMULATION -- & /RUGGLE4 

,MEXICO'S '#f#h 

,BY ! LATE #fS ! 9ABILITY ( ! ,P,R,I TO RE=M & DEMOCRATIZE ITSELF WAS APP>5T TO MANY SECTIONS ( SOCIETY1 & WAS A MAJOR CONTRIBUT+ FACTOR TO ! /UD5T REVOLT ( #a#i#f#h4 ,!SE /UD5TS W]E B5T ON GIV+ C>DIAC !RAPY TO ! CADAV] ( ! ,REVOLUTION -- DET]M9$ TO REJUV5ATE ! EGALIT>IANISM ( ! #aiag ,CON/ITUTION4 ,! MOVEM5T1 9 ITS CONC5TRAT$ PHASE ( ,JULY -- ,OCTOB] BECAME RADICALIZ$ ?R\< ITS MANY VIOL5T CONFRONTATIONS ) ! /ATE4 ,!IR NUMB]S W]E SWOLL5 BY PISS$-(F PROLET>IANS ANGRY AT ! SPECTACLE & EXP5DITURE ( ! IMM95T ,OLYMPIC ,GAMES4 ,T5 DAYS BE=E ! ,GAMES W]E DUE TO OP51 >\ND FIVE HUNDR$ /UD5TS W]E KILL$ & #b1#e W\ND$ 9 ! ,TLATELOLCO MASSACRE4 ,! >MY ATTACK1 :I* HAS BE5 M>K$ EV]Y YE> S9CE BY DEMON/RATIONS1 F9ALLY BLEW ! LID (F ! ,P,R,I'S CLAIMS TO REVOLUTION>Y LEGITIMACY4 ,IT ALSO DAMAG$ ! P>TY-/ATE 9 MORE CONCRETE WAYS3 TRADITIONALLY UNCONC]N$ AB\T US+ CLUBS & BULLETS AGA9/ WORK]S & PEASANTS1 ! ,P,R,I N[ F\ND ITSELF %OOT+ D[N MIDDLE CLASS /UD5TS -- ITS ! NATURAL CON/ITU5CY = REPRODUCTION4 

,MANY /UD5TS1 ?\<1 W]E BR\<T BACK ')9 BUDGET' AFT] A TIME 9 PRISON4 ,?OSE :O HAD MOV$ BEYOND A CRITIQUE ( ! ,P,R,I TO A WID] CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM W]E =C$ \T ( ,MEXICO ,CITY TO T[NS & CITIES ?AT C>RI$ LESS P]SONAL RISK4 ,= ?OSE BE+ ACTIVELY PURSU$ BY ! /ATE1 ?IS MEANT DISAPPE>+ 9TO ,MEXICO'S VA/ H9T]L&S4 ,!RE IS A DIRECT L9EAGE FROM ! ,TLATELOLOCO MASSACRE TO ! MANY GU]RILLA GR\PS ?AT APPE>$ 9 ! RURAL M>G9S 9 ! E>LY #a#i#gS4 ,TA9T$ BY ! MILIT>I/ IDEOLOGY ( ,*E OR ,MAO1 !SE W]E ALL SMA%$ ) ! HELP ( ! ,C,I,A BY #a#i#g#e4 

,! E>LY #a#i#gS -- ECONOMIC CRISIS 

,& !RE WAS A NEW PROBLEM4 ,! ECONOMIC BOOM /EMM+ FROM ! 9DU/RIALIZATION PROCESS & ! ,P,R,I EMPLOYM5T PROTECTION RACKET1 :I* HAD P>TLY (FSET ! TRADITIONAL ROLE ( ! RES]VE >MY1 MEANT ! NATIONALIZ$ 9DU/RIES W]E SEV]ELY OV]MANN$ & 9EFFICI5T1 & RUN BY AN 5TR5*$ WORK+ CLASS ACCU/OM$ TO RELATIVELY HI< WAGES4 

,!Y SAY ?AT :5 ,AM]ICA SNEEZES1 ,MEXICO CAT*ES A COLD4 ,N[ MIR$ 9 ITS [N CRISIS ( ACCUMULATION1 ,AM]ICA 9 ! E>LY #a#i#gS WAS TAK+ ,MEXICO D[N ) IT4 ,AS CAPITAL 9CREAS+LY FRE$ ITSELF FROM NATIONAL B\ND>IES1 TRANS=M+ ITSELF 9TO HI<LY MOBILE F9ANCE CAPITAL1 9VE/M5T FLOOD$ AWAY FROM ! 9DU/RIAL HE>TL&S ( BO? ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,MEXICO TO ! ,PACIFIC ,RIM ECONOMIES4 

,! RECESSION GAVE ! B\RGEOISIE LESS SCOPE = CONC$+ ! ABOVE-9FLATION WAGE RISES ?AT HAD HEAD$ (F TR\BLE 9 ! PA/4 ,AS A RESULT ! NEGOTIAT+ POSITION ( ! *>ROS WAS CONSID]ABLY WEAK5$4 ,) ! IDEALS -- & REPRESSION -- ( ! /UD5T MOVEM5T FRE%1 ! WORK+ CLASS1 P>TICUL>LY FROM #a#i#g#c1 BEGAN A S]IES ( /RIKES1 GO-SL[S & DEMON/RATIONS4 ,JU/ LIKE #a#i#e#i1 !IR DEM&S W]E OV] WAGES & ! REMOVAL ( CORRUPT UNION LEAD]S3 A /RUGGLE = AUTONOMY ?AT RAIS$ ! POSSIBILITY ( GO+ BEYOND ! TRADE UNION =M AS SU*4 ,! MOVEM5T ORGANIZ$ NEW UNIONS \TSIDE ! ,C,T,M & =M$ CURR5TS ( RESI/ANCE )9 IT4.<#a.> ,! FACT ?AT ! WORK]S HAD (T5 TO PHYSICALLY FI<T ! *>ROS & !IR GOONS1 :O SOMETIMES US$ ! TOOLS ( DISAPPE>ANCE & ASSASS9ATION1 MEANT ?AT ! ,C,T,M C\LD EASILY & VISIBLY BE ID5TIFI$ AS ! 5EMY4 ,:ILE FEW WORK]S SEEM TO HAVE US$ ?IS AS AN OPPORTUNITY FROM :I* TO DEVELOP A CRITIQUE ( WAGE-LABOR1 !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ?AT ! MID '#gS /RIKE MOVEM5T 9CREAS$ BO? ! SELF-CONFID5CE ( ! ,MEXICAN WORK+ CLASS1 & ! S5SE ( !IR BE+ AN ANTAGONI/IC CLASS1 ! OPPOSITION TO1 & NEGATION (1 ! B\RGEOISIE4 

,! MOVEM5T REA*$ ITS HEI<T 9 #a#i#g#f4 ,! RADICAL ELECTRICIANS' UNION1 :O HAD BR\<T TOGE!R NEW UNIONS1 URBAN SQUATT] GR\PS1 & PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS TO =M ! ',NATIONAL ,FRONT ( ,LABOR1 ,PEASANT & ,POPUL> ,9SURG5CY'1 N[ CALL$ A NATIONAL /RIKE4 ,! ADM9I/RATION RESPOND$ BY S5D+ ! >MY TO OCCUPY EV]Y ELECTRICAL 9/ALLATION 9 ,MEXICO4 ,?IS WAS ONLY ! MO/ VISIBLE ( ! MANY ACTS ( REPRESSION :I* PU%$ ! NEW LABOR MILITANCY 9TO DEFEAT4 

,! /ATE ALSO RESPOND$ ) MASSIVE SOCIAL SP5D+4 ,=EIGN 9VE/M5T1 H[EV]1 WAS FLOOD+ \T ( ,MEXICO4 ,MOREOV]1 /ATE EXP5DITURE ON UNPRODUCTIVE 9DU/RIES /AFF$ BY REBELLI\S WORK]S WAS NEV] GO+ TO SOLVE ! CRISIS ( ACCUMULATION4 ,!N AN UNEXPECT$ & PROPITI\S DISCOV]Y GAVE ! B\RGEOISIE ROOM TO MANEUV] -- OIL4 

,OIL BOOM -- & BU/ 

,AS A RESULT ( ! OIL BOOM1 ! ECONOMY WAS GR[+ AT >\ND #h.0 BY ! 5D ( ! #a#i#gS4 ,NOT ONLY HAD ! DISCOV]Y ( NEW PETROLEUM DEPOSITS PULL$ ,MEXICO \T ( ! RECESSION ?AT HAD BEGUN 9 #a#i#g#c1 ! GR[? & CONCOMITANT WAGE RISES HAD S]V$ TO HEAD (F ! SN[BALL+ CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,! OIL /ILL 9 ! GR\ND (F ! ,YUCATAN P59SULA & 9 ,*IAPAS WAS US$ AS COLLAT]AL = HUGE LOANS FROM ABROAD4 ,WE/]N BANKS1 /UFF$ ) SURPLUS PETRODOLL>S AS A RESULT ( ! ,O,P,E,C OIL PRICE HIKE EAG]LY L5T \T !SE VA/ SUMS TO ,MEXICO & MANY O!R ',?IRD ,WORLD' NATIONS4 ,! LOANS W]E US$ TO COV] BO? ! TRADE & ! BUDGET DEFICITS4 

,! B\RGEOISIE ASSUM$ ! PRICE ( OIL W\LD CONT9UE TO RISE1 AS IT HAD DONE S9CE #a#i#g#c3 ! EXT5T ( !IR LOANS WAS PR$ICAT$ ON FUTURE OIL REV5UE4 ,H[EV]1 ! PRICE ( OIL DROPP$ %>PLY AFT] #a#i#g#i4 ,C\PL$ ) RIS+ 9T]E/ RATES ?AT PU%$ ! EXT]NAL DEBT EV] HI<]1 ,MEXICO 9 #aihb WAS UNABLE TO KEEP TO ITS S*$UL$ REPAYM5TS4 ,BY !N1 ! NATION [$ @s#i#b4#d BILLION1 ! ?IRD L>GE/ 9T]NATIONAL DEBT AFT] ! ,U,S & ,BRAZIL4 ,9 ,AUGU/ ( ?AT YE>1 ,MEXICO TRIGG]$ ! 9T]NATIONAL DEBT CRISIS BY DECL>+ A MORATORIUM ON ITS REPAYM5TS4 ,9 SO DO+ IT BR\<T ! 9T]NATIONAL BANK+ SY/EM TO ! $GE ( COLLAPSE4 ,WE/]N BANKS W]E SOON REFUS+ LOANS ( ANY K9D TO ! :OLE ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA :I* WAS CONSEQU5TLY PLUNG$ 9TO A DECADE-LONG RECESSION4 

,9 A DESP]ATE ATTEMPT TO /EM ! HEMORRHAG+ ( CAPITAL1 ! !N-,PRESID5T ,LOPEZ ,PORTILLO 9 ALMO/ HIS F9AL ACT NATIONALIZ$ ! BANKS4 ,9 SO DO+ HE FOLL[$ FIRMLY 9 ! TRADITION ( ,P,R,I ECONOMIC NATIONALI/S :O BLAME =EIGN1 & ESPECIALLY ,U,S1 CAPITAL ( BLE$+ !IR C\NTRY DRY4 ,9 FACT ! BANK NATIONALIZATION WAS ! LA/ TIME ! ECONOMIC NATIONALI/ C>D WAS BE PLAY$ ) ANY REAL CONT5T4 

,! ,LO/ ,DECADE 

#a#i#h#b-#a#i#i#b IS SOMETIMES CALL$ ! ,LO/ ,DECADE 9 ,MEXICO4 ,! /ORY IS A FAMILI> ONE3 HAV+ TO GO TO ! ,I,M,F = MONEY TO KEEP ! ECONOMY AFLOAT1 ! ,P,R,I F\ND !MSELVES OBLIG$ TO ROLL ! /ATE BACK FROM ! >5A ( CAPITAL4 ,?IS MEANT BR++ ! BUDGET DEFICIT UND] CONTROL1 REMOV+ /ATE SUBSIDIES TO 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE1 & L[]+ WAGES 9 ORD] TO /EM ! RUNAWAY 9FLATION :I* HAD BE5 FUEL$ BY ! OIL MIRAGE4 ,/ATE 5T]PRISES W]E PRIVATIZ$ BY ! FI/FUL1 USUALLY (FLOAD$ AT BEL[ M>KET VALUE TO ,P,R,I CRONIES4 ,& #aihf SAW ,MEXICO F9ALLY JO9+ ,G,A,T,T AFT] YE>S ( PROTECTIONISM3 MANY COMPANIES W5T BANKRUPT AS A RESULT4 

,9 ,DECEMB] #aihg ! ,ECONOMIC ,SOLID>ITY ,PACT WAS SIGN$ BY REPRES5TATIVES ( GOV]NM5T1 ! UNIONS & BUS9ESS4 7,MANY ( !SE UNION LEAD]S HAD COME TO PROM95CE ?R\< ! /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#gS74 ,RE/RA9T 9 WAGE DEM&S & PRICE CONTROLS ON CONSUM] GOODS WAS AGRE$4 ,! ,PACT WAS NO?+ LESS ?AN AN ATTEMPT TO PRES]VE ! SOCIAL FABRIC SO ?AT RE/RUCTUR+ C\LD GO AHEAD UNFETT]$4 ,BUT ITS V]Y EXI/5CE RAIS$ ! POSSIBILITY ( ITS BE+ WRECK$ BY A NEW PROLET>IAN (F5SIVE4 

,UN=TUNATELY ! T]RA9 ( /RUGGLE HAD *ANG$4 ,:ILE ! /RUGGLE = AUTONOMY 9 ! #a#i#gS HAD 5D$ AT ! TIME ( ! OIL BOOM1 CAPITAL WAS N[ 9 A MU* LESS EXPANSIVE POSITION4 ,IF ! CRISIS ( ACCUMULATION WAS TO BE SOLV$ RE/RUCTUR+ WAS ESS5TIAL4 ,! (F5SIVE ANTI-*>RO /RUGGLES ( ! WORK+ CLASS N[ BECAME PURELY DEF5SIVE & ECONOMIC4 ,AS PLANTS W]E CLOS$ OR PRIVATIZ$1 WORK]S MADE R$UNDANT OR HAD !IR WAGES L[]$1 ! /RUGGLE ORI5T$ ITSELF >\ND SECTIONAL BREAD-&-BUTT] ISSUES1 :I* 5G5D]$ FRAGM5TATION4 ,BETT]-PAID ,C,T,M WORK]S W]E /ILL RELATIVELY PROTECT$1 & ! #a#i#gS G5]ATION ( *>ROS W]E CONSEQU5TLY 9 A MU* MORE CR$IBLE POSITION TO M$IATE /RUGGLE4 ,& IF ! SITUATION BECAME DESP]ATE1 !RE WAS ALWAYS ! ALLURE ( ! ,U,S BORD] = ! DESP]ATE PROLET>IAN4 

,TWO MOM5TS FROM ! #a#i#hS 9DICATE1 H[EV]1 ?AT OV]T CLASS ANTAGONISM HAD NOT VANI%$ FROM ! ,MEXICAN L&SCAPE4 ,! FIR/ IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! WEEKS FOLL[+ ! DEVA/ATION CAUS$ BY ! #aihe ,MEXICO ,CITY E>?QUAKE4 ,) ! GOV]NM5T P>ALYZ$1 ! RESID5TS ( ,MEXICO ,CITY'S B>RIOS =M$ !MSELVES1 9ITIALLY1 9TO RESCUE & M$ICAL TEAMS1 & %ORTLY !REAFT] 9TO COMMUNITY GR\PS4 ,!SE GR\PS BO? REBUILT H\SES & PREV5T$ ! 9CURSIONS ( L&LORDS1 MANY ( :OM WI%$ TO USE ! E>?QUAKE AS AN EXCUSE TO EVICT !IR T5ANTS & REBUILD ! NEI<BORHOODS ) MIDDLE CLASS H\S+ AT MIDDLE CLASS PRICES4 ,FROM !SE AUTONOM\S WORK+ CLASS =MATIONS CAME A NETWORK ( SELF-HELP GR\PS1 GR\PS ?AT MAKE UP P>T ( :AT ! ,ZAPATI/AS CALL 'CIVIL SOCIETY'4.<#a#a.> 

,A MORE DISSIPAT$1 BUT NEV]!LESS IMPORTANT RESPONSE TO ! AU/]ITY PROGRAM WAS ! ,PRESID5TIAL ELECTION ( #a#i#h#h4 ,CUAUHTEMOC ,C>D5AS1 A R5EGADE ,P,R,I POLITICIAN1 /OOD AGA9/ ! ,P,R,I -- & 'WON'4 ,SOON AFT]W>DS HE =M$ ! ,P,R,D1 N[ ! '(FICIAL' LEFT OPPOSITION 9 ,MEXICO4 ,! ,P,R,D IS V]Y MU* OLD S*OOL ,P,R,I3 = /ATE 9T]V5TION1 9CREAS$ WELF>E1 A MEASURE ( L& R$I/RIBUTION1 AGA9/ ,G,A,T,T & ,N,A,F,T,A4 ,PRIOR TO #a#i#h#h1 ! ,P,R,I HAD ONLY TO MANAGE ELECTORAL FRAUD ON A GUB]NATORIAL LEVEL4 ,! ,C>D5AS *ALL5GE WAS SO UNEXPECT$ & SO OV]:ELM+ ?AT ! P>TY-/ATE PANICK$ & FIX$ ! RESULTS 9 ! CRUDE/ POSSIBLE MANN]4 ,MEXICO ,CITY WAS IMM$IATELY ALIVE ) ANTI-,P,R,I DEMON/RATIONS4 ,! ,T,V SCRE5S %[+ ! POLL+ P]C5TAGES HAD SIMPLY GONE BLANK = H\RS1 & M\NTA9S ( VOTES M>K$ = ,C>D5AS W]E F\ND PIL$ ON ! ,DI/RITO ,F$]AL'S RUBBI% TIPS OR FLOAT+ D[N ,MEXICO'S WAT]WAYS4 

,ELECTIONS 9 ,MEXICO (T5 C>RY SU* A HEAVY CO]CIVE ELEM5T ?AT !Y CAN BE A WORLD AWAY FROM ! PURE B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALITY ( ELECTIONS 9 ! ,WE/4 ,P,R,II/AS >E USUALLY PRES5T 9 GANGS >\ND ! BALLOT BOXES1 & REFUSAL TO VOTE ! RI<T WAY C\LD MEAN LOS+ A JOB1 HAV+ Y\R *ILD B>R$ FROM S*OOL OR SIMPLY BE+ GIV5 A BEAT54 ,?US A REFUSAL TO VOTE ,P,R,I IS NOT TAK5 LI<TLY1 & IS MU* MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR AFT] DISCUSSIONS & AGREEM5T ) FRI5DS & NEI<BORS4 ,?IS NE$ TO COME TOGE!R COLLECTIVELY IMM$IATELY & P>ADOXICALLY RAISES ! POSSIBILITY ( A WORLD BEYOND DEMOCRACY4 

,! ,TEQUILA ,EFFECT & ,BEYOND 

,) *EAP ,AM]ICAN COMMODITIES JU/ OV] ! BORD]1 ,MEXICO IS ADEPT AT SUCK+ 9 GOODS FROM ABROAD1 LEAD+ TO P]IODIC CRISES 9 ! BALANCE ( PAYM5TS :I* HAVE USUALLY BE5 SOLV$ BY DEVALU+ ! PESO4 ,! PESO WAS OV]VALU$ 9 #aiid -- BUT EV]YONE ASSUM$ ! ,P,R,I HAD SUFFICI5T =EIGN CURR5CY RES]VES TO PROTECT IT4 ,9 FACT !SE RES]VES HAD FALL5 FROM @s#c#cBN 9 ,FEBRU>Y TO ONLY @s#b4#eBN 9 ,DECEMB]1 MONEY :I* HAD BE5 US$ TO COV] ! YAWN+ BALANCE ( PAYM5TS DEFICIT4 ,SU* A DRAMATIC ]OSION ALSO %[S JU/ H[ QUICKLY ! RELATIVELY PROTECT$ ,MEXICAN M>KET WAS OP5$ UP BY ,N,A,F,T,A4 ,ON ! #b? ( ,DECEMB]1 ! NEW ,Z$ILLO ADM9I/RATION ANN\NC$ A ONE-(F DEVALUATION ( #a#e.04 ,PANICK$ =EIGN 9VE/ORS SCRAMBL$ TO GET \T ( BO? PESOS & ,MEXICO4 ,! ,P,R,I US$ ! LA/ ( ITS =EIGN CURR5CY RES]VES TO BOL/] ! PESO1 BUT TWO DAYS LAT] IT WAS =C$ TO FLOAT ! CURR5CY ON ! M>KETS1 :]E IT DROPP$ #d.0 AGA9/ ! DOLL>4 

,) ! DOLL> SU* AN IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 ,MEXICO -- COMPANIES & ! GOV]NM5T G5]ALLY HAV+ !IR LOANS D5OM9AT$ 9 DOLL>S -- ! DEVALUATION N[ MEANT ! DEBT BURD5 9 ! ECONOMY HAD RIS5 MASSIVELY4 ,9T]NATIONAL DEBT DEFAULT SEEM$ ONCE AGA9 TO BE ON ! C>DS4 ,& :AT WAS BE+ CALL$ ! ,TEQUILA ,EFFECT C\LD SPREAD -- = ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 ONLY REC5TLY RECOV]$ FROM ! YE>S ( 9T]NATIONAL F9ANCE ISOLATION ?AT HAD RESULT$ FROM ! #aihb DEFAULT1 ?IS W\LD BE NO?+ %ORT ( CATA/ROPHIC4 ,DESPITE ! ISOLATIONI/S 9 ,WA%+TON1 A @s#eBN RESCUE PACKAGE WAS PUT TOGE!R BY ! ,U,S & ,I,M,F1 SPECIFICALLY TO S]VICE %ORT-T]M DEBT4 ,9 ,M>* #aiie ! ,P,R,I ANN\NC$ AN AU/]ITY PROGRAM ?AT 9CLUD$ A #a.0 CUT 9 GOV]NM5T SP5D+1 9CREAS$ ,V,A,T1 FUEL & ELECTRICITY PRICE RISES & IMPOS$ CR$IT RE/RA9TS4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ) 9T]E/ RATES SO>+ AT #a#b.01 MANY BUS9ESSES & MORTGAGE-[N]S W]E UNABLE TO KEEP UP !IR REPAYM5TS1 DESPITE A NEW GOV]NM5T SUBSIDY = ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,SEV5 BANKS COLLAPS$ & NE$$ RESCU+ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,! TRUE CO/ ( ?IS BAIL\T ONLY BECAME APP>5T 9 #aiii -- @s#i#cBN1 NE>LY #b.0 ( ,G,D,P6 ,?IS DEBT1 :I* IS ACCRU+ #a#h.0 YE>LY 9T]E/1 & :I* ! ,P,R,I HAS HIDD5 FROM PUBLIC ACC\NTS1 FALLS DUE 9 #b#c4 ,UNLESS IT IS RE/RUCTUR$ SOON1 ! ,MEXICAN CAPITALI/ CLASS MAY F9D !MSELVES 9 TR\BLE YET AGA94 

