,AGA9/ ,NATIONALISM 

#bi 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 

,TEXT 3 

,PREFACE 

,?IS PAMPHLET HAS ITS ORIG9S 9 A P>TICUL> TIME & PLACE1 ) ! IMPETUS BEH9D IT COM+ FROM ! ,ISRAELI /ATE'S MILIT>Y CAMPAIGN 9 ! ,GAZA /RIP 9 LATE #bh & E>LY #b#i4 ,AS ! RECORD ( ATROCITIES & ! DEA? TOLL M\NT$1 COM+ TO A F9AL /OP AT >\ND #a1#e DEAD1 L>GE PROTE/S TOOK PLACE >\ND ! WORLD1 ) A SIGNIFICANT PROTE/ MOVEM5T DEVELOP+ 9 ,BRITA94 ,?IS MOVEM5T TOOK ! =M ( REGUL> /REET PROTE/S 9 CITIES1 A WAVE ( #bh UNIV]SITY OCCUPATIONS >\ND ! C\NTRY & OCCASIONAL ATTACKS AGA9/ COMPANIES SUPPOS$LY IMPLICAT$ 9 ! W>4 ,!RE W]E ALSO1 DEPRESS+LY1 ACTIONS ) CLE> ANTI-,SEMITIC OV]TONES4 .<#a.> 

,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION MEMB]S W]E 9VOLV$ 9 A RANGE ( WAYS1 BE+ PRES5T ON /REET DEMON/RATIONS & 9VOLV$ 9 A NUMB] ( OCCUPATIONS4 ,AS AN>*I/S1 WE >E OPPOS$ TO W>1 MILIT>ISM & IMP]IALISM1 & SEE A P[]FUL MOVEM5T AGA9/ !SE =CES AS A VITAL P>T ( 9T]NATIONALISM 9 ACTION & ! PROCESS ( BUILD+ ! CONFID5CE NECESS>Y = A SOCIAL MOVEM5T AGA9/ ! /ATE & CAPITALISM4 

,H[EV]1 WE W]E UNIMPRESS$ BY ! WAY 9 :I* SUPPORT = ! ',PALE/9IAN RESI/ANCE' -- 9 O!R WORDS ,HAMAS1 ,ISLAMIC ,JIHAD1 ,AL-,AQSA ,M>TYRS BRIGADE & ! O!R PROTO-/ATE =CES 9 ! REGION -- BECAME MIX$ 9 ) ! LEGITIMATE REVULSION FELT AS ! BOMBS & %ELLS FELL ONTO ! HEADS ( ORD9>Y ,GAZANS4 ,!SE GR\PS -- :I* CALL$ ON ORD9>Y ,PALE/9IANS TO 'M>TYR' !MSELVES = ! NATION -- HAVE A CLE> HI/ORY ( REPRESS+ WORK]S' /RUGGLES AT GUNPO9T1 OPPRESS+ WOM51 GAYS & LESBIANS1 & SPREAD+ ! VIRUL5TLY REACTION>Y DOCTR9ES ( NATIONALISM & ,ISLAMISM4 ,AS ! W> GR\ND ON1 !Y %[$ !IR TRUE COLORS BY ATTEMPT+ TO 9DISCRIM9ATELY KILL ,ISRAELIS1 SETTL+ SCORES ) !IR RIVALS ?R\< SUMM>Y EXECUTIONS1 & MAK+ POLITICAL CAPITAL \T ( REFUGEES BY PREV5T+ !M FROM ACCESS+ M$ICAL AID OV] ! BORD]4.<#b.> ,AS ORD9>Y ,PALE/9IANS FL$ 9 DROVES1 IGNOR+ ! CALLS FROM MILITANT GR\PS & !IR ,WE/]N *E]LEAD]S TO ?R[ !MSELVES UPON ! PYRE & JO9 ! 'RESI/ANCE'1 ! TRUE FACE ( ?AT 'RESI/ANCE' BECAME APP>5T4 

,AS AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S1 WE HAVE ALWAYS OPPOS$ NATIONALISM1 & HAVE ALWAYS M>K$ \R DI/ANCE FROM ! LEFT ?R\< VOCALLY OPPOS+ ALL NATIONALISM -- 9CLUD+ ?AT ( 'OPPRESS$ NATIONS'4 ,:ILE WE OPPOSE OPPRESSION1 EXPLOITATION & DISPOSSESSION ON NATIONAL GR\NDS1 & OPPOSE IMP]IALISM & IMP]IALI/ W>F>E1 WE REFUSE TO FALL 9TO ! TRAP SO COMMON ON ! LEFT ( ID5TIFY+ ) ! UND]DOG SIDE & GLORIFY+ '! RESI/ANCE' -- H[EV] 'CRITICALLY' -- :I* IS READILY OBS]VABLE )9 ,L59I/_/,TROTSKYI/ CIRCLES4 ,WE TOOK ?IS /ANCE ON ,NOR!RN ,IREL& 9 ! PA/1 & TAKE IT ON ,ISRAEL_/,PALE/9E TODAY4 

,!RE=E1 9 ORD] TO GIVE CONTEXT TO ! TEXT ?AT FOLL[S & %[ \R ANALYSIS 9 A PRACTICAL CONTEXT1 WE REPRODUCE AS APP5DICES TWO TEXTS :I* ,A,F GR\PS CIRCULAT$ AS LEAFLETS DUR+ ! CAMPAIGN1 & :I* W]E UTILIZ$ BY O!R AN>*I/ COMRADES 9 ! ,U,K1 SU* AS LOCALS ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,SOLID>ITY ,F$]ATION & ,ORGANIZE6 9 ,NOR!RN ,IREL&4 ,WE HOPE ?AT ?IS TEXT WILL CIRCULATE AS WIDELY AS \R ORIG9AL LEAFLETS DID1 :I* W]E TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,SPANI% & ,POLI% & REPRODUC$ AS F> AWAY AS ,C5TRAL ,AM]ICA1 & OP5 DEBATE )9 ! WID] ANTI-/ATE COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4 

,SEPTEMB] #bi 

,! NATION & NATIONALISM 

,:5EV] WE 9VOLVE \RSELVES 9 EV]YDAY LIFE1 WE F9D \RSELVES DEF9$ 9 NATIONAL T]MS4 ,:5 WE USE \R PASSPORTS1 :5 WE APPLY = A JOB1 :5 WE GO TO HOSPITAL OR :5 WE CLAIM B5EFITS1 WE COME UP AGA9/ \R NATIONAL /ATUS & ! POSSIBILITIES OR H&ICAPS ?AT FOLL[4 ,:5 WE TRAVEL1 TURN ON ! TELEVISION1 OP5 ! PAP] OR MAKE CONV]SATION1 ! CATEGORIZATION ( PEOPLE 9TO ONE ( SEV]AL HUNDR$ V>IETIES ( HUMAN BE+ LOOMS 9 ! BACKGR\ND1 (T5 TAK+ C5T] /AGE4 ,WE >E ALL ASSUM$ TO BELONG TO A NATIONAL GR\P1 & EV5 ?OSE PEOPLE :O CAN CLAIM MULTIPLE NATIONAL ID5TITIES >E /ILL ASSUM$ TO BE DEF9$ BY !M4 ,! DIVISION ( ! WORLD'S POPULATION 9TO DI/9CT NATIONS & ITS GOV]NANCE ACCORD+LY IS A GIV51 & SEEMS AS /RAI<T=W>D AS ANY?+ OCCURR+ 9 NATURE4 ,:5 WE SAY1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT WE >E ,BRITI%1 ,POLI%1 ,KOREAN OR ,SOMALIAN WE FEEL ?AT WE >E DESCRIB+ AN IMPORTANT P>T ( \RSELVES & H[ WE RELATE TO ! WORLD >\ND US1 GIV+ US COMMONALITY ) SOME PEOPLE & SETT+ US AP>T FROM O!RS 

,BUREAUCRACY MAKES ?IS 9TUITION MORE SOLID4 ,NATIONALITY IS ITS MO/ FUNDAM5TAL CATEGORY -- DET]M9+ :AT RI<TS & PRIVILEGES WE HAVE ACCESS TO1 :E!R WE >E 9SIDE OR \TSIDE ! COMMUNITY ( CITIZ5%IP :I* NATIONALISM PRESUMES1 & ULTIMATELY :E!R WE >E A VALID1 'LEGAL'1 P]SON4 ,:5 WE COME ACROSS BUREAUCRACY1 ! V>I\S DEF9ITIONS ASSIGN$ TO US BY IT LOOM L>GE3 G5D]1 NATIONALITY & RACE 9 P>TICUL>4 ,!SE ?+S SEEM TO BE AS OBVI\S A P>T ( \RSELVES AS EYE COLOR OR BLOOD TYPE1 & MORE (T5 ?AN NOT GO UNQUE/ION$4 

,BUT DESPITE APPE>+ A FUNDAM5TAL ATTRIBUTE ( \RSELVES & O!RS1 ! PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITY IS ALSO FUNDAM5TALLY PROBLEMATIC4 ,ON ONE LEVEL1 IT DEF9ES ITSELF4 ,TO A BUREAUCRACY NATIONALITY JU/ IS4 ,Y\ HAVE ! RI<T PASSPORT1 ! RI<T 5TITLEM5TS1 OR Y\ DON'T4 ,H[EV]1 AS ) ALL SOCIAL QUE/IONS1 WE >E DEAL+ NOT ) SOME 'NATURAL' ASPECT ( ! HUMAN CONDITION1 BUT ) A =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* HAS BO? AN ORIG9 & A RATIONALE4 ,SO WE COME UP AGA9/ ! QUE/ION1 ':AT IS A NATION8' 

,COMMON S5SE SEEMS TO PROVIDE ! USUAL ANSW]3 A 'PEOPLE' %>E A CULTURE1 A HI/ORY1 AN ORIG91 A COMMUNITY1 A SET ( VALUES1 &1 USUALLY1 A LANGUAGE :I* MAKE !M A NATION4 ,PEOPLE )9 ! NATION %>E A COMMONALITY ) ONE ANO!R :I* !Y LACK ) =EIGN]S4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ! WORLD IS MADE UP ( SU* NATIONS2 IT ALWAYS HAS BE5 & ALWAYS WILL BE4 ,BUT ! IDEOLOGY ( NATIONALISM1 REG>DLESS ( :I* 'NATION' WE >E DISCUSS+1 IS A POLITICAL ONE1 DESCRIB+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 '! PEOPLE' & ! /ATE4 ,! NATION-/ATE IS SE5 AS ! \TGR[? ( ! NATIONAL COMMUNITY1 ITS MEANS ( CONDUCT+ ITS BUS9ESS & ! 9/RUM5T ( ITS COLLECTIVE WILL & WELLBE+2 AT ! V]Y LEA/ A ONE-ON-ONE CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 NATION & /ATE IS SE5 AS ! USUAL1 NATURAL & DESIRABLE /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 ) ANY 9T]NATIONAL COOP]ATION1 BUS9ESS & ORGANIZATION PROGRESS+ FROM ?IS />T+ PO9T 4 ,?IS RHETORIC IS ASSUM$ EV5 9 /ATES :I* DO NOT BO!R TO CLAIM LEGITIMACY ?R\< REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY4 

,BUT :5 WE ATTEMPT TO UNCOV] ! QUALITIES :I* MAKE SOME COLLECTIVITIES ( PEOPLE A NATION & O!RS NOT1 WE 5C\NT] PROBLEMS4 ,:5 WE ATTEMPT TO >TICULATE :AT ',BRITI%NESS'1 ',GAMBIANESS' OR ',?A9ESS' MI<T BE AB\T1 WE >E 9 TR\BLE4 ,NATIONALI/ P>TISANS WILL (F] SUGGE/IONS1 BUT !SE >E ALWAYS FA%IONABLE BANALITIES1 :E!R !Y >E 'HONOR'1 'LOYALTY'1 'LIB]TY'1 'FAIRNESS'1 OR :ATEV] ELSE IS CURR5T4 ,A H&FUL ( ICONIC NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS WILL BE PO9T$ TO1 & A GREAT MANY MORE IGNOR$4 ,NATIONALISMS ON ?IS LEVEL >E UNLIKE POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES1 !RE IS NO DEF9ITE MODEL = ! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 & !RE IS NO UNITY ( PR9CIPLE OR PROGRAM2 ! UNITY ASSUM$ IS AN >BITR>Y ONE4 

,!RE >E NO OBS]VABLE RULES TO CLE>LY DEF9E :AT MAKES A NATIONAL 'PEOPLE'1 AS OPPOS$ TO O!R =MS ( COMMONALITY4 ,! USUAL PR]EQUISITES >E A %>$ LANGUAGE & CULTURE4 ,BUT ?IS %>$1 CULTURE IS DIFFICULT TO DEF9E1 & WE (T5 F9D AS MU* CULTURAL V>IATION ACROSS POPULATIONS )9 NATIONS AS BETWE5 !M4 ,TWO ,HAN ,*9ESE >E ASSUM$ TO %>E A COMMONALITY AS ',*9ESE' & A NATURAL SOLID>ITY ON ?IS BASIS EV5 IF !Y SPEAK MUTUALLY 9COMPREH5SIBLE 'DIALECTS'4 ,LIKEWISE1 UND]/&+ CONT9UITY BETWE5 ! HI/ORICAL 'NATIONAL CULTURE' & :AT ACTUALLY EXI/S REQUIRES SOME DUBI\S REASON+ -- = EXAMPLE1 H[ IS SOMEONE 9 ,A!NS :O SPEAKS MOD]N1 ,ATTIC-D]IV$ (FICIAL ,GREEK EXPRESS+ ! SAME CULTURE :I* BUILT ! ,ACROPOLIS1 7ITSELF A ,GREEK CULTURE :I* LACK$ A ,GREEK NATION78 ,?IS 'NATION' MU/ (T5 9CLUDE MANY :O DO NOT MEET ITS SUPPOS$LY DEF9+ ATTRIBUTES2 REGIONAL1 L+UI/IC1 CULTURAL1 RELIGI\S & SOMETIMES 'NATIONAL' M9ORITIES4 ,?IS FACT ?AT NATION-/ATES (T5 EXHIBIT AS MU* V>IATION )9 !IR GEOGRAPHIC B\NDS AS ACROSS !M IS OBVI\S 9 MANY PO/COLONIAL ,AFRICAN /ATES OR 9 ,9DONESIA = 9/ANCE1 & EV5 9 LESS EXOTIC LOCALES SU* AS ,SWITZ]L&4 

,NONE!LESS1 NATIONALI/S (T5 R$UCE ! QUE/ION D[N TO A N>RATIVE ( 'HUMAN NATURE'1 9 :I* 'PEOPLES' SIMPLY CANNOT MIX )\T CONFLICT1 MAK+ ! NATURAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS ! 'SELF-DET]M9ATION' ( NATIONS ?R\< !IR SOV]EIGN /ATES4 ,SU* ?9K+ IS USUALLY MIR$ 9 ! PSEUDO-SCI5CE ( RACE1 MAK+ AN APPEAL TO HI/ORICAL JU/-SO /ORIES & MISPLAC$ NATURALI/IC MY?S4 ,TO ASSUME ?AT 'PEOPLES' >E DEF9$ BY !IR ANTAGONISM TO O!R 'PEOPLES'1 BUT ?AT !Y >E ANTAGONI/IC BECAUSE !Y >E DIFF]5T 'PEOPLES' IS CIRCUL> ?9K+4 ,!RE IS /ILL NO CLE> REASON :Y C]TA9 GR\PS DES]VE NATIONAL /ATUS & O!RS DON'T4 ,ANTAGONISM BETWE5 P>TICUL> METROPOLITAN >EAS HAS A LONG] P$IGREE ?AN SUPPOS$ NATIONAL ANTAGONISM DOES1 BUT ! POPULATION ( SU* >EAS >E NOT ASSUM$ TO HAVE ACCESS TO NATIONAL /ATUS ON !SE GR\NDS4 

,MOREOV]1 !RE >E C\NTRIES1 SU* AS ,MADAGASC>1 & >EAS1 SU* AS L>GE SWA!S ( ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 :]E ! 'RACE' ( ! POPULATION IS A MIX$ ONE4 ,9 ,MADAGASC>1 ! ',MADAGASCAN PEOPLE' IS 9 FACT A LOCALIZ$ MIX ( POPULATIONS ( ,AFRICAN & ,AU/RONESIAN SETTL]S4 ,! SAME APPLIES TO LESS EXOTIC LOCATIONS TOO4 ,! ',5GLI% PEOPLE' >E A MIX ( WAVES ( CONQUE/ & SETTLEM5T1 !IR SUPPOS$ 'NATIONAL CULTURE' EV5 MORE MONGRELIZ$ ?AN !IR G5ETIC 'RACE'4 

,NATIONALISM1 !N1 IS A /RANGE ?+ ?AT IS EV]Y:]E1 9TUITIVELY 'COMMON S5SE' BUT IMPOSSIBLE TO PRECISELY DESCRIBE1 A BASIC PR9CIPLE ( /RUCTUR+ ! 5TIRE POPULATION ( ! WORLD BUT A PR9CIPLE :I* DOESN'T /& UP TO MU* SCRUT9Y4 

,H[EV]1 ?+S W]5'T ALWAYS ?IS WAY4 ,= MO/ ( HI/ORY PEOPLE DIDN'T HAVE A P>TICUL> NATIONALITY1 OR OV]LAPP+ CLAIMS ON !M1 :I* DEF9$ !IR P]SON 9 SU* FUNDAM5TAL BUT ELUSIVE WAYS1 LET ALONE ANY NATIONALISM TO ACCOMPANY IT4 ,?\< 'COMMON S5SE' TELLS US ?AT NATIONAL DIVISIONS >E A ?+ AS OLD AS HUMANITY1 ! REALITY IS RA!R DIFF]5T4 ,NATIONALISM IS A CREATION ( ! MOD]N WORLD1 & IS B\ND UP ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( A C]TA9 K9D ( SOCIETY1 :I* TODAY IS WORLDWIDE & TOTAL 9 ITS REA* -- CAPITALISM4 

