,9TRODUCTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,/U>T ,*RI/IE 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

  

,9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 ! POPUL> MOVEM5T ?AT CONTA9$ ! MILIT>Y & RI<T-W+ UPRIS+ 9 ,SPA9 TRIGG]$ ONE ( ! MO/ PR(\ND SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,! P]IOD ?AT BEGAN ON #ai ,JULY #aicf & 5D$ 9 ,AUGU/ #aicg ) ! DE/RUCTION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,>AGON COLLECTIVES BY COMMUNI/-L$ REPUBLICAN MILIT>Y =CES WAS ONE ( PR(\ND & EXT5D$ FRE$OM & DEMOCRACY 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( SOCIAL LIFE1 WORK & ! ECONOMY4 ,! HI/ORY ( ! ,SPA9 ( #a#i#c#f-#g DEMON/RATES ! FATE ( A REVOLUTION ?AT ATTEMPT$ TO CREATE A G5U9ELY AUTONOM\S SOCIETY1 BUT DID NOT MAKE A COMPLETE BREAK ) ?OSE BODIES ?AT >E 9H]5TLY GIV5 TO CONTROL & MANIPULATION -- ! /ATE1 ! POLITICAL P>TIES & ! UNIONS4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( ! TIME FAIL$ TO CL>IFY ITS RADICALISM & TO PURSUE ! LOGIC ( ITS PR9CIPLES4 ,:Y DID ?IS HAPP58 ,H[ DID ! REPUBLICAN P>TIES REE/ABLI% ! AU?ORITY BO? ( ! ,CATALAN REGIONAL GOV]NM5T & ( ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 9 ,MADRID8 ,:AT BR\<T AB\T ! ULTIMATE ASC5DANCY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY UND] ! PREMI]%IP ( ,JUAN ,NEGR98 

,A KEY FACTOR 9 UND]/&+ ?IS IS ! SLOGAN1 ',FIR/ ! W>1 !N ! REVOLUTION4' ,?IS PHRASE WAS CYNICAL :5 IT WAS US$ BY NOT ONLY BY ! REPUBLICANS1 SOCIALI/S & COMMUNI/S1 :O NEV] WANT$ A POPUL> REVOLUTION ANYWAY1 BUT ALSO BY ?OSE AN>*I/S :O W]E SO F> REMOV$ FROM ! PEOPLE ?AT !Y NO LONG] ID5TIFI$ ) !M4 

,MORE DANG]\SLY1 ?\<1 ! SLOGAN WAS +5U\S :5 IT WAS M\!D BY MANY O!R1 5TIRELY COMMITT$ AN>*I/S1 BECAUSE IT OBSCUR$ ! REALITY ?AT A W> IS A V]Y POLITICAL PH5OM5ON1 & ?AT H[ IT IS F\<T IS DET]M9$ BY POLITICAL ALIGNM5TS4 

,IT IS +5U\S TO BELIEVE ?AT ! ONLY POSSIBLE ANTI-FASCI/ FRONT IS ONE MADE AMONG LEAD]S AT GOV]NM5TAL LEVEL4 ,SU* A PO9T ( VIEW SEES EFFICI5CY 9 OB$I5CE1 & FAILS TO TAKE ACC\NT ( ! IMPORTANCE ( ! WILL TO FI<T1 :I* D]IVES FROM :AT IS BE+ F\<T =4 ,9 FACT1 !RE W]E ONLY ?REE MAJOR VICTORIES BY ! REPUBLICAN SIDE 9 ! W>3 ! ORIG9AL DEFEAT ( ,FRANCO'S REVOLT1 ! DEF5SE ( ,MADRID & ! BATTLE ( ,GUADALAJ>A4 ,! FIR/ TWO W]E WON BY ! SPONTANE\S ACTION ( ! PEOPLE1 BY ! COMMITTEES & MILITIAS & ?R\< REVOLUTION>Y 5?USIASM1 :ILE EV5 9 ! ?IRD1 :I* CAME AFT] REVOLUTION>Y HOPES BEGAN TO DIE1 POLITICAL SUBV]SION ( 5EMY TROOPS PLAY$ A DECISIVE ROLE4 