,! RESPONSE ( ! WORK+ CLASS TO ?IS AU/]ITY PACKAGE WAS DET]M9$ BY ! DEP? ( ! RECESSION ?AT FOLL[$4 ,UNLIKE #a#i#h#g1 ! ,C,T,M REFUS$ TO SIGN AN ECONOMIC PACT ) ! GOV]NM5T & BUS9ESS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY !RE WAS NO (FICIAL POLICY ( WAGE RE/RA9T DUR+ ?IS CRUCIAL TIME4 ,BUT ! REFUSAL TO 5DORSE AU/]ITY WAS H>DLY 9 RESPONSE TO A MILITANT WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T )9 ! ,C,T,M T5T4 ,RA!R IT WAS BECAUSE1 !IR SOCIAL BASE UND]M9$ BY PRIVATIZATION1 ! ,C,T,M N[ F\ND ITSELF 9 MU* /IFF] COMPETITION ) 9DEP5D5T UNIONS & WAS COMPELL$ TO PO/URE A LITTLE MORE CR$IBLY4 ,NEI!R1 H[EV]1 W]E ! 9DEP5D5T UNIONS >5AS ( MILITANT ANTI-AU/]ITY4 ,%OCK$ BY ! SCALE ( ! #aiie RECESSION -- ONE MILLION \T ( WORK1 ANO!R F\R MILLION WORK+ LESS ?AN FIFTE5 H\RS A WEEK -- ! WORK+ CLASS WAS UNABLE TO MOVE BEYOND ! FRAGM5TATION WR\<T BY ! ECONOMY & :I* ! TRADE UNION =M ACCEPTS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! ,P,R,IS T>GET$ ANTI-POV]TY PROGRAM ,P,R,O,N,A,S,O,L1 :I* HAD COME 9TO BE+ AS A RESULT ( ! #aihh ELECTION %OCK1 (FSET SOME ( ! V]Y WOR/ EFFECTS ( ! RECESSION4 

,SOME FANTASIZE ?AT ! DEVALUATION WAS A PUNITIVE MEASURE DIRECT$ AT ! WORK+ CLASS LE/ !Y BECOME OV]LY-9SPIR$ BY ! ,*IAPAS REBELLION2 O!RS ?AT ,Z$ILLO DELIB]ATELY ELECT$ TO EXPOSE ! ECONOMY TO CRISIS & !RE=E =CE A P]IOD ( CAPITALI/ RE/RUCTUR+4 ,NEI!R POSITION IS T5ABLE3 BY ,DECEMB] #aiid ! ,ZAPATI/AS' 9ITIAL IMPACT HAD EVAPORAT$ & ! UPRIS+ WAS MILIT>ILY CONTA9$ -- 9DE$ ! ,P,R,I HAD SECUR$ A NEW 9CUMB5T 9 ! ,PRESID5TIAL ,PALACE4 ,& ! DEP? ( ! RECESSION1 :I* ! ,P,R,I C\LD NOT HAVE =SE51 IS SURELY PRO( ?AT !Y NEV] 9T5D$ TO 5G9E] MORE ?AN AN SIMPLE ADJU/M5T 9 ! BALANCE ( PAYM5TS4 ,RA!R :AT WE SEE IS A CRISIS ( CONFID5CE 9 ! ,MEXICAN B\RGEOISIES' ABILITY TO MANAGE ACCUMULATION ON ! P>T ( GLOBAL F9ANCE CAPITAL4 

,!RE IS NO D\BT1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! RECESSION HAS VIGOR\SLY RE/RUCTUR$ SECTORS ( ! ,MEXICAN ECONOMY4 ,! COMPETITIVE $GE ?AT ! DEVALUATION GAVE TO ,MEXICAN EXPORTS HAS BE5 SU/A9$4 ,OIL1 ONCE SU* A KEY EXPORT1 N[ ACC\NTS = ONLY #a.0 ( ! C\NTRY'S EXPORT BASE4 ,IT IS ?IS EXPORT-L$ RECOV]Y ?AT ! CAPITALI/ CLASS SEE AS ! FRUIT ( ! RE/RUCTUR+ ?AT HAS BE5 TAK+ PLACE S9CE ! LATE #a#i#hS1 & :I* SUP]FICIALLY APPE>S TO BE AS A RESULT ( ,N,A,F,T,A4 ,= ! WORK+ CLASS1 REAL WAGES HAVE /ILL NOT REA*$ !IR PRE-DEVALUATION LEVELS4 ,MORE WAGE CUTS & JOB 9SECURITY IS ON ! WAY AS ! PRIVATIZATION B&WAGON JUDD]S ON & ! OLD SOCIAL CONTRACT IS FUR!R DE/ROY$4 

,! SWIFT ECONOMIC RECOV]Y FROM #aiie %[$ H[ SUCCESSFULLY ! ,P,R,I HAD RE9V5T$ ITSELF AS A P>TY ( NEOLIB]AL ECONOMICS4 ,!Y DID NOT ATTEMPT$ TO SP5D !IR WAY \T ( TR\BLE1 AS !Y HAVE DONE 9 ! PA/4 ,9/EAD !Y 9FLICT$ ! H>%E/ ( FREE M>KET M$IC9ES ON ! POPULATION4 ,BY /EAL+ !IR POLICIES1 ! ,P,R,I SEEM+LY M>G9ALIZ$ ! ,P,A,N4 ,TWO RELAT$ CONTRADICTIONS N[ BESET ! ,P,R,I H[EV]4 ,! FIR/ WAS ?AT ) ! OP5+ UP ( ,MEXICO TO TRADE LIB]ALIZATION1 & ! SUBSEQU5T DELUGE ( ,AM]ICAN COMMODITIES1 ! ,P,R,I C\LD NO LONG] BANG ! IDEOLOGICAL DRUM ( ECONOMIC NATIONALISM ) ANY COH]5CE4 ,?IS MAY NOT HAVE BE5 A PROBLEM3 ! ,MEXICAN B\RGEOISIE HAVE DECADES ( PRACTICE AT APPE>+ TO BE MA/]S ( !IR [N FATE :ILE HAV+ HUGE SECTIONS ( !IR ECONOMY SUBORD9AT$ TO ! 9T]E/S ( ,AM]ICAN CAPITAL4 

,! SECOND CONTRADICTION WAS MORE S]I\S4 ,BY SO DRAMATICALLY R$UC+ ! SIZE ( ! /ATE SECTOR1 ! P>TY-/ATE 9EVITABLY CURTAIL$ ITS [N ABILITY TO DISP5SE PATRONAGE & DO FAVORS4.<#a#b.> ,! QUE/ION = ! ,P,R,I BECAME3 H[ SUCCESSFUL C\LD IT BE AT MA9TA9+ ITS TRADITIONAL NETWORK ( 9FLU5CE & P[]1 A NETWORK BORN \T ( A CORRUPT & /ATE-L$ ECONOMY1 9 ! FACE ( ! NEW COMPETITIV5ESS ! FREE M>KET DEM&$4 ,) ! ,P,R,I UNABLE TO SOLVE ?IS PROBLEM1 A PROBLEM :I* UND]M9$ !IR [N SOCIAL BASE1 ,MEXICO C\LD OP5 UP TO ALL SORTS ( POSSIBILITIES4 

O ,P>T #c 3 ,A ,COMMUNE 9 ,*IAPAS8 
,P>T #c3 ,A ,COMMUNE 9 ,*IAPAS8 

,TRADITIONAL ACCUMULATION & SOCIAL /RUCTURE 

,) ITS M\NTA9\S HI<L&S & JUNGLES1 ,*IAPAS CAN FEEL MORE A P>T ( ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA ?AN ,MEXICO4 ,! ,DI/RITO ,F$]AL ( ,MEXICO ,CITY1 EV5 ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL1 CAN SEEM A MILLION MILES AWAY3 UNCONNECT$ & UNIMPORTANT4 ,UNTIL ! #a#i#gS CAPITAL ACCUMULATION FOLL[$ A /ABLE & RELATIVELY BACKW>D MODEL1 NECESSITAT$ BY ! GEOGRAPHICAL 9ACCESSIBILITY & REMOT5ESS ( ?IS /ATE1 & MADE VIABLE BY ! RI* L&S4 ,! ,REVOLUTION B>ELY REA*$ ,*IAPAS1 & ! LATIFUNDIAS W]E NEV] BROK5 UP1 AL?\< AN E*O CAN BE HE>D 9 ! CONTEMPORANE\S SLAVE REVOLTS 9 ! LOGG+ CAMPS ( ! ,LAC&ON4.<#a#c.> ,SIMIL>LY ! ,C>D5AS RE=MS HAD LITTLE EFFECT 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,SOME L& WAS R$I/RIBUT$1 BUT IT WAS ALL ( POOR QUALITY1 'SO /EEP ! CAMPES9OS HAD TO TIE !MSELVES TO TREES TO PL[1 :ILE ! RAN*]OS CONT9U$ TO HOLD GREAT SWA!S 9 ! ROLL+ VALLEYS4' .<#a#d.> 

,! PATT]N ( ACCUMULATION WAS1 & TO A L>GE EXT5T /ILL IS1 BAS$ ON EXPANSIVE L& HOLD+S RA!R ?AN DEVELOP+ ! =CES ( PRODUCTION P] SE4 ,C(FEE1 BANANAS & O!R TROPICAL FRUIT >E GR[N = EXPORT2 CATTLE-RAIS+ IS ANO!R S\RCE ( PR(IT = ! RURAL ,*IAPAN B\RGEOISIE4 ,CROP-GR[+ REQUIRES ONLY SEASONAL LABOR-P[]1 & CATTLE-RE>+ G5]ALLY REQUIRES V]Y LITTLE AT ALL4 ,ACCUMULATION 9 !SE DOM9ANT 9DU/RIES HAS COME NOT FROM IMPROV+ PRODUCTIVITY 7?\< AGRICULTURAL TE*NIQUES HAVE OBVI\SLY IMPROV$ OV] ! YE>S71 RA!R IT HAS COME FROM EXT5D+ ! L& AVAILABLE ON :I* TO GR[ OR GRAZE CATTLE4 ,*IAPAN L&[N]S HAVE1 AS A RESULT1 A REPUTATION = BE+ AMONG ! MO/ VIOL5T 9 ,MEXICO4 ,!IR BUS9ESS HAS LIT]ALLY BE5 ?AT ( =C+ PEOPLE (F F]TILE L&4 ,BECAUSE ! L&[N]S >E ME/IZO 7MIX$ BLOOD7 OR LAD9O & ?OSE !Y >E EXPROPRIAT+ >E 9V>IABLY 9DIG5\S1 ! RURAL B\RGEOISIE >E DEEPLY RACI/ -- AN IMPORTANT PO9T TO BE> 9 M9D :5 DISCUSS+ ! VALIDITY ( SOME ,ZAPATI/A IDEAS4 ,?R\< ?IS VIOL5T RACISM1 ! HAC5DADOS & LATIFUNDI/AS HAVE BE5 ABLE TO UTT]LY DOM9ATE ?OSE ,9DIANS ?AT HAVE BE5 ALL[$ TO REMA9 AS WAGE LABOR]S OR DEBT-PEONS4 ,:E!R ?IS IS BY =C+ EMPLOYES TO BUY FROM ! HACI5DA %OP1 RAP+ !IR WIVES OR DAU<T]S1 OR EXECUT+ NATIVES :O TRY TO ORGANIZE1 RACISM HAS BUTTRESS$ ! P[] ( ! L&[N] & S]V$ TO NAIL ! PRICE ( LABOR-P[] TO ! FLOOR3 IT HAS GREAS$ ! CIRCUITS ( ACCUMULATION = DECADES4 ,BACKW>D ,*IAPAN CAPITAL DOES NOT EV5 HAVE TO WORRY AB\T ! CO/S ( ! REPRODUCTION ( LABOR1 AS !SE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 BORNE BY ! FAMILY UNIT 9 ! IMPOV]I%$ LOCAL VILLAGE4 ,DEP5D+ ON !IR SIZE 7L>GE-SCALE AGRIBUS9ESS OR M$IUM-SIZ$ COMM]CIAL GR[]S7 ! L&[N]'S CAPITAL MAY FL[ TO ! CITIES TO BE 9VE/$1 (T5 9 SPECULATIVE V5TURES4 ,A L>GE P>T ( !IR PR(ITS ALSO GOES ON CONSPICU\S CONSUMPTION1 ! FLAUNT+ ( :I* FUR!R RE9=CES ! RURAL HI]>*Y4 

,!IR PAY+ (F ( LOCAL CACIQUES IS P]FECTLY 9 *>ACT] = ?IS UND]DEVELOP$ =M ( ACCUMULATION4 ,CACIQUES >E RA!R LIKE *>ROS 9 ?AT !Y CAN DELIV] SOME ( ! BASIC DEM&S ( ! CAMPES9O & M$IATE HIS NE$S4 ,!Y >E USUALLY OLD] M5 :O >E 9VOLV$ 9 LOCAL COMM]CIAL ACTIVITIES & HAVE A REPUTATION AS FIX]S1 USUALLY ) SOME ACCESS TO LOCAL /ATE FUNDS4 ,MANY >E ,P,R,II/AS1 MO/ >E CORRUPT & VIOL5T & ALL BELIEVE !Y 'S]VE ! PEOPLE'4 ,9 FACT !Y S]VE TO DEMOBILIZE & SUPPRESS RURAL /RUGGLE & >E 9VALUABLE TO ! L&[N]S4 ,CACIQUISMO ITSELF HAS (T5 BE5 A FOCUS = /RUGGLE1 ) PR$ICTABLY UNSUCCESSFUL RESULTS4 

,! MIGRATORY FL[ ( L& REFUGEES 9 ,*IAPAS HAS BE5 EA/W>DS1 AS C(FEE GR[]S EXP&$ !IR PLANTATIONS 9 ! F]TILE ,SOCONUSCO REGION ( ! /ATE4 ,9 #ai$ ! L&LESS1 P>TICUL>LY ,*OL ,9DIANS1 BEGAN >RIV+ 9 ! ,LAC&ON4 ,! TRICKLE SOON BECAME A FLOOD3 ,9DIANS FROM ,OAXACA MADE HOMELESS BY GOV]NM5T DAMS1 FROM ,V]ACRUZ1 EVICT$ BY ,GU>DIAS ,BLANCAS1 ME/IZO F>M]S FROM ,GU]R]O & ,MI*OACAN4 ,MU* LIKE ! ,U,S BORD]1 ! ,LAC&ON WAS BECOM+ A SAFETY VALVE = ! POV]TY & DISPOSSESSION AGRICAPITALI/ EXPANSION WAS CREAT+4 ,! P>TY-/ATE SAW ?IS1 RECOGNIZ$ ITS VALUE1 & GRANT$ A NUMB] ( L& TITLES ?R\< GOV]NM5T DECREE 9 #aieg & #a#i#f#a4 ,BUT ! /AMP$E 9TO ! ,LAC&ON & CONSEQU5T DE=E/ATION MEANT !RE WAS NOT 5\< L& TO GO >\ND1 & :AT !RE WAS QUICKLY BECAME /]ILE4 ,?OSE :O HAD RECKON$ ON AVOID+ PROLET>IANIZATION BY REFUS+ TO GO TO ! CITIES N[ F\ND !Y HAD TO SURVIVE BY SELL+ !IR LABOR-P[] :]EV] !Y C\LD & EK+ \T SOME SORT ( EXI/5CE ON A T9Y PAT* ( B>R5 L&4 

#a#i#gS -- EVICTION & RESI/ANCE 9 ! ,LAC&ON 

,BY ! E>LY '#gS1 ) ! MIGRATION TO ! ,LAC&ON UN/EMM$ & LIV+ CONDITIONS BECOM+ UNBE>ABLE1 REVOLT WAS 9 ! AIR4 ,9 #aigb ,PRESID5T ,E*EV]RIA S\<T TO EASE ! PRESSURE COOK] BY (FICIALLY R$I/RIBUT+ L&1 BELIEV+ ?IS W\LD ALSO CREATE A NEW CLASS ( ,9DIAN LATIFUNDI/AS4 #f#d#e1 HECT>ES W]E TO BE GIV5 TO SIXTY-SIX ,9DIAN HEADS-(-FAMILY2.<#a#e.> ! RE/ ORD]$ TO LEAVE4 ,!RE WAS IMM$IATE RESI/ANCE TO ! EVICTIONS -- & AN 9FLUX ( Y\NG ACTIVI/S 9TO ! REGION1 ,LOS ,ALTOS 9 P>TICUL>4 ,MANY W]E /UD5TS :O HAD TURN$ TO ,GUEV>I/ OR ,MAOI/ IDEOLOGY AFT] !IR EXILE FROM ,MEXICO ,CITY 9 #a#i#f#h1 N[ ESP\S+ AN ALL-\T GU]RILLA W> = :I* !Y W]E LITTLE PREP>$4 ,AN EXAMPLE WAS ! ,MAOI/ GR\P ,L9EA ,PROLET>IA :O S5T BRIGADES FROM ,TORREON & ,MONT]REY AFT] BE+ 9VIT$ TO ,*IAPAS BY LOCAL LIB]ATION !OLOGY PRIE/S SU* AS ,BI%OP ,SAMUEL ,RUIZ4 

,) ?IS MI%-MA% ( ,L59I/ ACTIVITY1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO DISCOV] ! AUTONOM\S CONT5T ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ EVICTION FROM ! ,LAC&ON4.<#a#f.>,TO MUDDY ! WAT] /ILL FUR!R1 IT IS PLA9 ?AT ! VANGU>DI/S & ! LIB]ATION !OLOGI/S W]E NOT 9 COMPETITION = ! HE>TS & M9DS ( ! CAMPES9OS1 AS SOME HAVE SUGGE/$4 ,LIB]ATION !OLOGY1 :I* WE %ALL LOOK AT 9 MORE DETAIL BEL[1 HAD A HI< ,M>XI/ COMPON5T 9 ! MID-#a#i#gS3 SOME PRIE/S REFUS$ SACRAM5TS TO ?OSE :O OPPOS$ ,L9EA ,PROLET>IA2 9 TURN ! ,MAOI/S RAIS$ ! BANN] ( ! 9DIG5\S *UR*4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! CAMPES9OS HAD TO PASS ?R\< TWO LAY]S ( M$IATION -- OR ONE ( HI<LY-9TEGRAT$ OPPOSITES -- BE=E IT C\LD ASS]T ITSELF 9 ANY WAY4 

,! L& PRESSURE WAS 9CREAS$ YET FUR!R 9 #ai< :5 ,LOPEZ ,PORTILLO ANN\NC$ ! CREATION ( ! ,MONTES ,AZUL ,BIOSPH]E -- #c#h1 HECT>ES 9 ! HE>T ( ! ,LAC&ON4 ,=TY COMMUNITIES & EJIDOS W]E REMOV$ FROM ?IS ,U,N-PROTECT$ ECOSY/EM4 ,! FREQU5T L& OCCUPATIONS BY CAMPES9O GR\PS1 SOMETIMES L$ BY ! ,C,I,O,A,C 7,9DEP5D5T ,C5TRAL ( ,AGRICULTURAL ,WORK]S & ,CAMPES9OS1 ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY DOM9AT$ & /ILL 9FLU5TIAL TODAY71 W]E USUALLY MET ) MILIT>Y EXPULSION4 ,9 #aih ! >MY MASSACR$ FIFTY ,TOJOLABAL ,9DIANS :O HAD OCCUPI$ A F9CA 7L>GE F>M7 =TY MILES FROM ,COMITAN4 ,?IS WAS ! PATT]N = ! '#hS3 ! >MY & ! POLICE COMB9+ ) ! ,GU>DIAS ,BLANCAS TO SUPPRESS L& TAKEOV]S & MURD] PEASANT LEAD]S4 

,NEW PATT]NS ( ACCUMULATION 

,IF ! #a#i#gS SAW AN UPSURGE 9 CLASS /RUGGLE1 IT ALSO SAW ! >RIVAL ( NEW NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL PATT]NS ( ACCUMULATION4 ,! F>M]S & RAN*]S N[ADAYS SIT MORE OR LESS UNCOM=TABLY ) ! NEW 9DU/RIES ?AT WI% TO EXPLOIT ,*IAPAS'S ABUNDANT NATURAL WEAL?1 & :I* >E (T5 DIAMETRICALLY OPPOS$ TO !IR 9T]E/S4 ,NEW DAMS W]E BUILT 9 ?IS P]IOD TO PROVIDE ELECTRICITY = PETRO*EMICAL PLANTS 9 ,TABASCO & ,V]ACRUZ3 ,*IAPAS IS ,MEXICO'S L>GE/ PRODUC] ( HYDROELECTRICITY1 ?\< HALF ( ITS HOMES HAVE NO P[]4 ,DAM CON/RUCTION HAS PROVID$ SPORADIC EMPLOYM5T = SOME P>TS ( ! 9DIG5\S POPULATION1 :ILE O!RS HAVE HAD TO AB&ON !IR VILLAGES TO RIS+ FLOOD WAT]S4 ,FUR!R DAM CON/RUCTION IS PLANN$1 MU* ( IT T>GET$ AT ! ,ZAPATI/A /RON<OLD ( ,LAS ,CANADAS 7! ,CANYONS71 A REGION ( ,LOS ,ALTOS4 

,! IMPORTANCE ( HYDROELECTRICITY PALES 9 COMP>ISON ) ! DISCOV]Y ( OIL1 H[EV]4 ,! DEPOSITS 9 ! NOR?-EA/ ( ! /ATE >E P>T ( ! ,GULF ( ,MEXICO FIELD ?AT PRODUCES #h#a.0 ( ,MEXICO'S CRUDE EXPORT4 ,BUT NEW DEPOSITS HAVE ALSO BE5 F\ND 9 ! EA/1 JU/ NOR? ( ! ,GUATEMALAN BORD] 7! SO-CALL$ ,OCOS+O FIELD71 BANG 9 ! MIDDLE ( ,ZAPATI/A T]RITORY4 ,MO/ ( ?IS NEW OIL IS NOT YET BE+ PUMP$1 BUT EXPLORATORY WELLS HAVE BE5 DRILL$ BO? BY ,P,E,M,E,X1 ! NATIONAL OIL COMPANY1 & 9T]NATIONAL OIL 9T]E/S4 ,?IS SORT ( HIT-&-MISS DRILL+ REQUIRES A LOT ( L&2 CONSEQU5TLY ! LATIFUNDI/AS & RAN*]OS COME 9TO CONFLICT ) ! 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL ?AT VIEWS !M AS BACKW>D4 ,A LESS DEVELOP$ 9DU/RY1 BUT POT5TIALLY ( GREAT IMPORTANCE TO ! REGION1 IS BIOTE*NOLOGY4 ,*IAPAS'S DIV]SE ECOSY/EMS >E A P>ADISE = ?OSE SEEK+ TO LAUN* A NEW R\ND ( ACCUMULATION BAS$ ON PAT5T$ G5ETIC TE*NOLOGY4 ,ALREADY SEV]AL COMPANIES HAVE BEGUN BIO-PROSPECT+ 9 ! /ATE4 ,BUT ?IS IS AN EXPLOITATION ?AT WILL BE BAS$ ON ! PRES]VATION ( ! JUNGLES1 RA!R ?AN !IR DE/RUCTION4 

,WE CAN SEE A NEW PATT]N ( ACCUMULATION DEVELOP+ 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,PREVI\SLY A BACKWAT] ( NON-9NOVATORY LOCAL CAPITAL1 ! REGION HAS N[ ACQUIR$ A /RATEGIC IMPORTANCE TO SECTIONS ( BO? NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL4 ,H[EV]1 ! CONTRADICTION IS NOT SO MU* BETWE5 NEW MODES ( ACCUMULATION & OLD1 AL?\< T5SIONS C]TA9LY EXI/1 AS SOME HAVE >GU$3.<#a#g.> A F>M] MAY NE$ TO GRAB MORE L& TO KEEP HIS AGRIBUS9ESS GR[+1 BUT HE W\LD SURELY BE MORE ?AN HAPPY TO H& OV] A DRILL+ CONCESSION = A G5]\S FEE4 ,RA!R ! CONTRADICTION IS BETWE5 A LOCAL & 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL ?AT IS COMPELL$ TO MAKE EV] MORE ( ,*IAPAS B>R5 9 ORD] TO ACCUMULATE & 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL 9 ! =M ( BIOTE* MULT9ATIONALS :O NE$ TO PRES]VE ! ECOSY/EM4.<#a#h.> ,OIL IS PR$ICTABLY W9N+ & ! NATURAL RES\RCES ( ,*IAPAS >E BE+ SL[LY ]OD$4 