,! ORIG9S ( NATIONALISM 

,CAPITALISM & ! MOD]N NATION-/ATE DEVELOP$ AT ! SAME TIME 9 ! SAME PLACE1 9 ,EUROPE 9 ! #a#f? TO #a#i? C5TURIES4 ,! EVOLUTION ( ! NATION-/ATE & CAPITALISM W]E B\ND UP1 EA* CATALYZ+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! O!R4 ,CAPITALISM TOOK HOLD 9 A C]TA9 TIME & PLACE NOT BY ACCID5T BUT BECAUSE ! CONDITIONS W]E RI<T TO BRE$ IT2 IT REQUIR$ A FRAGM5T$ >5A ( COMPET+ /ATES ) EMB$D$ M]CANTILI/ 9T]E/S 7?\< !Y W]E NOT = A GOOD TIME ! 'NATIONS' WE'D RECOGNIZE71 & = ?AT REASON EVOLV$ 9 ,EUROPE RA!R ?AN 9 ! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE1 ,MAN*U ,*9A OR ANY ( ! O!R L& EMPIRES ?AT DOM9AT$ MU* ( ! WORLD4 

,LIKE CAPITALISM ITSELF1 ! IDEA ( ! MOD]N NATION-/ATE DIDN'T APPE> FROM NO:]E1 BUT DEVELOP$ \T ( PREEXI/+ CONDITIONS4 ,H[EV]1 CAPITALISM AS A TOTAL ECONOMIC SY/EM & ! WORLD ( SOV]EIGN NATION-/ATES >E HI/ORICAL NOVELTIES1 /&+ 9 CONTRA/ TO A LONG HI/ORY ( FEUDAL & IMP]IAL /ATE =MS4 ,! MOD]N NATION-/ATE IS A PRODUCT ( ! REVOLUTIONS ( ! ,EI<TE5? C5TURY :I* M>K$ ! DECL9E ( ! FEUDAL P]IOD & ! RISE ( CAPITALISM AS A WORLD SY/EM4 ,BUT ! PH5OM5ON DID NOT FALL FROM ! SKY UPON ! /ORM+ ( ! ,BA/ILLE.<#c.>1 IT WAS NURTUR$ & DEVELOP$ AS CAPITALISM ITSELF EVOLV$ & MATUR$4 

,! TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATIONS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! E>LIE/ DEVELOPM5TS ( CAPITALISM LAID ! F\NDATION = ! SUBSEQU5T EVOLUTION ( NATIONALISM4 ,! PRODUCTION & CIRCULATION ( PR9T$ BOOKS WAS ONE ( ! V]Y E>LIE/ CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIES4 ,ONCE ! 9ITIAL M>KET ( ,LAT9-SPEAK+ ,EUROPEANS WAS GLUTT$1 ! PRODUCTION ( BOOKS 9 LOCALIZ$ LANGUAGES ORI5T$ T[>DS ! SMALL BUT GR[+ LIT]ATE /RATA 9 ,EUROPE W\LD HAVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 CREAT+ A LANGUAGE ( ADM9I/RATION & HI< CULTURE1 & ! F\NDATIONS ( :AT C\LD BE CLAIM$ AS A 'NATIONAL CULTURE' 9 LAT] C5TURIES -- ) SIGNIFICANT NATION-BUILD+ IMPLICATIONS 9 ! CASES ( :AT W\LD BECOME ,G]MANY & ,ITALY4 ,! RE=MATION.<#d.> 7ITS [N SUCCESS DEEPLY ASSOCIAT$ ) ?AT ( ! PR9T+ 9DU/RY7 COMB9$ ) ! RIS+ P[] ( ! M]*ANT CLASS 9 IMP]IAL /ATES -- :OSE [N SUCCESS AT EX*ANG+ COMMODITIES ACT$ AS A BEA*HEAD = ! CAPITALI/ SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 ,EUROPE -- W\LD LEAD TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SEV]AL /ATES :I* W]E NEI!R DYNA/IC MON>*IES NOR CITY-/ATES4 ,!Y W]E NOT ! NATION-/ATES ( DEVELOP$ CAPITALISM1 BUT W]E SIGNIFICANT /EPS T[>DS !M4 

,! M]*ANTS1 TRAD]S & BANK]S :I* HAD PREVI\SLY OP]AT$ AT ! FR+ES ( FEUDAL ECONOMIES PLAY$ AN 9CREAS+LY C5TRAL ROLE AS ,EUROPEAN EMPIRES SPREAD >\ND ! WORLD4 ,!IR TRADE 9 ! PLUND] ( ! COLONIES -- BO? RI*ES & SLAVES -- W\LD MAKE !M VITAL TO ! WORK+S ( !IR ECONOMIES1 & ! PROGRESSIVE DOM9ANCE ( ,EUROPEAN IMP]IALISM SWELL$ !IR NUMB]S1 WEAL?1 & POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE4 ,!IR D5SITY 9 ! ,SEV5TE5 ,PROV9CES 9 ! ,L[ ,C\NTRIES W\LD SPUR ! REBELLION !RE1 & ! SUBSEQU5T CREATION ( ! ,DUT* REPUBLIC 9 #aeha WAS A PORT5T ( :AT W\LD FOLL[4 ,! COMM]CIAL SUCCESSES ( ! M]*ANTS ( ! EMPIRES W\LD LEAD TO !IR 9FLU5CE R$\BL+ 9TO ! SOCIETIES ?AT LAUN*$ !M4 ,9 ,BRITA9 ! 5CLOSURE ( COMMON L&.<#e.> 1 ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY UND] ! PRESSURES ( COMM]CE & ! \TCOMPET+ ( SMALL PRODUC]S BY 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ PIONE]S W\LD CREATE A DISPOSSESS$ WORK+ CLASS ) NO *OICE BUT TO LABOR = PRIVATE EMPLOY]S -- 9 O!R WORDS IT W\LD LEAD TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( CAPITALISM PROP]4 ,! 9DU/RIAL CAPITALI/ W\LD REPLACE ! M]*ANT AS ! LEAD+ PLAY] ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS4 

,CONCURR5TLY1 ) ! BEG9N+ ( ! 5D ( ! FEUDAL WORLD1 & ! TRANSITION TO A WORLD C5T]$ ON ! 9T]E/S ( ! ASC5DANT CAPITALI/ CLASS1 ! /ATE WAS R$EF9$4 ,! ]A ( MON>*S & SUBJECTS WAS REPLAC$ BY ! ]A ( 'CITIZ5S'4 ,A P]IOD ( COMPET+ DYNA/IES GAVE WAY TO ! MOD]N P]IOD ( COMPET+ NATIONS4 ,FOLL[+ ! REVOLUTIONS 9 ,FRANCE & ,AM]ICA1 ! LIB]AL CONCEPTION ( ! /ATE :I* LAID ! BASIS = NATIONALISM SOLIDIFI$4 ,IT WASN'T PROGRAMMATIC1 & DIDN'T NE$ TO BE1 AS IT WASN'T CONJUR$ 9TO REALITY FROM ! M9DS ( 9TELLECTUALS BUT FROM ! NE$S ( A DEVELOP+ CLASS SOCIETY TO CREATE ! CONDITIONS = ITS [N P]PETUATION4 

,! IDEA WAS >TICULAT$ 9 ,FR5* ,DECL>ATION ( ,RI<TS.<#f.> ( #agie AS FOLL[S3 

0,EA* PEOPLE IS 9DEP5D5T & SOV]EIGN1 :ATEV] ! NUMB] ( 9DIVIDUALS :O COMPOSE IT & ! EXT5T ( ! T]RITORY IT OCCUPIES4 ,?IS SOV]EIGNTY IS 9ALI5ABLE04 

,?IS UND]/&+ ( ! ROLE ( ! /ATE /OOD 9 CONTRA/ TO ! ABSOLUTISM ( E>LI] P]IODS4 ,N[ IT WAS ! 'PEOPLE' :O W]E SOV]EIGN1 NOT ! P]SON ( ! DIV9ELY ORDA9$ RUL]4 ,BUT DUR+ ?IS P]IOD !RE WAS NO CLE> DEF9ITION ( :AT MADE A 'PEOPLE'4 ,IT WAS CIRCUL>1 & RELI$ ON ! T]RITORY & POPULATION ( EXI/+ /ATES1 AS AT ?IS PO9T !RE WAS LITTLE 9 ! WAY ( ATTEMPTS TO DEF9E NATIONAL CITIZ5%IP OR 'PEOPLES' ON L+UI/IC1 CULTURAL OR RACIAL GR\NDS4 ,IT WAS NE>LY ALWAYS A QUE/ION ( PRACTICALITY4 ,! 'SCI5CE' & LIBR>Y ON NATIONAL DEF9ITION W\LD NOT EXPLODE UNTIL A C5TURY LAT]4 

,:5 ATTEMPTS AT DEF9ITION DID OCCUR AT ?IS /AGE1 SU* AS DUR+ ! SECOND HALF ( ! ,EI<TE5? C5TURY1 NATIONS W]E UND]/OOD ON ! BASIS ( !IR DOM9ATION BY SPECIFIC /ATES4 ,! ,FR5* ,5CYCLOP$IE1 A WORK USUALLY UND]/OOD AS 5CAPSULAT+ 5LI<T5M5T ?\<T PRIOR TO ! REVOLUTION & PUBLI%$ 9 VOLUMES 9 ! #a#g#eS & #fS1 DEF9$ NATIONS 9 SU* A WAY4 ,!RE WAS NO ASSUMPTION ( E?NIC1 L+UI/IC OR CULTURAL HOMOG5EITY -- TO ! 5LI<T5M5T !ORI/S1 A NATION WAS NO?+ MORE ?AN A GREAT NUMB] ( PEOPLE DEF9$ BY PROP] BORD]S & ALL SUBJECT TO ! SAME REGIME ( LAW4 

,! REVOLUTION W\LD BUILD ON ?IS NATION ( SUBJECTS TO CREATE ! NATION ( CITIZ5S2 ! NATION BECAME ?OSE CAPABLE & WILL+ ( ! CONDITIONS ( CITIZ5%IP1 EXPRESS$ ?R\< ! /ATE4 ,?IS UND]/&+ IS /ILL PRES]V$ 9 ! RHETORIC -- IF NOT ! PRACTICE -- ( ! NATIONALISM ( ONE ( ! NATIONS CREAT$ 9 ! REVOLUTIONS ( ! LATE #a#gS3 ,AM]ICANS >E ?OSE :O SIGN UP TO ',AM]ICANISM' & ASPIRE TO BE ,AM]ICANS4 ,= ! B\RGEOIS REVOLUTION>IES1 ! !ORETICAL COMMUNITY ( 'CITIZ5S' -- H[EV] IT WAS DEF9$ -- REPRES5T$ ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! COMMON 9T]E/ AGA9/ ! N>R[ 9T]E/S ( ! CR[N1 ?\< ( C\RSE ?IS WAS NOT ! REALITY ( ! CLASS SOCIETY !Y PRESID$ OV]4 

,! UND]/&+ ( NATIONALITY 9 T]MS ( E?NIC1 CULTURAL & L+UI/IC DI/9CTIV5ESS CAME LAT]1 9 ! C\RSE ( 9TELLECTUAL DEBATES AB\T :AT MADE A NATION1 & :AT 'NATIONS'1 H[EV] DEF9$1 DES]V$ EXPRESSION ?R\< A NATION-/ATE4 ,ONCE ! PR9CIPLE ( ! /ATE AS ! EXPRESSION ( ! SOV]EIGN 'PEOPLE' WAS E/ABLI%$1 ! PROCESS ( DEF9ITION ( 'PEOPLES' 9T5SIFI$ ?R\<\T ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY4 ,! POLITICAL !ORI/ ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL MULL$ OV] ! CRIT]IA ( COMMON E?NICITY1 LANGUAGE1 RELIGION1 T]RITORY & HI/ORY4 ,BUT EV5 AS ?9K]S W]E DEBAT+ :]E ! 'PEOPLE' CAME FROM1 ! ISSUE WAS MO/LY UND]/OOD 9 T]MS ( PRACTICABILITY4 ,:I* 'PEOPLES' %\LD MAKE NATIONS WAS A QUE/ION ( VIABILITY1 & ! NATIONS :I* W]E VIABLE W]E (T5 ACTUALLY EXI/+ ONES4 ,ELIGIBLE NEW NATIONS NE$$ ! ECONOMIC OR CULTURAL BASIS TO MAKE !M SU/A9ABLE1 AS WAS ! CASE ) ! CREATION ( ,ITALY & ,G]MANY 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! ,N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! DIFFICULT QUE/ION ( TURN+ POPULATIONS 9TO PEOPLES1 & PEOPLES 9TO NATIONS ONLY PRODUC$ VAGUE ANSW]S1 BUT L>GELY RELI$ ON ! SIZE ( ! POPULATION1 ASSOCIATION ) A PRIOR /ATE1 HAV+ A VIABLE CULTURAL ELITE 7AS ) ! ,G]MANS & ,ITALIANS7 & MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 A HI/ORY ( EXPANSION & W>F>E1 :I* HAS ! VIRTUE ( CREAT+ AN \TSIDE TO UNITE AGA9/4 ,IREL& WAS EXCEPTIONAL 9 POSSESS+ A NATIONAL MOVEM5T ( ! K9D ?AT W\LD APPE> LAT] MU* E>LI] ON -- 9DE$ IT W\LD PROVIDE ! >*ETYPAL MODEL TO NATIONALISMS MANUFACTUR$ 9 LAT] YE>S1 SU* AS ?OSE ( ! ,9DIANS & ,BASQUES4 ,H[EV] ! VIABILITY ( ?IS MOVEM5T WAS REGUL>LY DISMISS$ ON PRACTICAL GR\NDS4 

,NONE!LESS MO/ ( ! 'PEOPLES' :O W\LD COME TO =M 'NATIONS' LAT] ON /ILL DID NOT SEE !MSELVES 9 NATIONAL T]MS1 & DID NOT SEE A MORAL AB]RATION 9 RULE BY ELITES :O SPOKE A DIFF]5T LANGUAGE1 = ! MA9 REASON ?AT !RE W]E NO UNIFI$ NATIONAL LANGUAGES 9 A WORLD ( LOCAL DIALECTS & WIDESPREAD ILLIT]ACY4 ,EV5 ! ROLE ( ! '(FICIAL' LANGUAGES HAD LITTLE 9 COMMON ) ! /ATUS ( MOD]N NATIONAL LANGUAGES4 ,!Y W]E ! PRODUCT ( EXP$I5CY1 & HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ANY 'NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS'4 ,?IS HAD BE5 ! CASE = SOME TIME4 ,9 ,5GL&1 = 9/ANCE1 ! ELITE LANGUAGE PROGRESS$ FROM ,ANGLO-,SAXON1 TO ,LAT91 TO ,NORMAN1 TO ! HYBRID PRODUCT ( ,NORMAN ,FR5* & ,ANGLO-,SAXON ?AT WAS E>LY ,5GLI%4 ,! LANGUAGE SPOK5 BY ELITES REMA9$ AN IRRELEVANCE TO AN ILLIT]ATE SUBJECT POPULATION4 ,EV5 9 LAT] P]IODS ! PICTURE WAS ! SAME -- 9 #a<i ONLY #a#b.0 ( ! ,FR5* POPULATION SPOKE 'PROP]' ,FR5*1 ) HALF SPEAK+ NO =M ( ,FR5* AT ALL4 ,?\< A %>$ ,ITALIAN-SPEAK+ ELITE CULTURE WAS ESS5TIAL TO ! =MATION ( AN ,ITALIAN /ATE 9 ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 ! ,ITALIAN LANGUAGE WAS ONLY SPOK5 BY AB\T #b4#e.0 ( ',ITALIANS' ON UNIFICATION2 ! POPULATION AT L>GE SPOKE A V>IETY ( DIALECTS :I* W]E (T5 MUTUALLY 9COMPREH5SIBLE4 

,!RE HAD BE5 OCCASIONAL & LIMIT$ ATTEMPTS AT TELL+ NATIONAL ORIG9 /ORIES 9 E>LI] C5TURIES -- SU* AS ! /ORIES CIRCULAT+ 9 ,SIXTE5? C5TURY ,FRANCE AB\T ! DESC5T ( ! ,FR5* 7I4E4 ITS ELITE7 FROM ! ,FRANKS & FROM ,TROY4 ,H[EV]1 !SE W]E LIMIT$ TO SMALL LIT]ATE CIRCLES & FUNCTION$ TO RATIONALIZE ROYAL &_/OR >I/OCRATIC RI<TS1 RI<TS :I* W]E DEF5D$ MU* MORE FREQU5TLY1 EFFECTIVELY & POPUL>LY BY CLAIMS TO DIV9E ORD]S OR TO ,ROMAN PREC$5T4 ,!SE /ORIES W]E ! CONSEQU5CE ( A SMALL LIT]ATE ELITE %>+ ! SAME LANGUAGE & 9/ITUTIONAL PRIVILEGES COMMUNICAT+ ) EA* O!R1 A />T+ PO9T = ! NATIONALISM ( LAT] C5TURIES4 ,!Y 9 NO WAY 9DICAT$ A MOD]N1 POPUL> 'NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS'4 ,!Y LACK$ ! POPUL> MOTIVE =CE ( NATIONALISM1 ! UND]/&+ ?AT ! /ATE %\LD EXPRESS ! WELLBE+ ( ! NATION AS A :OLE1 & ! CON/ITUTION ( ?IS NATION ON A POPUL> LEVEL4 ,:5 ! OLD DYNA/IES ATTEMPT$ TO RECONCILE !MSELVES ) MOD]N NATIONALISM 9 ! AGE ( ITS DOM9ANCE !Y DID SO AT !IR [N P]IL3 ,KAIS] ,WILHELM ,I,I1 ?\< 9CREAS+LY M>G9ALIZ$ DUR+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 POSITION$ HIMSELF AS ! NATION'S LEAD+ ,G]MAN1 !RE=E IMPLY+ SOME =M ( RESPONSIBILITY TO ! ,G]MAN PEOPLE & NATIONAL 9T]E/ -- & ?US ! CONCLUSION ?AT HE HAD FAIL$ 9 ?IS RESPONSIBILITY1 ! V]Y CONCLUSION :I* L$ TO HIS ABDICATION4 ,SU* IDEAS W\LD HAVE BE5 UN?9KABLE 9 E>LI] YE>S :]E ! RI<T ( ! ,KAIS] WAS 9VIOLABLE & ACC\NTABLE TO NO-ONE4 