,! POLITICAL DECISION TO ORGANIZE A HI]>*ICAL1 TRADITIONAL >MY PLAC$ POLITICAL LIMITATIONS ON ! WAY ! W> WAS F\<T4 ,A W> ( MOVEM5T WAS EXCLUD$4 ,IT W\LD HAVE REQUIR$ HI<LY 9DEP5D5T UNITS4 ,BUT 9 ! W> ( POSITIONS ?AT TOOK PLACE 9/EAD1 ! TE*NICAL ADVANTAGES ( ! ,FRANCOI/S W]E MAXIMIZ$ & ! MA9 ADVANTAGE ( ! ANTI-FASCI/S -- ! FACT ?AT MO/ ( ! POPULATION W]E ANTI-,FRANCO -- WAS LO/4 ,POLITICAL FACTORS ALSO 5T]$ 9TO PLAY V]Y DIRECTLY 9 ANO!R WAY3 ! FRONTS HELD PR$OM9ANTLY BY AN>*I/ TROOPS1 SU* AS 9 ,>AG,UN1 W]E />V$ ( >MS & AMMUNITION1 & ! C5TRAL FRONT1 :]E ,/AL9I/S RUL$1 WAS HEAVILY SUPPLI$1 EV5 ?\< IT WAS LESS VULN]ABLE & ! FI<T+ HAD MOV$ ELSE:]E4 ,?IS PREV5T$ ! POSSIBILITY ( ACTION 9 ! NOR?1 :I* MI<T HAVE UNIT$ ! ISOLAT$ REPUBLICAN REGION 9 ! NOR?-WE/ 7) ITS M9+ & 9DU/RIAL BASE7 ) ! MA9 >EA4 ,BUT ?IS W\LD ALSO HAVE UNIT$ REVOLUTION>Y ,A/URIAS ) REVOLUTION>Y ,>AG,UN & ,CATALONIA4 

,!RE WAS MU* ELSE ALSO TO BE GA9$ = ! REPUBLICAN /ATE 9 AVOID+ A DYNAMIC APPROA*4 ,! PROSPECT ( A VICTORY OV] FASCISM :ILE ! /ATE WAS %AKY & ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ORGANIZ$1 ACTIVE & >M$ C\LD ONLY /RIKE FE> 9TO ! HE>TS ( ! POLITICIANS4 ,?US NOT ONLY W]E AN>*I/ TROOPS DELIB]ATELY US$ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO DECIMATE !M1 BUT !RE WAS AN IMM5SE CONC5TRATION ( WEAPONRY RETA9$ = REPRESSIVE PURPOSES 9 ! RE> :ILE ! FRONTS W5T )\T4 ,?IS IS A G5U9E IRONY GIV5 ALL ! ALLEGATIONS BY ! ,/AL9I/S ?AT WEAPONRY WAS BE+ HO>D$ 9 ! RE>GU>D BY ! REVOLUTION>IES4 ,COMPETITIVE POLITICAL 9T]E/S AT GREAT CO/ DOM9AT$ MILIT>Y PLANN+4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! W>1 LIVES CONT9U$ TO BE WA/$ BECAUSE HO/ILITIES W]E PO9TLESSLY PROLONG$ = ! SAKE ( ILLUSORY DIPLOMATIC 5DS4 ,! PO9T H]E IS NOT ?AT VICTORY W\LD HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE IF !SE OB/RUCTIONS HAD BE5 REMOV$4 ,! LIMITATIONS ( ! REVOLUTION1 ALREADY M5TION$1 W\LD !MSELVES HAVE PLAC$ CURBS ON ! MILIT>Y POSSIBILITIES4 ,! PO9T IS ?AT ! SLOGAN ',FIR/ ! W>1 !N ! REVOLUTION' WAS NO 9NOC5T PLEA MADE FROM PRACTICAL NECESSITY4 ,9/EAD1 IT WAS ! MO/ VITAL IDEOLOGICAL WEAPON ?AT ! REPUBLICAN /ATE & ITS RE/OR]S1 9CLUD+ ! 'LEAD]%IP' ( ! ,C,N,T_/,F,A,I1 POSSESS$4 ,PROBABLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT ELEM5T 9 ! >GUM5T IT REPRES5T$ WAS ?AT ( =EIGN POLICY4 