,:AT IS IMPORTANT IS ?AT = ! LOCAL RAN*]OS & LATIFUNDI/AS 7:O NE$ ONLY RELATIVELY SMALL AM\NTS ( LABOR-P[]71 = ! OIL COMPANIES & BIOTE* CORPORATIONS1 ! 9DIG5\S POPULATION ( EA/]N ,*IAPAS IS N[1 ALMO/ ABSOLUTELY1 SURPLUS TO REQUIREM5TS4 ,?OSE :O W]E DISPLAC$ FROM ! WE/ N[ DISCOV] IT W\LD BE BETT] NOT TO HAVE EXI/$ AT ALL4 ,?IS ABSOLUTE NEGLECT IS REFLECT$ 9 ! LEVELS ( ALCOHOLISM 9 MANY ,9DIAN COMMUNITIES1 & ! MALNUTRITION & HI< 9FANT MORTALITY 9 ! EA/]N HI<L&S4 ,! ,MEXICAN OBSESSION ) DEA?1 A CULTURAL 9H]ITANCE FROM ANCI5T TIMES & :I* WAS GIV5 NEW !MES & IMAGES BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( GRIM ,CA?OLIC CULTURE1 HAS BE5 R5EW$ BY ! ,ZAPATI/AS' FREQU5T REF]5CES TO MORTALITY4 

,! SP>KS ( REBELLION 

,! SPECIFIC CAUSES ( ! >M$ UPRIS+ ( ! ,*IAPAN ,9DIANS >E EASY 5\< TO TRACE4 ,:ILE ! 9DIG5\S POPULATION HAD BE5 EXCLUD$ FROM ! ,P,R,I WELF>E /ATE1 ASIDE FROM A LAY] ( ,P,R,II/A CACIQUES1 !Y HAD B5EFIT$ FROM ! SUBSIDIES ?AT HAD TRADITIONALLY SUPPORT$ ,MEXICAN AGRICULTURE4 ,FROM #a#i#h#h1 !SE SUBSIDIES & PROTECTIONS W]E R$UC$1 DISMANTL$ OR ABOLI%$ BY ! NEW NEOLIB]AL ,P,R,I4 ,SO1 = EXAMPLE1 #aihi SAW ! ABOLITION ( ,9,M,E,C,A,F,E1 ! /ATE AG5CY DESIGN$ TO PUR*ASE & SET C(FEE PRICES1 A CRUCIAL CROP = ! ,9DIAN EJIDOS4 ,FLOAT$ ON ! WORLD M>KET1 ! PRICE ( C(FEE FELL LIKE A /ONE4.<#a#i.> ,WID] /RUCTURAL *ANGES ALSO OCCURR$ 9 ! NAME ( OP5+ ,MEXICO UP TO ! FREE M>KET4 #aiib SAW ! 9FAM\S AM5DM5T ( ,>TICLE #bg ( ! ,CON/ITUTION4 ,PREVI\SLY SACR$ TRU?S W]E BE+ QUE/ION$ BY ! ,P,R,I3 ! AM5D$ ,>TICLE N[ P]MITT$ ! SALE ( COMMUNAL L&S TO ANYONE :O WANT$ TO BUY FROM ANYONE :O C\LD BE P]SUAD$ 7OR =C$7 TO SELL4 ,! C\NTRYSIDE HAD BE5 OP5$ UP TO COMPETITION1 /R5G!N+ ! H& ( ! F9CA-[N]S & 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL4 ,ON TOP ( ?IS1 ,N,A,F,T,A1 :I* ,SAL9AS SAW AS HIS CR[N+ A*IEVEM5T1 W\LD SOON COME 9TO PLAY4 ,H[ W\LD ! ,9DIANS' SMALL CORN OR C(FEE CROPS COMPETE ) MOD]N ,U,S AGRIBUS9ESS8 ,! ANSW] WAS ?AT !Y W\LDN'T4 

,9 T&EM ) !SE FACTORS :I* PO9T$ TO FUR!R IMMIS]ATION1 ! CAMPES9OS ( EA/]N ,*IAPAS HAD NOT EXP]I5C$ A R$UCTION 9 ! /ATE-SPONSOR$ REPRESSION ?AT HAD BE5 DIRECT$ AGA9/ !M4 ,! SI< ( RELIEF ?AT HAD ACCOMPANI$ ! 5D ( ,G5]AL ,CA/ELLANOS'S MURD]\S GOV]NOR%IP ( ! /ATE 7#a#i#h#b-#h#h7 QUICKLY BECAME A GROAN :5 HIS SUCCESSOR1 ,PATROC9IO ,GONZALEZ BEGAN JAIL+ PEASANT LEAD]S & BUMP+ (F J\RNALI/S ,! ,GU>DIAS ,BLANCAS W]E ROAM+ ! C\NTRYSIDE ) IMPUNITY & ! NEW =E/RY POLICE W]E %OOT+ AT ANYONE !Y CAU<T *OPP+ D[N TREES4 ,UND] !SE EXTREME CIRCUM/ANCES1 TRADITIONAL 9DEP5D5T PEASANT ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ,C,I,O,A,C & ! ,ASSOCIATION ( ,REGIONAL ,9DEP5D5T ,CAMPES9OS 7,>,I,C71 :I* HAD BE5 SET UP BY ,MAOI/S 9 ! '#gS W]E UNABLE TO HOLD !IR MEMB]S4 ,! /ABLE CYCLICAL WORLD ( ! ,9DIAN VILLAGE WAS BE+ CONSUM$ BY CRISIS4 ,COLOMBUS ,DAY1 ,OCTOB] #aiib SAW T5 ?\S& 9DIG5\S M>*+ ?R\< ! /REETS ( ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL4 ,LAT] !Y TORE D[N ! /ATUE ( LOCAL CONQUI/ADORE ,DIEGO DE ,MAZ>IEGOS4 ,MANY 9 ! DEMON/RATION W]E ALREADY ,ZAPATI/AS4 ,! ,9DIANS ( ,LOS ,ALTOS1 ,LAS ,CANADAS & ,LA ,SELVA W]E FLOOD+ 9TO ! RANKS ( ! ,E,Z,L,N4 ,BUT :]E HAD ! ,E,Z COME FROM8 ,& :O EXACTLY WAS ORGANIZ+ IT8 

,=MATION ( ! ,E,Z,L,N 
.<#b.> 

,! EGALIT>IAN NATURE ( 9DIG5\S COMMUNAL LIFE HAS BE5 WIDELY OV]/AT$4 ,DESP]ATE TO DISPEL ! DEAD WEI<T ( ,L59ISM1 MANY HAVE TALK$ UP ! IMPORTANCE ( ,9DIAN TRADITION4 ,ISOLAT$1 IMPOV]I%$1 LONG DI/ORT$ BY CACIQUES1 BY CORRUPT ,P,R,II/AS1 HOTB$S ( PATRI>*Y & ALCOHOL-FUEL$ DOME/IC VIOL5CE1 ! 9DIG5\S COMMUNAL LIFE IS CONSID]ABLY LESS ?AN P]FECT4 ,BUT !RE IS A MOM5T ( TRU?3 COMMUNAL EJIDOS >E ! NORM1 IMPORTANT DECISIONS >E *EW$ OV] = H\RS ON 5D BY EV]YONE1 PLAYS & POETRY KEEP ! HI/ORY ( RESI/ANCE ALIVE4 ,:AT IS NEW AB\T ! ,ZAPATI/A COMMUNITIES IS ! 5]GETIC MANN] 9 :I* !Y HAVE BECOME POLITICAL & OV]COME SOME ( ! WOR/ ASPECTS ( VILLAGE TRADITION4 ,IMPORTANTLY ?IS HAS 5ABL$ ! ,ZAPATI/AS TO MOVE BEYOND ! CRIPPL+ LOCALISM ?AT HAS BE5 *>ACT]I/IC ( O!R PEASANT /RUGGLES4 

,AS WE HAVE ALREADY EXPLA9$1 ONE M$IATION ! CAMPES9OS HAVE GONE ?R\< 7& /ILL GO ?R\<7 5R\TE TO BECOM+ ,ZAPATI/AS1 IS ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,CA?OLIC *UR* & LIB]ATION !OLOGY 9 P>TICUL>4 ,:E!R CRITICAL OR CELEBRATORY1 ACC\NTS ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE G5]ALLY NEGLECT$ ?IS REACTION>Y 9FLU5CE ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,! EXT5T TO :I* ! AUTONOM\S COMMUNITIES >E 9FECT$ ) RELIGI\S S5TIM5T IS NOT ALWAYS APPRECIAT$4 ,EV]Y VILLAGE HAS A *UR*1 USUALLY ! MO/ SKILLFULLY CON/RUCT$ BUILD+ 9 ! COMMUNITY1 & :I* IS SOMETIMES ! ONLY PLACE = MILES ?AT HAS ELECTRICITY1 :ILE ! ,ZAPATI/AS !MSELVES 9V>IABLY LIVE 9 ILL-LIT %ACKS4 ,!RE IS A HI< 9T]P5ETRATION ( RELIGION & POLITICS3 ! LAY CATE*I/ :O PREA*ES IS (T5 ! LOCAL ,E,Z,L,N REP1 & ,MASSES HAVE A T5D5CY TO DISSOLVE 9TO LONG POLITICAL MEET+S -- OR ! O!R WAY >\ND4 ,IT W\LD BE FAIR TO SAY ?AT :ILE LIB]ATION !OLOGY HAS CONTRIBUT$ TO ! COMBATIVITY ( ! ,*IAPAN ,9DIANS IT HAS ALSO PLAY$ ITS P>T 9 RET>D+ ! !ORETICAL EF=TS ( ! ,ZAPATI/A /RUGGLE4 

,! PH5OM5ON HAS BE5 PRES5T 9 ,*IAPAS 9 A CONC5TRAT$ =M S9CE AT LEA/ #a#i#g#d1 :5 ,SAMUEL ,RUIZ 7! ',R$ ,BI%OP'1 A FIGURE MU* HAT$ BY ! LATIFUNDI/AS & RAN*]OS7 ORGANIZ$ A ',CONGRESS ( ,9DIAN ,PEOPLES' 9 ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL4 ,%OCK$ 9TO ACTION BY ! ANG] DISPLAY$ AT ! ,CONGRESS1 ,RUIZ NOT ONLY /EPP$ UP ! *UR*'S MILITANT CRUSAD+ 9 ! VILLAGES1 HE ALSO1 AS WE HAVE SE51 9VIT$ ,MAOI/ CADRE 9TO ! >EA4 ,! MID- TO LATE-#a#i#gS WITNESS$ A P]IOD ( COOP]ATION BETWE5 ! P>TY ( ! *UR* & ! *UR* ( ! P>TY4 ,9 FACT ! #a#i#gS SAW ! HI<PO9T ( ,CA?OLICISM'S FLIRTATION ) ,M>XISM4 ,CONFRONT$ ) MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IPS ACROSS ALMO/ ! :OLE ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 MANY ,CA?OLICS BELIEV$1 = EXAMPLE ?AT3 ',! CLASS /RUGGLE IS A FACT & NEUTRALITY 9 ! QUE/ION IS NOT POSSIBLE' OR ',TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE444LEADS TO A CLASSLESS SOCIETY )\T [N]S OR DISPOSSESS$1 )\T OPPRESSOR & OPPRESS$4'.<#b#a.>,LIB]ATION !OLOGY EV5 HAD ITS [N ,*E -- ! BODY ( ,CAMILLO ,TORRES1 ,COLOMBIAN PRIE/-TURN$-GU]RILLA FI<T]4 

,! CONTRADICTIONS AB\ND3 BELIEV+ 9 A CLASSLESS SOCIETY1 CATE*I/S >E UNABLE TO BREAK ) A *UR* :OSE V]Y ESS5CE IS HI]>*Y & AU?ORITY4 7,9 ITS TURN ,ROME IS KE5 TO KEEP !M ON SIDE -- 9 AN EXCOMMUNICAT$ LIB]ATION !OLOGY IT P]CEIVES ! POSSIBILITY ( ITS [N DISSOLUTION47 ,BY CONT9UALLY 5C\RAG+ ! REVOLT ( '! POOR' 9 ! CITY & ! C\NTRY1 YET UNABLE TO BREAK ?R\< ! MIASMA ( ,CA?OLICISM1 ! LIB]ATION !OLOGI/S ACTIVELY IMP$E ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CONSCI\S CATEGORY ( PROLET>IAT1 :OSE REALIZATION & SELF-ABOLITION IS ! ONLY REAL SOLUTION TO ! IMPOV]I%M5T ( !IR FLOCK4 

,BY ! MID-#a#i#hS1 ) SWA!S ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA UND]GO+ A TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY1 NOTABLY 9 ,BRAZIL1 ! HI<PO9T ( RADICAL LIB]ATION !OLOGY WAS OV]4 ,! ,S&9I/A DEFEAT 9 #aii & ! 5D ( ! CIVIL W> 9 ,EL ,SALVADOR FUR!R MOD]AT$ ! 9FLU5CE ( ,M>XISM4 ,9 ,*IAPAS1 H[EV]1 ) ! SITUATION 9 ! HI<L&S DET]IORAT+1 ! LIB]ATION !OLOGI/S WIELD$ GREAT] 9FU5CE ?AN EV] BE=E4 ,AS ,JACQUES ,CAMATTE SAYS1 ',RELIGION ALL[S A HUMAN DEMON/RATION AGA9/ CAPITAL BECAUSE ,GOD IS A HUMAN PRODUCT 7I4E4 SOME?+ ?AT APPE>S TO EXI/ \TSIDE ! PREVAIL+ MODE ( PRODUCTION74 ,?ANKS TO HIM1 MAN CAN /ILL SAVE HIS BE+ FROM ! EVIL EMBRACE ( CAPITAL4'.<#b#b.> ,:5 ,M>COS SAYS ',WE WANT LIB]ATION -- BUT NOT ! !OLOGY'1 WE %\LD NOT BE FOOL$4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS >E AS DEV\T A LOT AS ONE IS EV] LIKELY TO MEET4 

,H[EV]1 IT WAS NOT JU/ ?AT ! ,*UR* WAS ACT+ AS A POLITICAL =CE -- IT WAS ALSO ACT+ AS A CONDUIT = ,MEXICAN LEFTI/S :O C\LD NOT O!RWISE GA9 ACCESS TO ! ,9DIANS ( ,*IAPAS4 ,RUIZ F\ND !SE LEFTI/S USEFUL 9 ! ORGANIZ+ WORK HE HAD COMMITT$ HIS DIOCESE TO4 ,9 ! #a#i#gS1 ! >RANGEM5T WAS ?AT ! PRIE/S W\LD H&LE PA/ORAL WORK :ILE ! ,MAOI/S H&L$ ! POLITICAL ORGANIZ+4 ,?IS BACKFIR$ ON HIM BADLY 9 #aih :5 ,L9EA ,PROLET>IA M\NT$ A C\P & REPLAC$ ! CATE*I/ LEAD]S 9 ! KEY PEASANT UNIONS4 

,IT TOOK TWO YE>S = ,RUIZ & HIS PRIE/S TO REGA9 ! 9ITIATIVE4 ,HE TURN$ TO ANO!R GR\P ( LEFTI/S TO HELP HIM -- BUT UNBEKN[N/ TO HIM ?IS GR\P WAS AN ADVANCE P>TY ( ! ,*E ,GUEV>A-9SPIR$ ,FU]ZAS DE ,NACIONAL ,LIB]ACION 7,=CES ( ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION1 ,F,L,N74 ,BY ! TIME ,L9EA ,PROLET>IA WAS LEAV+ ,*IAPAS 9 #a#i#h#c1 ! ,F,L,N1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ITS SUCCESSES 9 ORGANIZ+ ) ! ,*UR*1 WAS UPP+ ITS ACTIVITY SIGNIFICANTLY4 ,! ,F,L,N ,HI< ,COMM& HAD SECRETLY VISIT$ ! CANYONS1 ) A VIEW TO DEVELOP+ AN >MY :I* !Y ALREADY HAD A NAME = -- ! ,E,Z,L,N4 ,) !M CAME A Y\NG CAPTA91 ,M>COS4 

,FROM #aiia ! ,F,L,N MADE REAL PROGRESS 9 RECRUIT+ BEYOND ITS CORE CADRE ( ,9DIAN MILITANTS4 ,:ILE !Y HAD MAY HAVE FOLL[$ ! FOCO MODEL ( ! ,CUBA EXP]I5CE1 :I* EMPHASIZES ! MILIT>Y /RUGGLE OV] ! SOCIAL1 !Y RECOGNIZ$ ! NE$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 GRASSROOTS ORGANIZATIONS -- A LESSON !Y MAY HAVE LE>N$ FROM ! 9NOVATIVE LEFT-,MAOI/ ASPECTS ( ,L9EA ,PROLET>IA4 ,H[EV]1 !Y HAD AVOID$ FALL+ 9TO A T5D5CY ?AT ,L9EA ,PROLET>IA HAD SUCCUMB$ TO3 DRIFT+ AWAY FROM MILITANT L& OCCUPATIONS & BATTLES ) EMPLOY]S & T[>DS COOP]ATION ) ,P,R,I AG5CIES OV] CR$IT L9ES1 M>KET+ FACILITIES & PRODUCTIVITY 9CREASES4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( DIFF]5TIAT+ BETWE5 !SE /RATEGIES BECAME MORE PRON\NC$ AS ! MASSIVE ANTI-POV]TY PROGRAM ,P,R,O,N,A,S,O,L ROLL$ 9TO ,*IAPAS 9 ! E>LY #a#i#iS4 ,) IT ROLL$ SOME ( ! OLD ,L9EA ,PROLET>IA CADRE1 N[ P>T ( ,SAL9AS'S RET9UE4 ,AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! ,P,R,O,N,A,S,O,L GOV]NM5T WORK]S & ! ,*UR*1 N[ LONG AW>E ( ! ,F,L,NS COMMITM5T TO >M$ /RUGGLE1 AIM$ TO DIV]T ! ,9DIANS' ANG] 9TO AV5UES ( GOV]NM5T RECUP]ATION4 ,BUT ) ! ECONOMIC SITUATION = ! ,9DIANS N[ SO DESP]ATE1 ! ,F,L,N WAS ABLE TO \TFLANK ?IS MOVE BY CREAT+ A NEW MILITANT BODY1 ! ,A,N,C,I,E,Z1 ! ,EMILIANO ,ZAPATA ,9DEP5D5T ,NATIONAL ,PEASANT ,ALLIANCE1 AN EMBRYONIC ,ZAPATI/A >MY UND] :OSE BANN] ! MILITANT ,9DIANS BEGAN ! WORK ( REORGANIZ+ !IR COMMUNITIES4 ,!Y EV5 MANAG$ TO GET SOME ,P,R,O,N,A,S,O,L FUNDS ON ! SLY = WEAPONS4 

,ALL !SE ELEM5TS -- ! ,F,L,N1 ! PRIE/S1 ! COMMUNAL ,9DIAN TRADITIONS1 EA* ) !IR [N 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS1 W]E L5SES ?R\< :I* ! COM+-9TO-BE+ ( ! ,E,Z,L,N WAS FOCUS$4 ,! NECESS>Y FIR/ /EP ( ?IS MILITANT REORGANIZATION WAS ! SUPPRESSION )9 ! COMMUNITIES ( ANTI-,ZAPATI/A ELEM5TS1 USUALLY CACIQUES \T TO 5RI* !MSELVES OR ,P,R,II/AS :O C\LD ACT AS LEV]S ( CO]CION OR AS SPIES4 ,?IS PROCESS MU/ HAVE DEVELOP$ 9 QUITE DIFF]5T WAYS ACCORD+ TO ! PREVAIL+ CONDITIONS4 ,9 SOME PLACES !RE WAS A BLANKET CONV]SION TO ,ZAPATISMO & ! VILLAG]S C\LD AF=D TO BE RELATIVELY OP51 AT LEA/ ) EA* O!R1 AB\T !IR ORGANIZATION4 ,9DIVIDUAL ,P,R,II/AS W\LD BE EASY TO ISOLATE & EXCLUDE4 ,O!R VILLAGES MI<T HAVE AN EV5 MIX ( ,ZAPATI/AS & ,P,R,II/AS1 OR COMPLETE ,P,R,I DOM9ANCE4 ,9 ! LATT] CASE MANY REBELLI\S CAMPES9OS W]E SIMPLY =C$ \T & CON/RUCT$ A COMMUNITY ELSE:]E4 ,EV5 TODAY :5 L>GE *UNKS ( ,*IAPAS >E CONTROLL$ BY ! ,E,Z,L,N1 ONE CAN (T5 F9D A ,ZAPATI/A VILLAGE NEXT TO A ,P,R,I VILLAGE1 ) ALL ! SUSPICION & ANTAGONISM ?AT ?AT IMPLIES4 ,! ,P,R,I WEB IS TORN BUT F> FROM BRU%$ AWAY3 ! FE> ( 9=M]S MEANS ?AT ON ! M>G9S ( ,E,Z,L,N T]RITORY1 CL&E/9ITY IS /ILL V]Y MU* ! NAME ( ! GAME4 ,! EXPULSION :]E POSSIBLE ( ,P,R,II/AS OP5$ UP A SPACE = ! ,ZAPATI/AS1 A SPACE :]E A PROCESS ( REBUILD+ C\LD BEG94 ,SIMULTANE\S TO ! CL&E/9E RECON/ITUTION ( ! VILLAGES ! 9SURG5T >MY BEGAN TO COALESCE 9 ! HI<L&S >\ND #a#i#i#b-#i#c4 

,UNTIL ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#i#c1 ,M>COS & ! ,9DIAN CADRES W]E FOLL[+ ORD]S FROM ! ,HI< ,COMM& ( ! ,F,L,N 9 ,MEXICO ,CITY1 ?\< HE HAS S9CE MADE EV]Y EF=T TO HIDE IT4 ,9 ?AT MON?1 REALIZ+ ! ,F,L,N UNITS 9 O!R ,MEXICAN /ATES W]E B>ELY EXI/5T1 LET ALONE ABLE TO LEAD AN >M$ REVOLUTION1 HE REFUS$ !IR REQUE/ TO S5D F9ANCES \T ( ,*IAPAS4 ,IT SEEMS TO BE AT ?IS TIME ?AT ! IDEOLOGICAL BREAK ) ! ,F,L,N OCCURR$1 ?\< IT WAS NOT FULLY CONFIRM$ UNTIL ! FAILURE ( ! ,JANU>Y #aiid UPRIS+4 ,! ,CL&E/9E ,COMMITTEE = ,9DIG5\S ,REVOLUTION 7,C,C,R,I7 :I* HAD BE5 CREAT$ 9 ,JANU>Y #aiic & :I* WAS MADE UP ( VET]AN ,9DIAN CADRE N[ PU%$ = W>4 ,H[EV]1 ON ?IS ONE CRUCIAL PO9T1 ! VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES F\ND CONS5SUS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,WOMACK3 '.<,!.> ASSEMBLIES GROAN$ = CONS5SUS = ! >M$ WAY1 BUT IT W\LD NOT COME444 ,9 ! ,ZAPATI/A CANYONS ! MAJORITY RUL$444:]E COMMUNITIES VOT$ = W>1 ! ,E,Z,L,N TOL]AT$ NO DISS5T OR PACIFISM3 ! M9ORITIES HAD TO LEAVE4'.<#b#c.> 