,AS ! ,N9ETE5? C5TURY PROGRESS$1 SO TOO DID ! IDEA ?AT ALL PEOPLES HAD A RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION1 IRRESPECTIVE ( QUE/IONS ( VIABILITY4 ,! ,ITALIAN ,NATIONALI/ & PHILOSOPH] ,GIUSEPPE ,MAZZ9I W\LD POSE ! =MULA 'EV]Y NATION A /ATE1 & ONLY ONE /ATE = EA* NATION' TO RESOLVE '! NATIONAL QUE/ION'4 ,?IS WAY ( ?9K+ CONSOLIDAT$ T[>DS ! 5D ( ! C5TURY1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT NATIONALISM HAD GA9$ A COMMON CURR5CY AMONG ! MASSES4 ,! PROLIF]ATION ( NATIONALI/ & 'NATIONAL LIB]ATION' MOVEM5TS 9 ! LATE #a#hS IS /RIK+ -- ! BIR? ( ,ZIONISM ALONGSIDE ,9DIAN1 ,>M5IAN1 ,MAC$ONIAN1 ,GEORGIAN1 ,BELGIAN1 ,CATALAN MOVEM5TS1 ALONG ) MANY O!RS OCCURR$ 9 ?IS P]IOD1 ?\< :E!R !SE SPECIFIC MOVEM5TS HAD ANY TRACTION AMONG ! WID] POPULATION IS ANO!R MATT]4 ,?\< 9 E>LI] P]IODS !RE HAD BE5 SOME E?NIC OR L+UI/IC GR\PS :I* UND]/OOD !MSELVES AS 9 SOME WAY DI/9CT FROM !IR NEI<BORS1 ! TRANSLATION ( ?IS 9TO ! NE$ TO HAVE A NATION-/ATE ( EA* & EV]Y GR\P+ WAS A NEW PH5OM5ON4 ,& EV5 PRIOR TO ?IS1 ! 'COMMONALITY' :I* WAS US$ TO DEF9E ! NATION1 H[EV] IT WAS UND]/OOD1 WAS SOME?+ PRODUC$ BY ! MOD]N P]IOD -- MOD]N PR9T+1 $UCATION1 TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATIONS L$ TO ! ]OSION ( LOCAL L+UI/IC V>IATION & A PUBLIC CULTURE :I* W\LD ALL[ = ! IDEA ( ! NATION TO TAKE HOLD4 ,?IS W\LDN'T HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE 9 E>LI] P]IODS :]E ?IS 9FRA/RUCTURE = BREAK+ D[N CULTURES :I* C\LD BE SPECIFIC FROM ONE VILLAGE TO ! NEXT DIDN'T EXI/4 ,! NATIONAL LANGUAGE1 (T5 A PR]EQUISITE = FUNCTION+ NATIONALISM1 WAS A CONTEMPOR>Y 9V5TION1 REQUIR+ 9CREAS$ LIT]ACY1 CIRCULATION ( PEOPLE & ! ]OSION ( P>O*IAL1 FEUDAL SOCIAL RELATIONS1 AS WE HAVE SE54 ,CONTR>Y TO ! FANTASIES ( NATIONALI/S1 :O SEE ! %>$ LANGUAGE AS ! BASIC BOND ON :I* ! NATION-/ATE IS BAS$1 A COMMON NATIONAL LANGUAGE WAS ! CREATION ( ! DEVELOP+ MOD]N /ATE4 

,BY ! LA/ DECADES ( ! ,N9ETE5? ,C5TURY1 ! IDEA ?AT EA* 'PEOPLE' HAD A MORAL RI<T TO !IR [N NATION-/ATE WAS SOLIDLY E/ABLI%$4 ,! CONC]NS AB\T VIABILITY :I* DEF9$ E>LI] DEBATES HAD DISAPPE>$4 ,IT WAS N[ A RI<T ( 'PEOPLES'1 DEF9$ 9 :I*EV] WAY1 TO A /ATE ( !IR [N4 ,TO BE RUL$ BY ANO!R NATION OR ITS REPRES5TATIVES WAS ABHORR5T 79 !ORY AT LEA/ -- IMP]IALISM HAD ITS [N LOGIC74 ,IT WAS DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ?AT ! E?NIC & L+UI/IC DEF9ITION ( ! 'NATION' CAME TO DOM9ANCE OV] E>LI] =MS4 ,! COMPET+ IMP]IALI/ NATION-/ATES ( CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM W]E FULLY-=M$1 & MOVEM5TS ADVOCAT+ RESI/ANCE TO & SECESSION FROM !M UND]/OOD !IR ACTIVITY & ULTIMATE AIMS 9 T]MS ( CREAT+ NEW NATION-/ATES4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N NATIONALISM WAS B\ND UP ) ! FACT ?AT ! MOD]N CAPITALI/ /ATE1 ) AN EXPLOIT$ POPULATION $UCAT$ TO A HI<] LEVEL ?AN ITS FEUDAL PR$ECESSORS1 REQUIR$ MORE FROM ITS CITIZ5S ?AN ! PASSIVE PEASANTRY ( E>LI] P]IODS4 ,IT REQUIR$ A SOCIALLY UNIFY+ =CE1 & TO 9TEGRATE ! WORK+ CLASS 9TO ! /ATE REGIME -- IT NE$$ ! ACTIVE ALLEGIANCE ( ! POPULATION1 RA!R ?AN ! IMMIS]AT$ PASSIVITY ( ! PEASANTS4 ,! 9V5TION ( PATRIOTISM FILL$ ?IS NE$4 ,A CONSCI\SNESS ( & ALLEGIANCE TO ! 'FA!RL&' OR 'MO!RL&' WAS DEVELOP$ BECAME COMMONPLACE ?R\< ! ,EUROPEAN NATION-/ATES ( ! F9AL ?IRD ( ! ,N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! T]M 'PATRIOTISM' TELLS US ALL WE NE$ TO KN[4 ,! ',PATRIE'1 ! 'HOMEL&' :I* =MS ! BASIS ( ! T]M1 WAS DEF9$ PRIOR TO ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION AS SIMPLY BE+ A LOCAL >EA ( ORIG91 )\T NATIONAL IMPLICATIONS4 ,BY ! LATE ,N9ETE5? C5TURY1 IT WAS ! IMAG9$ COMMUNITY ( ! NATION1 :I* DEM&$ MASS P>TICIPATION4 ,COMB9$ ) ! NEW PSEUDOSCI5CE ( RACE1 :I* HAD BECOME SO IMPORTANT 9 REPLAC+ PAGANISM AS ! JU/IFICATION = IMP]IAL DISPOSSESSION ( V>I\S LOCAL POPULATIONS1 ! IDEOLOGY ( NATIONAL SUPREMACY WAS BORN4 

,?IS PR9CIPLE REA*$ ITS APOGEE 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> & ! P]IOD FOLL[+ IT4 ,LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY J+OISM WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO AN IDEOLOGY ( TOTAL W>1 ( ME*ANIZ$ SLAU<T] BETWE5 MILIT>IZ$ NATIONAL BLOCS4 ,EV]Y ASPECT ( LIFE WAS SUBSUM$ UND] ! 'NATIONAL 9T]E/'2 9T]NAL DISPUTES HAD TO BE SUSP5D$ = ! SAKE ( ! NATION'S SUPREMACY & -- GIV5 EV]Y COMBATANT /ATE CLAIM$ ! W> WAS A DEF5SIVE ONE -- SURVIVAL4 ,FOLL[+ ! 5D ( ?IS CAPITALI/ BLOODBA?1 ! ,EUROPEAN MAP WAS R$RAWN ON NATIONAL L9ES4 ,AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO PUT ! IDEAL ( 'EV]Y NATION A /ATE' 9TO PRACTICE1 & ! ',WILSONIAN IDEALISM'.<#g.> ( 'NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION' WAS MADE A GEOPOLITICAL REALITY4 ,! BREAKUP ( ! ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN ,EMPIRE 9TO NEW NATION-/ATES WAS AN ATTEMPT TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM ( 'OPPRESS$ NATIONS'4 ,IT DIDN'T WORK1 = REASONS :I* >E 9TEGRAL TO NATIONALISM -- !SE NEW /ATES W]E NOT HOMOG5\S1 & W]E !MSELVES W]E FULL ( NEW M9ORITIES4 

,! PR9CIPLE ( 'SELF-DET]M9ATION' ( 'PEOPLES' ONCE ACCEPT$1 HAS NO 5D1 H5CE ! RAPID DIFFUSION ( ANTAGONI/IC M9ORITY NATIONALISMS ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 ) FEW C\NTRIES UNT\*$ BY !M4 ,! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALISM IS ?AT NATIONAL COLLECTIVES ( HUMAN BE+S HAVE A RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION 9 & ?R\< '!IR' NATION1 BUT :5 IT COMES D[N TO IT1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DEF9E EXACTLY :I* GR\PS ( PEOPLE >E 'NATIONS' & :I* >5'T1 & !RE >E ALWAYS SMALL] & SMALL] GR\PS CLAIM+ ?IS MANTLE4 

,NATIONALISM1 !N1 IS SOME?+ ) A V]Y REAL HI/ORY & ORIG94 ,ITS P[] LIES 9 ! WAY IT IS PRES5T$ AS A NATURAL /ATE ( ?+S1 & ! ASSUMPTION ?AT NATIONAL DIVISIONS & NATIONAL DET]M9ATION >E A NATURAL P>T ( HUMAN LIFE1 ALWAYS HAVE BE5 & ALWAYS WILL BE4 ,AN>*I/S TAKE A V]Y DIFF]5T VIEW4 ,! SAME P]IOD ( HI/ORY :I* CREAT$ ! NATION-/ATE & CAPITALISM ALSO CREAT$ SOME?+ LEFT \T ( NATIONALI/ ACC\NTS -- ! DISPOSSESS$ CLASS ( WAGE-WORK]S :OSE 9T]E/S /& 9 OPPOSITION TO ?OSE ( ! CAPITALI/ NATION /ATE3 ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS CLASS :I* IS OBLIG$ TO FI<T 9 !IR 9T]E/S AGA9/ CAPITAL >E NOT A 'PEOPLE'1 BUT A CONDITION ( EXI/5CE )9 CAPITALISM1 & AS SU* TRANSC5D NATIONAL BORD]S4 ,?IS ANTAGONISM L$ TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( REVOLUTION>Y P]SPECTIVES *ALL5G+ ! WORLD ( CAPITALISM1 & POS+ A DIFF]5T WORLD 5TIRELY4 ,\R P]SPECTIVE1 AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1 IS ONE ( !SE4 

,:Y DO AN>*I/S OPPOSE NATIONALISM8 

,AN>*I/S 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE 7OR COMMUNI/7 TRADITION1 SU* AS ! AN>*I/ F$]ATION1 DO NOT SEE ! WORLD 9 T]MS ( COMPET+ NATIONAL PEOPLES1 BUT 9 T]MS ( CLASS4 ,WE DO NOT SEE A WORLD ( NATIONS 9 /RUGGLE1 BUT ( CLASSES 9 /RUGGLE4 ,! NATION IS A SMOKESCRE51 A FANTASY :I* HIDES ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 CLASSES :I* EXI/S )9 & ACROSS !M4 ,?\< !RE >E NO REAL NATIONS1 !RE >E REAL CLASSES ) !IR [N 9T]E/S1 & !SE CLASSES MU/ BE DIFF]5TIAT$4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 !RE IS NO S+LE 'PEOPLE' )9 ! 'NATION'1 & !RE IS NO %>$ 'NATIONAL 9T]E/' :I* UNIFIES !M4 

,AN>*I/ COMMUNI/S DO NOT SIMPLY OPPOSE NATIONALISM BECAUSE IT IS B\ND UP 9 RACISM & P>O*IAL BIGOTRY4 ,IT UND\BT$LY FO/]S !SE ?+S1 & MOBILIZ$ !M ?R\< HI/ORY4 ,ORGANIZ+ AGA9/ !M IS A KEY P>T ( AN>*I/ POLITICS4 ,BUT NATIONALISM DOES NOT REQUIRE !M TO FUNCTION4 ,NATIONALISM CAN BE LIB]AL1 COSMOPOLITAN & TOL]ANT1 DEF9+ ! 'COMMON 9T]E/' ( '! PEOPLE' 9 WAYS :I* DO NOT REQUIRE A S+LE 'RACE'4 ,EV5 ! MO/ EXTREME NATIONALI/ IDEOLOGIES1 SU* AS FASCISM1 CAN CO-EXI/ ) ! ACCEPTANCE ( A MULTIRACIAL SOCIETY1 AS WAS ! CASE ) ! ,BRAZILIAN ,9TEGRALI/ MOVEM5T.<#h.>4 ,NATIONALISM USES :AT WORKS -- IT UTILIZES :ATEV] SUP]FICIAL ATTRIBUTE IS EFFECTIVE TO B9D SOCIETY TOGE!R BEH9D IT4 ,9 SOME CASES IT UTILIZES CRUDE RACISM1 9 O!R CASES IT IS MORE SOPHI/ICAT$4 ,IT MANIPULATES :AT IS 9 PLACE TO ITS [N 5DS4 ,9 MANY WE/]N C\NTRIES1 (FICIAL MULTICULTURALISM IS A KEY P>T ( CIVIC POLICY & A CORRESPOND+ MULTICULTURAL NATIONALISM HAS DEVELOP$ ALONGSIDE IT4 ,! %>$ 'NATIONAL CULTURE' COMES TO BE (FICIAL MULTICULTURALISM ITSELF1 ALL[+ = ! 9TEGRATION ( 'CITIZ5S' 9TO ! /ATE )\T REC\RSE TO CRUDE MONOCULTURALISM4 ,IF ! NATIONALI/ RHETORIC ( ! CAPITALI/ /ATE WAS ( ! MO/ OP51 TOL]ANT & ANTI-RACI/ K9D1 AN>*I/S W\LD /ILL OPPOSE IT4 

,?IS IS BECAUSE1 AT HE>T1 NATIONALISM IS AN IDEOLOGY ( CLASS COLLABORATION4 ,IT FUNCTIONS TO CREATE AN IMAG9$ COMMUNITY ( %>$ 9T]E/S & 9 DO+ SO TO HIDE ! REAL1 MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( ! CLASSES :I* COMPRISE ! POPULATION4 ,! 'NATIONAL 9T]E/' IS A WEAPON AGA9/ ! WORK+ CLASS1 & AN ATTEMPT TO RALLY ! RUL$ BEH9D ! 9T]E/S ( !IR RUL]S4 ,! IDEOLOGICAL & SOMETIMES PHYSICAL MOBILIZATION ( ! POPULATION ON A MASS SCALE 9 ! NAME ( SOME %>$ & C5TRAL NATIONAL TRAIT HAVE M>K$ ! W>S ( ! ,TW5TIE? & ,TW5TY-,FIR/ C5TURIES -- ! BLOODBA? 9 ,IRAQ RATIONALIZ$ 9 ! NAME ( ,WE/]N DEMOCRATIC CULTURE & ! /R5G!N+ ( ! DOME/IC /ATE 9 ! NAME ( DEF5D+ ! ,BRITI% OR ,AM]ICAN TRADITIONS ( FRE$OM & DEMOCRACY AGA9/ ,ISLAMIC T]ROR >E REC5T EXAMPLES4 