,BRITA9 & ,FRANCE1 IT HELD1 W\LD NOT SUPPLY >MS OR ASSI/ ,SPA9 DIPLOMATICALLY IF !RE WAS ANY TALK ( REVOLUTION4 ,H[EV]1 ! 'NON9T]V5TION' ( ! ,WE/ SOON %[$ ITSELF TO BE A MEANS ( DO+ NO?+ TO AID ,SPA91 :ILE ALL[+ ,G]MANY & ,ITALY RELATIVELY UNDISRUPT$ 9T]V5TION4 ,MOREOV]1 WISDOM ON ?IS SCORE WAS SOON BESIDE ! PO9T1 = IT WAS ,/AL9 :O ! ,SPANI% W]E REASSUR+ BY PLACAT+ ! 9T]NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE1 ONCE ,RUSSIAN AID BEGAN TO FL[ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#f4 ,/AL9 WAS \T TO SUPPRESS ANY TRUE1 AUTONOM\S REVOLUTION1 & WANT$ TO USE ,SPA9 TO A*IEVE A WE/]N ANTI-FASCI/ COMMITM5T4 ,A C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y POLICY S]V$ BO? !SE DESIRES1 & IT WAS IMPOS$ BO? ?R\< ! LEV] ( AID & BY ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY & SECRET POLICE T]RORISM4 ,?\< ! REVOLUTION>IES AT LEA/ %\LD HAVE UND]/OOD ?AT ! ,WE/ WAS MORE ANTI-,RUSSIAN ?AN ANTI-FASCI/1 ! '=EIGN POLICY' >GUM5T AGA9/ REVOLUTION CONT9U$ TO BE US$ EV5 AFT] ,/AL9 />T$ LAY+ ! BASIS = ! ,NAZI-,SOVIET ,PACT & LET AID TO ,SPA9 DROP4 

,= ! SAKE ( ?IS DELUD$ HOPE 7:I* BECAME AN EXCUSE = C\NT]-REVOLUTION71 REAL OPPORTUNITIES W]E LO/1 & ! REVOLUTION>Y GA9S = :I* ! PEOPLE F\<T SO H>D & SACRIFIC$ SO MU* W]E REVIL$1 ]OD$ & SUBJECT TO REPRESSION4 ,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I WROTE ! FOLL[+ TO ,F$]ICA ,MONTS5Y %ORTLY BE=E HIS MURD] DUR+ ! ,/AL9I/ POLICE T]ROR ( ! ,MAY ,DAYS ( #a#i#c#g3 ',! W> 9 ,SPA91 ?US /RIPP$ ( ALL NEW FAI?1 ( ALL IDEAS ( SOCIAL *ANGE1 ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y GREATNESS1 ( ALL UNIV]SAL MEAN+1 IS NO MORE ?AN A COMMON W> ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE1 :I* MU/ BE C>RI$ \T TO AVOID ! EXT]M9ATION :I* ! WORLD PLUTOCRACY HAS 9 M9D4 ,!RE REMA9S ! T]RIBLE QUE/ION ( LIFE OR DEA?1 BUT IT IS NO LONG] A W> TO ASSURE A NEW REGIME & A NEW HUMANITY444' ,HE ADD$3 ',! DILEMMA3 W> OR REVOLUTION NO LONG] HAS ANY MEET+4 ,! ONLY DILEMMA IS ?IS ONE3 EI!R VICTORY OV] ,FRANCO ?ANKS TO ! REVOLUTION>Y W>1 OR DEFEAT'4 

,! AU?OR WI%ES TO ?ANK ,M>K ,H5DY1 ,*RIS ,EALHAM & ,GREG ,GEORGE = !IR 9VALUABLE 9PUT & COMM5TS DUR+ ! DRAFT+ ( ?IS WORK4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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