,FROM ITS ,F,L,N ORIG9S1 !N1 WE KN[ ?AT ! >MY ITSELF C\LD BE A SUFFICI5T =M = ! HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,A POLITICAL CADRE C\LD OP]ATE )9 ! >MY TO TRANSMIT ! L9E ( ! ORGANIZATION & ITS LEAD]%IP TO BO? COMBATANTS & NONCOMBATANTS4 ,L59ISM1 AS A 'HI]>*IC ORGANIZATION ( IDEOLOGY' 7,DEBORD71 DOES NOT REQUIRE AN OBVI\S P>TY =M2 IT IS 5\< ?AT A CADRE ( MILITANTS EXI/ ) A LEAD]%IP -- P]HAPS A HIDD5 LEAD]%IP -- GIV+ !M POLITICAL DIRECTION4 ,WE KN[ ?AT ! ,F,L,N GREW 9 ,*IAPAS BY RECRUIT+ & TRA9+ AN ,9DIAN CADRE :O !N PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 ! ,ZAPATI/A DECISION TO GO TO W>4 ,BUT ?IS WAS NOT A VANGU>D 'P>A*UT$ 9 FROM ! \TSIDE'4 ,AP>T FROM ,M>COS1 & POSSIBLY A FEW O!RS1 IT WAS COMPOS$ ( ,9DIANS :O JO9$ BECAUSE IT SEEM$ TO MEET !IR NE$S4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 IT UNIFI$ ,9DIANS ( DIFF]5T LANGUAGES & ALL[$ !M TO ACT COLLECTIVELY AGA9/ !IR EXPLOIT]S4 

,BUT IF ! ,E,Z,L,N HAS AT ITS ORIG9 ! HI]>*Y & M$IATION ?AT IS 9H]5T 9 ! ,*E ,GUEV>A V]SION ( ,L59ISM1 !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ! POLITICAL C]TA9TIES ?AT ACCOMPANI$ ?IS MODEL W]E DE/ROY$ FOLL[+ ! FAILURE ( ,JANU>Y #a#i#i#d4 ,! RUPTURE ?AT TOOK PLACE BETWE5 ,SEPTEMB] #aiic & ,FEBRU>Y #aiid MEANT ! ,E,Z,L,N & ! CADRE =M WAS ?R[N 9TO CRISIS4 ,ON ! ONE H& ! ,E,Z,L,N HAD CLE>LY FAIL$ 9 !IR ATTEMPT TO LAUN* A CR$IBLE MILIT>Y (F5SIVE1 & HAD BECOME BESIEG$ & ISOLAT$4 ,YET ON ! O!R H&1 ! \TP\R+ ( PUBLIC SUPPORT = ! ,ZAPATI/AS MU/ HAVE CAUS$ ! ,C,C,R,I-,G,C 7,G5]AL ,COMM&7 & ! ,9DIAN CADRES TO REEXAM9E !IR IDEAS4 ,\T ( ?IS CRISIS CAME A COMMITM5T TO A VAGUE =M ( LEFT RE=MISM1 UTILIZ+ IDEAS SU* AS CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,DESP]ATE TO SURVIVE1 ! ,E,Z,L,N HAS USUALLY PIT*$ = ! L[E/1 & LEA/ CONTROV]SIAL1 COMMON D5OM9ATOR 9 ITS ORGANIZ+ EF=TS & COMMUNIQUES -- ANTI-,P,R,I4 ,H[EV]1 ! O!R LONG-T]M EFFECT ( ! UPRIS+ & ITS FAILURE HAS BE5 A HI< LEVEL ( CONFUSION & DISORI5TATION4 ,P]IODICALLY ! ORGANIZATION HAS BE5 ABLE TO UNITE >\ND C]TA9 9ITIATIVES1 SU* AS ! ,5CU5TROS4 ,YET GIV5 ! EXTREMELY DIFFICULT CONDITIONS !Y LIVE UND]1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE DISPLAY$ A TREM5D\S LEVEL ( C\RAGE & 9ITIATIVE4 ,IT IS ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! ,9DIANS1 ABOVE ALL ELSE1 ?AT DEF9ES ?IS /RUGGLE4 

,ZAPATI/A ORGANIZATION 

,! SCALE ( ! UPRIS+ IS ! FIR/ ?+ ?AT /RIKES ! VISITOR TO EA/]N ,*IAPAS4 ,!RE >E OV] #a1#a REBEL COMMUNITIES1 EA* ) #c-#d PEOPLE1 USUALLY Y\NG4 ,!SE VILLAGES1 SOME ( :I* HAVE BE5 BUILT S9CE #a#i#i#d1 >E F$]AT$ 9TO ?IRTY-TWO AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES4 ,! CIVIL DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS IS FLUID3 LOCAL DECISIONS >E MADE LOCALLY1 IMPORTANT POLICY OR PROJECT DECISIONS MADE ON A WID]1 BUT NOT ALWAYS MUNICIPAL1 LEVEL4 ,MUNICIPALLY1 DELEGATES FROM EA* VILLAGE COME TOGE!R 9 ! ASSEMBLY HALLS ?AT >E ALMO/ AS COMMON AS *UR*ES4 ,!SE MEET+S >E EXTREMELY LONG-W9D$ BY ,EUROPEAN /&>DS1 SOMETIMES GO+ ON = TWO OR ?REE DAYS UNTIL SOME?+ LIKE CONS5SUS IS REA*$4 ,?IS ABILITY TO REA* CONS5SUS IS AID$ BY ! VITALITY ( ! TRADITIONAL DECISION-MAK+ PROCESS & :I* RECOGNIZES ! PRESS+ DEM&S ( LIFE UND] SIEGE4 ,! REMOT5ESS ( ! ,9DIANS' LIVES FROM REGUL> WAGE LABOR1 & ! COMMUNAL NATURE ( F>M+ :I* 9 ANY CASE IS LABOR-9T5SIVE ONLY SEASONALLY1 5ABLES ! ,ZAPATI/AS TO C>VE \T L>GE PORTIONS ( TIME = MEET+S & ORGANIZ+4 

,! CIVIL LEVEL IS COMPLET$ BY ! FIVE ,AGUASCALI5TES :I* >E DOTT$ >\ND ,ZAPATI/A T]RITORY4 ,NAM$ AFT] ! ORIG9AL ,AGUASCALI5TES 7:]E ! ,C,N,D WAS HELD7 :I* WAS DE/ROY$ BY ! ,MEXICAN >MY 9 #a#i#i#e1 9 TURN NAM$ AFT] ! ,AGUASCALI5TES ,MILIT>Y ,CONV5TION ( #a#i#a#d1 !SE CULTURAL C5T]S >E A CONGLOM]ATION ( S*OOLH\SES1 ASSEMBLY HALLS1 METALWORK+ %OPS1 SLEEP+ QU>T]S1 /ORAGE HUTS1 ETC4 ,IT IS TO ! ,AGUASCALI5TES ?AT ! ,ZAPATI/AS COME = !IR MO/ IMPORTANT POLITICAL MEET+S1 DANCES1 & 5DLESS BASKETBALL T\RNAM5TS4 ,!Y HAVE ALSO BE5 US$ AT V>I\S TIMES AS ,E,Z,L,N B>RACKS4 

,! ,E,Z,L,N 5CAMPM5TS1 BE+ OBVI\S T>GETS1 >E AWAY FROM ! COMMUNITIES1 HIDD5 FROM ! CON/ANT OV]FLI<T ( >MY HELICOPT]S OR AIR =CE BOMB]S4 ,! LOCAL ,E,Z,L,N DETA*M5TS S5D REPRES5TATIVES TO ! V>I\S ,C,C,R,IS1 :I* 9 TURN S5DS DELEGATES TO ! ,C,C,R,I ,G5]AL ,COMM&1 :I* CONSI/S ( >\ND #g-#h MEMB]S1 & IS BAS$ 9 ! ,LAC&ON >EA SURR\ND+ ! ,AGUASCALI5TES ( ,LA ,REALIDAD4 

,! HI]>*Y ?AT EXI/S 9 ! ,E,Z IS ALMO/ C]TA9LY P>T ( ! LEGACY ! ,F,L,N HAS LEFT ! ,9DIANS4 ,COMM&ANTE1 ,SUBCOMM&ANTE1 ,MAJOR1 ,CAPTA93 ! *A9 ( COMM& APPE>S TO REPRODUCE ?AT ( ! /ATE'S >M$ W+ P]FECTLY4 ,NATURALLY1 !RE WILL HAVE BE5 T5D5CIES )9 ! ,C,C,R,I-,G,C ?AT BO? OSSIFY & LOOS5 COMM&1 BUT A RELAXATION C\LD BE MORE LIKELY 9 REC5T YE>S AS ! ,E,Z,L,N HAS BE5 MILIT>ILY QUIET S9CE ITS 9ITIAL FLURRY ( ACTIVITY4 ,) ! 9DIG5\S W> ON HOLD1 WORK 9 ! COMMUNITIES HAS TAK5 PREC$5CE1 & ! DAMAGE MILIT>IZATION CAN DO TO A SOCIAL MOVEM5T R$UC$4 ,! ,E,Z1 H[EV]1 IS /ILL ! >5A :]E ! Y\NG WI% TO PROVE !MSELVES4 ,S9CE #aiid A NEW G5]ATION ( COMBATI5TES 7,E,Z SOLDI]S7 HAS COME ( AGE1 & IT W\LD BE 9T]E/+ TO KN[ H[ MANY HAVE MADE IT 9TO ! ,C,C,R,I-,G,C -- OR :E!R !Y N[ DOM9ATE IT4 ,UN=TUNATELY ?IS 9=MATION IS NOT AVAILABLE TO US4 

,ONE FUR!R ASPECT ?AT DIFF]5TIATES ! ,E,Z FROM AN >MY ( ! /ATE1 ASIDE FROM ITS RELATIVELY 9=MAL COMM& /RUCTURE1 IS ! APP>5T ABS5CE ( BO? PUNI%M5T & 9SUBORD9ATION4 ,JO9+ UP IS NOT COMPULSORY1 ?\< ALL SEV5TE5 YE>-OLD M5 & WOM5 >E 5C\RAG$ TO P>TICIPATE4 ,MANY SEEM TO WANT TO JO9 ! MILITIAS E>LI]4 ,! ,ZAPATI/A >MY HAS AFT] ALL COME ULTIMATELY FROM ! MAT]IAL NE$S & 9SURRECTION>Y DESIRE ( ! ,*IAPAN ,9DIANS4 ,AS SU* BECOM+ A COMBATI5TE IS SE5 TO BE NOT ONLY 9 AN ,9DIAN'S SELF 9T]E/1 IT IS ALSO AN ESCAPE FROM AGRICULTURAL DRUDG]Y & E>LY M>RIAGE 9TO A WORLD ( EXCITEM5T & POSSIBILITY4 ,! ,E,Z MAY NOT APPE> AS A BURD5 TO ! Y\NG1 RA!R TO JO9 IT C\LD BE TO EMB>K UPON A PROCESS ( 9DIVIDUAL & COMMUNAL SELF-EXPRESSION4 ,IF WE WI% TO BELIEVE ,M>COS1 & SOME MAY NOT1 IT IS ALSO A SPACE = LIMIT$1 BUT HI!RTO UN?9KABLE1 SEXUAL EXP]IM5TATION1 FREE FROM ! JUDGM5TAL GAZE ( ! VILLAGE ELD]S4 

,! RELATION%IP ( ! ,E,Z,L,N TO ! AUTONOM\S COMMUNITIES AFT] #aiid APPE>S TO BE *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! SLOGANS3 ',COMM&+ OBEY+' & ',EV]Y?+ = EV]YONE1 NO?+ = \RSELVES'4 ,! =M] IS REALLY NO?+ MORE ?AN AN 9DIG5\S TAKE ON ! PRACTICE ( RECALLABLE DELEGATES4 ,AS SU* IT FOLL[S FIRMLY 9 ! TRADITIONS ( SOVIETS & WORK]S' C\NCILS -- ?\< ( C\RSE IT IS D\BLE-$G$3 IF ! COMM&]S OBEY1 !Y ALSO COMM&4 ,! LATT] SLOGAN IS AN ASSURANCE ?AT ?AT ! ,E,Z,L,N1 OR ! ,C,C,R,I-,G,C1 WILL NOT 5RI* ITSELF AT ! EXP5SE ( ! COMMUNITIES1 NOR WILL IT TRANS=M ITSELF 9TO A NEW LAY] ( CACIQUISMO4 ,! VILLAGES >E NOT ! BASES ( SUPPORT = ! GU]RILLA >MY1 AS WAS ! CASE 9 NEI<BOR+ ,GUATEMALA1 RA!R ! ,E,Z,L,N APPE>S TO BE ! BASE ( SUPPORT = ! SELF-ORGANIZ$ VILLAGE4 ,BECAUSE !RE >E NOT NE>LY 5\< RES\RCES TO GO >\ND1 ANY MAT]IAL 5RI*M5T ON ! P>T ( ! ,E,Z1 OR SECTIONS ( ! ,E,Z1 W\LD 9/ANTLY RAISE SUSPICIONS ( ,P,R,I 9FLU5CE4 ,BUT 9 FACT ! ,ZAPATI/A >MY IS NOT SAY+ 'WE WILL TAKE ONLY ?AT %>E TO :I* WE >E 5TITL$'1 !Y >E SAY+ 'WE WILL TAKE LESS ?AN \R %>E4' ,9 IMPOV]I%$ EA/]N ,*IAPAS ?IS AM\NTS TO A LITTLE MORE ?AN PO/UR+4 ,! SAME OBSESSION ) DEA? WE NOT$ E>LI] ALSO LEADS 9TO A LANGUAGE ( SACRIFICE4 

,! DIALECTIC ( 'COMM&+ OBEY+' CAN BE/ BE SE5 AT WORK 9 ! DEVIS+ & IMPLEM5TATION ( ! V>I\S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,LAWS ( ! ,E,Z,L,N4 ,! ,LAWS !MSELVES >E MIR$ 9 LEFTI/ B\RGEOIS LANGUAGE -- ',! ,RI<TS & ,OBLIGATIONS ( ! ,PEOPLES 9 ,/RUGGLE'1 ',! ,RI<TS & ,OBLIGATIONS ( ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,>M$ ,=CES' -- & (T5 9 RE=MI/ CONT5T1 SU* AS ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,AGR>IAN ,LAW1 :I* WE %ALL LOOK AT LAT]4 ,ONCE AGA9 WE SEE ! 9FLU5CE ( ! /RUCTURES ( ,M>XISM-,L59ISM4 ,BUT !Y REPRES5T ALSO A SOPHI/ICAT$ ATTEMPT BY ! CAMPES9OS TO BEG9 SOLV+ !IR [N PROBLEMS4 ,! >MY1 BE+ EV]Y:]E1 WAS ! ONLY BODY ?AT C\LD IMPLEM5T !IR NEW WORLD ) ANY DEGREE ( CONSI/5CY4.<#b#d.> ,! ,LAWS1 DEVIS$ AFT] 5DLESS DEBATE & DISCUSSION1 9 !MSELVES 7I4E4 ASIDE FROM !IR CONT5T7 >E AN ATTEMPT BY ! ,9DIANS TO 5D[ !IR /RUGGLE ) A S5SE ( P]MAN5CE1 A WAY ( SAY+ 'WE >E NOT GO+ BACK4' ,NATURALLY !Y >E M$IATIONS1 BUT !Y >E AT LEA/ M$IATIONS :I* HAVE 5ABL$ ! ,ZAPATI/A /RUGGLE TO MOVE BEYOND VISC]AL CLASS ANTAGONISM 9TO SELF-ORGANIZATION -- A COH]5CE NOT SE5 9 ! ,MEXICAN C\NTRYSIDE S9CE ! DAYS ( ! ,AYALA ,PLAN4 

,ANY DESCRIPTION ( ,ZAPATI/A ORGANIZATION MU/ 9CLUDE AN ACC\NT ( ! EFFECT ( ! UPRIS+ ON ! /ATUS ( 9DIG5\S WOM54 ,BE=E ,ZAPATISMO ! CONDITIONS WOM5 LIV$ 9 W]E DREADFUL3 SEXUAL ABUSE WAS RIFE ?R\< RAPE OR E>LY =C$ M>RIAGE1 DOME/IC VIOL5CE WAS HI<1 GIV+ BIR? TO L>GE FAMILIES RU9$ A WOMAN'S BODY & GAVE !M A HEAVY RESPONSIBILITY = SOCIAL REPRODUCTION ?R\< H\SEHOLD *ORES4 ,MOREOV] !Y W]E EXPECT$ TO R$UCE !IR FOOD 9TAKE SO ?AT ! HUSB& & *ILDR5 C\LD EAT SUFFICI5TLY1 ?\< EV5 ?IS WAS UNABLE TO /AUN* ! HI< RATES ( 9FANT MORTALITY4 ,9 %ORT !Y W]E VIRTUAL SLAVES 9 !IR [N VILLAGES4 

,! UPRIS+ HAS NOT LIB]AT$ !M1 AS IT HAS NOT LIB]AT$ ANY O!R ,9DIAN1 FROM A WORLD ( WANT4 ,:AT IT HAS DONE IS GIV5 !M AN OPPORTUNITY TO BREAK BEYOND ! ATOMIZATION ( ! VILLAGE TO =M A DEVELOP+ UNITY BAS$ ON ! RI* V>IETY ( !IR NE$S4 ,! SPACE = WOM5'S ORGANIZATION HAS NOT OP5$ UP BECAUSE ( ! REBELLION1 9/EAD ! WOM5'S DEM&S HAVE BE5 IMPOS$ ON ! M5 9 A COLLECTIVE & CONSCI\S ATTEMPT TO EXP& ! SPH]E ( !IR [N AUTONOMY4 ,?IS HAS ONLY ADD$ TO DIV]SITY ( ,ZAPATISMO4 

,SOME HAVE >GU$ ?AT 'WOM5'S 9TEGRATION 9TO MILIT>Y /RUCTURES REMA9S ! SURE/ WAY TO DEFUZE ! SUBV]SIVE POT5TIAL ( !IR *OICE TO BREAK ) ! PA/4'.<#b#e.> ,WE W\LD DISAGREE4 ,! WOM5 SEE !IR SUBV]SIVE POT5TIAL NOT AS WOM51 BUT AS ,ZAPATI/A WOM54 ,?AT 5TAILS EXP&+ !IR AUTONOMY BO? )9 ! VILLAGE 7= EXAMPLE1 9 CO-OPS ( V>I\S K9DS7 & EMB>K+ ON A PROJECT ( SOLID>ITY ) ! M5 9 ! >MY4 ,!Y >E BO? AGA9/ & ) ! M52 PRIM>ILY !Y >E = !MSELVES1 A PROJECT :I* !Y SEE AS BE+ REALIZ$ 9 ! ORGANIC & RELATIVELY 9=MAL /RUCTURES ( ! ,E,Z,L,N4 ,& 9 RESPONSE TO ! /ATE'S MILIT>IZATION ( ,*IAPAS !Y HAVE EXPRESS$ !MSELVES ?R\< SIMULTANE\SLY TAK+ UP >MS & DEVELOP+ !IR [N QUASI-MILIT>Y /RUCTURES4 ,>M$ ) /AFFS ?AT >E ALMO/ AS TALL AS !MSELVES1 !Y HAVE TRA9$ !MSELVES TO FI<T POLICE 9CURSIONS 9TO !IR MUNICIPALITIES1 (T5 ) BABIES ON !IR BACKS4 ,ALL ?IS IS DONE ) HI< EFFICI5CY & USUALLY MASK$ UP1 FACES COV]$ ) ! R$ PALLIACATES ?AT >E A ,ZAPATI/A EMBLEM4 

,ASIDE FROM TAK+ UP >MS1 P]HAPS ! S+LE MO/ SUBV]SIVE ACT !Y HAVE UND]TAK5 IS ! BANN+ ( ALCOHOL1 :I* IS US$ BY ! ,*IAPAN L&[N]S & RAN*]S AS AN \T-&-\T WEAPON ( SOCIAL CONTROL4 ,ALCOHOL SALES ON TICK T5D TO CAUSE UNPAYABLE DEBT ?R\< ! EMPLOY]'S %OP1 & ! COMMUNITY 9 ITS ALI5ATION & P[]LESSNESS TURNS 9 ON ITSELF ?R\< DOME/IC VIOL5CE4 ,! EFFECT 9 ,9DIAN COMMUNITIES HAS BE5 DEVA/AT+1 SIMIL> TO ?AT EXP]I5C$ ON ! RES]VATIONS ( ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,) ! L&[N]S GONE1 ! 9DIG5\S WOM5 IMM$IATELY 5=C$ A BAN ?AT IS UNIV]SAL 9 ,ZAPATI/A T]RITORY4 ,MANY VILLAGES HAVE A T9Y ONE-P]SON JAIL OR SECURE HUT :]E ! OCCASIONAL DRUNK>D RETURN+ FROM ,OCOS+O OR ,ALTAMIRANO CAN BE IMPRISON$ = A NI<T OR SO4 ,! BAN1 DEVELOP$ FROM ! IMM$IATE CONC]NS ( ! WOM51 ALSO =C$ ! M5 9TO A NEW RESPECT :I* 9 TURN OP5$ ! WAY = FUR!R SELF-DEF9$ PROJECTS -- = EXAMPLE ORGANIZ+ WOM5'S M>*ES AGA9/ /ATE MILIT>IZATION 9 ! T\RI/ T[N ( ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL4 

,! WOM5'S SITUATION IS NOT DEVELOP+ ALL ONE WAY4 ,PREGNANT COMBATI5TES MU/ RETURN TO !IR VILLAGES :]E !Y MAY BE SUBJECT TO ISOLATION1 AL?\< ! FA!R ( ! *ILD MU/ ACCOMPANY H]2 ?OSE :O HAVE NEV] LEFT WILL ALMO/ ALWAYS BE ILLIT]ATE1 UNABLE TO SPEAK ANY ,SPANI%1 & CONT9UE TO BE> ! BURD5 ( *ILDC>E4 ,9 MANY VILLAGES WOM5 >E /ILL EXCLUD$ FROM MEET+S4 ,NEV]!LESS ! T5D5CY IS T[>DS FREE DET]M9ATION AS P>T ( ! DEVELOP+ SOCIAL :OLE1 T[>DS REBELDE MUJ]ES 7REBEL WOM57 RA!R ?AN SUBS]VI5T ONES4 

,LA/LY1 ! MILIT>Y SITUATION 9 ,*IAPAS DEM&S A BRIEF M5TION4 ,! F$]AT$ ,ZAPATI/A >EAS >E SURR\ND$ & 9T]P5ETRAT$ ) HUNDR$S ( >MY *ECKPO9TS & BASES4 ,! MILIT>IZATION IS IMM5SE3 #g1 TROOPS1 ONE ?IRD ( ! 5TIRE ,MEXICAN >MY1 >M$ ) ! BE/ WEAPONS ,AM]ICAN ANTI-N>CO MONEY CAN BUY4 ,P,R,I- & L&[N]-SPONSOR$ P>AMILIT>IES1 ( :I* !RE >E SEV5 DIFF]5T V>IETIES ROAM ! C\NTRYSIDE1 RAT*ET+ UP ! T5SION4 ,?IS PAT*WORK ( CONFLICT IS FUR!R CONFUS$ BY ! WAVES ( REFUGEES ?AT HAVE OCCASIONALLY BE5 CREAT$ BY >MY OCCUPATIONS ( ,ZAPATI/A MUNICIPALITIES1 OR ?OSE ) ,E,Z SYMPA?IES :O HAVE BE5 EXPELL$ FROM ,P,R,I VILLAGES4 ,9 ,*IAPAS ! >M$ W+ ( CAPITAL IS EV]Y:]E VISIBLE4 

,HAV+ DESCRIB$ ! BASIC \TL9E ( ! ,ZAPATI/A SET-UP1 WE %ALL N[ TURN TO ! IDEAS ( ! UPRIS+4 ,9 ATTEMPT+ TO MOVE BEYOND ! *E]LEAD+ OR ! HO/ILITY ?IS SOCIAL MOVEM5T HAS PROMPT$1 WE %ALL DEAL )1 9 TURN1 ! IDEAS ( ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' & ! ACADEMIC AUTONOMI/S4 ,! 'ULTRA-LEFT' T5D TO SEE ! ,ZAPATI/A AS A DESP]ATE GU]RILLA FI<T] MANIPULAT$ BY HIDD5 LEAD]S2 ! ACADEMICS SEE ! ,9DIAN REASS]T+ HIS OR H] LABOR AGA9/ PR$ATORY GLOBAL CAPITAL4 ,!SE VIEWS ( ,ZAPATISMO AS A SIMPLE1 MONOLI?IC BODY CAN RESULT 9 ! SUPPRESSION ( CONTRADICTION4 ,BUT ! UPRIS+ IS A LIV+1 EVOLV+ ?+1 )9 & AGA9/ CAPITAL1 & AS SU* IS RIV5 ) CONTRADICTION4 ,BE=E WE GO ANY FUR!R WE MU/ EXAM9E ! SPECIFIC CLASS *>ACT] ( ! REBEL ,9DIAN1 FROM :]E SOME ( !SE CONTRADICTIONS >ISE4 