,ULTIMATELY1 ! AN>*I/ OPPOSITION TO NATIONALISM FOLL[S A SIMPLE PR9CIPLE4 ,! WORK+ CLASS & ! EMPLOY+ CLASS HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON4 ,?IS IS NOT JU/ A SLOGAN1 BUT ! REALITY ( ! WORLD WE LIVE 94 ,CLASS ANTAGONISM IS AN 9H]5T P>T ( CAPITALISM1 & WILL EXI/ IRRESPECTIVE ( :E!R 9TELLECTUALS & POLITICAL GR\PS !ORIZE AB\T ITS EXI/5CE OR NONEXI/5CE4 ,CLASS IS NOT AB\T Y\R ACC5T1 Y\R CONSUMPTION HABITS1 OR :E!R Y\R COLL> IS BLUE OR :ITE4 ,! WORK+ CLASS -- :AT IS SOMETIMES CALL$ ! PROLET>IAT -- IS ! DISPOSSESS$ CLASS1 ! CLASS :O HAVE NO CAPITAL1 NO CONTROL OV] ! OV]ALL CONDITIONS ( !IR LIVES & NO?+ TO LIVE (F BUT !IR ABILITY TO WORK = A WAGE4 ,!Y MAY WELL HAVE A H\SE & A C>1 BUT !Y /ILL NE$ TO SELL !IR ABILITY TO WORK TO AN EMPLOY] 9 RETURN = ! MONEY !Y NE$ TO LIVE ON4 ,!IR 9T]E/S >E SPECIFIC1 OBJECTIVE & MAT]IAL3 TO GET MORE MONEY FROM !IR EMPLOY]S = LESS WORK1 & TO GET BETT] LIV+ & WORK+ CONDITIONS4 ,! 9T]E/S ( CAPITAL >E DIRECTLY OPPOS$3 TO GET MORE WORK \T ( US = LESS1 & TO CUT CORN]S & CO/S1 9 ORD] TO RETURN A HI<] RATE ( PR(IT & ALL[ !IR MONEY TO BECOME MORE MONEY MORE QUICKLY & EFFICI5TLY4 ,CLASS /RUGGLE IS ! COMPETITION BETWE5 !SE 9T]E/S4 ,EV5 NONPRODUCTIVE WORKPLACES >E %AP$ BY !SE RULES1 AS !Y >E ! FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,! 9T]E/S ( CAPITAL >E EXPRESS$ ?R\< ?OSE ) P[]1 :O >E LIKEWISE OBLIG$ TO MA9TA9 !SE 9T]E/S 9 ORD] TO KEEP !IR [N P[] -- [N]S ( PRIVATE CAPITAL1 ! BOSSES :O MAKE DECISIONS ON ITS BEHALF1 & ! /ATE :I* IS REQUIR$ TO 5%R9E & DEF5D PRIVATE PROP]TY & [N]%IP RI<TS4 

,! 'NATIONAL 9T]E/' IS SIMPLY ! 9T]E/ ( CAPITAL )9 ! C\NTRY 9 QUE/ION4 ,IT IS ! 9T]E/ ( ! [N]S ( SOCIETY1 :O 9 TURN CAN ONLY EXPRESS ! FUNDAM5TAL NE$S ( CAPITAL -- ACCUMULATE OR DIE4 ,AT HOME1 ITS FUNCTION IS TO DOME/ICATE ?OSE )9 A SOCIETY :O CAN POSE ANTAGONISM ) IT -- ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,?IS ANTAGONISM1 :I* IS 9H]5T TO CAPITALISM1 IS ONE :I* AN>*I/S SEE AS BE+ CAPABLE ( MOV+ BEYOND CAPITALISM4 ,WE HAVE TO /RUGGLE 9 \R 9T]E/S TO GET ! ?+S WE NE$ AS CONCESSIONS FROM CAPITAL4 ,?IS DYNAMIC TAKES PLACE REG>DLESS ( :E!R ELABORATE !ORIES >E CON/RUCT$ >\ND IT4 ,WORK]S 9 ,*9A OR ,BANGLADE% OCCUPY+ FACTORIES & RIOT+ AGA9/ ! =CES ( ! /ATE >E NOT NECESS>ILY DO+ IT BECAUSE !Y HAVE 5C\NT]$ REVOLUTION>Y !ORY1 BUT BECAUSE ! CONDITIONS ( !IR LIVES MEAN !Y HAVE TO4 ,SIMIL>LY CLASS SOLID>ITY EXI/S NOT BECAUSE PEOPLE >E *>ITABLE BUT BECAUSE SOLID>ITY IS 9 !IR 9T]E/S4 ,! CAPITALI/S HAVE ! /ATE -- ! LAW1 ! C\RTS & PRISONS4 ,WE ONLY HAVE EA* O!R4 ,ALONE WE CAN A*IEVE V]Y LITTLE1 BUT TOGE!R WE CAN CAUSE DISRUPTION TO ! EV]YDAY FUNCTION+ ( CAPITALISM1 A P[]FUL WEAPON4 ,( C\RSE1 CLASS /RUGGLES >E R>ELY PURE & UNSULLI$ ?+S1 & !Y CAN BE OV]LAID ) BIGOTRIES & FACTIONAL 9T]E/S ( V>I\S K9DS4 ,IT IS ! JOB ( REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS & AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION 9 ! WORKPLACE TO COMBAT !SE T5D5CIES1 TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & MILITANCY & TO COMPLEM5T ! PROCESS BY :I* DIVISIONS >E *ALL5G$ ?R\< JO9T /RUGGLE :I* TAKES PLACE )9 /RUGGLES ( SIGNIFICANT MAGNITUDE4 

,! RUL+ CLASS >E FULLY AW>E ( !SE ISSUES1 & >E CONSCI\S 9 ACT+ 9 !IR 9T]E/S4 ,SOLID>ITY IS ! ONLY ?+ WE CAN HOLD OV] !IR HEADS1 & = ?AT REASON ! /ATE TAKES GREAT C>E TO GET US TO ACT AGA9/ \R [N 9T]E/S4 ,NATIONALISM IS ONE ( !IR GREATE/ WEAPONS 9 ?IS REG>D1 & HAS CONSEQU5TLY S]V$ AN IMPORTANT HI/ORICAL PURPOSE4 ,IT L9ES US UP BEH9D \R 5EMIES1 & DEM&S WE IGNORE \R [N 9T]E/S AS MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ CLASS 9 DEF]5CE TO ?OSE ( ! NATION4 ,IT LEADS TO ! DOME/ICATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 LEAD+ WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE TO ID5TIFY !MSELVES 9 & ?R\< ! NATION & TO SEE SOLUTIONS TO ! PROBLEMS !Y FACE 9 T]MS ( IT4 ,?IS IS NOT T]M9AL AS WE ALREADY KN[2 CIRCUM/ANCES CAN =CE PEOPLE TO ACT 9 !IR 9T]E/S1 & ?R\< ?IS PROCESS IDEAS DEVELOP & *ANGE4 ,TO TAKE A DRAMATIC EXAMPLE FROM HI/ORY1 WORK]S ACROSS ! WORLD M>*$ (F TO W> TO BUT*] ONE ANO!R 9 #a#i#a#d1 ONLY TO TAKE UP >MS AGA9/ !IR MA/]S 9 AN 9T]NATIONAL WAVE ( /RIKES1 MUT9IES1 UPRIS+S & REVOLUTIONS FROM #aiag ONW>DS4 

,NONE!LESS1 NATIONALISM IS A POISON TO BE RESI/$ TOO? & NAIL4 ,IT IS AN IDEOLOGY ( DOME/ICATION4 

,IT IS A WEAPON AGA9/ US4 ,IT IS AN ORGANIZ$ P>O*IALISM1 DESIGN$ TO SPLIT ! WORK+ CLASS -- :I* AS A POSITION )9 ! ECONOMIC SY/EM IS 9T]NATIONAL -- ALONG NATIONAL L9ES4 

,ULTIMATELY1 EV5 IF WE LAY ASIDE \R PR9CIPL$ & !ORETICAL OPPOSITION TO NATIONALISM1 ! IDEA ( ANY K9D ( MEAN+FUL NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION 9 ! MOD]N WORLD IS IDEALISM4 ,NATIONS CANNOT SELF-DET]M9E :5 SUBJECT TO A WORLD CAPITALI/ M>KET1 & ?OSE :O FRAME !IR POLITICS 9 T]MS ( REGA9+ NATIONAL SOV]EIGNTY AGA9/ WORLD CAPITALISM1 SU* AS CONTEMPOR>Y FASCI/S & !IR FELL[ TRAVEL]S1 SEEK AN UNATTA9ABLE GOLD5 AGE BE=E MOD]N CAPITALISM4 ,! MOD]N WORLD IS AN 9TEGRAT$ ONE1 ONE :]E 9T]NATIONAL 'COOP]ATION' & CONFLICT CANNOT BE READILY SEP>AT$1 & :I* >E EXPRESS$ ?R\< 9T]NATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS & ORGANIZATIONS LIKE ! ,U,N1 ,W,T,O1 ,WORLD ,BANK1 ,E,U1 ,N,A,T,O1 & SO ON4 ,! NATIONALI/ FANTASY IS AN EMPTY ONE AS MU* AS IT IS A REACTION>Y ONE4 ,AN>*I/S RECOGNIZE AS MU* 9 !IR OPPOSITION4 ,WE WILL RETURN TO ?IS PO9T LAT]4 

,BE=E WE GO FUR!R1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO PREEMPT A COMMON & FALLACI\S 'CRITICISM'4 ,WE DO NOT /& = MONOCULTURE4 ,WE DO NOT SEEK TO SEE ! RI* DIV]SITY ( HUMAN CULTURAL EXPRESSION /&>DIZ$ 9 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,H[ C\LD WE8 ,! NATURAL MIX+ ( CULTURE /&S AGA9/ ! FANTASIES ( NATIONALI/S4 ,NATIONAL BLOCS >E NEV] IMP]VI\S TO CULTURAL 9FLU5CE1 & CULTURE SPREADS & M+LES ) TIME4 ,! IDEA ( SELF-CONTA9$ NATIONAL CULTURES1 :I* NATIONALI/S >E P>TISANS (1 IS A MY?4 ,AGA9/ ?IS WE POSE ! FREE 9T]*ANGE ( CULTURAL EXPRESSION 9 A FREE1 /ATELESS COMMUNI/ SOCIETY AS A NATURAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! /ATE & CAPITALISM4 

,! AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ OPPOSITION TO NATIONALISM MU/ BE VOCAL & CLE>4 ,WE DO NOT FUDGE 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,9T]NATIONALISM DOES NOT MEAN ! COOP]ATION ( CAPITALI/ NATIONS1 OR NATIONAL WORK+ CLASSES1 BUT .<I.>! FUNDAM5TAL CRITIQUE ( ! IDEA ( ! NATION & NATIONALITY4 

,! LEFT & ! 'NATIONAL QUE/ION' 

,! CONTEMPOR>Y SI<T ( LEFTI/ GR\PS SUPPORT+ REACTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS & /ATES IS SOME?+ FREQU5TLY CRITICIZ$ BY A NUMB] ( VOICES = A NUMB] ( REASONS4 ,! REVULSION AT ! SI<T ( SELF-PROCLAIM$ SOCIALI/S *E]LEAD+ ORGANIZATIONS LIKE ,HAMAS1 *ANT+ 0WE >E ALL ,HEZBOLLAH0 AT 'ANTI-W>' DEMON/RATIONS1 & SUPPORT+ REGIMES :I* REPRESS WORK]S' /RUGGLES1 IMPRISON & EXECUTE WORK+ CLASS ACTIVI/S1 OPPRESS WOM5 & P]SECUTE GAYS & LESBIANS IS 5TIRELY JU/IFI$4 ,BUT ! MANN] ( ?9K+ :I* ALL[S = ?IS TO HAPP5 HAS A LONG P$IGREE4 ,! WAY 9 :I* ,M>XI/ MOVEM5TS ACCOMMODAT$ TO NATIONALISM1 & 9 MANY CASES FUNCTION$ AS ! MIDWIVES ( NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS & NATION-/ATES EV]Y BIT AS OBJECTIONABLE AS !IR WE/]N C\NT]P>TS IS ! F\NDATION ( CONTEMPOR>Y 'ANTI-IMP]IALI/' NATIONALISM1 & UND]/&+ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T & NATIONALISM IS VITAL TO UND]/&+ MOD]N 'W>S ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION' & ! RESPONSE TO !M4 

,M>X HIMSELF1 AS ON SO MANY QUE/IONS1 DID NOT PROVIDE ANY ONE CLE> POSITION :I* WE CAN ACCURATELY ATTRIBUTE AS CATEGORICALLY 'HIS'4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 DESPITE COMPRIS+ A PAT5TLY NONCOMMUNI/ PROGRAM1 CONCLUD$ ) ! FAM\S CALL1 'WORK]S ( ! WORLD1 UNITE6'1 EXPRESS+ ! 9T]NATIONALI/ OPPOSITION TO ! DOME/ICATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS BY NATIONALISM4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,M>X & ,5GELS %>$ ! /&>D LIB]AL-NATIONALI/ VIEW ( ! TIME ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( NATION-BUILD+ WAS CONSOLIDATION1 NOT DIS9TEGRATION4 ,5GELS FAM\SLY REM>K$ ?AT HE DID NOT SEE ! ,CZE*S SURVIV+ AS AN 9DEP5D5T PEOPLE = ?IS REASON4 ,= SOME TIME ,M>X & ,5GELS SUPPORT$ ! 'NATIONAL LIB]ATION' ( ,POL& 7& CONSEQU5TLY A MOVEM5T = 9DEP5D5CE L$ BY >I/OCRATS7 = /RATEGIC REASONS -- /RIK+ A BL[ AGA9/ AUTOCRATIC ,RUSSIA &1 9 !IR VIEW1 DEF5D+ CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5T & !RE=E ! PRECONDITIONS = SOCIALISM 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 ,HIS ATTITUDE TO ,IREL& WAS M>K$ BY SIMIL> TACTICAL CONSID]ATIONS4 ,DISCUSS+ ! RI<TS & WRONGS ( ?IS APPROA* 9 A P]IOD ( DEVELOP$ WORLD CAPITALISM IS ACADEMIC1 & BEYOND ! REMIT ( ?IS PAMPHLET4 ,BUT IT IS CLE> ?AT 9 MANY WAYS ,M>X WAS REFLECT+ ! WIDESPREAD VIEWS ( ! E>LY TO MID #a#i? C5TURY LIB]AL NATIONALISM AS IT HAS BE5 \TL9$ ABOVE4 

,! LEFTI/ DEM& = NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION AS A RI<T WAS CURR5T AT ! SAME TIME IT BECAME SO MORE G5]ALLY & DEBATES OV] ! 'NATIONAL QUE/ION' ANIMAT$ ! SECOND 9T]NATIONAL1 ) ! CONFLICT ON ! QUE/ION BETWE5 ,L59 & ! ,POLI%-BORN ,M>XI/ ,ROSA ,LUXEMB\RG BECOM+ NOTORI\S4 ,L59'S POSITIONS W]E TYPICALLY CONTRADICTORY1 ?\< 9 ! MA9 HE >GU$ ON SIMIL> GR\NDS TO ,M>X ON ! MATT] -- NATIONAL LIB]ATION %\LD BE SUPPORT$ 9 AS F> AS IT ADVANC$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! WORK+ CLASS CAUSE & ! PRECONDITIONS = SOCIALISM4 ,NONE!LESS1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E VOCAL 9 !IR SUPPORT ( '! RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION'1 FOLL[+ ! PASS+ ( A RESOLUTION BY ! SECOND 9T]NATIONAL SUPPORT+ ! 'COMPLETE RI<T ( ALL NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION'4 

,?IS VIEW WAS OPPOS$ BY ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 ,LUXEMBURG RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ! MATT] ( 'NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE' WAS A QUE/ION ( =CE1 NOT 'RI<TS'4 ,= H]1 ! DISCUSSION ( ! 'RI<TS' ( 'SELF-DET]M9ATION' WAS UTOPIAN1 IDEALI/ & METAPHYSICAL2 ITS REF]5CE PO9T WAS ! NOT ! MAT]IAL OPPOSITION ( CLASSES BUT ! WORLD ( B\RGEOIS NATIONALI/ MY?S4 ,%E WAS P>TICUL>LY VOCAL ON ?IS PO9T :5 >GU+ AGA9/ ! ,POLI% SOCIALI/S1 :O US$ ,M>X'S E>LI] 7TACTICAL7 POSITION AS A P]MAN5T BLESS+ = !IR [N NATIONALISM4 

,NONE!LESS1 IT WAS ! ,BOL%EVIKS :O SEIZ$ P[] 9 ,RUSSIA1 LEAD+ ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION 9 ?AT C\NTRY4 ,FOLL[+ ! CIVIL W>1 !IR SUPPORT = ! 'RI<T ( NATIONS TO SELF-DET]M9ATION' L$ TO SOME CURI\S EXP]IM5TS 9 'NATION-BUILD+' :I* /OOD 9 P>ALLEL ) ! EF=TS ( ,WOODR[ ,WILSON & ! ,V]SAILLES ,TREATY 9 ,EUROPE A FEW YE>S PREVI\SLY4.<#i.> ,! CREATION ( 'NATIONAL ADM9I/RATIVE UNITS' = V>I\S NON-,RUSSIAN 'NATIONS' )9 ! NEWLY PROCLAIM$ ,U,S,S,R WAS A RESULT ( ! ASSUMPTIONS ( ,SOVIET BUREAUCRATS1 NOT DUE TO SOME WILL TO NATIONHOOD ( ! ,UZBEKS1 ,TURKM5 & ,KAZAKHS4 ,( C\RSE1 ) ! CRU%+ ( ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION BY ! /ATE-CAPITALI/ REGIME UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 :O SY/EMATICALLY DE/ROY$ OR CO-OPT$ BO? ! ORGANS ( SELF-MANAGEM5T ! WORK+ CLASS HAD DEVELOP$ = !MSELVES & ! REVOLUTION>IES :O DEF5D$ !M 7SU* AS ! AN>*I/S71 ! QUE/ION WAS R5D]$ NULL1 AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS' SOLE CONSID]ATION WAS !IR [N P[]4 ,LIKE ITS ,WE/]N RIVAL1 ! ,U,S,S,R US$ ! RHETORIC ( 'SELF-DET]M9ATION' & '9DEP5D5CE' TO EXP& ITS [N SPH]E ( DOM9ANCE4 

,/ILL1 ! PR9CIPLE ?AT NATIONS HAD AN 9H]5T RI<T TO SELF-DET]M9ATION AGA9/ 'NATIONAL OPPRESSION' HAD GA9$ A COMMONS5SICAL DOM9ANCE AMONG ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 AS IT HAD AMONG ! WID] POPULATION4 

,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,/RUGGLES 

,FOLL[+ !IR CONSOLIDATION ( P[] DUR+ ! CIVIL W>1 ,BOL%EVIK POLICY SWIFTLY TOOK ON ! NATIONALI/ *>ACT] ?AT C\LD BE EXPECT$4 ,9 #a#i#b1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS GRANT$ SUPPORT TO ! B\RGEOIS NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,TURKEY UND] ,KEMAL ,PA%A = ! BL[ ITS VICTORY W\LD /RIKE TO ,BRITI% IMP]IALISM4 ,?IS WAS ! FIR/ /AGE 9 ! USE ( SUPPORT = 'ANTI-IMP]IALI/' 'NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES' AS ,BOL%EVIK GEOPOLITICAL /RATEGY4 ,= ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ,TURKEY1 IT WAS DISA/R\S1 RESULT+ 9 ! VIGOR\S CRU%+ ( /RIKES & DEMON/RATIONS BY ! NEW ,TURKI% REPUBLIC4 ,SIMIL>LY ! ,KUOM9TANG -- ! ,*9ESE NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T -- W]E EXT5D$ ,SOVIET SUPPORT1 LEAD+ TO ! SLAU<T] ( 9SURRECTION>Y WORK]S 9 ,%AN<AI4 ,! NEW RUL+ CLASS 9 ,RUSSIA EXT5D$ !IR SUPPORT TO SU* ANTI-WORK+ CLASS =CES 9 ! NAME ( DEF5D+ ! REVOLUTION4 ,SOME ( !SE =CES W\LD PA9T !IR NATIONALI/ /ATE-CAPITALISM 9 ! COLORS ( COMMUNISM1 BUT NONE!LESS REPRES5T$ MOVEM5TS TO E/ABLI% A VIABLE NATION-/ATE ) AN EXPLOIT$ WORK+ CLASS & A COMMODITY PRODUC+ 7/ATE-7 CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 

,! 9FLU5CE ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T ON ! LEFT ?R\<\T ! WORLD WAS PR(\ND1 COMP\ND+ ! PLACE ( SUPPORT = 'NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE' AS A BASIC P>T ( ! 'COMMON S5SE' ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T4 ,?IS DID NOT JU/ APPLY TO ! V>I\S BRE$S ( /ATE-SOCIALI/S -- ! ,TROTSKYI/S1 ,MAOI/S & ,/AL9I/S1 BUT ALSO HAD ITS EFFECT ON SOME AN>*I/S4 

,= ! ,/AL9I/S1 :OSE POLITICS 9 ANY CASE HAD NATIONALISM 9 ITS BLOOD1 'NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES' W]E SE5 TO UND]M9E ,U,S MA*9ATIONS1 TO ! B5EFIT ( ! ,U,S,S,R -- :I* SUPPORT$ SU* /RUGGLES MAT]IALLY OR POLITICALLY 9 PURSUANCE ( ITS [N IMP]IALI/ OBJECTIVES4 ,= ! ,MAOI/S & ?OSE 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,CUBAN REVOLUTION1 SMA%+ WE/]N IMP]IALISM ?R\< NATIONAL LIB]ATION WAS NECESS>Y TO ALL[ ! PEASANT-WORK] MOVEM5TS ( ?OSE C\NTRIES TO RAPIDLY DEVELOP !IR ECONOMIES TO 79 !IR CLAIMS7 ! B5EFIT ( ! POPULATION4 ,= ! ,TROTSKYI/S1 V>I\S HI/ORICAL S*EMES W]E DEVELOP$ EXPLA9+ :Y IMP]IALISM WAS1 AS DESCRIB$ BY ,L591 ! HI<E/ =M ( CAPITALISM1 & :Y ! DEFEAT ( IMP]IALISM BY NATIONAL LIB]ATION =CES WAS 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! SOCIALI/ CAUSE4 

,?IS WAS JO9$ & COMP\ND$ BY ! WAVE ( ,?IRD-,WORLDISM 9 ! #a#i#fS :I* WAS 9 MANY WAYS A REFLECTION ON ! FAILURE ( ! UNRE/ ( ?AT P]IOD TO MAT]IALIZE 9TO A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 HAPP5+ AS IT DID AT ! SAME TIME AS ! DECOMPOSITION ( ,WE/]N COLONIALISM4 ,BUILD+ ON ! GR\ND LAID BY ,L59'S WRIT+S1 ! ,WE/]N WORK+ CLASS WAS SE5 AS DOM9AT$ BY A 'LABOR >I/OCRACY' BAS$ ON ! EXTRACTION ( WEAL? FROM ! VICTIMS ( IMP]IALISM1 & ! HOPE = SOCIALISM LAY ) ! 'SELF-DET]M9ATION' ( NON-,WE/]N PEOPLES4 ,! RELATIVI/IC SUPPORT ( EXOTIC MOVEM5TS = !IR OPPOSITION TO 'IMP]IALISM'1 R$UC$ D[N TO ,U,S IMP]IALISM1 CONT9UES TO ?IS DAY1 & CAN BE SE5 9 ! 5?USIASM ( ,WE/]N LEFTI/S = REACTION>Y ,ISLAMI/S4 

,?IS VIEW IS ( C\RSE FALLACI\S & REACTION>Y1 PLAC+ NATIONAL ANTAGONISM BE=E CLASS ANTAGONISM4 ,BUT 9 ! PO/W> P]IOD1 ! 9T]NATIONAL1 PO/COLONIAL LEFT HAD AN EFFECTIVE MONOPOLY OV] NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS4 ,/AL9ISM HAD LONG S9CE ACCOMMODAT$ ITSELF TO FLAG-WAV+ NATIONALISM1 9 MANY 9/ANCES BE+ 9DI/+UI%ABLE 9 ITS RHETORIC FROM FASCISM PROP]4 ,! LEFT HAD TAK5 A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! ANTI-FASCI/ RESI/ANCE MOVEM5TS 9 ,EUROPE DUR+ ! W>1 ALL[+ = !SE GR\PS TO CLAIM ! NATIONALI/ MANTLE UPON LIB]ATION & TO ACT AS ! LEAD+ REPRES5TATIVES ( ! LIB]AT$ 'WILL' ( ! NATION4 ,A /RIK+ EXAMPLE IS ! LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! ,GREEK RESI/ANCE DUR+ ! SECOND WORLD W> ( ! ,/AL9I/ & PATRIOTIC ,E,A,M-,E,L,A,S 1 :O W]E NOT ABOVE PUBLICLY DECAPITAT+ AN>*I/ MILITANTS & MURD]+ RIVALS 9 ! RESI/ANCE & WORK]S' MOVEM5TS.<#a.>4 ,9 ! PO/W> P]IOD1 ?IS CONSOLIDATION ( LEFTISM ) PATRIOTISM DET]M9$ ! LEFT *>ACT] ( V>I\S COLONIAL NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5TS1 MAK+ NATIONALISM A KEY COMPON5T ( ! LEFT 9T]NATIONALLY1 & ! LEFT ! MIDWIFE ( NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS >\ND ! WORLD4 

,UN=TUNATELY1 AN>*I/S >E NOT IMP]VI\S TO SU* VIEWS4 ,MANY AN>*I/S HAVE MANAG$ TO DEF5D /RUGGLES = 'NATIONAL LIB]ATION' -- ?AT IS1 /RUGGLES = ONE =M ( ! /ATE AGA9/ ANO!R -- 9 T]MS ( ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ OPPRESSION1 ! BASIC CURR5CY ( AN>*I/ POLITICS4 ,BY !IR REASON+1 AS AN>*I/S OPPOSE ! V>I\S OPPRESSIONS ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD2 ! EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! OPPRESSION ( WOM5 & SEXUAL & E?NIC M9ORITIES1 WE MU/ ALSO OPPOSE ! OPPRESSION ( ONE NATION BY ANO!R4 ,!RE IS SOME BASIS = ?IS 9 ! CLASSICAL AN>*I/ TRADITION1 SU* AS 9 ,BAKUN9'S NOTORI\S /ATEM5T3 0EV]Y NATIONALITY1 GREAT OR SMALL1 HAS ! 9CONTE/ABLE RI<T TO BE ITSELF1 TO LIVE ACCORD+ TO ITS [N NATURE4 ,?IS RI<T IS SIMPLY ! COROLL>Y ( ! G5]AL PR9CIPAL ( FRE$OM04 ,MORE REC5TLY1 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 CLAIM$ 9 ,SOCIETY & ,NATURE ?AT 0NO LEFT LIB]T>IAN 444 CAN OPPOSE ! RI<T ( A SUBJUGAT$ PEOPLE TO E/ABLI% ITSELF AS AN AUTONOM\S 5TITY -- BE IT 9 A CONF$]ATION 444 OR AS A NATION-/ATE BAS$ 9 HI]>*ICAL & CLASS 9EQUITIES40 

,SIMIL>LY1 LEFTI/S (T5 CONFLATE OPPOSITION TO IMP]IALI/ W> ) SUPPORT = NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 OR AT LEA/ MUDDY ! WAT]S ( CONV]SATION 5\< TO MAKE ! CONFUSION 9EVITABLE4 ,?IS IS TO TURN ! JU/IFI$ HORROR FELT AGA9/ SU* W>S ON ITS HEAD1 & TO MOVE FROM A POSITION AGA9/ W> TO A POSITION = W> -- AS WAG$ BY ! UND]DOG SIDE4 ,HI/ORY IS REPLETE ) EXAMPLES1 FROM SOME ANTI-,VIETNAM W> PROTE/]S *ANT+ ! NAME ( ,NOR? ,VIETNAMESE LEAD] ,HO ,*I ,M9H TO SOME LEFTI/S PROCLAIM+ 'WE >E ALL ,HEZBOLLAH N[' DUR+ ! PROTE/S AGA9/ ! BOMB+ ( ,LEBANON BY ! ,ISRAELI /ATE4 

,?IS SUPPORT ( ! UND]DOG /ATE OR /ATE 9 WAIT+ MU/ BE OPPOS$4 ,!RE IS NO ESS5CE ( NATIONAL RESI/ANCE1 NO ESS5TIAL OPPRESS$ NATIONAL SPIRIT :I* IS BE+ *ANNEL$ BY ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION =CES4 ,!Y >E REAL ORGANIZ$ =CES ) !IR [N AIMS & GOALS -- TO SET UP A P>TICUL> =M ( EXPLOIT+ /ATE1 ) P>TICUL> FACTIONS 9 CONTROL ( IT4 ,! NATION IS NOT SOME?+ PRIMORDIAL TO BE REPRESS$1 BUT A N>RATIVE CON/RUCT$ BY ! CAPITALI/ /ATE 9 ! C\RSE ( ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,?\< ! IMP]IAL /RUCTURE COMES TO BE P>T ( ! APP>ATUS ( EXPLOITATION OV] ! WORK+ CLASS 9 ! T]RITORY AFFECT$1 ! RE>RANGEM5T ( ?IS EXPLOIT+ APP>ATUS 9 FAVOR ( A 'NATIVE' /ATE IS A REACTION>Y GOAL4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 ! LOGIC ( NATIONALISM IS AN 9H]5TLY REACTION>Y ONE1 9 ?AT IT FUNCTIONS TO B9DS TOGE!R CLASSES 9TO ONE NATIONAL COLLECTIVITY4 ,MOREOV]1 SIMPLY 9 PRACTICAL T]MS1 ! PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALISM HAS NO 5D2 ! NEW1 '9DEP5D5T' /ATES ALWAYS CONTA9 M9ORITIES :OSE [N 'NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION' IS D5I$4 ,SECONDLY1 ! =MS ( EXPLOITATION SET UP BY 'NATIVE' RUL]S AFT] /RUGGLES ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION >E 9 CONCRETE T]MS 9 NO WAY PREF]ABLE TO ! ME?ODS ( ! '=EIGN]S'4 ,WORK]S 9 ,NOR? ,KOREA >E OPPRESS$ BY A NATIVE 'COMMUNI/' /ATE COMP>ABLE 9 BRUTALITY TO ! ,EUROPEAN FASCI/ DICTATOR%IPS ( ! #b? C5TURY1 WORK]S 9 ,VIETNAM >E EXPLOIT$ BY AN CAPITALI/ EXPORT-L$ ECONOMY1 WORK]S 9 ,ZIMBABWE1 FREE ( ,BRITI% IMP]IALISM1 >E N[ PREY$ ON BY A GANG/]I% 'NATIVE' REGIME4 ,MANY MORE EXAMPLES >E NOT DIFFICULT TO F9D4 ,ALL !SE C\NTRIES EXP]I5CE CLASS /RUGGLE ( A GREAT] OR LESS] 9T5SITY4 ,CLASS /RUGGLE IS P>T ( ! FABRIC ( CAPITALISM1 9CLUD+ DESPOTIC /ATE-CAPITALISM ( ! ,BOL%EVIK MODEL1 & ?IS WILL BE ! CASE IRRESPECTIVE ( :E!R ! RUL+ CLASS FAC$ AT ANY P>TICUL> TIME >E DRAWN FROM 'NATIVE' RANKS OR NOT4 

,MOREOV]1 !SE 'LIB]AT$' /ATES1 ONCE FRE$ FROM ! NATIONAL OPPRESSION ( ,WE/]N COLONIALISM1 HAVE PROV5 TO BE FULLY CAPABLE ( LAUN*+ BRUTAL W>S ( !IR [N4 ,! CASE ( ,VIETNAM IS 9/RUCTIVE4 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] RE-UNIFICATION 9 #a#i#g#f1 :I* CAME FOLL[+ ! )DRAWAL ( ,U,S TROOPS 9 #a#i#g#c1 ,VIETNAM WAS EMBROIL$ 9 A S]IES ( W>S ACROSS ! ,9DO*9ESE SUBCONT95T4 ,?IS />T$ ) A BRUTAL T]RITORIAL W> ) ! ,KHM] ,R\GE1 :O HAD COME TO P[] FOLL[+ ! SAVAGE ,U,S BOMB+ ( ,CAMBODIA1 RESULT+ 9 ! OCCUPATION ( ?AT C\NTRY BY ,VIETNAMESE TROOPS4 ,?IS L$ TO ,VIETNAM'S DOM9ATION ( ! REGION1 SUPPORT$ BY ,SOVIET IMP]IALISM4 ,LAOS WAS EFFECTIVELY A CLI5T /ATE ( ,VIETNAM1 :I* MA9TA9$ MILIT>Y BASES 9 ! C\NTRY & =C$ ! ,LAO GOV]NM5T TO CUT ITS TIES ) ,*9A4 ,9 #a#i#g#i1 AS A CONSEQU5CE ( ,VIETNAM'S W> ) ITS ,CAMBODIAN CLI5T1 & V>I\S BORD] 9CID5TS & CONFLICT+ T]RITORIAL CLAIMS1 ,*9A 9VAD$ ! C\NTRY1 LEAD+ TO T5S ( ?\S&S ( DEA?S & ! DEVA/ATION ( ,NOR!RN ,VIETNAM4 

,! 'LIB]ATION' ( NATIONS FROM ! YOKE ( IMP]IALISM HAS L$ TO FUR!R CYCLES ( W> 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD1 ) MANY #b? C5TURY NATIONAL MOVEM5TS BE+ DIRECT$ AGA9/ NEW1 PO/-COLONIAL /ATES RA!R ?AN ,WE/]N P[]S4 ,SRI ,LANKA IS AN EXAMPLE ( ! L+]+ SC>S ( ,WE/]N IMP]IALISM CONJO9+ ) ! P[] PLAYS ( COMMUNALI/ RUL+ CLASSES1 LEAD+ TO A D[NW>D SPIRAL ( W> & E?NIC-NATIONALI/ VIOL5CE AS COMPET+ NATIONAL MOVEM5TS ?R[ '!IR' WORK+ CLASSES 9TO CONFLICT ) ONE ANO!R4 

,! ,BRITI% IMP]IAL ADM9I/RATION 9 ,SRI ,LANKA 9/ITUT$ A SY/EM ( COMMUNALI/ REPRES5TATION ON ! ,ISL&'S LEGISLATIVE C\NCIL FROM ! MID-#a#i? C5TURY1 E/ABLI%+ ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! M9ORITY ,TAMILS & MAJORITY ,S9HALESE :I* CONT9UES TO ?IS DAY4 ,AFT] ! 9TRODUCTION ( UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 & EV5TUALLY ! GRANT+ ( 9DEP5D5CE AFT] ,W,W#b1 ! ACCESS ( ,TAMILS -- :O BE=E ?IS PO9T HAD BE5 OV]-REPRES5T$ 9 GOV]NM5T -- TO PRIVILEG$ POSITIONS WAS SQUEEZ$1 DEEP5+ SEP>ATI/ S5TIM5T ALONGSIDE 9CREAS+ DISCRIM9ATION AGA9/ ! ,TAMIL M9ORITY4 ,! COLONIZATION ( ,TAMIL-SPEAK+ >EAS BY ! ,S9HALA GOV]NM5T1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ,S9HALESE AS ! (FICIAL LANGUAGE1 & ! BANN+ ( ,TAMIL BOOKS1 NEWSPAP]S & MAGAZ9ES IMPORT$ FROM ,9DIAN ,TAMIL REGIONS ALL LAY ! F\NDATIONS = ! RISE ( ,TAMIL MILITANT GR\PS & ! ,SRI ,LANKAN CIVIL W>4 