,! CLASS POSITION ( ! ,ZAPATI/A ,9DIAN 

,! CLASS POSITION ( ! ,ZAPATI/A ,9DIAN IS1 AS WE %ALL >GUE1 MORE PEASANT ?AN PROLET>IAN4 ,BE=E SUB/ANTIAT+ ?IS PO9T1 WE MU/ /EP BACK BRIEFLY & D]IVE AN UND]/&+ ( ! NATURE & FUNCTION ( ! PEASANTRY4 ,TRADITIONAL ,M>XISM EXPLA9S ! PEASANTRY ) ! SAME ANALYTICAL TOOLS IT USES TO EXPLA9 CLASS POL>IZATION 9 URBAN SOCIETIES4 ,IT IS P]FECTLY SUIT$ TO ! RAPID MOVEM5T & SOCIAL *ANGE ?AT TAKES PLACE 9 CITIES DUR+ 9DU/RIALIZATION1 BUT IT CAN LEAD SOME TO A SIMPLI/IC IDEA ( CLASS RELATIONS 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 :]E MANY PRE-CAPITALI/ =MS SURVIVE & :]E /ABILITY RA!R ?AN *ANGE CAN BE ! DEF9+ E?OS4 ,JU/ AS CAPITALISM 9 ! CITIES BASES ITSELF ON CON/ANTLY REVOLUTIONIZ+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 SOME OR?ODOX ,M>XI/S SEE 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE A MIRROR$ PROCESS :]EBY GREAT] NUMB]S ( PEASANTS >E EXCLUD$ FROM ! L&1 :ILE A MU* SMALL] NUMB] MANAGE TO TRANS=M !MSELVES 9TO PR(ESSIONAL F>M]S ) L>G] L&HOLD+S4 ,) ?IS PROGRAMMATIC APPROA* IT IS EASY TO BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( /IRR+ UP CLASS W> )9 ! VILLAGE ITSELF4 ,?US = ,L59 IT WAS SIMPLY A MATT] ( 5C\RAG+ ! POOR PEASANTS TO REBEL AGA9/ ! RI* PEASANTS4 ,!SE POOR PEASANTS1 9CREAS+LY SEP>AT$ FROM ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 W\LD DISCOV] !IR NATURAL ALLIES 9 ! PROLET>IAT1 :ILE ! AFFLU5T PEASANTS ) ACCESS TO L& & M>KET NETWORKS W\LD SIDE ) ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! URBAN =MULA ( CLASS /RUGGLE WAS SIMPLY TRANSPOS$ ONTO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 

,!RE IS1 ( C\RSE1 TRU? 9 ?IS ANALYSIS4 ,CAPITALISM1 TO ! EXT5T TO :I* IT CAN P5ETRATE1 & !REBY ALT]1 TRADITIONAL PEASANT SOCIETY1 DOES CREATE CLASS POL>IZATION4 ,BUT ! ,SOVIET EXP]I5CE ( ,W> ,COMMUNISM1 ,N,E,P & P>TICUL>LY COLLECTIVIZATION1 %[S NOT AN 9CREAS+LY CLASS-RIDD5 & SOCIALLY VOLATILE PEASANT COMMUNITY2 9/EAD IT %[S ! HI< LEVEL ( 9T]NAL /ABILITY & RESI/ANCE TO \TSIDE 9FLU5CE3 NOT SO MU* AN EXAMPLE ( POOR PEASANT & POLITICAL COMMISS> VS4 RI* PEASANT1 AS RI* & POOR PEASANT VS4 POLITICAL COMMISS>4 

,! PROBLEM ) ! OR?ODOXY IS ?AT IT OV]E/IMATES ! ABILITY ( CAPITAL TO BREAK D[N TRADITIONAL PEASANT /RUCTURES4 ,! PROCESS ( AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION MAY HAVE HAPP5$ 9 WE/]N ,EUROPE & NOR? ,AM]ICA1 BUT 9 MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD1 SU* AS ,MEXICO1 ! PEASANT VILLAGE HAS REMA9$ /UBBORNLY IMP]VI\S TO CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T4 ,SO :ILE AGRIBUS9ESS IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY WAGE-LABOR & NEW F>M+ TE*NIQUES1 PEASANT PRODUCTION HAS AT ITS HE>T UNSPECIALIZ$ PRODUCTION = CONSUMPTION1 FAMILY LABOR1 AN ABS5CE ( ACC\NT+1 ETC4 ,9 PLACE ( ! REL5TLESS DRIVE = PR(IT1 PEASANT LIFE IS ONE ( ISOLATION & IMMUTABILITY :]E BIR?S1 M>RIAGES & ! SEASONS HOLD MORE IMPORTANCE ?AN CROP YIELD OR RATIONAL BUS9ESS PLANN+4 

,! POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS CONS]VATIVE /ABILITY >E TW(OLD4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT PEASANT UPRIS+S >E ALMO/ ALWAYS A REACTION TO AN EXT]NAL CRISIS :I* ?REAT5S ! PEACE ( ! VILLAGE1 RA!R ?AN AS A RESULT ( 9T]NAL CLASS ANTAGONISMS4 ,! MANY CRISES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,MEXICAN CAMPES9O HAS MEANT ?IS CLASS HAS BE5 AN ESPECIALLY COMBATIVE ONE3 ! SUDD5 >RIVAL ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION 7! ,CONQUE/71 ! G5OCIDE BY SWORD & DISEASE1 ! RULE FROM ,SPA91 ! VIOL5T EXPANSION ( ! LATIFUNDIAS UND] ! ,PORFIRIATO >E ALL EXAMPLES4 ,! SECOND IMPLICATION IS ?AT )9 ! PEASANT UPRIS+ ! B9D+ ASPECT ( TRADITION 5ABLES SMALL PRIVATE F>M]S & ?OSE ) COMMUNAL L&HOLD+S 7?\< ! DIFF]5CE IS NOT ALWAYS CLE> CUT3 ONE CAN M]GE 9TO ! O!R AT DIFF]5T TIMES ( ! YE> OR AT TIMES ( FAMILY *ANGE7 TO LIVE HAPPILY TOGE!R 9 REVOLT -- ! ,AYALA ,PLAN IS A CASE 9 PO9T4 ,! PR9CIPAL PO9T ( ATTACK :I* ! OR?ODOXY ID5TIFIES IS (T5 ! MO/ RESI/ANT TO *ANGE4 

,:AT1 !N1 IS ! NATURE ( ! CLASS POSITION ( ! ,ZAPATI/A ,9DIAN TODAY8 ,WE DESCRIB$ E>LI] ! UNEV5 DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,! ,9DIANS HAVE EXP]I5CE ( WAGE-LABOR ?AT MI<T 9CLUDE3 WORK+ ON RAN*ES1 SEASONAL WORK ON A F9CA 7:]E AN EMPLOY]'S %OP SY/EM MI<T OP]ATE1 OR DEBT-PEONAGE BE DOM9ANT71 OR FULLY-9TEGRAT$ WAGE-LABOR ON DAM CON/RUCTION1 OR AT ! OIL OP]ATIONS ( ! NOR?-EA/4 ,ALL ?IS WORK IS EI!R SEASONAL OR TEMPOR>Y -- :5 IT IS OV] ! CAMPES9O MU/ RETURN TO ! VILLAGE TO SCRAT* \T A LIV+ FROM ! SOIL4 ,= M51 JU/ AB\T ! ONLY =M ( P]MAN5T WORK IS BE+ EMPLOY$ BY ! REPRESSIVE >MS ( ! ,P,R,I OR ! L&[N]S4 ,= ! WOM51 H&ICRAFTS 79CLUD+ ,ZAPATI/A DOLLS7 TO SELL 9 ! M>KETS ( ,SAN ,CRI/OBAL OR \TSIDE ,MAYAN RU9S IS A POSSIBLE =M ( 9COME4 ,?IS IS A /RICTLY PEASANT ACTIVITY3 !IR /ALL IS A PAT* ( GR\ND & ! LEVEL ( POV]TY (FSETS ANY PETTY-B\RGEOIS TRADE CONT5T ?IS ACTIVITY MI<T CONTA94 ,OV]ALL ! ,9DIAN WOM5 HAVE NEV] BE5 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! WAGE-LABOR SY/EM1 ?\< !Y MAY HAVE SOME CONTACT ) ! COMMODITY ECONOMY1 & ! M5 HAVE ONLY BE5 P>TLY & TEMPOR>ILY 9TEGRAT$4 ,!Y REPRES5T A SECTION ( ! POPULATION :I* CAPITAL HAS NOT FULLY PROLET>IANIZ$ BECAUSE IT HAS NO NE$ ( !IR LABOR-P[]4 ,9 FACT1 AS WE M5TION$ E>LI]1 IT W\LD BE BETT] = CAPITAL IF !SE PEOPLE DID NOT EXI/ AT ALL4 

,NEI!R HAS !IR LIMIT$ CONTACT ) ! WAGES SY/EM BE5 A DEF9ITIVE EXP]I5CE = ! ,*IAPANECOS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y !Y HAVE RETREAT$ FUR!R 9TO ! M>G9S ( ,MEXICAN GEOGRAPHY 9 !IR ATTEMPT TO PRES]VE !IR TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES4 ,!IR PRODUCTIVE LIVES >E DET]M9$ BY ! L& & ! CONSUMPTION NE$S ( !IR FAMILY & VILLAGE2 !IR SOCIAL LIVES BY ! TRADITIONS ( ! VILLAGE2 !IR ?9K+ IS G5]ALLY SOCIAL RA!R ?AN ECONOMIC -- !Y >E P>T ( ! 'DIFF]5T WORLD' ( ! PEASANT4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO AVOID WAGE-LABOR ALTOGE!R -- ITS 9FLU5CE HAS BE5 IMPORTANT TO ! ,ZAPATI/AS' ABILITY TO LOOK BEYOND !IR IMM$IATE LOCALITY4 ,BUT ! OV]ALL CLASS POSITION ( ! ,ZAPATI/A1 HIS OR H] CULTURE & BELIEFS1 IS ?AT ( ! PEASANT4 ,WE C\LD P]HAPS BE/ DEF9E ?IS CLASS LOCATION AS ?AT ( A SEMI-PROLET>IAN PEASANTRY4 ,9DE$ ONE C\LD >GUE ?AT ! UPRIS+ ITSELF HAS1 ) ITS OBSESSION = ,MAYAN TRADITION1 RE9=C$ ! PEASANT ASPECT OV] ! PROLET>IAN4 

,IT IS ONLY ) ?IS CATEGORY ( SEMI-PROLET>IAN PEASANT ?AT WE CAN UND]/& ! CONTRADICTIONS AT ! HE>T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ,ZAPATI/A & ! PRACTICE ( ! ,E,Z,L,N ITSELF4 ,GU]RILLA FI<T] OR ,MAYAN ,9DIAN8 ,COMMUNAL F>M] OR POLITICO8 ,BO? & NEI!R4 ,! 'ULTRA-LEFT' GR\PS1 MI/AK+ ! ,ZAPATI/AS = PROLES1 CONDEMN !M = FALL+ 9TO ! TRAPS ( TW5TIE? C5TURY WORK+ CLASS 9SURRECTION4 ,! ACADEMICS ALSO MI/AKE !M = FULLY-9TEGRAT$ WAGE-SLAVES1 & !RE=E REPRES5TATIVE ( A NEW RECOMPOSITION ( LABOR AGA9/ 'NEOLIB]ALISM'4 ,BUT ! ,*IAPAN ,9DIANS >E NOT C5TRAL TO ! EXPANSION ( CAPITAL2 !Y >E EXTREMELY M>G9AL TO IT4 ,CONSEQU5TLY !Y >E NOT 9 AN ADVANTAGE\S POSITION TO DEVELOP A CRITIQUE ( CAPITAL4 ,!IR ONLY POSSIBILITY IS TO REASS]T HUMAN COMMUNITY OV] A SY/EM ?AT W\LD RA!R SEE !M DEAD4 

,! 'ULTRA-LEFT'.<#b#f.>3 ,MAO & ,M>COS 

,SYLVIE ,D5EUVE & ,*>LES ,REEVE'S >TICLE ',BEH9D ! ,BALACLAVAS ( S\?-EA/ ,MEXICO' IS )\T D\BT ! MO/ HO/ILE REACTION TO ! ,9DIAN UPRIS+ 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,REACT+ AGA9/ ! ROMANTICIZATION ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS1 !Y WI% TO ASS]T ! PROLET>IAN ASPECTS ( ! /RUGGLE OV] ! MORE IMPORTANT PEASANT & ,9DIAN ASPECTS :I* WE HAVE ALREADY EXAM9$4 ,!Y P]CEIVE 9 ! REBELLION & ! =MS IT HAS TAK5 NO?+ MORE ?AN ONE FUR!R EXAMPLE ( DEAD5+ ,L59ISM GRAFT+ ITS /RUCTURES ONTO AUTONOM\S CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,OSCILLAT+ BETWE5 CONTEMPT = ! ,9DIANS' TRADITIONAL SUBS]VI5CE & AN UNGR\ND$ BELIEF 9 !IR IMMAN5T ABILITY TO LAUN* 9TO AN UNM$IAT$ ORBIT ( PURE REVOLUTION1 ,D5EUVE & ,REEVE GIVE A S*EMATIC ACC\NT ( H[ !Y BELIEVE ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,*IAPAS HAS DEVELOP$ & BE5 D]AIL$4 ,= !M1 ! /RONG BASE ASSEMBLIES ( ! ,ZAPATI/A MUNICIPALITIES M]ELY S]VE TO PROTECT ?OSE LEAD]S :O 'MU/ NEV] BE SE5'3 '! ,ZAPATI/A >MY IS444ONLY ONE P>T ( ,! ,ORGANIZATION -- IT IS ITS VISIBLE P>T4' 

,!Y ACC\NT = ! LACK ( AN OBVI\S ,P>TY L9E & ! ABS5CE ( ,M>XI/ VOCABUL>Y 9 G5]AL BY >GU+ ?AT1 S9CE ! COLLAPSE ( ! /ATE CAPITALI/ BLOC1 VANGU>DI/ ORGANIZATIONS HAVE HAD TO REVISE !IR EXPECTATIONS D[NW>D -- IMPLY+ ?AT ! =MS ( ,L59ISM >E 9TACT1 HIDD51 WAIT+ = ! HI/ORIC MOM5T4 ,BUT ! PROBLEM ,D5EUVE & ,REEVE HAVE IS ?AT !Y >E SIMPLY 9 POSSESSION ( 9SUFFICI5T 9=MATION ON :I* TO BASE !IR ANALYSIS4 ',BEH9D ! ,BALACLAVAS' CONSEQU5TLY TALKS A GREAT DEAL AB\T ! ORGANIZATION ( POLITICS1 OR ! POLITICS ( ORGANIZATION1 & V]Y LITTLE AB\T ACTUAL SITUATIONS 9 ,*IAPAS4 ,!Y !MSELVES ADMIT !Y HAVE F\ND IT DIFFICULT TO GET CONCRETE 9=MATION4 

,AS A RESULT1 WE F9D JU/ AB\T EV]Y ASPECT ( ! ,9DIANS' /RUGGLE MISREPRES5T$3 ! L& OCCUPATIONS >E NOT AB\T L&1 ONLY REV5GE2 ! WOM5S' /RUGGLE IS SIDEL9$ 9TO ! >MY & HAS NO O!R EXPRESSION2 ! ,F,Z,L,N DOM9ATES CIVIL SOCIETY \TSIDE ,*IAPAS2 ! ,E,Z,L,N IS MADE UP ( 'Y\NG PEOPLE1 M>G9AL1 MOD]N1 MULTIL+UAL444!IR PR(ILE HAS LITTLE TO DO ) ! ISOLAT$ ,9DIAN ?AT SOME IMAG9E4' ,& SO ON & SO =?4 ,D5EUVE & ,REEVE'S CLASS ANALYSIS IS 9ADEQUATE1 & !Y SUPPLEM5T IT ) A SKET* ( ! MANN] 9 :I* ,L59ISM HAS 9 ! PA/ MANIPULAT$ PEASANT MOVEM5TS4 ,IT IS REALLY ?IS REFUSAL TO EV5 LOOK = ANY?+ NEW 9 ?IS /RUGGLE ?AT IS ! MO/ 9FURIAT+ ASPECT ( ',BEH9D ! ,BALACLAVAS'4 

',BEH9D ! ,BALACLAVAS' DOES1 H[EV]1 PO9T TO AN IMPORTANT PROBLEM :I* SUPPORT]S ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS >E UNABLE TO P]CEIVE3 ! WAY 9 :I* ! ,E,Z,L,N COMM&]S1 & ,M>COS 9 P>TICUL>1 >E M$IATORS1 SPECIALIZ$ LEAD]S & NEGOTIATORS AP>T FROM ! MASS ( ! REBEL ,9DIANS4 ,! QUE/ION !N IS3 TO :AT EXT5T HAVE !SE ROLES BE5 =C$ ON !M BY MAT]IAL CONDITIONS & ! NECESSITY ( SURVIVAL1 & TO :AT EXT5T HAVE !Y GR[N FROM ! HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATIONAL =MS ?AT W]E IMPORT$ ) ! ,F,L,N8 

,ULTIMATELY WE CANNOT GIVE A DEF9ITIVE ANSW] TO ?IS4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY TRAC$ ! HI/ORY ( ! ,F,L,N'S 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! HI<L&S ( ,*IAPAS4 ,! ROLE ( REPRES5TATION :I* ,L59I/ =MATIONS SEEK HAS C]TA9LY BE5 ONE DEF9+ FACTOR 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! REBELLION4 ,H[EV]1 :AT IS CRUCIAL1 ) ! ,ZAPATI/AS1 AS ) O!R SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 IS ?AT WE CANNOT SIMPLY CONTRA/ GOOD MOVEM5TS_/CLASS /RUGGLES TO BAD REPRES5TATIONS_/M$IATIONS ( ?OSE /RUGGLES -- ESPECIALLY :5 ! REPRES5TATIVE =MS >E G5]AT$ FROM )94 ,SU* A MOVE W\LD FALSELY SUGGE/ ?AT ! 9SPIR+ ACTS ( CLASS /RUGGLE -- LIB]ATION ( PRISON]S FROM JAIL1 L& OCCUPATIONS1 ETC4 -- W\LD HAVE HAPP5$ )\T ! M$IAT+ & REPRES5TATIVE =MS ( ! ,E,Z,L,N4.<#b#g.> ,9 FACT1 >GUABLY ! ,*IAPAS UPRIS+ W\LD NOT HAVE REA*$ ! HEI<TS IT DID )\T ! VANGU>DI/ =M IT TOOK4 ,?IS IS AN EXPRESSION ( ! LIMITS ( !IR P>TICUL> SITUATION3 A MORE G5]ALIZ$ & PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T1 TO A*IEVE ITS GOALS1 C\LD NOT ACCEPT ! RELATIONS ( M$IATION & REPRES5TATION ?AT ! ,9DIAN PEASANTS DO4 

,YET ! LEGACY ( ! ,F,L,N'S VANGU>D MODEL HAS UND\BT$LY FUZ$ ) ! REBELLI\S & AUTONOM\S 5]GIES ( ! ,9DIANS1 & ?IS ORGANIZATIONAL =M ITSELF WAS ?R[N 9TO CRISIS1 FIR/LY BY ! BREAK ) ! NATIONAL ,F,L,N1 & %ORTLY AFT]W>DS BY ! FAILURE ( ! ,JANU>Y #aiid UPRIS+4 ,! NEGATIVE ASPECTS ( !SE =MS1 = EXAMPLE ! HI]>*Y ( ! >MY1 HAVE S9CE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! CREATION ( A SPECIALIZ$ LAY] ( ,E,Z,L,N NEGOTIATORS4 ,EQUALLY ! MILIT>Y SITUATION 9 ,*IAPAS HAS COMPELL$ ! ,9DIANS TO TALK1 NOT CONT9UALLY1 BUT OCCASIONALLY1 TO ! /RUCTURES ( P[] 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE4 ,?IS EX]CISE1 :I* BO? SIDES KN[ IS A *>ADE1 IS ONLY ONE SIDE ( ! M$IATION CO93 ?AT ( SIMPLE PUBLICITY4 ,9 A V]Y REAL WAY1 ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES >E BETT] PROTECT$ :5 !Y HAVE A HI< PUBLIC PR(ILE4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS1 PLAY+ ON ! NATURAL DRAMA ( !IR IMPACT & IDEAS W]E 9ITIALLY V]Y SUCCESSFUL AT ?IS4 ,LATT]LY1 & PR$ICTABLY1 !Y HAVE BE5 LESS SO AS O!R EV5TS TAKE C5T] /AGE = ! NATION'S M$IA4 ,?IS SORT ( M$IA USE IS C]TA9LY MANIPULATIVE BUT TACTICALLY IT HAS A*IEV$ A MEASURE ( SUCCESS4 ,ONE UN=TUNATE RESULT IS ?AT ! M$IA-FRI5DLY MEMB]S ( ! ,E,Z,L,N HAVE SOMETIMES HAD TO PORTRAY !MSELVES AS VICTIMS1 RA!R ?AN MILITANTS4 

,! O!R SIDE ( ?IS M$IATION ( ! UPRIS+ IS A G5U9E NE$ TO COMMUNICATE ) O!R SECTIONS ( NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL SOCIETY :I* >E 5GAG+ 9 /RUGGLE ( ONE SORT OR ANO!R4 ,WANT+ A DIFF]5T SOCIETY BUT KN[+ ?AT !Y ALONE CANNOT CREATE IT1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS FEEL ! NE$ TO REA* BEYOND ! BLOCKADE1 TO EX*ANGE IDEAS & CON/RUCT NETWORKS ( SOLID>ITY4 ,:ILE ?IS SOMETIMES USES M$IA *ANNELS1 IT DOES NOT EXCLUDE DIRECT COMMUNICATION4 ,?AT IS :Y WE PREF] TO EMPHASIZE ! VISITS ( WORK]S' & /UD5TS' DELEGATIONS1 ! SOLID>ITY T\RS ( ,EUROPEAN FOOTBALL TEAMS1 & ! M>*ES & ,CONSULTAS :I* RADIATE FROM ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES1 OV] ! PRES5TATIONAL GLOSS ( ,M>COS4 

,AS = ,M>COS HIMSELF -- ONE ( TWO OR ?REE LAD9OS AMONG T5S ( ?\S&S ( PURE BLOOD ,9DIANS -- HE IS AN EXPRESSION ( ! CONTRADICTIONS )9 ,ZAPATISMO4 ,NE$+ TO COMMUNICATE AT ! LEVEL ( M$IA FOLL[+ ! ,JANU>Y #aiid FAILURE1 ! MOVEM5T HAS F\ND ITSELF ! CONSUMMATE COMMUNICATOR4 ,POSSIBLY ,M>COS'S POSITION HAS BE5 UND]M9$ BY ! FAILURE & SUBSEQU5TLY HE HAS UND]GONE A TRANS=MATION FROM ,F,L,N POLITICAL & MILIT>Y LEAD] TO ,E,Z,L,N M$IA D>L+4 ,AS SU* HE HAS FILL$ AN IMM$IATE NE$ ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,BUT IT IS ! B\RGEOIS PRESS1 NE$+ A H&LE ON ! /ORY1 :I* HAS 5D[$ HIM ) AN AIR ( ROMANTIC AU?ORITY4 ,MANY AN>*I/S1 UN?9K+ AS EV]1 HAVE PLAY$ ALONG1 & ! NUMB] ( 9TELLECTUALS & ACTIVI/S :O VISIT ,*IAPAS O/5SIBLY TO RESE>* ! LIV+ CONDITIONS BUT :OSE WET DREAM IS TO MEET ,M>COS IS REVEAL+4 