,! GR[? 9 SIZE ( MILITANT GR\PS SU* AS ! NOTORI\S ,LIB]ATION ,TIG]S ( ,TAMIL ,EELAM 7,L,T,T,E7 WAS FUEL$ BY ! REAL GRIEVANCES FAC$ BY ,TAMILS1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! ,BLACK ,JULY POGROMS 9 #aihc 9 :I* HUNDR$S ( ,TAMILS W]E MASSACR$4 ,H[EV]1 ! IDEA ?AT ! ,L,T,T,E IS ! GU>DIAN ( ,TAMIL NATIONAL SELF-DEF5SE FADES :5 IT IS REMEMB]$ ?AT AMONG !IR E>LIE/ T>GETS W]E RIVAL ,TAMIL NATIONALI/ & ,COMMUNI/ GR\PS1 SU* AS ,TAMIL ,EELAM ,LIB]ATION ,ORGANIZATION1 :I* WAS EFFECTIVELY WIP$ \T BY ! ,L,T,T,E 9 #a#i#h#f4 ,AFT] ! ,L,T,T,E BECAME ! DE FACTO GOV]NM5T 9 A NUMB] ( ,TAMIL >EAS1 IT TURN$ ON ! NEW M9ORITIES -- ,SRI ,LANKAN ,MUSLIMS1 :O W]E E?NICALLY CLEANS$ FROM ! REGION ?R\< EVICTIONS1 9TIMIDATIONS & EV5TUALLY MASSACRES1 9CLUD+ ! MA*9E-GUNN+ ( M51 WOM5 & *ILDR5 :O HAD BE5 LOCK$ 9SIDE A MOSQUE4 ,SIGNIFICANT NUMB]S ( ,S9HALESE WORK]S :O REMA9$ 9 ,L,T,T,E-CONTROLL$ >EAS SUFF]$ SIMIL> FATES4 ,NATIONALISM1 EV5 ?AT ( 'OPPRESS$ NATIONS' (F]S NO?+ BUT FUR!R R\NDS ( VIOL5CE & CONFLICT1 ! DIVISION ( ! WORK+ CLASS ON NATIONAL L9ES1 & !IR SACRIFICE TO ! 'NATIONAL 9T]E/'1 :E!R ?AT ( ! EXI/+ /ATE OR ?OSE ( /ATES 9 WAIT+4 

,! ABS5CE ( ,WE/]N IMP]IALISM DOES NOT BR+ PEACE1 & NATIONAL LIB]ATION DOES NOT LEAD TO SELF-DET]M9ATION1 AN IMPOSSIBILITY 9 ! CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,?IS IS DUE TO ! V]Y NATURE ( ! NATION-/ATE1 :I* IS IMP]IALI/ BY NATURE4 

,ALL NATION-/ATES >E IMP]IALI/ 

',IMP]IALISM' HAS A LONG HI/ORY1 ) ITS =MS & V>IETIES /RET*+ BACK AS F> AS ! =MS & V>IETIES ( ! /ATE & CLASS SOCIETY4 ,AS ! WORD DESCRIBES MANY DIFF]5T PROJECTS BY MANY DIFF]5T /ATES 9 V>I\S P]IODS1 WE HAVE TO CL>IFY :AT IT MEANS 9 ! CONTEXT ( ADVANC$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE WAS DIFF]5T TO ! ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE2 CONTEMPOR>Y IMP]IALISM IS DIFF]5T /ILL4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN IMP]IALISM ISN'T SOME?+ WE CAN ID5TIFY4 ,/ILL1 WE HAVE TO DEF9E MORE PRECISELY ! PH5OM5ON WE >E DESCRIB+4 

,! P[] ( ! CLASSICAL EMPIRES ( ! ANCI5T WORLD /EMM$ FROM ! CONQUE/ ( L& & ! MOBILIZATION ( ITS RES\RCES4 ,! CONT9UITY BETWE5 /ATE CONTROL ( L& & ,IMP]IAL P[] MADE !IR IMP]IALISM ! >*ETYPE2 ITS MO/ BASIC & TRANSP>5T =M4 

,! '=EIGN POLICY' ( CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALI/ NATION /ATES SEEMS A WORLD AWAY4 ,BUT 9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 IMP]IALISM IS AS EMB$D$ 9 ! WORK+ ( /ATES AS AT ANY TIME 9 HI/ORY4 ,! FUNCTION+ & NATURE ( IMP]IALISM *ANG$ ALONG ) ! ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION ( ! SOCIETY IT WAS P>T (4 ,AS ! =M ( ! /ATE 9 AN AGR>IAN SLAVE SOCIETY IS DIFF]5T TO ?AT ( A DEVELOP$ CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 SO TOO IS ! IMP]IALISM ( ?AT /ATE4 ,BUT DESPITE ! MULTITUDE ( *ANGES ! WORLD HAS S9CE UND]GONE1 ! /ATE REMA9S ! ACTOR ( CONTEMPOR>Y IMP]IALISM4 ,?IS MAY SEEM A /RANGE COMM5T 9 A WORLD :]E ! LEAD+ P[]S >E LIB]AL DEMOCRACIES :I* S5D 9NUM]ABLE FUNCTION>IES TO 9NUM]ABLE MEET+S1 SUMMITS1 =UMS & 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,NONE!LESS1 IMP]IALISM IS ABSOLUTELY VITAL TO ! FUNCTION+ ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES1 & ITS SUCCESS IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! SUCCESS ( LEAD+ P[]S4 

,! PRESSURES ( CAPITALISM TRANS=M$ ! IMP]IALISM :I* PREC$$ & NURTUR$ IT4 ,! WAVE ( SPECULATIVE 9VE/M5TS :I* FLOOD$ \T ( ,EUROPE FROM ! #a#h#eS AS CAPITAL S\<T PR(ITABLE 9VE/M5T L$ TO AN 9T5SIFICATION ( IMP]IALI/ ACTIVITY1 ) /ATES IMPELL$ TO PROTECT & REGULATE ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITAL )9 !IR NATIONAL B\NDS4 ,?IS W\LD 9T5SIFY AFT] ! #a#h#gS4 ,! DIRECT ,BRITI% GOV]NM5T ( ,9DIA AFT] ! MUT9Y PUT ITS 9T]E/S 9 JEOP>DY IS ONE E>LY EXAMPLE 7PREVI\SLY IT HAD BE5 RUL$ BY A ,BRITI% COMPANY71 & ! 'SCRAMBLE = ,AFRICA' FROM ! #a#h#hS TO ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> REPRES5T$ ! DEF9ITIVE TRANS=MATION ( ! '9=MAL ,IMP]IALISM' ( E>LI] DECADES TO A SY/EM ( DIRECT RULE 9 :I* ,IMP]IALI/ P[]S C>V$ UP ! WORLD BETWE5 !M4 

,AS WE KN[1 ?IS SY/EM BROKE AP>T FOLL[+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> & DUR+ ! P]IOD ( DECOLONIZATION ?R\< ! SECOND HALF ( ! ,TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,H[EV]1 ! ESS5TIAL DYNAMIC BY :I* /ATES ACT TO ! B5EFIT ( CAPITAL )9 ! C\NTRY 9 QUE/ION BY ! MANIPULATION ( GEOPOLITICAL 9EQUALITIES REMA9S AS AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( ! MAKEUP ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD4 

,! /ATE MU/ ACT TO FUR!R ! 9T]E/S ( ! CAPITAL -- :AT IS (T5 CALL$ ! 'BUS9ESS 9T]E/S' -- ( ! C\NTRY OV] :I* IT HAS JURISDICTION4 ,)9 ! C\NTRY 9 QUE/ION IT NURTURES CAPITALISM1 IT 5%R9ES ! PROP]TY LAWS IT REQUIRES 9 ORD] TO EXI/1 IT OP5S SPACES ( ACCUMULATION = CAPITAL1 IT RESCUES CAPITAL FROM ITS [N DE/RUCTIVE T5D5CIES 7SOMETIMES AGA9/ ! PROTE/S ( P>TICUL> CAPITALI/S7 & MANAGES CLASS /RUGGLE ?R\< ! COMB9ATION ( CO]CION & CO-OPTION3 IT CAN & DOES SMA% /RIKES1 BUT IT ALSO GRANTS UNIONS A ROLE 9 MANAG+ ! WORK=CE & ?US CREATES A PRESSURE-VALVE = CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,! /ATE IS ! 'COLLECTIVE CAPITALI/'2 IT IS ! GU>ANTOR & UND]WRIT] ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,?IS FUNCTION ALSO EXT5DS TO '=EIGN POLICY'4 ,! /ATE NEGOTIATES ACCESS = DOME/IC COMPANIES TO RES\RCES1 9VE/M5T1 TRAD+ & EXPANSION ABROAD4 ,! SUCCESS ( ?IS PROCESS BR+S PR(ITS FL[+ BACK 9TO ! C\NTRY 9 QUE/ION & BY 5RI*+ ITS BUS9ESS & ! 'NATIONAL ECONOMY'1 ! /ATE SECURES ! MAT]IAL BASIS ( ITS [N P[]3 IT 9CREASES ITS [N RES\RCES1 WEAL? & ABILITY TO PROJECT ITSELF4 ,IT IS !RE=E NOT SIMPLY A PUPPET ( 'CORPORATE 9T]E/S'1 BUT IS AN 9T]E/$ P>TY 9 ITS [N RI<T4 

,AT ! SAME TIME ! /ATE MU/ SEEK TO AVOID ITS [N DOM9ATION1 IT MU/ M>%AL ITS RES\RCES -- MILIT>Y1 DIPLOMATIC1 CULTURAL & ECONOMIC -- TO MA9TA9 ITS [N 9T]NATIONAL POSITION4 ,!RE IS CON/ANT /RUGGLE -- :E!R AT ! R\NDTABLE ) '9T]NATIONAL P>TN]S' DISCUSS+ TRADE POLICY OR AT >MS 9 9T]NATIONAL 'HOTSPOTS' & 'FLA%PO9TS' -- TO 5SURE ?AT ! 'NATIONAL 9T]E/' IS ADVANC$ ABROAD & DEF5D$ AT HOME4 ,!SE 9T]E/S >E FUR!R$ BY MA9TA9+1 DEF5D+ & MANIPULAT+ 9EQUALITIES :I* EXI/ )9 CAPITALISM ACROSS GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !SE ASYMMETRIES >E TODAY (T5 EXPRESS$ ?R\< PH5OM5A SU* AS REGIONAL MONOPOLIES1 UNEQUAL EX*ANGE1 RE/RICT$ CAPITAL FL[S1 & ! MANIPULATION ( MONOPOLY R5TS4 ,IMP]IALISM IS AB\T ! MOBILIZATION ( !SE DIFF]5CES TO ! B5EFIT ( ! ECONOMY ( ! /ATE 9 QUE/ION -- MEAN+ ! CAPITAL )9 IT4 ,?IS IS ! NORMAL FUNCTION+ ( ! WORLD ECONOMY1 & IS VISIBLE = EXAMPLE 9 ,U,S MOBILIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND & ,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION TO ! B5EFIT ( ,U,S F9ANCIAL 9DU/RIES OR 9 ,*9ESE MANEUV]S 9 SUB-,SAH>AN ,AFRICA4 ,/ATES MU/ P>TICIPATE 9 ?IS SY/EM ( CON/ANTLY %IFT+ BALANCES ( P[] IRRESPECTIVE ( 9T5TIONS1 AS ?OSE UNABLE TO W>D (F OR MANAGE !SE PRESSURES WILL BE TOTALLY DOM9AT$ BY !M4 

,W> COMES TO HAVE AN OBVI\S FUNCTION4 ,IMP]IALI/ 9T]V5TIONS CAN OCCASIONALLY BE MOTIVAT$ BY SPECIFIC QUANTITATIVE GA9S1 SU* AS ! EXPLOITATION ( A SPECIFIC RES\RCE4 ,MORE (T51 H[EV]1 ! QUE/ION IS ONE ( GEOPOLITICAL /RATEGY & \TFLANK+ O!R P[] BLOCS 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 REGIONAL OR 9T]NATIONAL P[]4 ,RES\RCES >E USUALLY SE5 9 /RATEGIC T]MS1 NOT 9 T]MS ( SIMPLE EXPLOITATION4 ,IF EXPLOITATION ( ,IRAQI OIL HAD BE5 ! ,U,S' SOLE AIM 9 ! ,P]SIAN ,GULF1 IT W\LD HAVE BE5 F> *EAP] & EASI] TO LEAVE ,SADDAM 9 P[] & NEGOTIATE ACCESS4 ,! QUE/ION WAS ONE ( MILIT>ILY CONTROLL+ ?IS /RATEGIC RES\RCE1 H5CE ! 9VASION ( ,IRAQ4 ,CONTROL ( ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N OIL1 :I* HAS A CONT9U$ %ELF-LIFE BEYOND ?AT ( RIVAL RES]VES1 W\LD GRANT ! ,U,S EFFECTIVE CONTROL OV] ! WORLD ECONOMY1 & SPECIFICALLY ! ECONOMIES ( ,*9A1 ,RUSSIA1 ,JAPAN & ,EUROPE1 ) !IR RIVAL F9ANCIAL & MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RIES4 

,SIMIL>LY1 ! OCCUPATION ( ,AF<ANI/AN HAD LITTLE TO DO ) EXPLOIT+ P>TICUL> RES\RCES1 & EV]Y?+ TO DO ) CONTROLL+ A /RATEGIC PO9T 9 ! ,CAUCASUS & PROJECT+ 9TO ! SPH]ES ( 9FLU5CE ( ,RUSSIA & ,*9A4 ,AF<ANI/AN WAS OCCUPI$ BY ! ,BRITI% & ,RUSSIANS = SIMIL> /RATEGIC REASONS4 ,! W> 9 ,VIETNAM RAN ! RISK ( DAMAG+ %ORT -- T]M CAPITAL ACCUMULATION1 BUT NONE!LESS =M$ P>T ( A GR&] IMP]IAL /RATEGY :I* /OOD TO B5EFIT ! 9T]E/S ( ,U,S CAPITAL BY SECUR+ ! LEAD+ GLOBAL ROLE ( ! ,U,S & MAK+ ! 'FREE WORLD' SAFE = 9VE/M5T & EXPLOITATION4 

,H[EV]1 :5 FAC$ ) !SE PRACTICES1 LEFTI/S (T5 DRAW QUE/IONABLE CONCLUSIONS4 ,FOLL[+ ! LOGIC ( SUPPORT = NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES1 & ! NE$ TO DISCOV] A PROXY TO SUPPORT1 LEFTI/S WILL (T5 *E]-LEAD ! REGIMES ( /ATES :I* >E SUBJECT TO ! MA*9ATIONS ( ,WE/]N ,IMP]IALISM4 ,H[EV]1 'NATIONAL OPPRESSION' HAS NO?+ TO DO ) CLASS /RUGGLE1 & ! SUPPORT = REGIMES :I* >E ACTIVE 9 ! SUPPRESSION ( '!IR' WORK]S & ! P]SECUTION ( M9ORITIES 9 ! PURSUIT ( 'ANTI-IMP]IALI/' POLITICS IS COMPLETELY REACTION>Y4 ,IT ALSO FAILS TO UND]/& IMP]IALISM1 :I* IS A CONSEQU5CE ( A WORLD CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,/ATES & NATIONAL CAPITALS :I* HAVE AN UNEV5 RELATION%IP ) L>G] P[]S WILL ALSO HAVE DIFF]5T ASYMMETRIC RELATIONS ) O!R P[]S4 ,! 'VICTIMS' ( ,WE/]N ,IMP]IALISM HAVE !IR [N AG5DAS1 & IMP]IALI/ POLICIES ( !IR [N4 ,IRAN & ,V5EZUELA1 = 9/ANCE1 C]TA9LY DO2 ,V5EZUELA 9 ADVANC+ ITS 9T]E/ BY EXP&+ ITS SPH]E ( 9FLU5CE >\ND ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 & ,IRAN 9 DO+ ! SAME 9 ,IRAQ1 ,LEBANON1 ,AFRICA & ELSE:]E4 

,IMP]IALISM DOES NOT SIMPLY EMANATE FROM A H&FUL ( BIG P[]S1 OPPRESS+ SMALL] C\NTRIES & EXT5D+ !IR REA* ACROSS ! WORLD4 ,UND\BT$LY !RE >E IMP]IALI/ POLICIES ?AT >E MU* MORE SUCCESSFUL ?AN O!RS4 ,BUT ! NATION-/ATE HAS IMP]IALISM 9 ITS V]Y BLOOD4 ,EV5 IF A /ATE WI%$ TO /AY 'CIVILIZ$' & AVOID ! DYNAMICS ( IMP]IALI/ COMPETITION & CONFLICT1 IT W\LD BE =C$ TO DEF5D ITSELF AGA9/ ATTEMPTS TO PREY ON ?IS WEAKNESS BY O!R P[]S1 US+ ME?ODS ( GREAT] OR LESS] DIRECTNESS4 ,AS A RESULT1 /ATES ) LESS CAPACITY TO PROJECT !MSELVES ALIGN ) ?OSE ) MORE1 US+ A LOGIC ?AT A *ILD C\LD UND]/&4 

,AFT] NATIONALISM 

,A COMMON QUE/ION REMA9S H[EV]4 ,IF AN>*I/S DO NOT L9E UP ALONGSIDE ! LEFT 9 SUPPORT+ NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLES1 & 9 DEM&+ NATIONAL SELF-DET]M9ATION1 :AT IS IT ?AT WE SUPPORT8 ,:AT IS \R ALT]NATIVE8 

,ON ONE LEVEL1 ! QUE/ION ITSELF %\LD BE REJECT$4 ,!RE >E MANY ?+S WE DO NOT SUPPORT ON PR9CIPLE1 & >E NEV] REQUIR$ TO (F] AN ALT]NATIVE TO4 ,REFUS+ TO SUPPORT SOME?+ ACTIVELY REACTION>Y 9 ITS AIMS IS PREF]ABLE TO 'DO+ SOME?+' :I* /&S AGA9/ \R FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLES4 ,NATIONALISM CAN (F] NO?+ EXCEPT FUR!R R\NDS ( CONFLICT1 :I* LOOK SET TO 9CREASE 9 NUMB] & SEV]ITY AS NATIONAL COMPETITION OV] ! WORLD'S DW9DL+ 5]GY RES\RCES 9CREASES4 ,:5 CONFLICT IS FRAM$ 9 NATIONAL T]MS -- UND]/OOD AS ! CONFLICT BETWE5 AN OPPRESS$ & AN OPPRESSOR NATION -- ! WORK+ CLASS NECESS>ILY LOSES \T4 

,9T]NATIONALI/S >E FAMILI> ) ! HY/]ICAL RESPONSE ) :I* 9T]V5TIONS CAN BE MET4 ,TO MANY1 ',RESI/ANCE' TO ,IMP]IALI/ W>MONG]+ IS BEYOND QUE/ION & CRITICISM -- ANTAGONI/S TO SPECIFIC IMP]IALI/ PROJECTS CEASE TO HAVE AG5CY1 AIMS OR OBJECTIVES AS ! CAPITALI/ FACTION !Y >E2 !Y >E SIMPLY '! RESI/ANCE' & AS SU* >E BEYOND CRITICISM4 ,LEFTI/ SUPPORT = ! ',PALE/9IAN RESI/ANCE'1 = 9/ANCE1 FOLL[S SU* A LOGIC -- IT EXT5DS EV5 TO GR\PS SU* AS ,HAMAS1 :I* REPRESS WORK]S' /RUGGLES1 BREAK UP PICKETS AT GUN PO9T1 OPPRESS WOM5 & BRUTALIZE & KILL GAYS & LESBIANS4 ,BUT ALL ?IS IS =GOTT5 ONCE ,HAMAS >E SUBSUM$ 9TO '! RESI/ANCE'1 & TO CRITICIZE '! RESI/ANCE' IS BEYOND ! PALE4 ,TO BR+ A CLASS P]SPECTIVE TO ! ISSUE1 TO PUBLICIZE ! FACT ?AT ! =CES ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION ACT EXACTLY LIKE ! CAPITALI/ =CES !Y >E & DEF5D ! 9T]E/S ( CAPITALISM1 ! /ATE OR ! /ATE 9 WAIT+ AGA9/ ANY 9DEP5D5T WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLES1 OR EV5 ! ?REAT ( !M1 IS TANTAM\NT TO SID+ ) IMP]IALISM4 ,REFUS+ TO SIDE ) ONE FACTION BY ?IS LOGIC IS EFFECTIVELY ! SAME AS SID+ ) ! O!R4 

,! PROBLEM IS ?AT ! T5D5CY TO SEE ! WORLD 9 NATIONAL RA!R ?AN CLASS T]MS IS DEEPLY +RA9$ 9 ! PSY*OLOGY ( ! LEFT1 AS MU* AS IT IS 9 WID] SOCIETY4 ,?\< LEFTI/S MAY BE CAPABLE ( CRITICIZ+ NATIONALISM 9 !IR [N BACK Y>D1 !Y >E 9CAPABLE ( DO+ IT :5 FAC$ ) EXOTIC =EIGN MOVEM5TS4 

,?IS REFLECTS ! P[]LESSNESS ( ! LEFT4 ,:5 FAC$ ) BRUTAL W> & ! SLAU<T] ( POPULATIONS 9 DI/ANT P>TS ( ! WORLD1 A PROXY IS S\<T 9 RESPONSE TO !IR [N LACK ( AG5CY4 ,SUPPORT+ ! UND]DOG SIDE -- ! 'RESI/ANCE' -- =MS A SUB/ITUTE4 

,H[EV]1 :5 FAC$ ) W>S 9 O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD1 WE MU/ FACE ! REALITY ?AT !RE IS LITTLE WE CAN DO TO /OP ?IS OR ?AT P>TICUL> W>4 ,BOYCOTTS ( ! GOODS ( ONE ( ! ANTAGONI/ NATIONS 7= EXAMPLE 9 ! REPEAT$ CALLS = ! BOYCOTT+ ( ,ISRAELI GOODS7 HAVE LITTLE EFFECT1 DESPITE ! POSITIVE FEEL+S ?AT 'DO+ SOME?+' MI<T 5TAIL4 ,CLASS /RUGGLE1 9 ! >5A ( W> & 9 ! ANTAGONI/ NATIONS IS ! ONLY /RATEGY WE CAN SUPPORT IF WE SEEK A WORLD )\T W>S -- ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION OR O!RWISE4 

,/RUGGL+ FROM A CLASS POSITION -- ADVANC+ ! MAT]IAL 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ CLASS1 RA!R ?AN FI<T+ ON ! T]RA9 ( NATIONALISM1 IS :AT /&S TO BREAK FREE ( ! B9DS ( NATIONALISM4 ,ALL NATIONAL =CES %>E AN 9T]E/ 9 PREV5T+ 9DEP5D5T WORK]S MOVEM5TS1 & 'NATIONAL LIB]ATION' =CES %>E A HI/ORY ( SUPPRESS+ 9DEP5D5T WORK]S ACTION -- ! ,I,R,A = EXAMPLE ACT$ TO MA9TA9 CROSS-CLASS UNITY BEH9D ,IRI% REPUBLICANISM BY BREAK+ /RIKES DUR+ ! CLASS /RUGGLES ( ! #a#i#bS4 ,MORE REC5TLY ,HAMAS HAS BROK5 UP /RIKES BY TEA*]S & GOV]NM5T EMPLOYES4 ,NATIONALISM IS TO BE OPPOS$ BECAUSE IT B9DS WORK]S TOGE!R BEH9D IT2 CLASS /RUGGLES >E SUPPORT$ BECAUSE !Y POSE ! POSSIBILITY ( SEV]+ ?IS B9D1 & ! RISK ( ?IS SEV]ANCE /RIKES T]ROR 9TO NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS4 

,! PR9CIPLE ( TAK+ A CLASS L9E1 RA!R ?AN A NATIONAL L9E1 MU/ ALSO 9=M \R POLITICS 9 ! C\NTRIES WE RESIDE 94 ,NATIONALISM IS A P[]FUL =CE1 & IT HOLDS A /RONG 9FLU5CE OV] ! WORK+ CLASS >\ND ! WORLD4 ,9 ,BRITA91 :]E ID5TITY & COMMUNALISM >E CON/ANTLY M>KET$ & MOBILIZ$ 9 (FICIAL DISC\RSE1 ! NE$ TO BELONG TO A PEOPLE1 COMMUNITY OR CULTURAL GR\P FILLS A P[]FUL FUNCTION1 & (F]S DISPOSSESS$1 P[]LESS PEOPLE SOME?+ IMPORTANT TO BELONG TO1 SOME?+ ABOVE & BEYOND ! DRE>Y MONOTONY ( DAILY LIFE4 ,NATIONALISM IS PACKAG$ & SOLD AS ANO!R COMMODITY1 IT IS A SPECTACLE ( P>TICIPATION 9 A SOCIETY ?AT IS DEF9$ ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 \R NE$S & DESIRES & ! REASONS = \R DAY-TO-DAY ACTIVITY4 ,! IDEA ( BE+ P>T ( A COMMUNITY1 HAV+ A H]ITAGE TO CLAIM & SOME?+ ABOVE & BEYOND IMM$IATE REALITY TO TAKE PRIDE 9 IS V]Y P[]FUL4 

,AS A RESULT1 NATIONALISM CAN OV]LAY & DI/ORT CLASS /RUGGLES2 MAT]IAL /RUGGLES CAN BECOME /RUGGLES 9 ! DEF5SE ( ! NATIONAL 9T]E/1 /RUGGLES = ! REORGANIZATION ( ! NATION ?R\< ! APPLICATION ( A DIFF]5T =M ( GOV]NM5T & AGA9/ O!R SECTIONS ( ! WORK+ CLASS DEF9$ ON NATIONAL1 RACIAL OR SECT>IAN GR\NDS4 ,!RE >E PL5TY ( HI/ORICAL EXAMPLES ( RACI/ /RIKES AGA9/ BLACK WORK]S1 AGA9/ IMMIGRANTS OR TO O!R REACTION>Y 5DS1 FROM DOCK WORK]S /RIK+ 9 DEF5SE ( ,5O* ,P[ELL TO ! LOYALI/ ,UL/] WORK]S' C\NCIL /RIKE AGA9/ P[]-%>+ 9 ,NOR!RN ,IREL&4 

,EV5 DAY TO DAY /RUGGLES CAN BE 9FUS$ ) NATIONALISM1 ?R\< ! DEPLOYM5T ( NATIONALI/ MY?S 9 DISC\RSE1 & ?R\< ! NATIONALISM ( ! UNIONS4 ,! APPE>ANCE ( NATIONAL FLAGS AT DEMON/RATIONS1 PICKETS & RALLIES >\ND ! WORLD IS NOT UNCOMMON4 

,H[EV]1 CONSCI\SNESS DEVELOPS 9 ! C\RSE ( /RUGGLE4 ,REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS DOES NOT GA9 A LEAD+ POSITION 9 SOCIETY AS A RESULT ( ! CONV]SION ( ! 5TIRE POPULATION TO AN>*I/ POSITIONS -- IT DOES NOT COME AB\T AS A RESULT ( W9N+ ! 'W> ( IDEAS' 9 ! >5A ( DEMOCRATIC DEBATE4 ,PROPAG&A IS USEFUL & NECESS>Y1 BUT ITS PURPOSE IS TO BUILD POLITICAL M9ORITIES :I* CAN JO9 9 /RUGGLES1 W9N+ RESPECT = AN>*I/ IDEAS & APPLY+ !M 9 PRACTICE4 ,REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS COMES AB\T AS A RESULT ( MASS /RUGGLE1 & CLASS /RUGGLE IS IMMAN5T TO CAPITALISM4 

,IT IS ?R\< MASS /RUGGLE ?AT CONSCI\SNESS DEVELOPS4 ,UND] CAPITALISM1 'PURE' /RUGGLES R>ELY EXI/4 ,IT IS ?R\< /RUGGLE 9 ! DEF5SE ( MAT]IAL WORK+ CLASS 9T]E/S1 RELAT$ TO MAT]IAL DEM&S -- MORE PAY1 LESS H\RS1 ACCESS TO S]VICES1 EV5TUALLY AGA9/ WORK & CAPITALISM ALTOGE!R -- ?AT ! BONDS ( NATIONALISM CAN BE SEV]$ BY POS+ ! 9COMPATIBILITY ( \R NE$S ) ! NE$S ( CAPITALISM TO /AY PR(ITABLE4 ,! SEP>ATE 9T]E/S ( CLASSES BECOME APP>5T 9 SU* /RUGGLES1 & ! ABILITY TO DRAW ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ITSELF MU/ BE DE/ROY$ CAN & HAS SPREAD LIKE WILDFIRE4 

,9T]NATIONALI/ POLITICAL GR\PS & ORGANIZATIONS HAVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE TO PLAY 9 AGITAT+ AGA9/ NATIONALISM1 & 9 C\NT]+ NATIONALI/ T5D5CIES 9 /RUGGLES AS !Y DEVELOP4 ,WE MU/ /& /AUN*LY AGA9/ MILIT>ISM1 NATIONALISM & W>1 & AGITATE ON A PRACTICAL BASIS ACCORD+LY4 ,WE MU/ C\NT] NATIONALISM )9 ! WORK+ CLASS1 (F]+ SOLID>ITY >\ND CLASS 9T]E/S AS ! PRACTICAL C\RSE ?R\< :I* WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE CAN DEF5D !IR [N 9T]E/S4 ,AGA9/ ! LEFT1 & ITS PROPOS$ REORGANIZATION ! CAPITALI/ WORLD ( NATION-/ATES1 WE /& FIRMLY = A WORLD )\T BORD]S1 )\T NATIONS & )\T /ATES1 = A WORLD BAS$ ON FREE ACCESS TO ! PRODUCTS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY1 = ! SATISFACTION ( HUMAN NE$S & DESIRES2 A COOP]ATIVE1 /ATELESS WORLD 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S CAN REALIZE !IR FULL POT5TIAL AS CREATIVE BE+S4 ,9 ! /RUGGLE T[>DS ?AT ULTIMATE AIM1 WE >E FIRM 9 \R /ANCE ?AT WORK]S HAVE NO C\NTRY1 ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS MU/ UNITE ACROSS ALL DIVIDES1 & ?AT SOLID>ITY ( ALL WORK]S IS ! PR9CIPLE ON :I* ANY FUTURE VICTORIES RELY4 

,TO CONCLUDE1 WE H]E MAKE SOME SUGGE/IONS = ! ACTIVITIES ( AN>*I/S :5 FAC$ ) NATIONALISM 9 ! C\NTRIES !Y OP]ATE1 & :5 FAC$ ) NATIONALISM :5 5GAG+ 9 ANTI-W> ACTIVITIES4 

,FIR/LY1 CLASS /RUGGLE AN>*I/S %\LD BE ORGANIZ+ 9 ! WORKPLACE :]EV] POSSIBLE1 & 5GAG+ 9 ! SUPPORT ( /RIKES & O!R ACTIONS :I* AID ! DEVELOPM5T ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,AN>*I/S %\LD NETWORK ) O!R LIB]T>IAN MILITANTS1 & 9 ! WORKPLACE !Y %\LD BE >GU+ = LIB]T>IAN TACTICS SU* AS MASS MEET+S & DIRECT ACTION4 ,AN>*I/S 9 ! WORKPLACE 9 ! C\RSE ( MA9TA9+ A CLASS P]SPECTIVE %\LD ALSO >GUE AGA9/ ! DIVISION ( ! WORK+ CLASS ALONG L9ES ( RACE OR NATIONALITY1 & %\LD ADVOCATE SOLID>ITY ACROSS ALL B\ND>IES1 A SOLID>ITY :I* HAS ! T5D5CY TO DEVELOP AS WORK]S ( DIFF]5T BACKGR\NDS COME TOGE!R 9 /RUGGLE4 

,SIMIL>LY1 AN>*I/S %\LD C\NT] ! NATIONALI/ MY?S :I* H9D] PRACTICAL WORK+ CLASS SOLID>ITY2 LIES AB\T IMMIGRANTS /EAL+ JOBS & H\S+ %\LD BE OPPOS$ ) ! REALITY ( ! SITUATION1 ?AT ! REASONS = \R DAY-TO-DAY PROBLEMS LIE 9 ! FACT ?AT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM DOES NOT FUNCTION TO MEET \R NE$S1 & ISN'T SUPPOS$ TO4 

,SECONDLY1 AN>*I/S HAVE ALWAYS BE5 9VOLV$ 9 ANTI-MILIT>I/ & ANTI-W> ACTIVISM4 ,?IS IS NO DIFF]5T TODAY1 & AN>*I/S >E TO BE F\ND ON ! /REET 9 PROTE/S AGA9/ ! W>S :I* IMP]IALISM 5TAILS4 ,:5 FAC$ ) NATIONAL LIB]ATIONI/ >GUM5TS & NATIONALI/ RESPONSES TO W>1 WE %\LD BE 5GAG+ ) ! JU/IFI$ REVULSION FELT :5 FAC$ ) W>1 BUT OPPOS+ NATIONALI/ ANALYSIS ) AN 9T]NATIONALI/1 CLASS P]SPECTIVE4 

,!SE >E NOT SMALL TASKS1 BUT !Y >E VITAL ONES1 & MU/ BE C5TRAL TO ! ACTIVITY ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! H]E & N[4 

,APP5DICES3 ,/ATEM5TS ON ! ,GAZA ,W> 

,NO ,/ATE ,SOLUTIONS 9 ,GAZA 7#b? ,JANU>Y #b#i7 

,ONE ?+ IS ABSOLUTELY CLE> AB\T ! CURR5T SITUATION 9 ,GAZA3 ! ,ISRAELI /ATE IS COMMITT+ ATROCITIES :I* MU/ 5D IMM$IATELY4 ,) HUNDR$S DEAD & ?\S&SW\ND$1 IT HAS BECOME 9CREAS+LY CLE> ?AT ! AIM ( ! MILIT>Y OP]ATION1 :I* HAS BE5 9 ! PLANN+ /AGES S9CE ! SIGN+ ( ! ORIG9AL CEASEFIRE 9 ,JUNE1 IS TO BREAK ,HAMAS COMPLETELY4 ,! ATTACK FOLL[S ! CRIPPL+ BLOCKADE ?R\<\T ! SUPPOS$ 'CEASEFIRE'1 :I* HAS DE/ROY$ ! LIVELIHOODS ( ,GAZANS1 RU9$ ! CIVILIAN 9FRA/RUCTURE & CREAT$ A HUMANIT>IAN DISA/] :I* ANYONE ) AN \NCE ( HUMANITY W\LD SEEK AN 5D TO4 