,! =CES ( PRODUCTION 

,IS ! UPRIS+ '! F9AL EPISODE ( ! SL[ & PECULI> 9TEGRATION ( ?IS P]IPH]AL REGION BY ,MEXICAN CAPITAL' AS ,D5EUVE & ,REEVE W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE8 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS >E DIRT POOR F>M]S ) B>ELY ANY RES\RCES4 ,QUITE H[ !Y C\LD HAVE ANY EFFECT ON ! =CES ( PRODUCTION 9 ,*IAPAS IS DIFFICULT TO SEE4 ,9 FACT1 BE+ P>T ( ! 'DIFF]5T WORLD' ( ! PEASANTRY1 & BY REFUS+ TO DIE1 !Y >E OB/ACLES TO DEVELOPM5T1 RA!R ?AN BE>]S ( IT4 ,WE RETURN TO \R C5TRAL >GUM5T3 CAPITAL MAY HAVE AS ITS ESS5CE SELF-EXP&+ VALUE & ! CONSEQU5T PROLET>IANIZATION ( ! POPULATION1 BUT ! EXP]I5CE ( CAPITALISM 9 ! ',?IRD ,WORLD' IS AS UNEV5 DEVELOPM5T4 ,! IDEA ?AT CAPITAL SEEKS TO DEVELOP ALL >EAS TO A UNI=M /&>D IS ME*ANICAL3 SOME PLACES1 = REASONS ( GEOGRAPHY1 CLIMATE1 CLASS & SOCIAL /RUCTURE CAN ONLY BE EXPLOIT$ TO A DEGREE4 ,UNABLE TO ALWAYS DEVELOP ! P]IPH]Y1 CAPITAL TURNS 9W>DS & EMB>KS ON A NEW CYCLE ( 9T5SIVE ACCUMULATION4 

,MEXICAN & LATT]LY 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL HAS ALREADY 9TEGRAT$ ,*IAPAS AS PRODUCTIVELY AS IT IS ABLE3 FIR/ ?R\< ! LATIFUNDIAS & RAN*ES1 SUBSEQU5TLY ?R\< OIL4 ,! NEW IRONY ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' HAVE NEGLECT$ IS ?AT ! SPECIFIC & IMPORTANT CAPITAL ( BIOTE*NOLOGY WI%ES TO RET>D ! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTIVE =CES 9 ,*IAPAS4 

,!RE >E TWO WAYS 9 :I* WE CAN MAKE S5SE ( ! PRODUCTIVE =CES >GUM5T4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT1 ?R\< ! >MY1 ! ,E,Z ITSELF HAS REVOLUTIONIZ$ SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,BREAK+ D[N ! G5D] B>RI]1 RELEAS+ ! 5]GY & CONFID5CE ( ! Y\NG2 ITS NE$ = C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION COMPELS PREVI\SLY ISOLAT$ VILLAGES TO COMMUNICATE & WORK TOGE!R4 ,?R\< ITS NE$ TO IMPOSE ITSELF ON ! \TSIDE WORLD IT IS C]TA9LY A MOD]NIZ+ 9FLU5CE4 ,BUT ! ,E,Z IS NOT CONNECT$ TO L& PRODUCTION4 ,! VILLAGES & MUNICIPALITIES >E LEFT TO DO :AT !Y WILL ) ! OCCUPI$ L&S3 ! ,E,Z HAS NOT 5C\RAG$ NEW CROPS = M>KET1 NEW SE$ V>IETIES OR IRRIGATION PROJECTS4 ,! EJIDOS & RECLAIM$ L&S >E /ILL V]Y MU* D$ICAT$ TO SUBSI/5CE F>M+4 

,BUT DESPITE !IR 9ABILITY TO PRODUCE A MEAN+FUL SURPLUS1 & COM+ AS !Y DO FROM ! 'DIFF]5T WORLD' ( ! PEASANTRY1 P]HAPS ! ,ZAPATI/AS >E /ILL A PROTO-EMBRYONIC L&[N+ CLASS ?R\< !IR TOL]ANCE1 9 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,AGR>IAN ,LAW1 ( SMALLHOLD+S8 ,?IS ,LAW ALL[S PRIVATE HOLD+S ( UP TO A HUNDR$ HECT>ES ( POOR QUALITY L&1 OR FIFTY ( GOOD QUALITY L&1 :I* IS A FAIR BIT ( SPACE4 ,IT IS ALMO/ ID5TICAL TO ! ,AYALA ,PLAN :I* WAS DISCUSS$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS >TICLE1 & MANY ( ?OSE SAME >GUM5TS APPLY4.<#b#h.> ,WE W\LD ( C\RSE LIKE TO SEE ! ELIM9ATION ( ALL SMALL PROP]TY RELATIONS4 ,BUT IF WE >E LOOK+ = ! SE$S ( ! NEW WORLD 9 ! OLD1 WE MU/ LOOK = ! T5D5CIES T[>DS COMMUNISM4 ,M>X COMM5T$ ON ! AGR>IAN COMMUNE3 ',ITS 9NATE DUALISM ALL[S AN ALT]NATIVE3 EI!R ITS PROP]TY ELEM5T WILL PREVAIL OV] ! COLLECTIVE ONE1 OR ! LATT] OV] ! =M]4 ,IT ALL DEP5DS ON ! HI/ORICAL 5VIRONM5T4'.<#b#i.> ,9 ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES ( ,*IAPAS PRIVATE HOLD+S >E R>E1 ! COLLECTIVE PREVAILS4 

,NATIONALISM 

,! ULTRA-LEFTI/S' /RONGE/ *>GE AGA9/ ! ,ZAPATI/AS IS ?AT !Y >E NATIONALI/S3 ! ,ZAPATI/A PROJECT IS NO?+ MORE ?AN A RETREAT FROM ! RIGORS ( ! GLOBAL M>KET 9TO ! OLD C]TA9TIES ( NATIONAL SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 ?IS TIME >\ND R$EEM$ BY ! ABS5CE ( ! ,P,R,I4 ,TO FACILITATE ?IS1 ! 'ULTRA-LEFTI/S' IMPLY1 !Y >E SEEK+ ALLIANCES ) SECTIONS ( ! NATIONAL POLITICAL CLASS1 MANEUV]+ !MSELVES 9TO EV] MORE ADVANTAGE\S POSITIONS FROM :I* TO TAKE P[]4 

,?IS IS SIMPLY NOT TRUE4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE NEV] 5T]$ 9TO ANY =MAL ALLIANCE ) ANY FRACTION ( ,MEXICO'S POLITICAL CLASS4 ,!Y FLIRT$ BRIEFLY ) ! ,P,R,D BACK 9 #a#i#i#d1 &1 AS F> AS WE KN[1 !Y HAVE NOT REPEAT$ ! EX]CISE AS A RESULT ( !IR EXP]I5CE4 ,9DE$1 ONE ( ! ,E,ZS REVOLUTION>Y LAWS =BIDS ITS MEMB]S FROM HOLD+ ANY SORT ( PUBLIC PO/4 ,( C\RSE LAWS CAN BE *ANG$4 ,BUT IF ! ,ZAPATI/AS' AIM IS TO ALLY !MSELVES ) NATIONALI/ SECTIONS ( ! B\RGEOISIE !Y >E BE+ UN*>ACT]I/ICALLY 9COMPET5T AB\T IT4 

,IT W\LD1 H[EV]1 BE FOOLI% TO D5Y ! PATRIOTIC ELEM5TS ( ! ,ZAPATI/A /RUGGLE4 ,! NATIONAL AN!M IS SUNG 9 ! COMMUNITIES1 ?\< NOT AS (T5 AS ! ,ZAPATI/A AN!M1 & ! FLAG IS OCCASIONALLY P>AD$ AB\T1 ALL ( :I* MAKES ANY SELF-RESPECT+ REVOLUTION>Y CR+E ) EMB>RASSM5T4 ,! FLAG IS A CLUE TO ! QUIXOTIC NATURE ( ! ,ZAPATI/A'S 'NATIONALISM4' ,! R$1 :ITE & GRE5 ( ! ,MEXICAN FLAG >E ALSO ! COLORS ( ! ,P,R,I1 :O HAVE HAD UNTIL REC5TLY ! EXCLUSIVE RI<TS TO USE IT POLITICALLY4 ,YET ! REBEL ,9DIANS >E H>DLY DISPLAY+ ! FLAG AS A SIGN ( SUPPORT = ! REGIME ?AT IS PO9T+ GUNS AT !M4 ,SO IT MU/ MEAN SOME?+ ELSE4 ,! ISSUE IS H>DLY CL>IFI$ BY ! ,E,Z'S COMMUNIQUES1 :I* >E AS CONFUS+ AS EV]4 ,!RE WE CAN F9D /ATEM5TS ?AT SPEAK BO? ( '! IMPORTANCE ( ! PATRIA 7HOMEL&7' & ( 'A WORLD )\T FRONTI]S OR BORD]S4' ,AS ,WILDCAT SAY 9 ',UNMASK+ ! ,ZAPATI/AS'1 ?IS IS CALL$ HAV+ Y\R CAKE & EAT+ IT4 

,! ANSW] LIES SURELY 9 A CLOS] EXAM9ATION ( ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ?IS /RUGGLE4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS >E1 AS WE NOT$ E>LI]1 TO ALL 9T5TS & PURPOSES ONE HUNDR$ P] C5T 9DIG5\S4 ,TZELTALS1 ,TZOTZILS1 ,*OLS1 ,MAMS1 ,ZOQUES & ,TOJOLABALS >E ! COMPOSITION ( ! UPRIS+4 ,MANY ( ! M5 DO NOT SPEAK ,SPANI% & ALMO/ NONE ( ! WOM5 DO4 ,! ,MEXICAN /ATE HAS NEGLECT$ OR MURD]$ !M = DECADES4 ,YET !Y >E COMMUNICAT+ ) ,MEXICO1 PEOPLE ) :OM !Y DO NOT %>E A COMMON ANCE/RY4 

,WE NE$ TO BE> 9 M9D TWO ?+S4 ,! FIR/ IS ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,IF !RE IS ONE QUALITATIVE & POSITIVE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,ZAPATI/AS ( !N & ! ,ZAPATI/AS ( N[1 IT IS ?AT ! LATT]1 ) !IR LIMIT$ EXP]I5CE ( WAGE-LABOR & ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,F,L,N1 HAVE MANAG$ TO BREAK AWAY FROM ! MYOPIC LOCALISM ( PEASANT /RUGGLE4 ,!IR DESIRE TO 9T]V5E 9 NATIONAL LIFE IS PREF]ABLE TO A REFUSAL TO LOOK BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( !IR [N HOME PROV9CE OR /ATE4 

,SECONDLY1 ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' >TICLES WE >E EXAM9+ W]E ALL WRITT5 BE=E ! ,E,Z,L,N DEVELOP$ !IR PROJECT ( ! ,5CU5TRO1 ! 9T]NATIONAL MEET+S '= HUMANITY & AGA9/ NEOLIB]ALISM4' ,ESS5TIALLY WE BELIEVE ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE TRANSC5D$ !IR LOCALISM & HAVE DEVELOP$ IMPORTANT T5D5CIES T[>DS 9T]NATIONALISM1 ?\< 9 AN IMPORTANT S5SE1 & ONE :I* IS P>T ( ! LEFTI/ ASPECT ( !IR H]ITAGE1 !Y >E /ILL RET>D$ BY A NATIONALI/ P]SPECTIVE4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 ?REE ,5CU5TROS SO F>1 9 ,*IAPAS1 ,SPA9 & ,BRAZIL1 =UMS :]E ACTIVI/S & ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 /RUGGLE GA!R FROM >\ND ! WORLD TO DISCUSS :AT IS ON !IR M9DS4 ,BY ALL ACC\NTS !SE MEET+S HAVE BE5 CONFUS$ & CONFUS+3 ! FOCUS IS ON NETWORK+ & HET]OG5EITY RA!R ?AN ORGANIZ+ & DEVELOP+ A UNITY-?R\<-DIFF]5CE4 ,9DE$ IT C\LD BE SAID 9 SOME WAYS ?AT ! ,5CU5TROS MIRROR ! CROSS-CLASS NATURE ( CIVIL SOCIETY1 :I* WE DEAL ) BEL[4 .<#c.>,BUT ! ,ZAPATI/AS1 AT FIR/ RECOGNIZ+ !IR NE$ = 9T]NATIONAL SOLID>ITY1 P>TICUL>LY =EIGN PEACE OBS]V]S TO MITIGATE ! WOR/ (F5SES ( ! ,MEXICAN >MY1 HAVE GIV5 BIR? TO A LIV+1 EVOLV+ 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,?IS IS ALL ! MORE REM>KABLE GIV5 ?AT MANY ( !M HAVE A V]Y %AKY GRASP ( WORLD GEOGRAPHY4 ,:]E ! ,5CU5TROS WILL GO IS ANYBODY'S GUESS4 ,!Y MAY EASILY FALL AP>T1 GIV5 ! DIV]SE NATURE ( ! P>TICIPANTS & ! G5]ALLY AB/RACT NATURE ( OPPOSITION TO 'NEOLIB]ALISM'4 ,BUT 9 ! FUTURE CONTEXT ( AN UPSURGE 9 CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA !Y C\LD HAVE SOME?+ VALUABLE TO CONTRIBUTE4 ,ONE 9FLU5CE !Y C]TA9LY HAVE HAD IS ON ! 'ANTI-CAPITALI/' MOVEM5T4 

,! ,ACADEMICS .<#c#a.> 

,! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE C]TA9LY BE5 A GREAT 9SPIRATION TO SOME -- ?ANKS TO !IR /RUGGLE A SECTION ( ACADEMIA1 AT LEA/ 9 ,MEXICO ,CITY & ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TEXAS1 HAS REPRODUC$ & EXT5D$ ITSELF4 ,LIKE ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' GR\PS1 ! ACADEMICS HAVE FAIL$ TO GR\ND !IR ANALYZES ADEQUATELY 9 ! MAT]IAL CONDITIONS ( ,*IAPAS4 ,! ACADEMICS1 H[EV]1 HAVE SWUNG ! O!R WAY -- OV]PRAIS+ ! ,E,Z,L,N BY SEE+ 9 !M A MICROCOSM ( RESI/ANCE TO 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL4 ,BY BETT+ ON ! C5TRALITY ( ,*IAPAS1 !Y HAVE CON/RUCT$ A BIZ>RE MODEL :I* VIEWS ! ,ZAPATI/AS AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ CLASS4 ,AGA9/ ! CYNICISM ( ! 'ULTRA-LEFT'1 !Y >E SO OV]JOY$ ?AT SOME?+ -- ANY?+ -- IS HAPP5+ !Y HAVE JUMP$ ?R\< !ORETICAL HOOPS TO PROVE ,ZAPATISMO ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT P> EXCELL5CE4 ,FROM ?IS !Y HAVE !N EXTRAPOLAT$ V>I\S IDEAS ( ! ,E,Z,L,N AS ( POT5TIALLY UNIV]SAL IMPORTANCE = A TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY RECOMPOSITION ( LABOR AGA9/ CAPITAL4 

,! /RANGE/ ASPECT ( !IR IDEAS IS ?AT :ILE ! ACADEMICS WI% TO HOLD ! ,ZAPATI/AS UP AS WORK+ CLASS MILITANTS1 !Y FI<T %Y ( 5GAG+ 9 ANY ANALYSIS ( ! SPECIFIC CLASS NATURE ( ! UPRIS+4 ,?IS IS BAD 5\< :5 IT LEADS TO ! CLASS POSITION ( ! ,9DIANS BE+ ID5TIFI$ 9CORRECTLY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 WE F9D >GUM5TS ?AT ,ZAPATISMO IS 'NOT A PEASANT MOVEM5T 444.<BUT.> 'A RECOMPOSITION ( ! WORLD ( LABOR444ITS EXP]I5CE IS NOT ?AT ( A RELATIVELY ISOLAT$ & M>G9AL SOCIAL GR\P1 BUT BELONGS FULLY TO !SE PROCESSES ( RECOMPOSITION & PROBABLY REPRES5TS !IR HI<E/ =M ( EXPRESSION TO DATE4'.<#c#b.> 

,?+S DET]IORATE FUR!R :5 ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY D5IES ! POSSIBILITY ( ID5TIFY+ ! CLASS POSITION ( ANY SOCIAL GR\P OR 9DIVIDUAL ANY:]E -- CLASS BECOMES A CONCEPT )\T A DEF9ITION6 ,HIS POSITION IS ?AT ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 HUMAN CREATIVITY & ALI5AT$ WORK :I* RUNS ?R\< EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL CANNOT ULTIMATELY BE EXT5D$ 9TO ID5TIFIABLE CLASS =MATIONS :I* /RUGGLE ) EA* O!R3 ',S9CE CLASSES >E CON/ITUT$ ?R\< ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 WORK & ITS ALI5ATION1 & S9CE ?IS ANTAGONISM IS CON/ANTLY *ANG+1 IT FOLL[S ?AT CLASSES CANNOT BE DEF9$4' 

,NATURALLY WE AGREE ) ,HOLL[AY ON ?IS EXI/5CE ( ! 9T]NAL CONFLICT BETWE5 HUMAN CREATIVE ACTIVITY & ALI5AT$ EXPLOITATION1 JU/ AS WE AGREE ?AT ! REIFI$ CATEGORIES ( CAPITAL1 SU* AS WAGE-LABOR1 :I* >E CON/ITUT$ FROM CLASS /RUGGLE1 >E OP5 TO CON/ANT CONTE/ATION4 ,ON ONE LEVEL1 CAPITAL IS REPRODUC$ FROM \R [N ACTIVITY EV]Y H\R ( EV]Y DAY4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME WE NECESS>ILY CONFRONT !SE REIFI$ CATEGORIES AS OBJECTIVE REALITY4 ,AS ,WILDCAT 7,G]MANY7 SAY1 9 A GOOD CRITIQUE ( ,HOLL[AY'S REASON+ '9 ATTEMPT+ TO OPPOSE ! OBJECTIVI/1 DEF9ITIONAL & CLASSIFICATORY CONCEPT ( CLASS1 .<,HOLL[AY HAS ?R[N.> ! BABY \T ) ! BA?WAT]4 ,IF WE R$UCE ! CONCEPT ( CLASS TO A G5]AL HUMAN CONTRADICTION PRES5T 9 EV]Y P]SON BETWE5 ALI5ATION & NON-ALI5ATION1 BETWE5 CREATIVITY & ITS SUBORD9ATION TO ! M>KETS1 BETWE5 HUMANITY & ! NEGATION ( HUMANITY1 !N ! CLASS CONCEPT LOSES ALL MEAN+4' .<#c#c.> 

,CLASSES DO CON/ITUTE !MSELVES1 & ! CLASS /RUGGLE IS F\<T1 NOT ONLY 9T]NALLY1 BUT 9 REAL CONCRETE SITUATIONS BETWE5 ID5TIFIABLE SOCIAL GR\PS 9 /REETS1 (FICES1 FACTORIES1 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ALL ! TIME4 ,UN=TUNATELY ! ACADEMICS HAVE SP5T LITTLE TIME EXAM9+ !SE V]Y REAL *>ACT]I/ICS 7?AT W\LD = !M BE M]E 'SOCIOLOGY'71 & !IR >GUM5TS HAVE A SOME:AT FANTA/IC FEEL4 

,AS WE HAVE ALREADY >GU$1 WE DO NOT ACCEPT ! GLOBAL C5TRALITY ( ! /RUGGLE 9 ,*IAPAS1 AL?\< WE DO NOT D5Y ! IMPORTANCE ( C]TA9 9DU/RIES 9 ?AT REGION TO 9T]NATIONAL CAPITAL4 ,WE SEE ! ,ZAPATI/AS RA!R AS AN 9SPIRATIONAL MOM5T ( CLASS /RUGGLE ON ! P]IPH]IES4 ,9 FACT IT IS !IR GEOGRAPHICAL REMOT5ESS :I*1 ?R\< ! RELATIVE IMPOSSIBILITY ( DEVELOP+ AN ATOMIZ$ 9DIVIDUALITY1 HAS BOL/]$ ! COMMUNAL ASPECT1 & SO ! REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE ( ! CAMPES9OS4 ,H[EV]1 :ILE WE DO NOT AGREE ) ! C5TRAL !SIS ( ! ACADEMICS1 IT IS /ILL WOR? TAK+ A QUICK LOOK AT !IR TREATM5T ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,E,Z,L,N IDEAS4 

,! REFUSAL TO TAKE P[] & CIVIL SOCIETY 

,9 REJECT+ ! CLASSICAL MODEL ( GU]RILLA W> S9CE ! UPRIS+1 & ?R\< MEASURES SU* AS ! BAN ON MEMB]S ( ! ,E,Z,L,N HOLD+ PUBLIC PO/S1 ! 'REFUSAL TO TAKE P[]'1 EI!R ?R\< ,L59I/ OR RE=MI/ MEANS1 HAS BE5 ID5TIFI$ AS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO PO/-COLD W> REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE4 ,! ACADEMICS SEE IT AS A F9AL REJECTION ( ! /ATE1 ( AN 5D TO ! CONQU]+ ( POLITICAL P[] 9 ORD] TO IMPOSE ONE VIEW ( ! WORLD OV] ALL O!RS4 ,BUT ! ACADEMICS HAVE IGNOR$ ONE ?+3 ! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE TAK5 P[] -- 9 ! >EAS :]E !Y HAVE BE5 ABLE TO4 ,!Y HAVE =C$ L&LORDS TO FLEE -- & KILL$ SOME -- TORN D[N !IR H\SES1 EXPELL$ CACIQUES & ,P,R,II/AS4 ,9 ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES1 ! P[] ( ! ,P,R,I IS SMA%$1 REPLAC$ BY CAMPES9O SELF-ACTIVITY1 PROTECT$ BY CAMPES9O GUNS4 ,IF ?AT IS NOT TAK+ P[] 7OR 'REABSORB+ /ATE P[]'71 !N :AT IS8 

,IT IS TRUE H[EV] ?AT ! ,E,Z,L,N ( TODAY DOES NOT WI% TO /ORM ! ,PRESID5TIAL ,PALACE 9 ,MEXICO ,CITY 7:I*1 GIV5 ITS SIZE1 IS AN IMPOSSIBILITY74 ,!Y DO NOT SEEK TO IMPOSE !IR VIEWS ON O!R /RUGGLES1 AS IS CLE> FROM !IR REFUSAL TO DOM9ATE ,5CU5TROS OR ! ,F,Z,L,N4 ,BUT CLE>LY !Y HAVE A VISION ( *ANGE BEYOND !IR CORN] ( ,*IAPAS4 ,H[1 !N1 WILL ?IS *ANGE COME AB\T8 

,! ,E,Z,L,NS ANSW] IS ?R\< 'CIVIL SOCIETY'1 ! MULTITUDE ( SMALL1 (T5 MIDDLE CLASS & S+LE-ISSUE GR\PS :O EXI/ 9 OPPOSITION TO1 & \TSIDE ! BUDGET (1 ! ,P,R,I4 ,JOHN ,ROSS 9 ,REBELLION FROM ! ,ROOTS *>ACT]IZES CIVIL SOCIETY AS '?AT UN/AT$ COALITION ( OPPOSITION RANK-&-FILE1 URBAN SLUM-DWELL]S1 9DEP5D5T CAMPES9O ORGANIZATIONS & DISAFFECT$ UNION SECTIONS1 ULTRA-LEFT /UD5TS1 LIB]AL 9TELLECTUALS1 PEAC5IKS1 BEATNIKS1 ROCK]OS1 PUNKS1 /REETGANGS & EV5 A FEW TURNCOAT ,P,R,II/AS1 ALL ( :OSE R$ LI<TS GO ON AT ONCE :5EV] !RE IS S]I\S MIS*IEF AFOOT 9 ! L&4' ,WE W\LD ALSO ADD HUMAN RI<TS & 5VIRONM5TAL GR\PS TO ! MIX4 