,BUT ?AT'S NOT ALL !RE IS TO SAY AB\T ! SITUATION4 ,ON BO? SIDES ( ! CONFLICT1 ! IDEA ?AT OPPOS+ ,ISRAEL HAS TO MEAN SUPPORT+ ,HAMAS & ITS 'RESI/ANCE' MOVEM5T IS WORRY+LY COMMON4 ,WE TOTALLY REJECT ?IS >GUM5T4 ,JU/ LIKE ANY O!R SET ( RUL]S1 ,HAMAS1 LIKE ALL ! O!R MAJOR ,PALE/9IAN FACTIONS1 >E HAPPY & WILL+ TO SACRIFICE ORD9>Y ,PALE/9IANS TO 9CREASE !IR P[]4 ,?IS ISN'T SOME VAGUE !ORETICAL PO9T -- = A P]IOD REC5TLY MO/ DEA?S 9 ,GAZA W]E A RESULT ( FI<T+ BETWE5 ,HAMAS & ,FATAH4 ,! '*OICES' (F]$ TO ORD9>Y ,PALE/9IAN PEOPLE >E BETWE5 ,ISLAMI/ GANG/]S 7,HAMAS1 ,ISLAMIC ,JIHAD7 OR NATIONALI/ GANG/]S 7,FATAH1 ,AL-,AQSA ,M>TYRS BRIGADES74 ,!SE GR\PS HAVE %[N !IR WILL+NESS TO ATTACK WORK+ CLASS ATTEMPTS TO IMPROVE !IR LIV+ CONDITIONS1 SEIZ+ UNION (FICES1 KIDNAPP+ PROM95T TRADE UNIONI/S1 & BREAK+ /RIKES4 ,ONE SPECTACUL> EXAMPLE IS ! ATTACK ON ,PALE/9E ,WORK]S ,RADIO BY ,AL-,AQSA ,M>TYRS ,BRIGADES1 = '/OK+ 9T]NAL CONFLICTS'4 ,CLE>LY1 A 'FREE ,PALE/9E' UND] ! CONTROL ( ANY ( !SE GR\PS W\LD BE NO?+ ( ! SORT4 

,AS AN>*I/S1 WE >E 9T]NATIONALI/S1 OPPOS+ ! IDEA ?AT ! RUL]S & RUL$ )9 A NATION HAVE ANY 9T]E/S 9 COMMON4 ,!RE=E1 AN>*I/S REJECT ,PALE/9IAN NATIONALISM JU/ AS WE REJECT ,ISRAELI NATIONALISM 7,ZIONISM74 ,E?NICITY DOES NOT GRANT 0RI<TS0 TO L&S1 :I* REQUIRE ! /ATE TO 5=CE !M4 ,PEOPLE1 ON ! O!R H&1 HAVE A RI<T TO HAV+ !IR HUMAN NE$S MET1 & %\LD BE ABLE TO LIVE :]E !Y *OOSE1 FREELY4 ,!RE=E1 AGA9/ ! DIVISIONS & FALSE *OICES SET UP BY NATIONALISM1 WE FULLY SUPPORT ! ORD9>Y 9HABITANTS ( ,GAZA & ,ISRAEL AGA9/ /ATE W>F>E -- NOT BECAUSE ( !IR NATIONALITY1 E?NICITY1 OR RELIGION1 BUT SIMPLY BECAUSE !Y'RE REAL LIV+1 FEEL+1 ?9K+1 SUFF]+1 /RUGGL+ HUMAN BE+S4 ,& ?IS SUPPORT HAS TO MEAN TOTAL HO/ILITY TO ALL ?OSE :O W\LD OPPRESS & EXPLOIT !M -- ! ,ISRAELI /ATE & ! ,WE/]N GOV]NM5TS & CORPORATIONS ?AT SUPPLY IT ) WEAPONS1 BUT ALSO ANY O!R CAPITALI/ FACTIONS :O SEEK TO USE ORD9>Y WORK+-CLASS ,PALE/9IANS AS PAWNS 9 !IR P[] /RUGGLES4 ,! ONLY REAL SOLUTION IS ONE :I* IS COLLECTIVE1 BAS$ ON ! FACT ?AT AS A CLASS1 GLOBALLY1 WE ULTIMATELY HAVE NO?+ BUT \R ABILITY TO WORK = O!RS1 & EV]Y?+ TO GA9 9 5D+ ?IS SY/EM -- CAPITALISM -- & ! /ATES & W>S IT NE$S 4 

,?AT ?IS SEEMS LIKE A 'DIFFICULT' SOLUTION DOES NOT /OP IT FROM BE+ ! RI<T ONE4 ,ANY 0SOLUTION0 ?AT MEANS 5DLESS CYCLES ( CONFLICT1 :I* IS :AT NATIONALISM REPRES5TS1 IS NO SOLUTION AT ALL4 ,& IF ?AT IS ! CASE1 ! FACT ?AT IT IS 0EASI]0 IS IRRELEVANT4 ,!RE >E SECTORS ( ,PALE/9IAN SOCIETY :I* >E NOT DOM9AT$ BY ! W\LD-BE RUL]S -- PROTE/S ORGANIZ$ BY VILLAGE COMMITTEES 9 ! ,WE/ ,BANK = 9/ANCE4 ,!SE DES]VE \R SUPPORT4 ,AS DO ?OSE 9 ,ISRAEL :O REFUSE TO FI<T1 & :O RESI/ ! W>4 ,BUT NOT ! GR\PS :O CALL ON ,PALE/9IANS TO BE SLAU<T]$ ON !IR BEHALF BY ONE ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ >MIES 9 ! WORLD1 & :O WILLFULLY ATTACK CIVILIANS ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! BORD]4 

,:,O,E,V,] ,D,I,E,S1 ,H,A,M,A,S ,& ,! ,I,S,R,A,E,L,I ,/,A,T,E ,W,9 

,SOLID>ITY ) ! ,VICTIMS ( ,W> 7#b#e? ,JANU>Y #b#i7 

,! ATROCITY 9 ,GAZA 

,AS ! DU/ SETTLES1 ! EXT5T ( ! ATROCITIES :I* ! ,ISRAELI /ATE HAS COMMITT$ AGA9/ ! POPULATION ( ! ,GAZA /RIP HAS BECOME CLE>4 ,?\S&S >E DEAD1 KILL$ 9 ! SAVAGE BOMB+ ( ONE ( ! MO/ D5SELY POPULAT$ PLACES ON E>?4 ,ISRAEL HAS US$ BANN$ :ITE PHOSPHOR\S MUNITIONS 9 CIVILIAN >EAS1 %ELL$ AID CONVOYS1 S*OOLS1 %ELT]S & MOSQUES FULL ( PEOPLE4 ,IT HAS DE/ROY$ AID /OCKPILES ) :ITE PHOSPHOR\S %ELLS4 ,OV] #i1 PEOPLE HAVE BE5 DISPLAC$4 ,GAZA'S ECONOMY & 9FRA/RUCTURE1 ALREADY DEVA/AT$ BY ! BLOCKADE1 HAVE BE5 DE/ROY$4 ,) ! CEASEFIRE SIGN$1 ! CONT9U$ BLOCKADE WILL MEAN FUR!R W> AGA9/ ! CIVILIAN POPULATION BY O!R MEANS4 

,A TWO /ATE SOLUTION8 

,AS ! BOMBS RA9$ D[N EV]Y P>TY & GR\P PUT =W>D !IR VISION = 'FIX+' ! PROBLEM & !IR VISION ( ! FUTURE = ,PALE/9IANS4 ,BUT UND]/&+ :AT WE CAN'T DO IS ! FIR/ /EP TO UND]/&+ :AT WE CAN4 ,WE HAVE TO BE CLE> AB\T ! WAYS WE CAN /OP SU* ATROCITIES HAPP5+4 

,A 'TWO /ATE SOLUTION' BAS$ ON #aidi OR #aifg BORD]S ISN'T GO+ TO COME AB\T EXCEPT ?R\< A MASSIVE *ANGE 9 ! GLOBAL BALANCE ( P[]4 ,?IS WILL 9EVITABLY LEAD TO MORE CONFLICTS ELSE:]E4 ,TWO /ATES ) BORD]S AS !Y CURR5TLY /& W\LD CREATE A ,PALE/9E AS DOM9AT$ BY ,ISRAEL AS ! T]RITORIES >E N[4 ,EV5 IF ! 'ONE /ATE SOLUTION' BECAME A REALITY1 ! ,PALE/9IAN WORK+ CLASS W\LD REMA9 AN UND]CLASS ( *EAP LABOR]S4 ,IT W\LD BE LIKE ! 5D ( ,AP>!ID 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,! COLOR ( ?OSE 9 *>GE *ANG$ BUT LEFT ! VA/ POPULATION 9 ! SAME DREADFUL /ATE ( POV]TY & HOPELESSNESS AS BE=E4 

,IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT WE CANNOT CALL ON '\R' /ATE TO REIGN 9 ,ISRAEL4 ,FIR/LY1 ! /ATE WILL NOT CONC$E ANY?+ TO US UNLESS ! WORK+ CLASS -- ! VA/ MAJORITY ( US :O CAN ONLY LIVE (F \R ABILITY TO WORK = O!RS -- IS 9 A CONFID5T 5\< POSITION TO =CE ?OSE CONCESSIONS ?R\< COLLECTIVE ACTION4 ,SECONDLY1 IT IS MADNESS TO EXPECT ,BRITA9 TO IMPOSE 'CIVILIZ$' BEHAVIOR ON AN ALLY SU* AS ,ISRAEL4 ,BRITA9 HAS TAK5 P>T 9 ! OCCUPATION 9 ,IRAQ :I* HAS RESULT$ 9 ! DEA?S ( #a1#c#c1 PEOPLE4 ,! ONLY /ATE :I* HAS ANY ABILITY TO REIGN 9 ,ISRAEL IS ! ,U,S4 ,! ,U,S WILL ONLY DO ?IS :5 ,ISRAEL'S ACTIONS ?REAT5 ITS NATIONAL 9T]E/4 ,MORAL \TRAGE WILL NOT W9 OV] DOM9AT+ ! REGION4 

,SOLID>ITY ) WORK+ CLASS /RUGGLES 

,WE MU/ /& 9 FIRMLY 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! VICTIMS ( /ATE W>F>E4 ,! T]RORIZ$ POPULATION ( ,GAZA DID NOT HE$ ,HAMAS' CALL TO RESI/ ?R\< 'M>TYRDOM'1 OR TO UND]TAKE SUICIDE ATTACKS4 ,!Y FL$ 5 MASSE4 ,!Y %[$ NO WILL+NESS TO C>RY \T A 'RESI/ANCE' ON BEHALF ( !IR MA/]S :I* W\LD HAVE MEANT C]TA9 DEA?4 ,:IL/ ,PALE/9IANS FL$ ! ONSLAU<T1 DEMON/RATIONS W]E HELD 9 ,ISRAEL BY ?OSE REFUS+ TO S]VE ! W> MA*9E4 ,!SE REFUSALS TO HE$ ! CALL ( ! /ATE OR ! RUL+ P>TY TO FI<T DES]VE \R SUPPORT & SOLID>ITY4 

,WE CANNOT SUPPORT ,HAMAS1 OR ANY ( ! O!R FACTIONS 9 ,GAZA OR ! ,WE/ ,BANK AGA9/ ,ISRAEL1 H[EV] 'CRITICALLY'4 ,HAMAS' RECORD ( REPRESS+ ! ATTEMPTS ( WORK]S TO IMPROVE !IR LIV+ CONDITIONS IS WELL KN[N4 ,!Y HAVE ESCORT$ /RIK+ TEA*]S BACK TO WORK AT GUNPO9T1 & HAVE CLOS$ D[N M$ICAL FACILITIES :]E /AFF ATTEMPT$ TO /RIKE4 ,BO? ,HAMAS & ,FATAH HAVE MADE KIDNAPP+ & ASSASS9ATION ATTEMPTS ON ! SAME TRADE UNIONI/S4 ,HAMAS EXECUTE ?OSE =C$ BY NECESSITY 9TO SEX WORK1 & P]SECUTE GAYS & LESBIANS4 ,!Y (F] AS LITTLE TO ORD9>Y ,PALE/9IANS AS !IR RIVALS 9 SECUL> NATIONALI/ GR\PS1 SU* AS ,AL-,AQSA ,M>TYRS ,BRIGADE1 :O ATTACK$ ! ,PALE/9E ,WORK]S ,RADIO = '/OK+ 9T]NAL CONFLICTS'4 ,REAL 9T]NATIONALISM MEANS RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ! RUL]S & RUL$ )9 A 'NATION' HAVE NO?+ 9 COMMON4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ?IS MEANS SUPPORT+ ! EF=TS ( ORD9>Y ,PALE/9IANS TO IMPROVE !IR CONDITIONS4 ,WE SUPPORT !M AGA9/ EI!R ,ISRAEL1 AS 9 ! /RUGGLES ORGANIZ$ BY VILLAGE COMMITTEES 9 ! ,WE/ ,BANK1 OR AGA9/ ! 'RESI/ANCE' MOVEM5TS :I* POLICE ! POPULATION4 ,\R SOLID>ITY MU/ BE ) ! VICTIMS ( W>4 ,!SE >E OV]:ELM+LY ,PALE/9IAN BUT ALSO WORK]S1 ,JEWI%1 ,>AB & O!RS1 KILL$ BY MORT>S & ROCKETS 9 ,ISRAEL4 ,?IS CANNOT BE BECAUSE ( !IR RACE1 NATIONALITY1 OR RELIGION1 BUT BECAUSE !Y >E LIV+1 ?9K+1 FEEL+ & /RUGGL+ HUMAN BE+S4 ,& WE MU/ /& AGA9/ ALL ?OSE :O W\LD SACRIFICE !M TO !IR [N 5DS4 ,ULTIMATELY ! ONLY SOLUTION TO 5DLESS GLOBAL CONFLICT & W> IS = WORK+ CLASS PEOPLE1 ! DISPOSSESS$ MAJORITY :O MU/ SELL !IR TIME & 5]GY TO ?OSE :O [N & CONTROL SOCIETY1 TO /RUGGLE 9 \R 9T]E/S COLLECTIVELY1 AGA9/ !IR EXPLOITATION1 & AGA9/ DIVISIONS SU* AS G5D] & RACE4 ,?IS MEANS /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM :I* CREATES 5DEMIC W> & :I* MU/ EXPLOIT US TO SURVIVE4 ,FROM ?IS WE CAN SET AB\T TAK+ CONTROL ( \R [N LIVES1 & PUTT+ AN 5D TO A WORLD ( W>R+ /ATES & /ATES-9-WAIT+ :I* HAS PRODUC$ ATROCITIES SU* AS ?OSE 9 ,GAZA4 

  

.<#a.> ,A ,TESCO ,METRO SUP]M>KET 9 ,/EPNEY HAD ITS W9D[S SMA%$ & ! WORDS 'KILL ,JEWS' W]E DAUB$ ON ! WALL 

.<#b.> ,HAMAS PREV5T$ ,GAZANS FROM REA*+ A FIELD HOSPITAL ON ! ,ISRAELI SIDE ( ! BORD] AT ,]EZ AT ! 5D ( ,JANU>Y4 ,SEE ,DOZ5S BELIEV$ DEAD 9 REPRISAL ATTACKS AS ,HAMAS RETAKES CONTROL1 ,! ,GU>DIAN1 #c_/#a_/#i 

.<#c.> ,! 9HABITANTS ( ,P>IS ATTACK$ ! NOTORI\S =TRESS-PRISON 9 #a<i TO SECURE GUN-P[D]1 SP>K+ (F ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,! REVOLUTION IS (T5 SE5 AS ! PO9T M>K+ ! TRANSF] ( P[] FROM ! OLD >I/OCRATIC CLASS TO ! ASC5DANT CAPITALI/ CLASSES4 

.<#d.> ,! WAVE ( RELIGI\S & SOCIAL UPHEAVAL ACROSS ,EUROPE :I* E/ABLI%$ ,PROTE/ANTISM & SAW ! DECL9E 9 P[] ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4 

.<#e.> ,! PRIVATE SEIZURE ( ! COMMON GRAZ+ L&S ( ! TRADITIONAL VILLAGE1 :I* WAS IMPORTANT TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITALISM ON TWO FRONTS3 FIR/ BY LAY+ ! BASIS ( ! COMMODIFICATION ( L& 9 T&EM ) ! M>KET-L$ DEVELOPM5TS 9 AGRICULTURE1 & SECONDLY BY DISPOSSESS+ SWA!S ( ! POPULATION :O W]E !N =C$ TO BECOME WAGE-LABOR]S4 

.<#f.> ,! DOCUM5T LAY+ \T ! UNIV]SAL1 FUNDAM5TAL RI<TS ( ,FR5* CITIZ5S FOLL[+ ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION4 ,!SE RI<TS W]E UND]/OOD TO BE BAS$ ON HUMAN NATURE4 

.<#g.> ,WOODR[ ,WILSON1 ! ,U,S PRESID5T AT ! W>'S 5D1 WAS 9/RUM5TAL 9 FRAM+ NATIONALITY & SELF-DET]M9ATION AS ! PA? TO ORD]LY WORLD AFFAIRS4 

.<#h.> ,A FASCI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,BRAZIL :I*1 GIV5 ITS 9ABILITY TO MOBILIZE ! MASSES ON RACIAL L9ES1 TOOK UP ! SLOGAN ( 0,UNION ( ALL RACES & ALL PEOPLES0 :ILE UTILIZ+ ! SAME RHETORIC AB\T COMMUNISM1 LIB]ALISM ETC AS ITS ,EUROPEAN RELATIVES4 

.<#i.> ,! ,V]SAILLES TREATY 5D$ ! W> -- ) ! T]MS BE+ DICTAT$ BY ! ,ALLIES & ! R$RAW+ ( ,EUROPE TAK+ PLACE US+ PR9CIPLES ( NATIONALITY :]E FEASIBLE4 

.<#a.> ,E,A,M' BE+ ',GREEK ,PEOPLE'S ,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,>MY'1 ',E,L,A,S' BE+ ',NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION ,FRONT' & ! ORGANIZATION ( :I* IT WAS ! >M$ W+4 ,BO? W]E DOM9AT$ BY ! ,/AL9I/ ,GREEK ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 :I* ATTEMPT$ TO TAKE P[] AFT] ! ,G]MAN DEFEAT4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #bh 3 ,AGA9/ ,NATIONALISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#i1 #bb 3 ,AGA9/ ,NATIONALISM -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,AGA9/ ,NATIONALISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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