,! PO9T IS NOT ?AT1 AMONG !SE GR\PS CON/ANTLY NETWORK+ ) EA* O!R1 ! WORK+ CLASS ELEM5TS >E 5C\RAG$ TO SUBSUME !IR NE$S TO A MIDDLE CLASS AG5DA -- ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y >E 5C\RAG$ TO /R5G!N !IR 'AUTONOMY'1 JU/ AS EV]YONE IS4 ,9/EAD IT IS ?AT ) HET]OG5EITY BE+ EV]Y?+ 9 CIVIL SOCIETY1 ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZATIONS >E 5C\RAG$ TO VIEW !MSELVES AS ONLY ONE P>T ( ! PAT*WORK4 ,!Y >E BO? RELATIVELY IMPORTANT & RELATIVELY UNIMPORTANT4 ,ANY ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE !IR NE$S AS A CLASS1 OR A FRACTION ( A CLASS1 W\LD SIMPLY BE SE5 AS BAD MANN]S & DETRIM5TAL TO ! 'COMMON /RUGGLE'1 :I* UNTIL V]Y REC5TLY HAS BE5 RIDD+ ,MEXICO ( ! ,P,R,I4 ,9 REALITY IT IS ONLY ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,P,R,I ?AT HAS KEPT !SE DISP>ATE GR\PS ON ANY?+ LIKE ! SAME WAVEL5G?4 ,& IT IS ! ,P,R,I ) !IR HOOKS SO DEEP 9TO ! LABOR MOVEM5T ?AT ISOLATES & 5C\RAGES ! BREAKAWAY UNIONS TO SEEK !SE CROSS-CLASS ALLIANCES1 :I* 9 TURN DILUTE ! POSSIBILITY ( REAL WORK+ CLASS AUTONOMISATION4 ,! ,P,R,I HAS BE5 BO? ! BULW>K ( UNITY & ! REASON = ITS WEAKNESS4 

,! ,ZAPATI/AS HAVE P9N$ !IR HOPES = *ANGE ON CIVIL SOCIETY1 ?\<4 ,!Y TALK ( OP5+ UP DEMOCRATIC SPACES = DISCUSSION & BEG EV]YONE ?AT '9 ADDITION TO !IR [N LITTLE PROJECT !Y %\LD OP5 !IR HORIZON TO A NATIONAL PROJECT L9K$ ) :AT IS HAPP5+4' ,! 'OP5+ UP ( SPACE = DISCUSSION' IS UND]/&ABLE1 GIV5 ! OMNIPRES5CE ( ! P>TY-/ATE4 ,BUT ! ,ZAPATI/AS SEEM TO HAVE SP5T H>DLY A ?\<T ON :AT WILL HAPP5 ONCE ?AT SPACE HAS BE5 OP5$4 ,:AT WILL CIVIL SOCIETY TALK AB\T8 ,H[ WILL IT ACT8 ,! BOTTOM L9E IS ?AT !SE CIVIL SOCIETY GR\PS HAVE ONLY COME 9TO BE+ BECAUSE ( !IR 'LITTLE PROJECT'1 :I* >E EXPRESSIONS ( !IR [N V>I$ CLASS 9T]E/S & LOCATIONS4 ,TO ASK !SE GR\PS TO UNITE IS TO ASK ! IMPOSSIBLE4 ,!RE CAN BE NO COMMON AUTONOMISATION = CIVIL SOCIETY AS A G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT4 ,!RE CAN ONLY BE ! BURY+ ( WORK+ CLASS 9T]E/S 9 FAVOR ( ?OSE ( ! MIDDLE CLASS1 OR AN IMPOSITION BY ! WORK+ CLASS ( ITS RI* & V>I$ NE$S -- :I* 9 EFFECT W\LD MEAN ! DE/RUCTION ( CIVIL SOCIETY4 ,:AT IS DISAPPO9T+ IS ?AT PEOPLE LIKE ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY HAVE SUPPORT$ ?IS IDEA ( CIVIL SOCIETY AS ! 5G9E = REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE :5 ALL IT REALLY IS IS A POPUL> FRONT1 & A WEAK ONE AT ?AT1 AS ! #aiid ,NATIONAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,CONV5TION DEMON/RAT$4 ,BUT !N IT IS EASY TO SEE POSSIBILITY 9 ! ,E,Z,L,N PROGRAM4.<#c#d.> ,!IR REMOT5ESS FROM ! T[NS & CITIES ( ,MEXICO 5C\RAGES ROMANTICISM1 & TALK+ ) ONLY ! VAGUE/ ( CATEGORIES & MO/ EVOCATIVE ( WORDS1 !Y REALLY CAN BE ALL ?+S TO ALL M54 ,EXCEPT ( C\RSE ! M5 FROM ! ,P,R,I4 

,DIGNITY 

,ZAPATI/A6 ,RE9V5T+ ,REVOLUTION 9 ,MEXICO CONCLUDES ) ,HOLL[AY'S TREATM5T ( ! ,ZAPATI/A CONCEPT ( DIGNITY4 ,M>XISM1 HE >GUES1 HAS DEVELOP$ A NUMB] ( T]MS TO DESCRIBE CAPITAL'S DOM9ATION OV] ! PRODUC]S ( WEAL?1 BUT HAS NOT DEVELOP$ A CORRESPOND+ LANGUAGE TO DESCRIBE ! DIALECTICAL MOVEM5T ( WORK+ CLASS LIB]ATION1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( 'SELF-VALORIZATION' 7ITSELF A NOT UNPROBLEMATIC REV]SAL ( A C5TRAL CAPITALI/ CATEGORY74 ,?IS LACK ( A POSITIVE POLE >\ND :I* TO ORGANIZE HAS HAMP]$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( A CONSCI\S MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4 ,BUT ) !IR CONCEPT ( 'DIGNITY' ! ,ZAPATI/AS MAY HAVE FILL$ A GAP 9 ! M>KET4 ,BY G5]ALIZ+ IT1 ,HOLL[AY BELIEVES 'DIGNITY' C\LD BECOME A WORKABLE IDEA >\ND :I* TO ORGANIZE AGA9/ ! DAILY 9DIGNITIES ( LIFE UND] CAPITAL4 

,! PROBLEM HE TRIES H>D TO AVOID IS ! AB/RACT NATURE ( 'DIGNITY' ONCE IT IS UNIV]SALIZ$4 ,BY ATTEMPT+ TO G5]ALIZE IT1 HE IS RUPTUR+ IT FROM ! PLACE :]E IT MAKES S5SE -- RURAL ,*IAPAS1 :]E IT ACQUIRES SU* A P[]FUL RESONANCE4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT = ! ,9DIANS DIGNIDAD IS A CRUCIAL CONCEPT -- ONE ?AT HAS BE5 G5]AT$ BO? NATURALLY & CONSCI\SLY FROM !IR /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! L&[N]S & RAN*]S4 ,IT HAS BE5 5D[$ ) A RADICAL CONT5T ?AT HAS L$ ! CAMPES9OS 9TO BECOM+ ,ZAPATI/AS1 9TO CON/RUCT+ !IR AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES1 9 :OSE SELF-ACTIVITY ! NEGATION ( CAPITAL RESIDES4 ,BUT DIGNITY IS ONLY SO P[]FUL BECAUSE ( ! CONDITIONS AGA9/ :I* IT HAS REBELL$ -- MANY ( :I* DO NOT APPLY TO VA/ SWA!S ( ! WORLD'S WORK+ CLASS4 

,WE W\LD >GUE ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& ! CONCEPT ( DIGNITY 9 ,*IAPAS )\T UND]/&+ ! RACISM ! ,9DIANS HAVE BE5 SUBJECT$ TO = DECADES4 ,AS WE HAVE ALREADY NOT$1 ! ,ZAPATI/A MOVEM5T IS TO ALL 9T5TS & PURPOSES COMPLETELY 9DIG5\S4 ,NON-,9DIAN CAMPES9OS 9 ! /ATE1 :ILE (T5 POLITICAL1 HAVE BE5 UNABLE TO A*IEVE A SIMIL> MILITANT UNITY4 ,CAPITAL HAS ACCUMULAT$ 9 EA/]N ,*IAPAS BY EXPLOIT+ A WORK=CE MADE DOCILE BY V5OM\S RACISM4 ,! DI/ORT$ =MS ( VALUE EXTRACTION KN[N AS DEBT-PEONAGE HAVE NOT DISAPPE>$ FROM ?IS BACKW>D /ATE1 NOR HAS ! MURD] ( ,9DIAN LEAD]S1 ! RAPE ( ,9DIAN WOM5 OR ! PR$ATIONS ( ,GU>DIA ,BLANCA SCUM4 ,IT IS AGA9/ ?IS SY/EMATIC RACISM AS MU* AS ! H&-TO-M\? EXI/5CE ?AT ! ,9DIANS >E REBELL+4 ,& IT IS :Y !RE IS A RESONANCE BETWE5 ! COMMUNIQUES ( ! ,E,Z,L,N & ! LIT]ATURE ( ! ,AM]ICAN CIVIL RI<TS MOVEM5T4 

,= ! WORLDWIDE PROLET>IAT1 ?\<1 RACISM IS NOT A DEF9+ *>ACT]I/IC1 ?\< IT IS AN IMPORTANT ONE = MILLIONS4 ,! DEF9+ CONDITION IS RA!R ?AT ( HAV+ NO?+ TO SELL BUT ONE'S LABOR-P[]4 ,DIGNITY AS ! ,ZAPATI/AS MEAN IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO TRANSLATE TO ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD1 ?\< ?OSE SECTIONS ( ! WORLD WORK+ CLASS :O EXP]I5CE VIRUL5T RACISM MAY GET A LOT \T ( IT4 ,IF DIGNITY WAS TRANSLAT$ UNIV]SALLY1 ) RADICAL CONT5T BY A REBELLI\S PROLET>IAT1 IT C\LD BE ALL TOO EASILY RECUP]ABLE BY CAPITAL4 ,ACQUI/ION ( NEW COMMODITIES & RI<TS C\LD BE TURN$ 9TO A C\NT]FEIT DIGNITY NOT ONLY NEGAT+ ! IMPULSE TO REVOLT1 BUT TURN+ IT TO CAPITAL'S ADVANTAGE -- A SIMIL> PROCESS TO ?AT :I* HAS HAPP5$ 9 MANY IMPOV]I%$ BLACK >EAS 9 ! ,U,S4 

,TO BE FAIR TO ,HOLL[AY1 HE DOES ACKN[L$GE ?AT '! UPRIS+ W\LD BE /R5G!N$ IF IT W]E MADE EXPLICIT ?AT EXPLOITATION IS SY/EMATIC TO ! SY/EMATIC NEGATION ( DIGNITY4' ,BUT NO?+ IS MADE EXPLICIT 9 ?AT P>T ( ! ,ZAPATI/A PROGRAM :I* DEALS ) LIFE BEYOND ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES4 ,?OSE ACADEMICS :O 9T5TLY /UDY ! LANGUAGE ( ! UPRIS+ DO SO ONLY BECAUSE !RE IS SO LITTLE CONSI/5T CONT5T4 ,! AMORPH\S 'PROGRAM = ,MEXICO' IS EI!R RE=MI/ OR NAIVELY OP5 TO RE=MI/ MANIPULATION4 ,! REAL PROCESS IS ! REORGANIZATION ( ! ,9DIANS' LIVES & COMMUNITIES4 ,IT IS ,ZAPATISMO'S REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE )9 ,*IAPAS ?AT IS ! REAL 9SPIRATION = ! REBEL AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 

O ,CONCLUSION 
,CONCLUSION 

,! ,E,Z,L,N HAS AT ITS HE>T ! CONFRONTATION BETWE5 ,9DIAN TRADITIONS ( REBELLION & SELF-ORGANIZATION1 ! 9FLU5CE ( ! MILITANT ,*UR*1 & ! ,GUEV>I/-9SPIR$ MODEL ( GU]RILLA W> AGA9/ ! /ATE4 ,?IS MODEL1 9 ITS MO/ SUCCESSFUL PHASE ( ! E>LY #a#i#iS1 FUZ$ )1 BUT WAS NOT OV]COME BY1 ! ,9DIAN TRADITION4 ,! FAILURE ( ! ,JANU>Y #aiid UPRIS+ =C$ ! ,E,Z,L,N TO *ANGE ITS IDEAS & TO AN EXT5T *ALL5G$ ITS V]Y ORGANIZATIONAL =MS4 ,\T ( ! CRISIS CAME BO? A COMMITM5T TO A GRADUALI/ DEMOCRATIC *ANGE = ,MEXICO & A DEEP CONFUSION AS TO ! FUTURE = ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES4 ,! UPRIS+ HAD H[EV] EXPELL$ ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,P,R,I & HAC5DADOS FROM MANY >EAS ( ,LOS ,ALTOS1 & ! ,ZAPATI/A VILLAGES SET AB\T RECLAIM+ L& & REORGANIZ+ !IR COMMUNITIES ) 5?USIASM4 ,IT IS LIKELY ?AT A CADRE /ILL EXI/S 9 ! HI<L&S1 ?\< !Y >E NOT SEP>ATE FROM1 BUT RA!R A P>T (1 ! COMMUNITIES 9 /RUGGLE4 ,! CADRE ROLE1 H[EV] 9=MAL1 ALONG ) ?AT ( SPECIALIZ$ NEGOTIATORS & M$IATORS1 IS P>T ( ,ZAPATISMO -- ROLES :I* W\LD OBVI\SLY BE OV]COME 9 A MORE RADICAL SOCIAL MOVEM5T4 

,! ,ZAPATI/AS >E ON ! M>G9S ( A HI<LY 9DU/RIALIZ$ NATION4 ,NOT PROLET>IAN1 YET NOT 5TIRELY PEASANT1 !IR POLITICAL IDEAS >E RIV5 ) CONTRADICTIONS4 ,WE REJECT ! ACADEMICS' >GUM5T ( ,ZAPATISMO'S C5TRALITY AS ! NEW REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECT1 JU/ AS WE REJECT ! ASS]TIONS ( ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' ?AT BECAUSE ! ,ZAPATI/AS DO NOT HAVE A COMMUNI/ PROGRAM !Y >E SIMPLY COMPLICIT ) CAPITAL4 ,H[EV] WE >E KE5 NOT TO FALL 9TO ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ TRAP ( DISMISS+ ?IS /RUGGLE AS AN UNIMPORTANT PEASANT UPRIS+4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS MAY BE M>G9AL BUT WE CANNOT D5Y !M !IR REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECTIVITY4 

,9/EAD WE SEE ! ,ZAPATI/AS AS A MOM5T 9 ! /RUGGLE TO REPLACE ! REIFI$ COMMUNITY ( CAPITAL ) ! REAL HUMAN COMMUNITY4 ,!IR BATTLE = L& AGA9/ ! RAN*]OS & LATIFUNDI/AS REM9DS US ( ASPECTS ( CAPITAL'S VIOL5T /AGE ( PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION1 :I*1 = BILLIONS1 /ILL CONT9UES -- REM9DS US1 9 O!R WORDS1 ( CAPITAL'S 7P]MAN5T7 TRANSITIONS RA!R ?AN ITS APP>5T P]MAN5CE4 

,9 !IR EXCLUSION ( CACIQUES1 ,P,R,II/AS & ALCOHOL WE SEE A REJECTION ( ! /ATE AS IT AFFECTS !M1 & 9 ! NEW CONFID5CE ( ! >M$ ,9DIANS WE SEE ITS REPLACEM5T ) SELF-ORGANIZATION4 ,A CRUCIAL P>T ( ?IS SELF-DEF9ITION IS !IR REFUSAL TO LAY D[N !IR GUNS1 FOLL[+ 9 ! BE/ TRADITION ( ! ORIG9AL ,ZAPATI/AS1 & !IR REFUSAL TO ALL[ /ATE =CES 9TO !IR >EAS4 ,BY SO DO+ !Y HAVE AVOID$ ! POSSIBILITY ( RECUP]ATION BY ! ,P,R,I -- ! FATE ( SO MANY WORK]1 PEASANT & /UD5T /RUGGLES 9 TW5TIE? C5TURY ,MEXICO4 

,MOREOV] ! RACISM :I* HAS DONE SO MU* TO BOND ?IS ORGANIZ$ EXPRESSION ( CLASS /RUGGLE HAS NOT BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO ,9DIAN NATIONALISM1 UNLIKE ! ,BLACK ,P[] MOVEM5TS ( #a#i#gS ,AM]ICA4 ,9/EAD WE SEE COMMUNICATION ) ,MEXICO & ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,! VISIT+ DELEGATIONS ( /RIK+ ,U,N,A,M /UD5TS & ELECTRI/AS1 ! ,CONSULTA & ! ,5CU5TROS -- ALL >E ATTEMPTS TO G5]ALIZE !IR EXP]I5CE ( /RUGGLE4 ,9 !SE MOM5TS ( G5]ALIZATION1 9 ! SELF-ACTIVITY ( ! AUTONOM\S MUNICIPALITIES1 WE P]CEIVE ! BEG9N+S ( A NEW WORLD )9 ! OLD4 

O ,PO/SCRIPT 
,PO/SCRIPT3 ,SEPTEMB] #b3  

,MEXICO & ! ,FALL ( ! ,P,R,I 

,AFT] SEV5TY-ONE YE>S ! ,P,R,I HAS LO/ ! ,PRESID5CY & ) IT NATIONAL P[] 9 ,MEXICO4 ,DESPITE GETT+ UP TO ALL !IR OLD TRICKS 9 ! RUN-UP TO ! ,JULY #bND POLL -- ! ,MI*OACAN GOV]NOR WAS CAU<T PLOTT+ TO DIV]T /ATE FUNDS 9TO ELECTION BRIBES1 & 9 ! /ATE ( ,QU9TANA ,ROO ! ,P,R,I W]E EV5 GIV+ AWAY FREE WA%+-MA*9ES -- & DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! MU* H]ALD$ 9DEP5D5T ,F$]AL ,ELECTORAL ,9/ITUTE WAS CONTROLL$ BY ! P>TY-/ATE1 ,VIC5TE ,FOX1 ! LEAD] ( ! ,P,A,N RECEIV$ #d#c.0 ( ! VOTE4 ,! %OCK CAME 9 ! ,P,R,I CONC$+ DEFEAT SO SWIFTLY4 ,?IS TIME >\ND1 !Y LACK$ ! POLITICAL /OMA* = >RANG+ ! VA/ FRAUD NE$$ TO SWIT* DEFEAT TO VICTORY4 

,:Y DID ! ,P,R,I LOSE8 ,! SIMPLE ANSW] IS CORRUPTION4 ,AFT] SO MANY YE>S ( 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ V5ALITY ! ELECTORATE F9ALLY F\ND A /URDY 5\< OPPOSITION B&WAGON UPON :I* TO JUMP4 ,ON A BROAD] LEVEL1 IT IS N[ APP>5T JU/ H[ F> ! ,P,R,I'S TRADITIONAL NETWORKS ( P[] W]E UND]M9$ BY ! ECONOMIC RE/RUCTUR+ -- & P>TICUL>LY ! PRIVATIZATIONS -- ( ! #a#i#hS & #iS4 ,!IR IRONY IS ?AT1 HAV+ PROPELL$ ,MEXICO \T ( ITS OLD ECONOMIC PROTECTIONISM1 !Y !MSELVES HAVE NOT SURVIV$ ! TRANSITION4 ,JU/ AS ! ,PORFIRIATO WAS COMPELL$ EV5TUALLY TO ASSAULT ITS [N SOCIAL BASE 9 ! YE>S BE=E ! ,REVOLUTION1 SO ! ,P,R,I ?R\< ITS ECONOMIC RE=MS HAS ATTACK$ ITS SOCIAL BASE -- ! PEASANTS & ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,:AT FUTURE N[ = ! ,P,R,I8 ,) COMM& OV] SU* L>GE RES\RCES !Y >E F> FROM F9I%$4 ,BUT ! SPLITS W]E EVID5T FROM ! V]Y FIR/ MORN+ ( DEFEAT4 ,!RE C\LD N[ BE AN (FICIAL DIVORCE BETWE5 ! D9OSAUR W+ & ! TE*NOCRATS4 ,! D9OSAURS1 DESP]ATE TO RECAPTURE !IR TRADITIONAL CON/ITU5CY MAY VE] HEADLONG BACK 9TO OLD-FA%ION$ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY -- AN UNPALATABLE ALLIANCE ) ! ,P,R,D C\LD BE ON ! C>DS4 ,MEAN:ILE ! TE*NOCRATS1 :O SIDE NATURALLY ) ! ,P,A,N1 WILL WI% TO SEE !IR P>TY RE9V5T$ ALONG ,WE/]N L9ES4 ,A SPLIT ) ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATS W\LD BE 9 !IR 9T]E/S1 SO LONG AS ! LEFT-W+ DO NOT TAKE TOO MU* ( ! ORGANIZATION ) !M4 ,ALT]NATIVELY1 A CLE> SPLIT C\LD FAIL TO EM]GE & ! :OLE P>TY C\LD COLLAPSE 9 ON ITSELF4 ,:ATEV] HAPP5S1 IT WILL BE MESSY & PROTRACT$4 

,9 ,*IAPAS1 ! ,P,R,I HAVE ALSO LO/ !IR HOLD ON ! GOV]NOR%IP1 & !RE IS A NEW ,P,R,D GOV]NOR4 ,WILL ! NEW ,P,A,NI/A ,PRESID5T1 OR ! ,P,R,DI/A GOV]NOR PULL ! TROOPS \T8 ,IT SEEMS UNLIKELY1 ?\< !RE MAY BE A M9OR PEACE 9ITIATIVE4 ,! FACT ?AT !RE HAS BE5 ! DEMOCRATIC *ANGE ! ,E,Z,L,N HAS LONG CALL$ =1 BUT ?AT NO?+ WILL *ANGE1 MAY N[ BEG9 TO %AKE ! UNCRITICAL ATTITUDES ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS T[>DS ! CONCEPT ( DEMOCRACY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 AFT] NE>LY SEV5 YE>S ( MILIT>Y SEIGE1 ! COMMUNITIES MAY WI% TO GRAB ANY OLIVE BRAN* ?AT IS (F]$ !M4 ,BUT EV5 9 ! UNLIKELY EV5T ( AN ACCOMMODATION ) ! /ATE1 ! ,*IAPAN B\RGEOISIE WILL NEV] =GIVE !M4 

,! ,P,A,N VICTORY HAS SET ! ,U,S B\RGEOISIE COCK-A-HOOP1 NAIVELY BELIEV+ ?AT ,MEXICO HAS VOT$ = A UNADULT]AT$ REGIME ( 'NEOLIB]ALISM'4 ,= US1 ! ,FOX TRIUMPH RAISES SEV]AL QUE/IONS4 ,H[ WILL ! WORK+ CLASS1 NO LONG] SUBJECT$ TO ! IDEOLOGICAL WEI<T ( ,! ,REVOLUTION1 REACT TO ! NEXT WAVE ( RE/RUCTUR+8 ,C\LD CAMPAIGNS SU* AS ?AT WAG$ BY ! ELECTRI/AS GR[ 9 SIZE & DYNAMISM 9 ! FUTURE )\T ! HEGEMONIC 9FLU5CE ( ! ,P,R,I8 ,BE=E ! ELECTION1 ! ,C,T,M HAD BOA/$ ( ITS 9T5TION TO CALL A G5]AL /RIKE %\LD ! ,P,A,NI/A W9 -- A BOA/ :I* FELL AWAY H\RS AFT] ! RESULT WAS DECL>$4 ,ALREADY !RE >E SIGNS ( A RAPPRO*EM5T ) ! NEW REGIME4 ,FOX1 = HIS P>T1 WILL NE$ ! UNION BUREAUCRATS IF HE IS TO =GE AHEAD ) ! PROGRAM ( RATIONALIZATION4 ,! FLA%PO9T C\LD WELL BE ! 5]GY SECTOR4 ,! 9T]NATIONAL F9ANCE M>KETS DEM& ?IS BA/ION ( UNION P[] BE PRIVATIZ$ -- BUT ANY MOVE T[>DS IT WILL BE HUGELY DIVISIVE4 ,FOX WILL SURELY NE$ TO SET UP HIS [N V]SION ( ,P,R,O,N,A,S,O,L TO (FSET ! 9CREAS+ CLASS POL>ITY 9 ,MEXICAN SOCIETY1 & HE WILL NE$ TO DO SOME?+ FA/ AB\T ! DEBT MILL/ONE FROM ! #aiie BANK BAIL\T4 

,= ! ,MEXICAN PROLET>IAT1 ! BATTLE L9ES >E N[ MU* MORE CLE>LY DRAWN4 

O ,NOTES 

.<#a.> ,H]E WE USE ! T]M AS A CONV5I5T IF PROBLEMATIC LABEL = A POLITICAL >EA1AN >EA ) :I* WE HAVE AN AFF9ITY4,AS WE SAIS 9 ,AUFHEB5 #f ,FNT4#b 4#c#f ?OSE :O LEFTI/S DISMISS AS 'ULTRA-LEFT' W\LD >GUE ?AT IT IS SIMPLY !Y >E COMMUNI/ & !IR OPPON5TS >E NOT4,H[EV] AS COMMUNISM IS NOT A P>TICUL> 9T]PRETATION ( ! WORLD HELD BY SOME PEOPLE1BUT A REAL SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 WE WILL NOT GO D[N ! PA? ( ATTA*+ ! APPROVAL-LABEL 'COMMUNI/' OR 'REVOLUTION>Y' TO ! SMALL SET ( 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS ) :OM ONE CONSID]S ONESELF 9 CLOSE 5\< !ORETICAL AGREEM5T4 

.<#b.> ,= AN 9T]E/+ DISCUSSION ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 AUTONOMI/ & 7LEFT-7COMMUNI/ OR SITUATIONI/ APPROA*ES1SEE ! ,9TRODUCTIONS TO ,TE*NOSKEPTIC & ! ,BORDIGA ,>*IVE AT ,ANTAGONISM 

.<#c.> ,OPPON5TS ( 'NEO-LIB]ALISM' OR 'GLOBALIZATION' ALL TOO (T5 ID5TIFY CAPITALISM ) RAMPANT MULT9ATIONALS & ,U,S DOM9AT$ TRADE ORGANIZATIONS4,T5D+ TO COMPLA9 AB\T ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! NATIONAL ECONOMY & ! UND]M9+ ( DEMOCRATIC 9/ITUTIONS !Y 5D UP APPEAL+ TO ! /ATE TO TAME ! ECONOMY-FAIL+ TO RECOGNIZE ?OSE SAME DEMOCRATIC /ATES CONSCI\SLY P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! CREATION ( ! /RUCTURES ( ! GLOBAL ECONOMY4,OPPOS+ 'NEO-LIB]ALISM' CAN EASILY LEAD BACK TO SUPPORT+ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY4 ,NEOLIB]AL IDEOLOGY ITSELF1AS AGGRESSIVELY EXP\ND$ BY ! B\RGEOIS ( ,BRITA91,AM]ICA & LATT]LY ,MEXICO IS AN EXPRESSION ( ! 9CREAS$ GLOBAL MOBILITY ( F9ANCE CAPITAL1:I* WAS UTILIZ$ TO \TFLANK ! CLASS /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#g'S & HAS BE5 US$ S9CE 9 CAPITAL'S ATTEMPTS TO AVOID >EAS ( WORK+ CLASS /R5G?4 

.<#d.> ,! BE/ S\RCE ( DAY-TO-DAY NEWS ( ! ONGO+ SITUATION IS ! ,*IAPAS WEBSITE1AT WWW4ECO4UTEXAS4$U4 ,! ,IRI% ,MEXICO SUPPORT GR\P1:I* HAS A CONT9U\S PRES5CE 9 ! ,ZAPATI/A VILLAGE ( ,DIEZ DE ABRIL1ALSO HAS AN EXCELL5T WEBSITE4,WE W\LD 5C\RAGE ANY READ]S :O HAVE ! TIME & ! MONEY TO VISIT ,*IAPAS !MSELVES4,*IAPASL9K HAVE MADE SEV]AL TRIPS & CAN GIVE GOOD ADVICE2!Y CAN BE CONTACT$ AT ,P,O ,BOX #g#i1#h#b ,COL/ON /REET1,BRI/OL ,B,S#a #e,B,B1,U,K4 

.<#e.> ,! MANY RE=MI/ ELEM5TS ( ! ,C,N,D W]E UNABLE TO MAKE EV5 A POLICY DECISION TO VOTE = ! MA9 LEFT OPPOSITION GR\P1! ,P,R,D 7,P>TIDO ,REVOLUCION>IO ,DEMOCRATICO71AL?\< MANY GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS :O ATT5D$ 9EVITABLY DID SO4 

.<#f.> ,MU* ( ?IS SECTION HAS BE5 TAK5 FROM ,! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION 7,LONDON1#a#i#h#c7 BY ! OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ ,ADOLPHO ,GILLY4,GILLY'S L9E IS ( C\RSE ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS W\LD HAVE *OS5 ! RI<T SIDE ( ! REVOLUTION IF !Y HAD BE5 MATURE 5\< TO DEVELOP A ,L59I/ ,P>TY 9 #a#i#a#e4,BUT ! BOOK'S /R5G?1AP>T FROM ITS EMPIRICAL DATA1IS ! EMPHASIS ON ! UNCOMPROMIS+ NATURE ( ! PEASANT W>4,IT IS 9FLU5TIAL1HAV+ BE5 REPR9T$ TW5TY-SEV5 TIMES 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA S9CE #a#i#g#a4 

.<#g.> ,= \R ANALYSIS ( ! PEASANTRY AS A CLASS WE HAVE PRIM>ILY US$ ,! AWKW>D ,CLASS BY ,T4,%AN91,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1#a#i#g#b1& ,COMMUNITY & ,COMMUNISM 9 ,RUSSIA BY ,JAQUES ,CAMATTE4 

.<#h.> ,UNTIL #aifd ! BRAC]O PROGRAM ALL[$ ,MEXICANS TO 5T] ! ,U,S = SEASONAL AGRICULTURE WORK4,ONCE !RE !Y W]E 9V>IABLY TREAT$ AS SLAVES & UNWITT+LY KEPT ! ,AM]ICAN WORK]'S WAGES D[N4,! BORD] HAS LONG S]V$ AS A SAFETY VALVE = ! DISCONT5T ( ,MEXICO'S PROLES & PEASANTS1A VALVE ?AT BO? ,U,S & ,MEXICAN B\RGEOISIES >E MORE ?AN HAPPY TO KEEP OP51:ATEV] !IR RHETORIC4 

.<#i.> ,! BE/ ACC\NT ( ?IS WE CAN F9D 9 ,5GLI% IS 9 *APT] #b ( ,MEXICO1,BIOGRAPHY ( ,P[] BY ,5RIQUE ,KRAUZE 7,H>P],COLL9S #a#i#i#h74 

.<#a.> ,= AN ACC\NT ( ! DEBATE( ! #a#i#hS ON :E!R TO /AY 9SIDE ! ,C,T,M OR =M A NEW ORGANIZATION1FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( DAY-TO-DAY /RUGGLE1SEE ',LAS ,CO/UR]SA' 7WOM5 TEXTILE WORK]S7 9 ,MIDNI<T ,NOTES ,NO4#i1,MAY #a#i#i#h4 

.<#a#a.> ,A GOOD EXAMPLE IS NEI<BORHOOD ( ,TEPITO 1AS DESCRIB$ 9 ',! USES ( AN ,E>?QUAKE' BY ,H>RY ,CLEAV]1AGA9 9 ,MIDNI<T ,NOTES ,NO4#i4 

.<#a#b.> ,A GOOD EXAMPLE ( ! WAY 9 :I* PRIVITISATION POLICIES HAVE UND]M9$ ! ,P,R,I'S SOCIAL BASE IS ON ! RAILWAYS4,S9CE ! SELL+ (F ( ! RAIL NETWORK & SUBSEQU5T R$UNDANCIES & PAY CUTS1! ,P,R,I-CONTROLL$ RAILWORK]S'S UNION HAS LO/ MORE ?AN #g.0 ( ITS MEMB]S4,AS A RESULT ! ,*>ROS HAVE F\ND !IR FUNDS SLA%$ & !IR 9FLU5CE ]OD$4 

.<#a#c.> ,! ',JUNGLE' NOVELS ( ,B4 ,TRAV5 1P>TICUL>LY ,! ,REBELLION ( ! ,HANG$ 7,ALLISON & ,BUSBY7 >E EXCELL5T = AN HI/ORICAL UND]/&+ ( ,*IAPAS 9 ?IS P]IOD4 

.<#a#d.> ,REBELLION FROM ! ,ROOTS BY ,JOHN ,ROSS1,COMMON ,C\RAGE ,PRESS1#a#i#i#e1P4#g4,?IS BOOK ( LEFT J\RNALISM IS ! BE/ N>RATIVE ACC\NT ( ! OP5+ MON?S ( ! ,ZAPATI/A /RUGGLE 9 #aiid & PROVIDES A USEFUL BACKGR\ND TO ,MEXICAN POLITICS1 ESPECIALLY ! CORRUPTION ( ! ,P,R,I4 

.<#a#e.> ,ACCU/OM$ TO PRODUCTION = CONSUMPTION ON SMALL PLOTS1 !SE FAMILIES SUDD5LY F\ND !MSELVES ! LEGAL [N]S ( IMM5SE TRACTS ( L&4HE GOV]NM5T FULLY EXPECT$ !M TO TRANS=M !MSELVES 9TO PR(ESSIONAL F>M]S & BA/IONS ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4,! FAMILIES H[EV]1HI!RTO MEMB]S ( ! 'DIFF]5T WORLD' ( ! PEASNTRY W]E COMPLETELY UNABLE TO MAKE ?IS QUALITATIVE JUMP4,9/EAD !Y SOLD CONCESSIONS TO LOGG+ COMPANIES & SELF-DE/RUCT$ ON A DIET ( ,T,V & ALCOHOL 4 

.<#a#f.> ,ONE ACTION ?AT APPE>S COMPLETELY UNM$IAT$ TOOK PLACE 9 ,SAN ,&RES ,L>RA9Z> 9 #a#i#g#c1:]E #bb YE>S LAT]1PEACE TALKS BETWE5 ,! ,E,Z,L,N & ! ,P,R,I W\LD BE HELD3,TZOTIL ,9DIANS ATTACK$ ! HOMES ( L&[N]S1 ?REAT5+ TO MA*ETE !M TO DEA? UNLESS !Y AB&ON$ !IR F>MS & RAN*ES-:I* !Y DID 9 D\BLE QUICK TIME4 

.<#a#g.> ,SEE = EXAMPLE ',*IAPAS & ! ,GLOBAL ,RE/RUCTUR+ ( CAPITAL' BY ,ANA ,ES!R ,CECANA & ,&REAS ,B>R$A 9 ,ZAPATI/A6 ,RE9V5T+ ,REVOLUTION 9 ,MEXICO1$S4 ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY & ,ELO9A ,P]EZ1,PLUTO ,PRESS1#a#i#i#i4 

.<#a#h.> ,F>M]S & RAN*]S >E BE+ DRIV5 9TO MAK+ ! 5VIRONM5T RELATIVELY B>R519 T]MS ( CREAT+ A MONOCULTURE1OIL COMPANIES TO MAKE ! 5VIRONM5T ABSOLUTELY B>R5 9 !IR DE/RUCTIVE QUE/ = PETROLEUM4 

.<#a#i.> ,AL?\< NOT 9TIMATELY TI$-9 ) ! NEO-LIB]AL PROJECT1#a#i#h#i ALSO SAW ! /ATE LOGG+ COMPANY ( ,C,O,L,F,A,L,S,A IMPOSE A TOTAL LOGG+ BAN 9 ,*IAPAS1SO DEPRIV+ ! ,9DIANS ( A VITAL S\RCE ( FUEL4,NATURALLY TREE-CUTT+ CONT9U$ ILLEGALLY1BUT ! CREATION ( A NEW >M$ POLICE =CE TO 5=CE ! BAN MEANT ANO!R LAY] ( REPRESSION = ! 9DIG5\S PEOPLE4 

.<#b.> ,WE HAVE TAK5 ! DETAILS 9 ?IS SECTION FROM ,REBELLION 9 ,*IAPAS3,AN ,HI/ORICAL ,READ] BY ,JOHN ,WOMACK JNR 7,! ,NEW ,PRESS1,NEW ,YORK1#a#i#i#i74,WOMACK IS ! AU?OR ( ,ZAPATA & ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #aifi & :I*1TOGE!R ) ,GILLY1IS ! /&>D WORK ON ?AT P]IOD4,HE HAS BE5 V]Y WELL-9=M$ AB\T ! ,MEXICAN LEFT = YE>S & ! DETAIL HE GIVES 9 ,REBELLION 9 ,*IAPAS IS 9CR$IBLE4,9 P>TICUL> HAS HAS DE/ROY$ ! IMAGE ,M>COS HAS TRI$ SO H>D TO PORTRAY ( 9DIG5\S ,9DIANS =C+ URBAN LEFTI/S TO AB&ON !IR IDEOLOGY 9 ! YE>S BE=E ! UPRIS+ TOOK PLACE4,HIS BOOK %\LD COME TO BE SE5 AS A /&>D WORK ON ! ,E,Z,L,N1& IS A MU/ READ = ALL ,ZAPATI/A SUPPORT]S4 

.<#b#a.> ,A ,!OLOGY ( ,LIB]ATION BY ,GU/AVO ,GUT]RIEZ1#a#i#g#a1IS ! KEY TEXT4 

.<#b#b.> ,COMMUNISM & ,COMMUNITY 9 ,RUSSIA BY ,JACQUES ,CAMATTE4,( C\RSE1\T ( CONTEXT ?IS QUOTE FROM ,CAMATTE S\NDS TOO AB/RACT4,EV]Y RELIGON MU/ 9 FACT REFLECT ! MAT]IAL & SOCIAL RELATIONS & ?US ! PREVAIL+ MODE ( PRODUCTION 7RELIGON IS NOT ',GOD' BUT :AT Y\ HAVE TO DO = ,GOD74,AS SU*1RELIGIONS NORMALLY DISC\RAGE OPPOSITION TO !SE PREVAIL+ SOCIAL RELATIONS4,( C\RSE ANY RELIGI\S TEXT OR TRADITION BORN 9 A PA/ MODE ( PRODUCTION IS AT ODDS ) CAPITALISM4,9 ORD] TO REMA9 A RELIGI\S AU?ORITY )9 B\RGEOISIE SOCIETY &19 ! SAME TIME1RETA9 ! ,BIBLE & ITS :OLE TRADITION1! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* EMPTI$ !M ( !IR ORIG9AL CONT5T4,( C\RSE A 'FREE' READ+ OR 9T]PRETATION ( ITS TRADITION CAN HI<LI<T ELEM5TS ?AT CAN BE US$ TO JU/IFY REBELLION-& ?IS READ+ CAN HAVE AU?ORITY ABOVE ALL IF ?IS IS BACK$ BY SOME PRIE/S4,BUT ! CONTRADICTION 9H]5T 9 ?IS USE RELIGON APPE>S :5 ! SUPPORT]S ( ! ,!OLOGY ( ,LIB]ATION COLLIDE ) ! HI< AU?ORITIES )9 ! ,*UR* 7! MA9 !ORI/ ( ! ,!OLOGY ( ,LIB]ATION1 ,L4,B(F1 WAS DEPRIV$ ( HIS (FICIAL P[]S-'SUSP5D$ A DIV9IS'74 

.<#b#c.> ,WOMACK1 OP CIT41P4#d#c 

.<#b#d.> ,! ,EZ AS A /&+ >MY IS RELATIVELY SMALL-COMBATI5TES >E S5T BACK HOME ONCE !IR TRA9+ & EX]CISES >E OV]1READY TO BE MOBILIZ$ %\LD ! NE$ >ISE4,! FULL FI<T+ /R5G? ( ! ,E,Z IS PROBABLY >\ND #a#g1 

.<#b#e.> ,D5EUVE @& ,REEVE1 ,BEH9D ! ,BALACLAVAS ( ,S\?-,EA/ ,MEXICO1 DISCUSS$ 9 MORE DETAIL BEL[4 

.<#b#f.> ,BECAUSE IT TAKES ! MO/ PROVOCATIVE REL5TLESSLY UNSYMPA!TIC /ANCE1WE WIL DEAL L>GELY H]E ) ,BEH9D ! ,BALACLAVAS ( ,S\?-,EA/ ,MEXICO BY ,SYLVIE ,D5EUVE & ,*>LES ,REEVE1,AB ,IRATO1,P>IS #aiif 7AVAILABLE FROM ,B,M ,*RONOS1,LONDON ,W,C#a,N #c,X,X1,G,B,P#a4#e74,TWO O!R TEXTS WE HAVE 9 M9D >E ',MEXICO IS NOT ,*IAPAS1,NOR IS ! ,REVOLT 9 ,*IAPAS ,ONLY A ,MEXICAN ,AFFAIR' BY ,KAT]9A 7,T,P,T,G7 9 7,COMMON ,S5SE ,NO4#b#b1,W9T] #a#i#i#g72& ',UNMASK+ ! ,ZAPATI/AS' 9 ,WILDCAT ,NO4#a#h1,SUMM] #a#i#i#f4,?\< WE USE ! T]M 'ULTRA-LEFT' ! WRIT]S DIFF]2 ,T,P,T,G >E MORE SITUATIONI/-9FLU5C$1,D5EUVE & ,REEVE MORE C\NCIL-COMMUNI/S1:ILE ,WILDCAT 7,U,K -- OR %\LD IT BE ,U,S -- NOT ,WILDCAT ,G]MANY7 LIKE TO EMPHASIZE !IR'H>D' ANTI-DEMOCRATIC CR$5TIALS4,ON ! ,ZAPATI/AS 1,KAT]9A'S IS BY F> ! MO/ POITIVE ( !SE ?REE4,H[EV]1,T,P,T,G'S POSITION T[>DS ! ,ZAPATI/AS SEEMS TO HAVE H>D5$1 JUDG+ BY !IR REC5T REVIEW ( ! BOOK V]SION ( ! ,D5EUVE & ,REEVE PIECE4 

.<#b#g.> ,ANTAGONISM1 OP4 CIT4 

.<#b#h.> ,9DE$1 :5 ! ,E,Z,L,N 5T]$ 9TO PEACE TALKS 9 ,FEBU>Y #aiid !Y DEM&$ NOT ! RE/ITUTION ( ,>TICLE #b#g1BUT ! NATIONWIDE IMPLEM5TATION ( ! ,AYALA ,PLAN1MU* TO ! D]ISION ( ! ,P,R,I 

.<#b#i.> ,M>X CIT$ 9 ,CAMATTE OP4 CIT4 

.<#c.> ,! BE/ ACC\NT IS ! ',REPORT FROM ! ,SECOND ,5C\NT] = ,HUMANITY & AGA9/ ,NEO-LIB]ALISM' BY ,MASSIMO DE ,ANGELIS 9 ,CAPITAL & ,CLASS ,NO4#f#e1?\< DON'T BO!R ) ! DREADFUL ACADEMIC WAFFLE 9 ! 9TRODUCTION4 

.<#c#a.> ,ZAPATI/A6 ,RE9V5T+ ,REVOLUTION ,9 ,MEXICO1 $IT$ BY ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY & ,ELO9A ,P]EZ 7,PLUTO ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#h7 IS ! MO/ ?OR\<GO+ ATTEMPT TO DEVELOP IDEAS AB\T HE ,*IAPAS UPRIS+ 9 ,5GLI% & :OSE >GUM5TS WE DEAL *IEFLY ) H]E4,SEE ALSO ,T[>DS ! ,NEW ,COMMONS3,WORK+ CLASS /RATEGIES & ! ,ZAPATI/AS BY ,MONTY ,NEILL1 ) ,GEORGE ,CAFF5TZIS & ,JOHHNY ,MA*ETE 7 & V>I\S >TICLES 9 REC5T $ITIONS ( ,CAPITAL & ,CLASS4,9 ,MEXICO1 ! ,SPANI% LANGUAGE J\RNAL ,*IAPAS IS AN ONGO+ ACADEMIC PROJECT D$ICAT$ TO EXPLOR+ V>I\S ASPECTS ( ! REBELLION4 

.<#c#b.> ',ZAPATISMO3 ,RECOMPOSITION ( ,LABOR1,RADICAL ,DEMOCRACY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PROJECT' BY ,LUIS ,LOR5ZANO 9 ,ZAPATI/A6 ,RE9V5T+ ,REVOLUTION 7OP4 CIT47 

.<#c#c.> ,OP5 LETT] TO ,JOHN ,HOLL[AY 4,WE W\LD ADD ?AT IT SEEMS ?AT WE >E NOT DEAL+ ) A M]ELY !ORETICAL ISSUE H]E1BUT ONE RELAT$ TO ! POSITION ( ACADEMIC ,M>XI/4,!Y >E TEMPT$ TO USE 'OP]AISMO' 7,ITALIAN AUTONOMI/S7 IDEAS ( ! 'SOCIAL FACTORY' 19 :I* ALL >EAS ( LIFE BECOME WORK = CAPITAL1TO SUPPRESS ! CONTRADICTIONS ( !IR MIDDLE CLASS ROLE & R$EF9E !MSELVES AS WORK+ CLASS4,BUT !RE IS A PROBLEM H]E4,!RE IS A CONTRADICTION 9 !IR DESIRE VALIDATE !MSELVES AS 9TELLECTUAL WORK]S :ILE ON ! O!R H& WI%+ TO CLAIM /ATUS = ! PRODUCT ( ?IS WORK AS A NON-ALI5AT$ CONTRIBUTION TO ! MOVEM5T ( LABOR AGA9/ CAPITAL4,9DE$1 P]HAPS ! ATTRACTION ( ,M>COS TO MANY ( ! ACADEMIC AUTONOMI/ ,M>XI/S IS ?AT HE1A FELL[ LEFT 9TELLECTUAL1SEEMS TO BE ACTUALLY DO+ = ! PEASANTS ( ,S\?-,EA/ ,MEXICO1 :AT !Y1! ACADEMICS1 CLAIM TO BE ABLE TO DO = ! :OLE ( ! WORLD WORK+ CLASS1 I4E4 >TICULATE & COMMUNICATE ! MEAN+ ( !IR /RUGGLE4,! SOCIAL DIVISION BETWE5 M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR IS ! BASIS ( CLASS SOCIETY2 IT MU/ BE OV]COME4,! UNIV]SITY IS ! SUPREME EXPRESSION ( ?IS DIVISION2 IT IS ! >TIFICIAL 9TELLIG5CE ( ! SOCIAL FACTORY4,WE >E NOT SAY+ ?AT NO?+ USEFUL COMES FROM ! ACADEMIC ,M>XI/S1BUT SIMPLY ?AT !IR SOCIAL POSITION AFFECTS :AT !Y WRITE4 

.<#c#d.> ,! COMB9ATION ( A PLURALI/ PROGRAM :I* DEF5DS DIV]SITY1TRADITIONAL & QUASI-MY/ICAL ,MAYAN ,9DIANS & ! IMAGE ( ! MASK$-UP GU]RILLAS IS ! REASON ! ,U,K DIRECT ACTION SC5E HAS F\ND ! ,ZAPATI/A /RUGGLE SO IRRESI/IBLE4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a1 #bba 3 ,A ,COMMUNE 9 ,*IAPAS8 -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bbb 3 ,A ,COMMUNE 9 ,*IAPAS8 -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/